Method for connecting an outer part to an inner part

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for connecting an outer part (50) to an inner part (52), wherein the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned with respect to one another in such a way that the inner part (52) is located at least partly within the outer part (50), at least one mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) is energized and, in the process, the mass fraction (m50p) is melted such that at least one liquid melting zone (80) is produced, the mass fraction (m50p) then being solidified in order to form at least one solid melting zone (80), thus producing a tensile stress (σ50) in the outer part (50). The method is characterized in that at least one dimension of the inner part (52) and at least one dimension of the outer part (50) are determined prior to positioning the inner part (52) in the outer part (50).

Description

[0001] R. 415599

[0002] Description

[0003] title

[0004] Method for connecting an outer part to an inner part

[0005] State of the art

[0006] German patent application DE 10 2011 076 759 A1 discloses a method by which an inner part is fastened to an outer part by means of a press fit. First, the inner part is inserted into the outer part, and then at least one weld is formed on the outer surface of the outer part as a blind weld. The weld depth should only extend over a portion of the wall thickness of the outer part. For the blind weld described therein, for example, a closed, annular weld or a spiral weld is proposed.

[0007] Patent DE 103 03 853 B4 discloses a method for creating a high-pressure metal conduit from composite parts. This method involves creating a shrink fit. A first, inner pipe section is inserted into a bore of a second, outer pipe section. The outer pipe section is then heated and subsequently joined to the inner pipe section by cooling within the shrink fit. The heating of the outer pipe section is achieved by welding. For this purpose, for example, two diametrically opposed blind welds are produced axially parallel to each other. Cooling then occurs, during which the outer section shrinks firmly onto the inner section. This shrinkage is caused by the reduction in volume of the areas of the outer section that were previously melted by welding.

[0008] Embodiments of the invention

[0009] A method for connecting an outer part to an inner part is proposed, wherein the inner part and the outer part are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part is at least partially located inside the outer part, wherein a R. 415599

[0010] - 2 -

[0011] A portion of the outer part's mass is energized, causing it to melt and form at least one liquid molten zone. This mass then solidifies into at least one solid molten zone, thereby creating a tensile stress in the outer part. It is intended that at least one dimension of the inner part and at least one dimension of the outer part be determined before the inner part is positioned within the outer part. This approach offers the advantage of allowing for a very precise selection and adjustment of the load on the outer part during manufacturing.

[0012] Determining a dimension can be achieved, on the one hand, by measuring a dimension of the inner part and a dimension of the outer part, for example, by measuring with a general measuring device for determining a length, preferably with a non-contact measuring device (e.g., using an electromagnetic wave – such as a laser beam – and a sensor) or with a contact measuring device (e.g., a caliper or a device that uses a probe). Such a measuring device can be used to determine each inner part and its dimension, and each outer part and its dimension. For the purpose of efficient manufacturing of an inner part and an outer part, every xth inner part and every xth outer part can be dimensionally determined and assigned to a specific dimension group – particularly according to statistical criteria.Here, x can be a specific natural number such as 100 or 453, or any other number. x can differ for internal parts compared to external parts. A dimension group can, for example, comprise all internal parts with an outer diameter between a lower and an upper limit (e.g., 10.00 mm and 10.05 mm). Members of such a dimension group can, for example, be all internal parts in a continuous, uninterrupted production run, from a first internal part whose outer diameter lies between a lower and an upper limit (e.g., 10.00 mm and 10.05 mm) to a second internal part (xth internal part) whose outer diameter lies between a lower and an upper limit (e.g., 10.00 mm and 10.05 mm).Another dimension group can, for example, include all external parts with an internal diameter that has an internal diameter between a different lower limit and a different upper limit (e.g., 10.06 mm and 10.10 mm). Members of such a dimension group can, for example, be all external parts of a continuous, uninterrupted production series that fall between a first external part whose internal diameter R. 415599.

[0013] - 3 - between 10.06 mm and 10.10 mm, and a second outer part (xth outer part) whose inner diameter is between 10.06 mm and 10.10 mm.

[0014] Determining a dimension can be done for both internal and external parts using two gauges each. One gauge can be used to determine the minimum outside diameter of an internal part, and another to determine the maximum outside diameter. After passing the test, the determined internal part can be sorted into a dimension group, for example, containing internal parts with an outside diameter between a lower and an upper limit (e.g., 10.00 mm and 10.05 mm).

[0015] It is expedient to provide that, in order to generate this precise load and to precisely adjust the manufacturing process, an outer diameter of the inner part is determined as a dimension of the inner part and an inner diameter of the outer part is determined as a dimension of the outer part.

[0016] The result can be determined or adjusted even more precisely by further determining an inner diameter of the inner part (if available) as a dimension of the inner part and / or an outer diameter of the outer part as a dimension of the outer part.

[0017] The above-mentioned information on determining a dimension with regard to measuring equipment, efficient manufacturing and assignment to a specific dimension group can also be used to determine an inner diameter of an inner part (if present) and / or to determine an outer diameter of an outer part.

[0018] To prepare for manufacturing and to precisely achieve the advantage, a mass fraction of the outer part to be melted should be determined from at least one measurement.

[0019] To create the advantageous connection and the set load on the outer part, a number of melt zones to be generated on the outer contour of the outer part shall be determined from at least one dimension. A number of melt zones to be generated can be individually determined for a combination of a specific inner part according to its specified outer diameter (and, if applicable, specified inner diameter) with a specific outer part according to its specified R. 415599

[0020] - 4 -

[0021] The inner diameter (and, if applicable, a specific outer diameter) can be determined. According to another alternative, the number of melting zones to be produced can result from a combination of an inner part and an outer part such that, after assigning an inner part to a specific dimension group and after assigning an outer part to a specific dimension group, a specific number of melting zones or a mass fraction to be melted results, which is then produced.

[0022] To simplify manufacturing, it is proposed to determine the melting zones to be produced by individual calculation or by reading a characteristic map.

[0023] According to the proposed steps, a pressure is generated by creating a specific number of melt zones between the outer and inner parts. This generates elastic, plastic, or elastoplastic strain in the outer part.

[0024] Furthermore, a computer program is provided that is trained to perform all the steps of one of the procedures, or that it is programmed to perform a procedure when it is run on a computer.

[0025] A machine-readable storage medium is proposed on which the computer program is stored or on which the computer program is stored for use in a procedure.

[0026] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures.

[0027] The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the figures shown below: They show

[0028] Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of an arrangement of an inner part to be joined and an outer part to be joined, R. 415599

[0029] - 5 -

[0030] Figure 2 shows the inner part inserted into the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in a longitudinal section.

[0031] Figure 3 shows the inner part inserted into the outer part before a joining process according to the first embodiment in an axial side view. An energy source and an energy conductor are also shown.

[0032] Figure 4 shows a radial side view (top view) of the outer part according to the first embodiment, after a few linear melt zones have been created.

[0033] Figure 5 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment (Figure 4), after a few - here four - linear melting zones have been created.

[0034] Figure 6 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after six linear melting zones have been created.

[0035] Figure 7 shows a partial view of the outer part according to the first embodiment, showing where the outer part is plastically deformed by a tensile stress generated by the method.

[0036] Figure 7A shows a schematic cross-section through a melting zone, with particular emphasis on the representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and compressive stress in radially inner regions.

[0037] Figure 7B shows a schematic representation of the stress curve between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part before it is applied to the inner part, showing in principle a transition from tensile stress to compressive stress.

[0038] Figure 7C shows the cross-section through the melting zone from Figure 7A, with particular consideration of the schematic representation of tensile stress in the melting zone and in radially inner areas after application to the inner part, as well as compressive stress in the inner part and the resulting pressure on the inner part, R. 415599

[0039] - 6 -

[0040] Figure 7D shows a schematic representation of the stress distribution between an outer contour and an inner contour of the outer part after it is placed against the inner part and pressure is applied to the inner part, as well as a schematic representation of the compressive stress distribution in the inner part.

[0041] Figure 8 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after eight linear melting zones have been created.

[0042] Figure 8A shows a schematic approximation of an inner contour of an outer part to an outer contour of an inner part after the formation of an exemplary eighth melting zone on the outer circumference, forming a general n-circle – here an octagon.

[0043] Figure 8B shows a schematic state of the outer part immediately before the production of the eighth melting zone at position 0 degrees.

[0044] Figure 8C shows a representation of a momentary state during the formation of a linear melt zone.

[0045] Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part placed in the outer part according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melting zones have been created.

[0046] Figure 10 shows a radial side view of the outer part according to a second embodiment, after point-shaped melting zones - here rows of point-shaped melting zones - have been created.

[0047] Figure 11 shows a radial side view of a third embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped melting zones are placed so close together that an area of ​​a point-shaped melting zone was melted again by another point-shaped melting zone or another point-shaped energizing, thereby creating linear melting zones that are axially aligned.

[0048] Figure 12 shows a radial side view of a fourth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein, among other things, individual point-shaped R. 415599

[0049] - 7 -

[0050] Melting zones are set so close together that an area of ​​a point-like melting zone is melted again by another point-like melting zone or another point-like energizing zone, thereby creating linear melting zones that are oriented in such a way that they have a component of direction in the axial direction and simultaneously also in the circumferential direction.

[0051] Figure 13 shows a fifth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, wherein three rows of point-shaped melt zones are formed. These rows are circumferentially arranged linear or dot-linear melt zones.

[0052] Figure 14 shows a detail of a linear melting zone, which was created by example by two point-shaped melting zones, with the individual point-shaped melting zones merging into one another.

[0053] Figure 15 shows a sixth embodiment of an inner part placed in the outer part with an arrangement of individually generated point-shaped melting zones, forming several rows of point-shaped melting zones that create transition zones.

[0054] Figure 16 basically shows several individually generated point-shaped melting zones, which are arranged or placed in two axial directions and form a field of melting zones.

[0055] Figure 17 shows a seventh embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 4. Linear melt zones are formed on the outer part, with the distances between the melt zones varying.

[0056] Figure 18 shows an eighth embodiment of an inner part inserted into the outer part, which is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 17. Linear fusion zones are formed on the outer part, with common linear transition zones being formed. R. 415599

[0057] - 8 -

[0058] Figure 19 shows several - here two - individually produced linear melting zones, which are arranged or placed next to each other in an axial direction and form a field of melting zones, wherein a common linear transition zone was formed between or as part of two linear melting zones.

[0059] Figure 20 shows an arrangement as in Figure 2, wherein the outer part and the inner part are eccentrically offset from each other.

[0060] Figure 21 shows another embodiment, which shows several elongated melt zones that are produced inclined to a central axis.

[0061] Figure 22 shows another embodiment with a spiral melting zone.

[0062] Figure 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part according to Figure 22 and the marking indicated there for a section line position.

[0063] Figure 24 shows a side view of an embodiment of a device with an outer part having two connections between itself and an inner part.

[0064] Figure 25 shows a cross-section corresponding to the section line in Figure 24,

[0065] Figure 26 shows an axial view of the object from Figure 24 from the left, enlarged.

[0066] Figure 27 shows an embodiment of a sequence for the generation of melt zones for the connection on the left in Figure 24.

[0067] Figure 28 shows a first basic manufacturing process,

[0068] Figure 29 shows the combination of outer part and inner part clamped in a machine.

[0069] Figure 30 shows the bearing of the second inner part as part of a shaft of a machine,

[0070] Figure 31 Relationships with the production of a target distance between an inner part and a reference point,

[0071] Figure 32 shows a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength of R. 415599

[0072] - 9 -

[0073] Figure 33 shows a stress-strain diagram for materials with a yield strength,

[0074] Figure 34 Process steps for an exemplary process,

[0075] Figure 35 Process steps for an exemplary embodiment of a process,

[0076] Figure 36 shows a general embodiment of another combination of an outer part and an inner part,

[0077] Figure 37 shows a general embodiment of another combination of an outer part and an inner part,

[0078] Figure 38 shows a computer program, a machine-readable storage medium, a control unit and a map.

[0079] A basic embodiment is first explained with reference to Figures 1 to 9. In this embodiment, an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 are provided. The outer part 50 is a body generally referred to as a ring or cylindrical ring. This outer part 50 has an outer diameter D50 and an inner diameter d50. Furthermore, this outer part 50 has a length, which is here referred to as the axial extent a50. From the outer diameter D50 and the inner diameter d50, a material thickness for the outer part 50 is determined, which is here referred to as t50. The inner part 52 is a cylinder with a diameter D52 and an axial extent a52, which corresponds to the height of the cylinder. The outer part 50 has an inner contour 54, which here has a cylindrical shape. Furthermore, this outer part 50 has an outer contour 56, which is also cylindrical.The inner part 52 has an outer contour 58, which is also cylindrical (cylindrical shell). Due to its basic shape already mentioned, the outer part 50 has an end face 60 that is entirely circular or annular. This end face 60 is present not only on a right side (Figure 1) of the outer part 50, but also at the left end of the outer part 50, which is not visible here. The inner part 52 also has an end face 64, which is purely circular. In this embodiment, R. 415599.

[0080] - 10 - The axial extent a50 of the outer part 50 is exactly the same length as the axial extent a52 of the inner part 52. Under this condition, a common overlap Ug of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is exactly the same size or length as the axial extent a50 and the axial extent a52; this is true at least when the two parts, outer part 50 and inner part 52, are located in the same axial position. It should also be noted that the outer part 50 has a first end E150 on the left side shown in Figure 1 and a second end E250 on the right side of the outer part 50 shown in Figure 1. Similarly, the inner part 52 has a first end E152 on the left side of the inner part 52 shown in Figure 1 and a second end E252 on the right side of the inner part 52 shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 is smaller than the diameter d50 of the outer part 50.The inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 are to be selected such that, when the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, a clearance B is created between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50. This means that, after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50, the inner part 52 can move relative to the outer part 50. Here, the clearance B is defined, by way of example, as the maximum length of a straight line that an inner part 52 can move radially within the outer part 50. For the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the clearance B is thus the difference between the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 and the outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52.

[0081] The outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are to be physically arranged, step S100, such that the inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50, or the outer part 50 is located all around the inner part 52. For this purpose, the inner part 52 can be placed inside the outer part 50 and there within its interior 62, by being moved, or being moved, essentially in a straight line into the outer part 50, as indicated by an arrow on the right side of Figure 1. Conversely, the outer part 50 can be moved relative to the inner part 52 in an analogous manner, for example, by being moved in a straight line, as indicated by the arrow on the left side of Figure 1, and thereby being arranged around the inner part 52. Of course, a combination of these two movements is also possible. R. 415599

[0082] - 11 -

[0083] Figure 2 shows the situation as it results after the inner part 52 is inserted into the outer part 50 according to the specifications in Figure 1. As can be seen in Figure 2, a gap 66 (annular gap) is formed between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, which is ideally represented or assumed to be of a uniform size. On average, the size of the gap 66 – i.e., its width b – corresponds to half of the clearance B. A cross-sectional area A50 is a radial cross-sectional area through the outer part 50, which results from the product of the axial extent (width) a50 and the material thickness t50 (rectangle).

[0084] As shown in Figure 2, both bodies, inner part 52 and outer part 50, have a common central axis 68 in this particular arrangement. Based on this idealized arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, a force-fit connection between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 is to be created by machining the outer part 50.

[0085] Figure 3 shows an axial side view of the arrangement of the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 as shown in Figure 2. For this basic embodiment according to Figures 1 to 9, we will not initially discuss any auxiliary devices that could serve to hold the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in relation to each other. In connection with the method described here, an energy source 70 provides energy E such that it is transferred to the outer part 50, and specifically to the outer contour 56, by means of an energy conductor 72. The energy E is transferred to a part of the surface of the outer part 50, i.e., to a part of the outer contour 56, by means of an energy beam 85. If the energy is directed to the outer part 50, for example, in the form of electromagnetic waves, particularly in the form of a laser beam, the energy is then transferred to the outer part 50.In this case, the actual direct energy transfer point 74 (or energy transition point) is relatively small. By transferring the energy E to the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is essentially energized (energy is added, enriched with energy). This energizing of the outer part 50 can, for example, ensure that a mass fraction m50p located below a point-like energy transfer point 74 – particularly radially – is energized, and in particular heated, to such an extent that this mass fraction m50p melts. It is specifically provided that this mass fraction m50p, measured radially inwards from a radial position of the energy transfer point 74 on the outer circumference or in the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, R. 415599.

[0086] - 12 - preferably up to 90% of the thickness t50 of the outer part 50 (wall thickness) is melted, or in other words: a region should remain between the melted or partially melted mass fraction m50p that is not melted or partially melted. The depth to which the outer part 50 can be melted is here referred to as depth tm. The depth that should remain solid, i.e., not melted due to the energy input, is here referred to as depth ts. Introducing the energy at only one point, as just mentioned, taking into account that a certain zone of the outer part 50 with a depth ts should remain solid, can lead to the mass fraction m50p, which is to be melted and is melted, having, for example, a paraboloid shape, as is approximately shown in Figure 3 by a cross-section of such a shape.The heating of this mass fraction m50p is completed after a defined time tE (energizing time) if the heating is applied only at a single point. The time tE can be specified for, for example, two different energizing procedures as follows: If the outdoor part 50 is energized by a stationary, point-like energy transfer point 74, then the time tE corresponds to the switch-on time or transfer time of the energy. If the outdoor part 50 is energized by a moving, point-like energy transfer point 74, then the time tE is determined by the speed of movement of the energy transfer point 74 and its length in the direction of movement.

[0087] The cessation of energy input leads to the onset of cooling (energy release to the surroundings), causing the mass fraction m50p to solidify. If only a single, contiguous mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is melted, there is identity between the mass fraction m50p and a melt zone 80. Since this mass fraction m50p, as well as volume elements of the outer part 50 arranged directly around it, shrink during and after solidification, an internal stress state arises in this formerly molten (liquid melt zone 80) and now solidified mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80). This stress state can be characterized or described by tensile stress. The stress state is a multiaxial tensile stress state.This formation of the stress state (tensile stress state) in this mass fraction m50p (solid melt zone 80) leads continuously and in interaction with the remaining mass of the outer part 50 to a change in the stress state in the outer part 50. The remaining mass of the outer part 50 is, in this case, typically R. 415599.

[0088] - 13 - described by the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was never liquid after the formation of a shape of the outer part 50, and the solid mass of the outer part 50, which was liquid (melted) after the formation of the shape of the outer part 50 and solidified again

[0089] If one considers, for example, only one point 76 and here the complete - in particular rectangular - cross-section A50 of the outer part 50, which lies opposite the first molten mass fraction m50p (liquid melt zone 80), one will find that this cross-section A50 is characterized by a stress situation which, after the beginning of the solidification of the mass fraction m50p (melt zone 80), is characterized by a (slight, low) tensile stress in the cross-section A50 compared to the situation before the introduction of the energy. If one assumes, for example, point-like energy transfer points 74, these could, for example, be arranged at an axial position of the outer part 50 and, for example, offset from each other by 10°, so that, for example, a ring-shaped arrangement of - e.g.Successively melted and resolidified melt zones 80 – which together constitute a melted and resolidified mass fraction m50p – are created; in the example, this would be thirty-six such locations, i.e., solidified melt zones 80. If, for example, several such rings with such an arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 were produced, each rotated by, say, 5° and offset axially by a suitable distance, then such an arrangement of energized, then melted, and subsequently solidified melt zones 80 could induce a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50, leading to plastic deformation of the outer part 50. This plastic deformation of the outer part 50 leads to a reduction in the outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 and also to a reduction in the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50.The tensile stress is denoted here by o50 (the arrangement of resolidified melt zones 80 is, for example, as shown in Figure 10). To distinguish it from compressive stress, elsewhere in the description tensile stress is denoted by a preceding + (+o50) and compressive stress by a preceding - (-o50).

[0090] The material for the outer part is specifically intended to be a material that can be described by a material property characteristic that denotes a mechanical stress which characterizes the transition from elastic to plastic behavior of the material. This material property characteristic can, for example, be a yield strength - R. 415599

[0091] - 14 - in particular a pronounced upper yield strength ReH - or an equivalent yield strength - in particular proof strength Rp0.2 - of the material. Such a material is, for example, the material X5CrNi18-10 (designation according to DIN) or alternatively designated as 1.4301 (designation according to EN), or also as 304 (designation according to AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)). The material X5CrNi18-10 has a proof strength Rp0.2 of ≥ 190 N / mm². The tensile strength Rm is between 500 N / mm² and 700 N / mm² (Newtons per square millimeter). In addition, a material is preferably selected for the outer part 50 which has a yield strength ratio ReH / Rm that is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0092] In the corresponding processing of the outer part according to this first embodiment, the process sequence, i.e., the generation of a plastic deformation of the outer part 50, is to proceed as follows: Individual, localized melt zones 80 are to be generated on the outer part 50 by the input of energy. Through this melting and the subsequent solidification, a tensile stress 050 is to be increased in the outer part 50, so that during or at the end of a first phase, after an unspecified number of such individual, localized melt zones 80, the outer part 50 initially approaches the inner part 52 and then finally conforms to it. During this first phase, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases, so that the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 finally conforms completely to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. With each melting of a melt zone 80, or...With each solidification of a molten zone 80, the tensile stresses 050 in the outer part 50 increase; simultaneously, with the increase in tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50, the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 decreases. During this first phase, not only tensile stress but also compressive stress develops in the outer part 50. Details will be discussed later, for example, in connection with Figure 7A.

[0093] After, for example, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has been completely aligned with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52, a second phase of the process follows. With the further creation of such solidified melt zones 80, a compressive stress is then induced in the second phase of the process by further increasing the tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. In this second phase, an elastic material load on the outer part 50 preferably predominates. In this second phase, two different material types are broadly distinguished: firstly, metals or metal alloys that exhibit a transition from purely elastic R. 415599

[0094] - 15 - exhibit plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength - in particular a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. On the other hand, metals or metal alloys in which the elastic material stress initially - in particular significantly - outweighs the plastic material stress, i.e., which exhibit an equivalent yield strength - in particular proof stress Rp0.2 - or are described, among other things, by this. This increase in the tensile stress 050 is to be increased in this second phase of the process until a yield strength - in particular a pronounced upper yield strength ReH - or an equivalent yield strength - in particular proof stress Rp0.2 - of the material is reached.

[0095] In a third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is to be deformed or loaded in such a way that the deformation or loading of the outer part 50 occurs predominantly in a plastic range, i.e., by further generating initially liquid melt zones 80 and then solidified melt zones 80, the internal tensile stress 050 is influenced in such a way that the outer part 50 deforms predominantly within the plastic range. In this third phase, the two different material types are again broadly distinguished:

[0096] Firstly, the process involves metals or metal alloys that exhibit the transition from purely elastic to plastic behavior, which can be described by a yield strength – in particular, a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. In this third phase of the process, the outer part 50 is loaded between the pronounced yield strength Re (ReH = Re), represented by the upper yield strength ReH, and the stress (oL), which – preferably – describes an end of the so-called Lüders deformation or Lüders strain. This loading in this third phase has the advantage that, until the Lüders strain is reached, the tensile stress o50 in the outer part remains approximately constant, and thus the pressure on the inner part also remains approximately constant. This is particularly advantageous for more sensitive inner parts (e.g., brittle parts, outer rings of bearings). In practice, this would be...A load exceeding the Lüders elongation is also possible, but this involves uncertainties in the technical implementation. It is particularly important to note that the tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50 increases again, and consequently, so does the pressure on the inner part 52. R. 415599.

[0097] - 16 -

[0098] A method is thus disclosed in which, by reducing the circumference / outer circumference or the outer contour 56 – in particular stepwise – and increasing tensile and compressive stresses in the outer part 50, the outer part 50 is initially applied to the inner part 52 at least at individual points on the inner circumference in a first phase (step S150). Then, in a second phase, by further increasing the tensile stresses – in particular stepwise – and, for example, compensating for compressive stresses – a compressive stress (pressure) is generated or increased on the inner part 52 by the outer part 50 until a yield strength Re, ReH is reached (step S200). Subsequently, in a third phase, the outer part 50 is further deformed primarily tangentially in at least a plastic range (step S250). The resulting melt zones 80 can be point-like, dot-linear, linear, or planar.

[0099] On the other hand, metals or metal alloys can be used in which the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress in certain areas of the load, i.e., whose behavior under tensile stress is partially described by an equivalent yield strength – in particular, the proof stress Rp0.2. In this third phase of the process, the load on the outer part 50 is applied above the proof stress Rp0.2. An upper end of the third phase of the process, defined by its load, is preferably located in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, whereby the stress 050 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm.

[0100] Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that four individual linear melt zones 80 are created. Of these four linear melt zones 80, three are visible. In this embodiment, they are oriented in the direction of a rotation or symmetry axis, or central axis 68. This applies at least to their longer extent. These melt zones 80 could also extend from one axial end E150 of the outer part 50 to the other end E250 of the outer part 50. In this embodiment, a so-called edge 105, 107 is deliberately left free at the respective axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, i.e., there are no melt zones 80 or 80 at the edges 105, 107 of the outer part 50.Ends of melting zones 80. Or in other words: On both sides of the melting zones 80 R. 415599.

[0101] - 17 - There is an unprocessed (unenergized, unlasered) edge 105, 107 in each case. The advantage of this lies in the fact that it avoids or even prevents an energy transfer point 74 from being located even remotely outside the surface of the outer part 50. If the energy transfer point 74 were, for example, beyond an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, there would be a risk that another object beyond an end E150, E250 would be burdened by a corresponding energy E, if not damaged, for example by melting. Accordingly, there is an edge 105, 107 between a melting zone 80 and an end E150, E250 of the outer part 50, which is free of a melting zone 80.

[0102] Figure 5 shows a cross-section through a combination of the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, corresponding to the position indicated in Figure 4. The four elongated melting zones 80 and their respective angular intervals of 90° with respect to the central axis 68 are visible. Since the outer part 50 has not yet come into contact with the inner part 52 in this illustration, this embodiment is still in the first phase of the process.

[0103] Figure 6 shows a further illustration of the embodiment according to Figures 4 and 5. In contrast to the illustration in Figure 5, this combination of inner part 52 and outer part 50 is still in the first phase of the process, but an approximation of the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 to the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 is already visible. The freedom of movement B is reduced compared to the initial state. In addition, according to this illustration, a fifth and a sixth elongated melting zone 80 are already formed on the outer surface and outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, respectively.

[0104] In the idealized representation according to Figure 7, it is already apparent that, according to this representation, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 has just aligned with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 (compare also with Figure 8) and, accordingly, the first phase of the process is complete. With each additional melting zone 80, a tensile stress 050 is increased in the outer part 50, and the process continues accordingly in its second phase. A compressive stress is then induced in the inner part 52. R. 415599

[0105] - 18 -

[0106] Figure 7, anticipating the number and positions of the melt zones 80 according to Figure 8, shows where, for example, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the tensile stress 050. As can be seen there, several solidified melt zones 80 are again depicted. According to the dimensions shown in Figure 7, the material thickness t50 of the outer part is dimensioned in principle. Likewise, the radial area or the material depth ts is dimensioned by way of example, which preferably remains in the solid phase not only in this single melt zone 80 during the production of the weld, but preferably in all melt zones 80.

[0107] Figures 7A and 7B illustrate, in principle (but not exclusively), the stresses acting in the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 in the region of a melt zone 80 for the intermediate manufacturing stages shown in Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7. Essentially, the shrinkage of a solidified melt zone 80 in the annular outer part 50 creates a stress state that generates a tensile stress 050 in the melt zone 80 itself. This tensile stress acts not only tangentially to the outer part 50, as shown in Figure 7A, but also, for example, in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56). Accordingly, or rather, triggered by the shrinkage (action), a compressive stress (reaction) is also generated in the outer part 50. This compressive stress acts firstly in the tangential direction in the cross-section A50s and secondly also in the direction of the central axis 68 (direction of a generatrix of the cylindrical outer contour 56).A transition or zero crossing from tensile stress to compressive stress is ideally assumed in Figures 7A and 7B for the location of a boundary between the molten or solidified melt zone 80 and the solid part of the cross-section. In Figure 7B, the circled “-(-)” symbol represents tensile stress, and the circled “-” symbol represents compressive stress.

[0108] In principle, nothing changes in this idealized state according to Figure 7A between the production of one melt zone 80 and the last melt zone 80 until the outer part 50 is just placed against the inner part 52 without force. The tensile stresses in the cross-sections of the melt zones 80 change – they increase – and the compressive stresses in the cross-sections radially within the melt zones 80 also increase. R. 415599

[0109] - 19 -

[0110] With the beginning of the second phase, i.e. with the creation of the first melting zone 80 after being applied to the inner part 52, the change in stresses / compressive stresses in the cross-sectional areas A50s changes in principle.

[0111] An intermediate phase can precede the complete contact of the outer part 50 with the inner part 52: The creation of the individual melt zones 80 deforms the outer part 50, melt zone 80 by melt zone 80, which is caused by the stresses visualized in Figures 7A and 7B. For example, with only very small dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, a first section (e.g., with a point shape or area, or a line shape or area) of the inner contour 54 can contact the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with just one melt zone 80. With larger dimensional differences between the outer diameter D52 and the inner diameter d50, and assuming an ideally centered relative position of the outer part 50 and inner part 52, an outer part 50 can, for example, after the eighth melt zone 80 on its circumference – e.g.,The regularly generated melt zone 80 – compare with Figure 8 – has approximated the shape of a general n-circle – here, an octagon 81 – compare with the basic representation of an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 in Figure 8A. After which melt zone 80 a section (e.g., with a point shape or area, or line shape or line area) of the inner contour 54 comes into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 generally depends, for example, on the aforementioned dimensional differences between the outer diameter d52 and the inner diameter d50. According to Figure 8A, for example, after the production of the eighth melt zone 80, the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 comes into contact with the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52 with eight sections (e.g., with a point shape or area, or line shape or line area) of the inner contour 54.

[0112] Depending on the number and mass fraction of the melt zones 80 on the outer part 50, the cross-sectional area A50s in which a compressive stress acts can vary in size. If the solidified mass fraction m50p, for example, as shown in Figure 4, is formed by several solidified melt zones 80 that are linear within the outer part 50, then the area or cross-sectional area A50s of the melt zone 80 radially within this linear melt zone 80, or formed as a line mass, can extend radially between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and the radially innermost extent of the melt zone 80, and axially across the entire width of the outer part 50. R. 415599

[0113] - 20 -

[0114] Under the exemplary assumption that Fig. 8B shows the outer part 50 in a state immediately before the production of the eighth melt zone 80 at position 0 degrees, after the production of the eighth solidified melt zone 80, it would move radially inwards from its original position immediately before the start of production of the melt zone 80 due to solidification and shrinkage, cf. position 0 degrees in Fig. 8A. This would result in a change in the stress on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. Before the production of the eighth melt zone 80, a stress state would exist in cross-section A50 that transitioned continuously from a maximum tensile stress at the outer contour 56 to a maximum compressive stress at the inner contour 54. After the production of the eighth melt zone 80 in cross-section A50, the tensile stress at the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 would be increased, and the compressive stress at the inner contour 54 would be increased.

[0115] With reference to Figure 8, it is further explained how, assuming an outer part 50 is attached to the inner part 52, the stress state changes with each additional melt zone 80 in the cross-section of the outer part 50 by creating melt zones 80 – here, in this example, linear melt zones 80, as shown in Figure 4. In this case, a primarily tangentially oriented tensile stress +050 in cross-section A50 is increased step by step, melt zone 80 by melt zone 80. With each additional melt zone 80, the tensile load increases, so that the tensile stress in the outer part 50 between the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 and point T (Figure 7B) increases, and the compressive stress in the outer part 50 between the inner contour 54 of the outer part 50 and point T (Figure 7B) decreases.In this process, a zero crossing (point T) shifts further radially inwards with each additional melt zone 80 produced, until the compressive stress -050 in the outer part 50 becomes zero.

[0116] With the melt zones 80 produced from this zero crossing onwards, not only does the tensile stress +o50 increase in cross-section A50I, but also in cross-section A50s, so that a tensile stress +o50 acts over the entire cross-section A50, compare with Figures 7C and 7D. The exemplary straight line shown in Figure 7D for a tensile stress +o50 profile across cross-section A50 can represent an intermediate (temporal) state between the moment when the compressive stress -o50 in the outer part 50 becomes zero and the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. The exemplary straight line shown in Figure 7D for a profile of the R. 415599

[0117] - 21 -

[0118] The tensile stress +050 across the cross-section A50 can also represent the final state after the production of the last melt zone 80. This line "moves" – more or less parallel – from the zero crossing (point T) further to the left with each additional melt zone 80 produced, indicating the increased tensile stress +050.

[0119] As can also be seen from Figures 7C and 7D, the contact of the outer part 50 with the inner part 52 produces the desired pressure. Accordingly, with each additional melt zone 80 produced, the pressure on the inner part 52 increases from zero, as shown by the compressive stress -050 in the inner part 52.

[0120] As already explained with reference to Figure 2, a cross-section through the outer part 50 in the radial direction is designated A50. The cross-sectional portion of this A50 that describes a cross-section of a melt zone 80 is designated here as A50I, since this cross-section is intended to describe a cross-sectional portion of the outer part 50 that was once liquid (I = liquid). For the purposes of describing the processes described with reference to Figures 8 and 8C, it is assumed here, by way of example and without limitation, that no edge 105, 107 is created or remains when the melt zone 80 is formed, but rather that the melt zone 80 extends from end E150 to end E250. The cross-sectional portion A50s, which is part of the radial cross-section A50, is the cross-sectional portion that remains in the solid state (solid = s) when a melt zone 80 is formed.Accordingly, it is ideally assumed here that a cross-sectional area A50 of an outer part 50 can be considered as the sum of the partial cross-sectional areas A50I and A50s. Figure 8 shows a total of eight melting zones 80, which are designated in the conventional clockwise direction not only with the reference number 80, but also with a supplementary number -1 to -8. These numbers are not intended to explicitly describe a sequence for the production of an individual melting zone 80, but merely a location on the outer part 50. Thus, melting zone 80-1 (“12 o'clock position”) is arranged opposite melting zone 80-5 (“6 o'clock position”) on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. The melting zone 80-3 (“3 o’clock position”) is located between these two melting zones 80-1 and 80-5 on the outer contour 56. The melting zone 80-7 (“9 o’clock position”) is located opposite the melting zone 80-3.For example, melting zone 80-2 is located midway between melting zone 80-1 and melting zone 80-3, for example, melting zone 80-3 and melting zone 80-5 R. 415599.

[0121] - 22 - Melting zone 80-4 is located, for example, melting zone 80-6 is located midway between melting zone 80-5 and melting zone 80-7, and melting zone 80-8 is located midway between melting zone 80-7 and melting zone 80-1. Melting zones 80-1 to 80-8 are ideally assumed to be evenly distributed around the circumference of the outer part 50. Each of these melting zones 80 has a cross-section A50, which is further divided into cross-sectional parts A50I and A50s. The following exemplary sequence of events applies to the description of the processes during the manufacture of the melting zones 80.

[0122] The process begins with the arrangement of outer part 50 and inner part 52, as shown in Figure 3. The first melting zone 80-1 is positioned at the "12 o'clock" position. At this point, the cross-section A50 is "divided" into a cross-sectional part A50I, characterized by liquefaction / melting, and a cross-sectional part A50s, characterized by remaining solid. The liquid melting zone 80 has the cross-section A50I, and the remaining solid part of the cross-section is designated A50s. During the subsequent solidification process of the melting zone 80 ("solidified melting zone"), the volume of a replacement volume of the melting zone 80 immediately surrounding it decreases by approximately 1% to approximately 5%, depending on the starting material and the material of the outer part 50.This solidification and the resulting "solid shrinkage" primarily create a residual stress C (internal stress) in the solidified melt zone 80-1. This is mainly because the molten melt zone 80 does not solidify freely. The molten material of the melt zone 80 will solidify first at the end facing the inner ring, the inner contour 54, i.e., in the section of the liquid melt zone 80 closest to the solidified part of the cross-section A50s of the outer part 50. The heat bound in the molten material of the melt zone 80 can dissipate most effectively there. The metal or steel of the outer part 50 conducts heat better than the air closest to the energy transfer point 74. Finally, the outer surface of the molten material of the melt zone 80 will solidify, i.e., the aforementioned energy transfer point 74 or a linear trace of the energy transfer point. 74.As long as the melt zone 80 is liquid, this melt transmits neither tensile nor compressive stress to the liquid melt zone 80. This melt is essentially stress-free. The residual stress generated by the shrinkage of the melt zone 80 in the solidified melt zone 80 is under the influence of the adjacent solid or solid R. 415599.

[0123] - 23 - remaining areas of the outer part 50, so that the solid areas of the outer part 50, which were not liquefied in connection with the production of the first melt zone 80-1, are subject to shrinkage through their connection with the solidifying or solidified melt zone 80-1 and thus to the internal stress developing in this melt zone 80-1. The tensile stress 050 acting outside the solidified melt zone 80 is transmitted in the circumferential direction of the outer part 50. If one considers the outer part 50 at the point opposite the first melt zone 80-1, i.e., at the point of the melt zone 80-5 to be produced later, it can be assumed that – ideally considered – the tensile stress state formed by the production of the first melt zone 80-1 at the 6 o'clock position (later position of the melt zone 80-5) will have developed uniformly over the entire cross-section A50.

[0124] If another melt track is now set and thus another melt zone 80 is created, for example at the position of the melt zone 80-5 shown in Figure 8, a stress-free state (melt) is again created via a cross-section A50I.

[0125] If an area of ​​the outer part 50 is energized via a point-like energy transfer point 74, a melt zone core 83 will form, roughly described as conical or parabolic in shape, extending radially outward to radially inward—in any case, extending from the energy transfer point 74 and tapering radially inward. Figure 8C shows that, in the direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), a melt zone area 87 is located in front of the melt zone core 83, which will only be melted later, and that, in the same direction of movement of the energy beam 85 (horizontal arrow), a melt zone area 89 is located behind the melt zone core 83, which has already been melted and may—for example, largely—have already solidified.When a moving point-like energy transfer point 74 and a moving melting zone core 83 are generated, a stress in the cross-section A50s and the melting zone areas 87, 89 will behave as described below.

[0126] Before the energy transmission point 74 is created on the left side of the outer part 50, a stress state should exist in the outer part 50 which is a tensile stress near the outer contour 56 and a compressive stress R. 415599 at the inner contour 54.

[0127] - 24 - is marked. The melting zone area 87 is identical to the cross-section A50I before melting. Once the melting zone area 87 begins to melt, the already melted part of the melting zone area 87 – the melting zone core 83 – is no longer able to transmit tensile (or compressive) stress as long as it has not solidified. Once the melting zone core 83 has penetrated or formed its entire width into the melting zone area 87, the melting zone area 87 changes; it shortens. This changes the tensile stress. As the melting zone core 83 moves, the melting zone area 89, which has solidified behind the melting zone core 83, shrinks, thereby increasing the tensile stress there. Ultimately, this process leads to increased tensile stresses and – if still present – ​​reduced compressive stresses in cross-sections A50 at other locations within the cross-section.

[0128] Figure 9 shows an axial side view of the inner part 52 inserted into the outer part 50 according to the first embodiment, after sixteen linear melt zones 80 have been created. It is clear from the description of Figures 1 to 9 that the outer part 50 is plastically deformed by the process between a solidifying melt zone 80 of the outer part 50 and an inner contour 54 of the outer part 50.

[0129] With the aid of the following figures, a second embodiment II is explained in more detail:

[0130] Figure 10 shows another embodiment. Starting with the arrangement of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which together form a corresponding device 113, a difference from the previous embodiment is described below. The difference is that instead of a linear melting zone 80, a point-shaped melting zone 80 is formed – viewed only from the outside. This "point-shaped" melting zone 80 extends radially inwards from the energy transfer point 74. Considering the actual spatial extent of this "point-shaped" melting zone 80, it can be described, for example, and roughly, as extending conically or rather parabolically from the radial outside to the radial inside – in any case, tapering from the energy transfer point 74.This “point-shaped” melting zone 80, as formed in this way, is also referred to here as melting zone 80. As shown in Figure 10, R. 415599.

[0131] - 25 - As can be seen, several individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have been created. For example, five such point-shaped melting zones 80 are directly visible in a row 82 of melting zones 80 in the circumferential direction. The other three melting zones 80 are located entirely on the rear side of the outer part 50, which is not visible here (compare analogously with the illustration in Figure 8). As can be clearly seen here, in this embodiment, a total of five rows 82 of melting zones 80 are formed in the circumferential direction – transverse to the central axis 68. It can also be stated that in this embodiment according to Figure 10, several rows 84 of (point-shaped) melting zones 80 are visible in the axial direction – parallel to the central axis 68 – of the outer part 50. These rows 84 are arranged here in the rotational axial direction of the annular outer part 50.Based on this description, a total of sixteen rows 84 of melting zones 80 can be assumed in Figure 10, arranged in the axial direction, nine of which are directly visible. Furthermore, it can be described that the rows 84 of melting zones can be of different axial lengths. Thus, eight rows 84 are short, consisting of only two axially arranged point-like melting zones 80, whereas eight other rows 84 of melting zones 80 are long, meaning they have more melting zones 80 in the axial direction than the short rows 84, which have fewer. In other words, the outer part 50 in Figure 10 has rows 84 of melting zones 80 that are shorter than other rows 84 of melting zones 80.Another description of the embodiment according to Figure 10 can be given, for example, by stating that the point-shaped melting zones 80 shown there are arranged in several rows 86 of melting zones 80, wherein a single row 86 has, by its position, a component in the axial direction and also a component in the circumferential direction. Taking this type of description into account, eight such rows 86 are implemented and shown in Figure 10.

[0132] Figure 11 shows a further embodiment. The cylindrical outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is machined such that individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are positioned so close together that at least one of the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 has an area that is melted a second time by the production of a further point-shaped melting zone 80. As can be seen from this formulation, such a series 88 can have at least two point-shaped melting zones 80, wherein R. 415599

[0133] - 26 - by creating a second point-shaped melting zone 80, a region of the previously created point-shaped melting zone 80 is melted a second time (compare with Figure 14 described below). Such a row 88 can not only consist of at least two point-shaped melting zones 80 or have only two point-shaped melting zones 80, but a plurality of point-shaped melting zones 80, for example, five or, as shown in Figure 11, sixteen point-shaped melting zones 80, which are arranged in a row 88 and continuously have a region that has been melted at least twice. In this example, a number n of point-shaped melting zones 80 are created in each row 88, and a number n of melting zones 80 have a region that has been melted a second time. Or, put another way and more generally: A number n of point-shaped melting zones 80 are created in each row 88.Set and a number n of melting zones 80 have a region that has been energized (energy added, energy enriched) a second time. n-1 regions of n melting zones 80 that have been melted at least twice are disclosed. In the example, 15 regions of 16 melting zones 80 that have been melted at least twice are disclosed. In Figure 14, these regions are labeled transition zones 94.

[0134] Between the two extremes shown in Figures 10 and 11, consisting of individual, point-like melting zones 80 (Figure 10) and a row 88 of point-like melting zones 80 as shown in Figure 11, there can also be an intermediate form in which the individual point-like melting zones 80 are placed so close together that the molten areas of the individual point-like melting zones 80 are directly adjacent. As can also be seen in Figure 11, an outer part 50 can also be machined in such a way that it has individual point-like melting zones 80, which may be arranged in a row 84 as shown here (but need not be), and are combined with a row 88 or several rows 88 of point-like melting zones 80.

[0135] Figure 12 shows another embodiment of an outer part 50 with an outer contour 56. In this embodiment as well, individual point-shaped melting zones 80 are placed so close together that an area of ​​one point-shaped melting zone 80 is melted or energized a second time by another point-shaped melting zone 80. In a modification of the embodiment according to Figure 11, the R. 415599 shown here

[0136] - 27 -

[0137] The rows 90 of point-shaped melt zones 80 exhibit, in their overall appearance, a component of both axial and circumferential direction. For example, these rows 90 can have a helical shape on the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50.

[0138] Figure 13 shows another embodiment. This embodiment has three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50, wherein the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 have areas that merge into one another, i.e., several melting zones 80 have areas that have been remelted or energized. In this example, three rows 92 of point-shaped melting zones 80 are arranged. The number of rows 92 need not be limited to three, but could also be, for example, four, five, or more. In the extreme case, the arrangement of the rows 92 could be so dense that the individual rows 92 are directly adjacent. This means that at least two rows 92 can be directly adjacent.In another extreme form of the arrangement of rows 92, at least two rows 92 can be arranged in such a way that at least one area of ​​a point-like melting zone 80 of one row 92 has a common area with a point-like melting zone 80 of another row 92, which has been melted or energized a second time by a point-like melting zone 80 of the other row 92.

[0139] Figure 14 shows an enlarged view of what a series of melting zones 80 – particularly point-shaped ones – can generally look like, as is the case for the exemplary embodiments of series 88, 90, 92, in which a first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 is placed and then a second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 is placed, the second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 being placed after the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1, and the individual point-shaped melting zones 80.1, 80.2 thereby transitioning into one another. As can be seen in the view of Figure 14, there is a melting zone here called a transition zone 94, in which material from the first point-shaped melting zone 80.1 is first melted and then further energized by the second point-shaped melting zone 80.2 created.is melted, then becomes the melting zone designated here as transition zone 94, and is then transition zone 94. R. 415599.

[0140] - 28 - Figure 15 shows a further embodiment of an arrangement of individually produced point-shaped melt zones 80, which are arranged in the axial direction (axis of rotation or axis of symmetry with respect to rotational symmetry, central axis 68) with respect to the outer part 50 and therefore form several rows 88 of such point-shaped melt zones 80. At least two rows 88 are arranged so close to each other or are produced so close together that at least two such axially arranged rows 88 also each have at least one point-shaped melt zone 80 in the circumferential direction, which forms a transition zone 96 that arises from the successive formation of point-shaped melt zones 80. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melt zone 80 that is at least partially melted a second time.Within the framework of the disclosed method, it is provided that a tensile stress 050 induced in the outer part 50 is caused by at least one melt zone 80, wherein the at least one melt zone 80 is or is formed as a point, a dot-like, a line, or an area. Preferably, a plurality of melt zones 80 are produced, which are or can be formed as points, dot-like, a line, or an area. A region consisting of several solidified melt zones 80 can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80. An area of ​​solidified or solidifying material can also be referred to as a set of interacting point-like or line-like melt zones 80.

[0141] Figure 16 shows a basic representation of a total of four different point-shaped melting zones 80. These four point-shaped melting zones 80 shown here are additionally numbered with appended digits according to an exemplary sequence of their formation during the process. This means that the first point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.1) is formed according to the proposed process. By subsequently forming a second point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), a first row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 is created, as shown in the example presented here. These zones are arranged in the axial direction—here rotationally axial or symmetry-axial to the outer part 50—and individual point-shaped melting zones 80 merge into one another. This creates the transition zone 94 of the first row 88, the upper row in Figure 16, which was mentioned previously. By subsequently forming yet another point-shaped melting zone 80 (here 80.2), the transition zone 94 of the first row 88 is formed.3) arises from the proximity of the second row 88 to be formed to point-like R. 415599.

[0142] - 29 -

[0143] Melting zones 80 form a further transition zone 96 (96.1), which here arises between the first row 88 and the point-shaped melting zone 80, which is not part of the first row 88. Rather, it is specifically intended that this third melting zone 80 (here 80.3) is part of a row 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 to be formed, by creating the fourth melting zone 80 (here 80.4) after the formation of the third melting zone 80 (here 80.3). This not only creates a further transition zone 94 within the second row 88 between the third melting zone 80 (80.3) and the fourth melting zone 80 (80.4), but also a further transition zone 96 (96.2), which arises between the last point-shaped melting zone 80 (80.4) formed in this example and the second melting zone 80 (80.2) of the first row 88. The transition zones 96 are each part of a melting zone 80, which is at least partially melted again.

[0144] Figure 17 shows a further embodiment of a machined outer part 50 in accordance with the methods presented here. The arrangement shown here is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 4. Five different melt zones 80 of a mass fraction m50p are directly visible, which are designed here as linear melt zones 80. Each of the melt zones 80 extends with its longer dimension, length L80, in the direction of the central axis 68 of the outer part 50 in this example. With its width B80, which is shorter than its length L80, the linear melt zone 80 extends circumferentially around the outer part 50. The arrangement of several linear melt zones 80 shown here, the spacing D80 between which is smaller than the spacing to other linear melt zones 80 or other melt zones 80 – if any other melt zones 80 are present at all – is referred to here as a field 80F of melt zones 80.The distance D80 between such linear melting zones 80 can be smaller than the width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80. Alternatively, the distance D80 between two linear melting zones 80 can be equal to the width 80 of a single linear melting zone 80, or—further alternatively—larger than the width B80 of a single linear melting zone 80. Individual linear melting zones 80, in particular immediately adjacent linear melting zones 80, can be produced directly one after the other. However, it is particularly preferred that these linear melting zones 80, in particular of a field 80F, are not produced directly one after the other, i.e., that after the production of a linear melting zone 80 of a provided field 80F, another melting zone 80 is produced, which R. 415599.

[0145] - 30 - is to be arranged outside the intended field 80F. A corresponding procedure for such manufacturing will be discussed later in connection with the embodiment according to Figures 24 to 27. In this embodiment, it is shown how the multiple melting zones 80 are spaced apart such that a bridge 98 remains between two nearest melting zones 80, which is heated below a melting temperature TL of the material of the outer part 50 during the process. Regarding a definition of a preferred embodiment of a field 80F, it shall be the case that a field 80F of - in particular straight - melting zones 80 has a plurality of more than two melting zones 80, which have the same distance D80 from each other.The more than two melting zones 80 can be spaced apart from each other with a distance D80 greater than zero, or be directly adjacent to each other (distance D80 equal to zero), or even overlap (distance D80 less than zero).

[0146] Figure 18 shows another embodiment of linear melting zones 80. In this modification – starting from the embodiment according to Figure 17 – the individual linear melting zones 80 are arranged such that they no longer have any space between them. Rather, two linear melting zones 80 arranged directly next to each other merge into one another or are manufactured in such a way that these two immediately adjacent linear melting zones 98 have a common linear transition zone 100. In the embodiment according to Figure 18, a field 80F of a total of six linear melting zones 80 is also shown. Analogous to the illustration according to Figure 14, by manufacturing linear melting zones 80, which are formed so close to each other, at least one transition zone 100 is formed between two linear melting zones 80. Within this field 80F, a specific orA definable number n80 (6) of linear melting zones 80 are produced, and a number (5) of transition zones 100 are formed. The number of transition zones is then, for example, one less than the number of melting zones 80 (n80 - 1). Among other things, in the embodiments according to Figures 4 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20, several melting zones 80 are disclosed, which are produced at least sectionally parallel to each other, or that in addition to a melting zone 80, a further melting zone 80 is produced and is parallel to the first melting zone 80. R. 415599.

[0147] - 31 -

[0148] Figure 19 shows an exemplary arrangement of two linear melting zones 80 forming a field 80F. Here, for example, both melting zones 80 are arranged so close to each other that the material of the outer part 50, which was melted first, is partially melted a second time, forming a melting zone 80. As previously described in relation to another embodiment, the further melting of part of this linear melting zone 80 occurs through the creation of a second linear melting zone 80 (in Figure 19, the melting zone 80 arranged or created on the left). This process results in the formation of a linear transition zone 100 between the two linear melting zones 80.

[0149] According to another embodiment of linear melting zones 80, which is not shown here, the two linear melting zones 80 can also be arranged so close to each other that there is no distance between these two melting zones 80 and accordingly no linear transition zone 80 is created or exists.

[0150] In summary, it should be mentioned here that a melting zone 80 can, for example, be configured as a point; compare, for instance, with the individual point-shaped melting zones 80 shown in Figure 10. Furthermore, a melting zone 80 can also be dot-like, as first described in the embodiment shown in Figure 11. Another embodiment of dot-like melting zones 80 is, for example, a series 92 of point-like melting zones 80 as shown in the embodiment shown in Figure 13. The embodiment shown in Figure 14 can, for example, represent the smallest embodiment of a dot-like melting zone 80 in this sense.Such a (short) row can, for example, be a row 82 of point-shaped melting zones 80 with an orientation of the axis in the circumferential direction or with an orientation of the axis in the axial direction (axis of rotation, axis of symmetry), or a row 86 of melting zones 80 with a component in an axial direction and a circumferential direction. The solidified melting zones 80 can also be formed as a planar field 80F. An example of this is shown in Figure 15. The rows 88 of point-shaped melting zones 80 arranged or shown there are arranged so close together that individual point-shaped melting zones merge into one another in two axial directions. In detail, the embodiment according to Figure 16 will be discussed here, according to which – as shown there – the R. 415599.

[0151] - 32 - The individual point-like melting zones 80 are adjacent to each other in two mutually perpendicular axial directions or coordinate directions, thus forming a planar structure of solidified melting zones 80. In the embodiment according to Figure 17, a total of five solidified linear melting zones 80 can be seen. Figures 18 and 19 show a field 80F of linear melting zones 80.

[0152] Starting from the first embodiment, introduced by Figure 1 and shown in conjunction with Figure 2, which depicts the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 being selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a clearance B within the outer part 50, the embodiment according to Figure 20 is briefly described. This embodiment also features a clearance B within the outer part 50. As a modification of the arrangement according to Figure 2, the arrangement according to Figure 20 alternatively provides that the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 are also selected such that the inner part 52 is arranged with a clearance B within the outer part 50. However, it is provided that the center of the inner part 52 and the center of the outer part 50 are not concentric with each other, but offset from each other (non-concentric, eccentric).The center of the inner part 52 can be its central axis 69, which, if the inner part 52 is cylindrical, is its central axis 69 (e.g., a geometrically determined axis of rotation, axis of symmetry). The center of the outer part 50 can be its central axis 68, which, as shown in this embodiment, can also be its axis of rotation or axis of symmetry. Figure 20 shows an extreme example in which the two central axes 68, 69 are offset from each other such that their distance corresponds to the gap dimension according to the gap 66 in Figure 2. In another embodiment not shown here, the central axes 68, 69 can be positioned such that their distance is smaller than the ideal width b of the gap 66 according to Figure 2.In the embodiment according to Figure 20, all previously described embodiments of melting zones 80 can be produced, since the concentricity of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 shown by way of example in Figures 1 and 2 is not absolutely necessary.

[0153] According to the embodiments shown in Figures 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 and 18, it is provided that 50 point-shaped, dot-linear, linear or planar R. 415599 are formed on an outer part.

[0154] - 33 -

[0155] Melting zones 80 are formed. The outer part 50 extends between a first end E150 and a second end E250 in the direction of a central axis 68. It is provided that these melting zones 80 are generated on an outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. At least one melting zone 80 extends between the first end E150 and the second end E250. At least one melting zone 80, or several melting zones 80, can extend, at least partially, in a straight line, in a wave-like shape, or in a spiral.

[0156] In particular, it can be provided that an axially outermost position of a melt zone 80 is arranged at a distance from one end E150 or one end E250 or from both ends E150, E250. Thus, a melt zone 80 is provided at least at one position, wherein an unprocessed edge 105, 107 remains between this melt zone 80 and one end E150, E250, which has not been melted.

[0157] It should be mentioned at this point that - when the outer part 50 is energized, i.e. heated and liquefied - the initially solid area exists in a first structure.

[0158] Through liquefaction or melting, this first structure is transformed into a melt, i.e., a melt zone 80. Through the solidification of the liquid melt zone 80, i.e., the transformation of the liquid melt zone 80 into a solid, solidified melt zone 80, a new structure, the second structure, is formed in the melt zone 80.

[0159] As is evident from the preceding description, a method for joining an outer part 50 to an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50. Subsequently, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, thereby melting it, so that at least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed. This at least one liquid melt zone 80 then solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This solidification induces a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50 is intended to be high enough to cause plastic deformation of the outer part 50.This also discloses a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, wherein the outer part 50 is connected to the inner part 52 and the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially within R. 415599.

[0160] - 34 - of the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p is located on the outer part 50, which is at least a solidified solid melt zone 80, and a tensile stress o50 acts in the outer part 50. Due to the tensile stress o50, the outer part 50 is plastically deformed, i.e., a volume fraction of the outer part 50 is plastically deformed.

[0161] According to the foregoing description, in one embodiment, the outer part 50 is made of a material exhibiting a pronounced upper yield strength ReH (see also Figures 32 and 33 and the accompanying description). When the outer part 50 is subjected to stress by the solidifying melt zones 80, plastic deformation of the outer part 50 beyond the pronounced yield strength ReH is to be generated. In this process, the outer part 50 is stretched plastically in addition to any purely elastic elongation. When generating and thus applying the tensile stress, a discontinuous transition from an elastic to a plastic range occurs, depending on the material. Preferably, the outer part 50 is to be loaded in the Lüder range. According to a further embodiment, the outer part 50 can be loaded in the plastic range between the Lüder range and the tensile strength Rm.Preferably, the outer part 50 should be made of a material which has a yield strength ratio - i.e. a ratio of the upper yield strength ReH and the tensile strength Rm - which is in the range of 0.2 to 0.7.

[0162] Figure 21 shows another embodiment, which depicts an elongated melting zone 80 or several elongated melting zones 80, as is already the case in the embodiment according to Figure 4. The difference from the embodiment according to Figure 4 is that the melting zones 80 are attached to or generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 at an angle α to the central axis 68. As in the embodiment according to Figure 17, linear melting zones 80 are also formed here, which in this case are generated as a single field 80F that extends completely over the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50. In this example, there is a gap D80 between the individual linear melting zones 80, each with a web 98. A single linear melting zone 80 also has, for example, a width B80.As in the embodiment shown in Figure 20, it is also provided here, by way of example, that edges 105, 107 are left unworked, i.e., unworked edges 105, 107 remain. In this example, 120 linear melt zones 80 have been created to securely hold the inner part 52 in the outer part 50 by frictional engagement. R. 415599.

[0163] - 35 - Figure 22 shows a view of an outer part 50 of a device 113, which has a melting zone 80 on its outer contour 56. As in the previously mentioned embodiments, an inner part 52 is located inside the outer part 50. A special feature of this embodiment is that the melting zone 80 has a particularly long length. During the production of this melting zone 80, the energy transfer point 74, which is particularly point-like, performs an absolute or relative movement composed of two different types of movement (relative movement between the energy transfer point 74 and the outer part 50). One type of movement is a circular movement, which can, for example, be a circular movement 74K. The other type of movement is a linear movement 74L.Such a movement of the energy transfer point 74, which arises from a rotary motion and a linear motion, results in a kind of "shallow spiral motion." This "shallow spiral motion" can consist of a combination of a rotation of the outer part 50 about its central axis 68, which, viewed from an external point, appears as a quasi-linear motion at the outer circumference, and a rotational motion resulting from a deflection of the stationary energy beam 85 by means of a beam deflection unit (e.g., a wobbling mirror) not shown here. This "shallow spiral motion" has the advantage that the energy source does not have to be constantly switched on or off, or, in the case that the energy source is neither switched on nor off, no kind of aperture or similar element is required in a beam path between the energy transfer point 74 and the energy source.to be introduced into the energy beam 85 in order to interrupt the energy input to the outer part 50. In other words, the generation of the melt zone 80 can be continuously generated on the outer circumference of the outer part 50 without any interruption. In an extreme variant of such a melt zone 80, during the production of the melt zone 80, during a complete relative rotation of the outer part 50 relative to the energy transfer point 74, areas of the melt zone 80 intersect at least once. Starting from a point where material of the outer part 50 is melted, an energy beam 85 is directed such that an energy transfer point 74 of the energy beam 85 is moved in such a way that its movement at an angle y greater than zero – Figure 22 – intersects the melt zone 80.

[0164] The molten mass fraction m50p can have several melting zones 80, which are designed such that they are located between the first end E150 and the R. 415599

[0165] - 36 - the second end E250 of the outer part 50 extend continuously and in different directions (Figure 22). The different directions are symbolically represented by the legs of the angle y. One or more melt zones 80 can, for example, extend in a wave-like pattern around the circumference of the outer part 50, Figure 22.

[0166] As can be seen in Figure 22, the device 113 shown there also optionally provides unmachined edges 105, 107. As can be seen from the description of the melting zone 80 (Figure 22), a melting zone 80 is designed such that a melting zone 80, which is particularly spiral or wave-shaped, crosses itself at least once, and in particular several times, and thus extends over the outer circumference of the outer part 50. In a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52, a crossing point 114 can thus be present, i.e., formed, at least once, and in particular several times. This means that a melting zone 80 is melted again after its initial production. In particular, it can be provided that such a melting zone 80 – even if it is interrupted several times – is melted many times.Alternatively, a method and a device 113 can also be provided in which several solidified melt zones 80 are arranged such that at least one intersection point 114 is formed or has been formed by the several solidified melt zones 80, i.e., that at least one solidified melt zone is present which has an intersection point 114 with another solidified melt zone 80.

[0167] Figure 23 shows a longitudinal section through the outer part 50 according to Figure 22 and the marking indicated there for a section line position, which is also designed here as a substantially cylindrical tube section. In this Figure 23, the outer part 50, the inner part 52, a longitudinal section through the melt zone 80 of an external connection area 51, as well as the edges 105, 107 (not specified here, but generally optional) are clearly visible. It is also evident that the at least one melt zone 80 of the external connection area 51 has a bead 110 at each of its axial ends (right, left) with respect to the central axis 68. This bead is formed, in particular, by the production of the melt zone 80, specifically by repeated melting and solidification of one or more melt zones 80. R. 415599

[0168] - 37 -

[0169] The outer part 50 has different outer diameters: While the outer part 50, with an optional rim 105, 107 (one rim or both rims) next to the at least one melting zone 80, has, for example, a maximum outer diameter D105, D107, a bead 110 has an outer diameter D110. The outer part 50 has an outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80, in particular in its axial center. The size ratios of the outer diameters can be as follows, in particular: The outer diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 or the outer connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50 is smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 after the production of at least one melt zone 80. Furthermore, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105, D107 of an outer part 50 in the area of ​​the melt zone 80 or the outer connection area 51 of the machined outer part 50.At the extreme end, E150, E250 of the outer part 50 can be, as intended here. Furthermore, the outer diameter D110 of one bead 110 can be smaller than the outer diameter D110 of the other bead 110. Or, put another way: The outer diameter D110 of one bead 110 can be larger than the outer diameter D110 of the other bead 110.

[0170] It should be noted that an alternative embodiment to the embodiment shown in Figure 23 may be designed such that a melting zone 80 or several melting zones 80 are provided or generated on only one side – in particular an axial side with an open end E150 as shown in Figure 23 – in an arrangement consisting of a rim 105 (or rim 107), a bead 110, and a region of the melting zone 80. The term "open end" E150, E250, in accordance with the illustrations in the figures, can mean that the outer part 50 at the end that is an open end E150, E250 is shaped like a tube, i.e., for example, an annular cylinder. On one or the other axial side of the melting zone 80 or the outer connection region 51, the outer part may be designed differently from the other side, for example,by a transition to a radius radially outward or radially inward, to which, for example, a flange (outward or inward) is attached, or instead of a radius, a section of the outer part that structurally corresponds to an edge (ring cylinder), but is larger, i.e., longer in the axial direction, consequently having the shape of a tube. However, even then, it is provided, by way of example, that the size ratios of the outer diameters are—in particular—as follows: The outer diameter D80 in the area or at a center of the melt zone 80 of the machined outer part 50 is R. 415599.

[0171] - 38 - after production of at least one melt zone 80 smaller than an outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. In addition, the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110 can be smaller than an outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0172] A numerical example for a device 113 consisting of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is as follows: D107 = 15.00 mm, D80 = 14.74 mm, D110 = 14.88 mm.

[0173] If a flange follows a bead 110 inwards, the outer diameter D110 of the nearest bead 110 can be larger than the outer diameter D105 (or outer diameter D107) of an outer part 50 in the area or at the extreme end E150 (or end E250) of the outer part 50.

[0174] In the embodiments shown in Figures 22, 23, and 24, such a bead 110 can form because the movement of the energy transfer point 74 causes areas of the melting zone 80 at the edge of a melting zone 80 towards an edge 105, 107 to be melted repeatedly, for example, five to ten times in succession. With regard to a bead 110 on the left side of the outer part 50 and a bead 110 on the right side of the outer part 50, it can also be observed that the bead 110s differ from each other. This is due to the different speeds (relative speeds: rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 and rotation of the energy transfer point 74 about another axis, which is, for example, oriented perpendicular (radially) to the axis 68) of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 and the left side of the outer part 50.As illustrated, for example, in Figure 23, the velocity of the energy transfer point 74 on the right side of the outer part 50 is greater than on the left side of the outer part 50. This is a consequence of the vector addition of the velocities. For example, the absolute orbital velocity or rotational velocity v74r of the energy transfer point 74 on the surface of the outer part 50, i.e., on a part of the outer contour 56, with respect to the stationary environment of the manufacturing or energizing device, is assumed to have the magnitude vr. A rotation of the outer part 50 about the axis 68 on the outer contour 56 is assumed to result in a rotational velocity v56 with the magnitude 1 / 2*vr. This would lead to the following situations at the two locations where a bead 110 might form: At one of the R. 415599.

[0175] - 39 - At both locations, vector addition would result in an effective velocity v74eff of the energy transfer point 74 of v74eff = 1.5*vr, and at the other of the two locations, vector addition would result in an effective velocity v74eff of the energy transfer point 74 of v74eff = 0.5*vr. This difference in velocity leads to different bulges 110.

[0176] Accordingly, in the embodiment shown in Figures 22 and 23, which is structurally similar to the embodiments shown in Figures 1 to 21, a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is disclosed. The inner part 52 is located in the outer part 50 and is joined to the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has an external connection area 51 and at least one melt zone 80 on its outer contour 56. This melt zone 80 is a solidified, formerly liquid melt zone 80. The outer part 50 has, for example, a first axial end E150 and a second, different axial end E250. These ends are preferably arranged to point axially away from each other. The at least one melt zone 80 has a first axial end E80L and a second axial end E80R.In particular, viewed along axis 64, the first axial end E80L is located on one axial side of the melting zone 80, and the second axial end E80R is located on the other axial side of the melting zone 80. It is provided that an edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is located between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melting zone 80 of the outer connection area 51. The edge 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the center of the at least one melting zone 80. As can be clearly seen from Figure 23, the device 113 has a melting zone 80 which has at least one bead 110 - here two bead 110 - and the bead 110 has an outer diameter D110.The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the melt zone 80. According to another aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. It is specifically provided that the rim 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted or exhibits residual stresses that have caused a change in shape. The rim 105, 107 is preferably located at an open end E150, E250 of the outer part 50. There, the rim 105, 107 has a material thickness t105, t107, and the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melt zone 80 has a thickness R. 415599.

[0177] - 40 -

[0178] Material thickness t80. The material thickness t107, t105 of the edge 105, 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51, 51L, 51R at the melting zone 80, particularly in its axial center or between the two beads 110. Furthermore, a joint 260 – particularly annular wedge-shaped – can be located between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid material, such as a sealant, or a liquid material, such as oil, or a gaseous material, such as air.

[0179] Figures 24 to at least 27 show an embodiment of a device 113 comprising an outer part 50 with two connections 120 between itself and an inner part 52. The outer part 50, designed and depicted in Figure 24 as a sleeve or sleeve section, has two external connection areas 51 (right external connection area 51R, left external connection area 51L), which in this example are integrally connected to each other via the outer part 50. One connection 120 on the right side of the device 113 shown in Figure 24 shows an inner part 52, which here is exemplified as a permanent magnet, a relatively brittle component, i.e., a component that is more brittle than the outer part 50. This permanent magnet is connected by the annular external connection area 51R to the right side of the outer part 50 in the figure.

[0180] - in particular by frictional locking or in particular only by frictional locking. The external connection area 51 R of the outer part 50 is integrally connected here via a flange 123 to another external connection area 51 L on the other, left side. The preceding explanations of the previously described embodiments are all applicable to the connection 120 shown on the right side in Figure 24.

[0181] It is also provided here that an edge 105, 107 of the outer part 50 is located between an axial end E150, E250 of the outer part 50 and an axial end E80L, E80R of the at least one melting zone 80 of the outer connection area 51R. The edge 105, 107 has an outer diameter D105, D107, and the melting zone 80 has an outer diameter D80. The outer diameter D105, D107 of the edge 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D80 at the center of the melting zone 80. As can be clearly seen from Figure 24, the device 113 has at least one melting zone 80 which has at least one bead 110 – here, two bead 110.

[0182] - and the bead 110 each has an outer diameter D110. The outer diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the outer diameter D80 in R. 415599

[0183] - 41 - a center of the melting zone 80. According to a further aspect of the design, the outer diameter D105, D107 of the rim 105, 107 is larger than the outer diameter D110 of a bead 110. It is particularly provided that the rim 107 of the outer part 50 is thermally distorted at the outer connection area 51 R, or that this rim 107 has residual stresses that have caused or are causing a change in shape. The rim 107 is preferably located at an open end E250 of the outer part 50. There, the rim 107 has a material thickness t107, and the outer connection area 51 R at the melting zone 80 has a material thickness t80. The material thickness t107 of the edge 107 is greater than the material thickness t80 of the outer connection area 51 R at the melting zone 80. In Figure 24, the material thickness t107 of the edge 107 is exaggerated, as is the thermal distortion. The latter refers in particular to its deflection away from the axis 68.Furthermore, a joint 260 – in particular annular wedge-shaped – can be located between the inner part 52 and the outer part 50, wherein the joint 260 is filled with a solid substance, such as a sealant, or a liquid substance, such as oil, or a gaseous substance, such as air. Comparing the outer diameters D105, 107 of the edges 105, 107, it is noticeable that the outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50 – in particular the end with the flange 123 – or of the external connection area 51R there.

[0184] As shown in Figure 24, the outer part 50 extends from the left side of the right outer connection area 51R via a flange 123 to the other outer connection area 51L, shown on the left in Figure 24. This mass accumulation with respect to the central axis 68 (e.g., axis of rotation) at the left end of the right outer connection area 51R in Figure 24, caused by the flange 123, results in particularly good heat dissipation from the end E80L of the melting zone 80 facing the flange 123, away from the outer connection area 51R, in conjunction with the input of energy to produce the at least one melting zone 80 or the multiple melting zones 80.

[0185] This results in a difference compared to the right end E250R of the external connection area 51R. The diameter D105 formed at the left end E150R of the external connection area 51R (at the unmachined edge 105) or next to the melt zone 80 in the area of ​​the flange 123 is smaller than the diameter D107 at the right end E250R of the outer part 50. When comparing the outer diameters D105 and D107 of the edges 105 and 107 with each other, it is noticeable that the R. 415599

[0186] - 42 -

[0187] The outer diameter D107 of the open end of the outer part 50 is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, or of the outer connection area 51R, which in particular has the flange 123. Furthermore, it can be stated that a diameter D80 in the area of ​​the melting zone 80 (in particular and by way of example in its axially central position) is smaller than the diameter D105, or put another way: the diameter D107 at end E250R is larger than the diameter D105 in the area of ​​end E150R, or at end E150R, or in the area of ​​the flange 123 (axial position), which in turn is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80. If the melting zone 80 is bounded by at least one bead 110 (to the right or left of the melting zone 80), then a diameter D110 of the bead 110 is larger than the diameter D80 in the axial center of the melting zone 80.between the two ridges 110 of the melting zone 80 and smaller than the diameter D107 at the free end E250R, but larger than the diameter D105 of the ridge 110 at the end E150R. At this end E150R, the cooling (heat dissipation) due to the flange-related mass accumulation away from the melting zone 80 is particularly good, so that thermal distortion is reduced.

[0188] In one right-hand external connection area 51 R, the right-hand internal part 52 has an outer diameter D52 that is larger than the outer diameter D52 of the other left-hand internal part 52 of the other left-hand external connection area 51 R. Furthermore, it is possible – and in this case, it is – that the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in one right-hand external connection area 51 R is larger than the diameter D80 of the melting zone 80 in the other left-hand external connection area 51 R.

[0189] Furthermore, it can be stated that the size ratios of the connection 120 shown in Figure 24, or the external connection area 51 R, can be as follows: The device 113 has an outer diameter D107 of the open end E250R of the outer part 50, which is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the open end E250R of the outer part 50 is larger than the diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least one melt zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123. The diameter D110 of the bead 110 between the axial center of the at least R. 415599

[0190] - 43 - the outer diameter D105 of the outer part 50, which has a melting zone 80 and the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123. The outer diameter D105 of the other end E150R of the outer part 50, which in particular has the flange 123, is larger than the outer diameter D80 of the axial center of the at least one melting zone 80.

[0191] The connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24 between the outer part 50 (similar to a pipe fitting) and its left outer connection area 51 L represents a connection 120 with an inner part 52, in particular a shaft fitting. The fastening between the two parts is achieved, as in the previously described embodiments, by creating a shrink fit through the formation of fusion zones 80. This shaft fitting can, for example, be integrally connected to a shaft, which in turn is supported and driven in a housing by means of bearings (e.g., rolling bearings). This inner part 52 can also be designed as a type of pin or shaft pin, which is inserted as a "plug" into an end face of a shaft and a bore provided there, in particular a blind hole, in order to be held there, for example, by means of a press fit.To form the connection 120 shown on the left in Figure 24, the inner part 52 is inserted into the tubular outer part 50, or the tubular outer part 50 is placed onto the inner part 52. A distance s can be provided and set, for example, between an end face 64 of the left inner part 52 and the end face 64 of the right inner part 52. The outer part 50 holds one inner part 52 and another inner part 52 by connecting the two inner parts 52 together. There is a distance s between the two inner parts 52, which is zero or greater than zero. The connection 120 between the left inner part 52 and the left outer part 50 is explained in more detail with reference to Figures 25, 26, and 27.

[0192] Figure 25 shows a cross-section as shown in Figure 24. Figure 25 shows that there are a total of three fields 80F of melt zones 80 on the outer circumference or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 or outer connection area 51 L. It is intended, for example, that these three fields 80F are at least approximately uniform in width and accordingly have an angular width of α80F of 100 degrees with respect to the outer circumference of the outer contour 96. An angular distance αFR between the fields 80F is also intended to be uniform.

[0193] - 44 - individual fields 80F. The free space 126 is located there. This free space 126 has an angular range aFR of, for example, 20 degrees. The melting zones 80 of a field 80F are designed here by way of example, as shown in Figure 18. This means that each field 80F has linear melting zones 80 that extend in the direction of the central axis 68. In particular, it is provided that the melting zones 80 overlap and therefore linear transition zones 100 are formed. The way in which the individual melting zones 80 are arranged within the plurality of fields 80F will be discussed later. Thus, a device 113 with an outer part 50 and an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50.The outer part 50 has an outer contour 96, wherein the outer part 50 has at least one solidified melt zone 80, which is part of the outer contour 96. The outer part 50 has several fields 80F of melt zones 80. Regarding a preferred embodiment of a field 80F, it should also apply here that a field 80F of—in particular, straight—melt zones 80 has a plurality of more than two melt zones 80, which have the same distance D80 between them. The more than two melt zones 80 can be spaced apart from each other by a distance D80 greater than zero, or be directly adjacent to each other (distance D80 equal to zero), or even overlap (distance D80 less than zero).

[0194] Figure 26 shows a view (end view of the pipe stub) corresponding to the section line in Figure 24. As can be seen in Figure 26, a left-hand view of the end E150L of the outer part 50, the outer part 50 – the pipe stub-shaped section – is deformed during the manufacture of the connection 120. This clearly shows that a gap, and thus a gap 128, has formed between the inner part 52, which here has a cylindrical outer contour 58, and a previously cylindrical inner contour of the outer part 50 of the pipe stub-shaped section (analogous to the joint 260, Figure 24). This gap 128 has a varying dimension around the circumference of the outer contour 58 of the inner part 52. Specifically, this gap 128 has a minimum dimension sFR and a maximum dimension smF. Between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 there is a gap 128 which is uneven, in particular uneven in the circumferential direction of the inner part 52.With regard to the front view according to Figure 26, it can generally be stated that a minimum gap sFR is formed between two fields 80F. A maximum gap smF, on the other hand, is formed in the center of a field 80F. Such a configuration of R. 415599.

[0195] - 45 -

[0196] The gap 128 is due to the fact that free spaces 126 are formed between the individual fields 80F. These spaces are not energized during the process of producing the connection 120 and therefore act as heat sinks arranged – for example, symmetrically – with respect to the fields 80F. The embodiment of a connection 120 shown in Figures 24, 25, and 26, consisting of three fields 80F and three free spaces 126, each of which is uniformly formed, is only one embodiment of several possible embodiments. For example, it is also possible to provide for not three fields 80F, but rather, for example, four fields 80F, five fields 80F, or more fields 80F. These fields 80F can be separated by gaps or free spaces 126 of equal size. As is shown particularly clearly in Figure 26, the multiple fields 80F are defined by a number nF of the fields 80F. The outer part 50 has an end face 60 at one end E150L.The end face 60 has an outer contour 96, which has the shape of a polycircle 97. By generating the multiple fields 80F, the outer contour 96 acquires the shape of a polycircle 97, as the outer part 50 warps thermally unevenly due to the uneven generation of melting zones 80 caused by uneven heat dissipation. This results in the formation of minimum radii r96min and maximum radii r96max. A polycircle 97 can be described as having multiple minimum radii r96min and maximum radii r96max, where the number nrk of the minimum radii r96min and the number nrg of the maximum radii r96max correspond to the number nF of fields 80F. The relative position of the smallest radii r96min, the largest radii r96max and the fields 80F to each other can be described, for example, as the smallest radii r96min and the largest radii r96max alternate on the end face 60 of the outer part 50.The end face 60 is located at an axial position x60, Figure 24, which is related to the common central axis 68. Due to their axial extension with respect to the central axis 68, the clearances 126 and the fields 80F are not only located at an axial position, but also within an axial region. For the purposes of this disclosure, it can be specified that the clearances 126 and the fields 80F are located, for example, at a common axial position xgem (Figure 24, Figure 25), which is axially spaced from the axial position x60 of the end face 60. Regarding the number nF of the fields 80F, it is provided that the number nF of the fields 80F can be, for example, even (2, 4, 6, 8, ...) or alternatively odd (1, 3, 5, 7, ...).In particular, it is provided that an odd number of nF is generated on fields 80F of melting zones 80 on the outer part 50 and that the outer part 50 has the number nF in particular R. 415599.

[0197] - 46 - three. If the number nF = 3, the outer contour 96 is distorted so that the end face 60 has an outer contour 96 that has the shape of a tricircle as a special form of a polycircle 97. As already explained, for example, with regard to Figures 17, 18 and 19, a field 80F is an arrangement of - in particular linear - melting zones 80, the distance D80 between which is smaller than a distance D80F to other - in particular linear - melting zones 80, in particular melting zones 80 of another field 80F.A particular embodiment is provided in that a field 80F is an arrangement of – in particular linear – melting zones 80, the spacing D80 between which is smaller than the spacing D80F to other – in particular linear – melting zones 80, especially melting zones 80 of another field 80F, wherein the spacing D80 between – in particular linear – melting zones 80 is zero or less than zero and is designed accordingly. The melting zones 80 are thus either directly adjacent to each other or with a transition zone 100, cf. Figure 19. Between a field 80F and an end E150L of the outer part 50 there is an edge 105, cf. Figure 24. This edge 105 is in particular an unprocessed, in particular unenergized, unheated edge 105. This edge 105 is left intact by not bringing the melting zones 80 close to the end E150L. As indicated in Figure 24, the edge 105 is reinforced.The rim 105 has a larger outer diameter and a greater radial extent than an adjacent area of ​​the outer part 50 in its original state, before the at least one melt zone 80 is created. In particular, the rim 105 has a greater radial extent than the outer diameter of the outer part 50 when a melt zone 80 of a field 80F has solidified, by means of a corresponding manufacturing process. As in the other embodiments, the outer part 50 is and is positively locked to the inner part 52 by the fields 80F of the melt zones 80.

[0198] Figure 27 shows an embodiment of a sequence for generating melting zones 80 for a field 80F. The outer contour 56 is shown in a 360° unfolded view in Figure 27. For example, a first melting zone 80 (shown on the far left of Figure 27 with the number 1 at the bottom of the unfolded view) is produced. Particularly with regard to energy distribution, in order to achieve the best possible uniform distribution of heat energy and the coolest possible position for the next melting zone 80 to be formed, the position of the next melting zone 80 is accordingly that of the first produced zone. R. 415599

[0199] - 47 -

[0200] Melting zone 80 is selected and executed in the opposite position (position 2). The third melting zone 80 (position 3) is manufactured approximately evenly spaced between the two melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2. The fourth melting zone 80 (position 4) is, in turn, placed opposite the melting zone 80 manufactured at position 3. The further melting zones 80 at positions 5, 6, 7 and 8 are placed, for example, in the following sequence, by placing the melting zone 80 at position 5 between the melting zones 80 at positions 3 and 1, the melting zone 80 at position 6 between the melting zones 80 at positions 2 and 3, the melting zone 80 at position 7 between the melting zone at position 1 and the melting zone at position 4, and the melting zone 80 at position 8 between the melting zone 80 at position 4 and the melting zone 80 at position 2.An alternative description is that, for example, the first three melting zones 80 are each placed in their designated field 80F; that is, first, a melting zone 80 (position 1) is placed in the first field 80F, then the next melting zone 80 (at position 2) in the next field 80F, and then the next melting zone 80 (at position 3) in the next field 80F. In yet another alternative formulation, the example can be described as follows: a first melting zone 80 is placed at a starting position, and the next melting zone 80 is placed at a position opposite the first melting zone 80 (180° opposite). A third melting zone 80 is placed, for example, midway between the first and second melting zones 80, so that it sits—preferably centrally—between the melting zones 80 at positions 1 and 2.Subsequently, the melting zone 80, which is placed in the fourth position, is positioned opposite the melting zone 80, which was placed in the third position. This position of the melting zone 80 is therefore preferably evenly distributed between the melting zone 80 in the first position and the melting zone 80 in the second position. The next melting zone 80, which is thus produced in the fifth position, is particularly preferably placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1, which is already the coolest, and the next melting zone 80 that is closest to and coolest from this melting zone 80 at position 1, i.e., the melting zone 80 at position 3.In this sense, the production of the next three melting zones 80 at positions 6, 7 and 8 continues such that the melting zone 80 at position 6 is placed between the melting zones 80 between position 2 and position 3, and the melting zone 80 at the seventh position is placed between the melting zone 80 at position 1 and R. 415599.

[0201] - 48 -

[0202] Melting zone 80 at position 4. The melting zone 80, which is manufactured at the eighth position, is then manufactured between the melting zone 80 at position 2 and the melting zone 80 at position 4.

[0203] In the embodiment based on the previously described embodiments according to Figures 24 to 27, a method for connecting an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 is disclosed, wherein the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is initially located at least partially inside the outer part 50. A mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, causing several liquid melt zones 80 to form. The melt zones 80 then solidify, thereby creating a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. Several fields 80F of melt zones 80 are generated on the outer part 50.

[0204] The following section details the manufacturing processes associated with the previously described embodiments, particularly the example shown in Figures 24 to 27. Figure 28 illustrates the manufacturing process described below. To connect an outer part 50 to a first inner part 52 and to a second inner part 52, the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 are first aligned (e.g., as shown in Figure 1 or Figure 20) so that they can be inserted or joined together.For this purpose, the outer part 50 is connected to a receptacle 153 before the inner part 52 is inserted and is detachably attached to the receptacle 153, for example by means of a clamping force FK, step S50, so that a drive torque M can and is later transmitted from a lathe 156 - a machine for jointly driving the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 by means of rotation - to the outer part 50 and the inner part 52.

[0205] Both parts, outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, are energized in a single step S130 and joined together by at least one melting zone 80. The at least one melting zone 80 can be designed according to one of the previously described embodiments. It is preferably provided that the inner part 52 is placed against an inner surface 159 of the flange 123 or an end face of the outer part 50 and is preferably positioned there before the outer part 50 begins to rotate, until the inner part 52 is in contact with the inner surface 159 of the flange 123 or an end face of the outer part 50.

[0206] - 49 -

[0207] Flange 123 is positioned. A holding force FH is applied to the inner part 52 before and during the generation of the at least one melting zone 80 (step S120) to keep the inner part 52 in place within the outer part 50. During the generation of the at least one melting zone 80, the drive torque M is transmitted to the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, and the holding force FH is applied (Figure 29). While the outer part 50 is arranged and rotating within the first inner part 52, the first inner part 52 is preferably rotated at the same speed n52 as the rotating outer part 50 during step S130. The generation of the at least one melting zone 80 takes place with a stationary energy conductor 72 (see Figure 3) and, for example, a similarly stationary energy transmission point 74. Alternatively, the energy beam can also be directed onto the outer part 50 by means of a deflecting device – see the description for Figure 22. That is, the outer circumference orThe outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 rotates past the energy conductor 72, so that during step S130 the melting zone 80 is created on the rotating outer part 50. This forms an assembly 200 from the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52, with the two parts being firmly connected. The outer part 50 can thus transmit a torque to the inner part 52, which is held so firmly in the outer part 50 that it is secured against falling out of the outer part 50. In a further step S270, the holding force FH is released or reduced to zero, and in step S300 the assembly 200 is removed from the holder 153. In a further step S320, the assembly 200 is placed on a second inner part 52 and in a further step S340, by further energizing, the outer part 50 is connected to the second inner part 52 at a second outer connection area 51 by at least one melting zone 80.For this purpose, the assembly 200, as shown in Figure 24, is placed onto the second inner part 52. The second inner part 52 is designed in the manner of a shaft stub 203 or is a shaft stub 203 of a machine 204. This shaft stub 203 is, for example, integrally connected to a shaft 206, which in turn is supported in a housing 212 by means of bearing means 209 (for example, rolling bearings), as shown in Figure 30. For the purpose of generating the at least one melting zone 80 during step S340 between the second outer connection area 51 and the second inner part 52 (equivalent to the shaft stub 203), the inner part 52, the shaft stub 203, or the shaft 206 is not driven, but held or locked in place, and thus remains stationary. The outer part 50 also remains stationary during this process. Basically, in this step, the assembly 200 can simply be plugged in, preferably held in place by a step S330.attached, and then connected by energizing, step S340. For R. 415599.

[0208] - 50 -

[0209] The embodiment of the second connection point between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 (shaft) preferably provides that the second inner part 52 – particularly in an embodiment of the inner part 52 as a shaft 206 – has a rotational moment of inertia I52, and the assembly 200 consisting of the outer part 50 and the first inner part 52 has a rotational moment of inertia I200, wherein the rotational moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200. To implement the second connection point, the previously mentioned embodiments for the at least one melting zone 80 can be applied and produced. The second connection point can be formed by at least one point-shaped melting zone 80 or several point-shaped melting zones 80, by at least one line-shaped melting zone 80 or several line-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g.,as described in Figures 4 to 9 or Figures 17 to 22 or Figures 25 and 26), by several point-shaped melting zones 80 (e.g. as described in Figures 10 to 16), which are formed, for example, by the formation of transition zones 94 (point-surface melting zones 80).

[0210] When mounting the assembly 200 onto the second inner part 52 – particularly when the inner part 52 is configured as a shaft 206 – the distance s between the end faces 64 of the two inner parts 52, already mentioned in relation to Figure 24, is established. For this purpose, the right inner part 52 has, by way of example, its right-facing end face 215. For instance, a point 218 is a reference point used to establish the distance s. Point 218 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 215 and thus an element of the assembly 200. A point 221 is an element of a set of all points or surface points of the end face 224 and is thus connected to the left inner part 52. Establishing the distance s results from setting a distance sO.The distance sO, as the actual distance, is the distance sO between point 218, the reference point of assembly 200, and point 221, the reference point of the second inner part 52. A target dimension s_target encompasses several possible actual dimensions and thus also the distance sO. This point 221 is a machine-side reference point, specifically the reference point of the second, or left, inner part 52. The end face 224 is produced, for example, by facing a designated area of ​​the housing 212. Point 221, as such, can be an element of the end face 224 and a component of a mounting surface of the lathe 156, such as a mounting flange and / or a bearing plate of the lathe 156. The connection of R. 415599.

[0211] - 51 - second inner part 52 with a point 221 is given by the fact that the shaft 206 or the second inner part 52 is mounted in the housing 212 in a fixed but rotatable manner and the point 221 is an element of the end face 224 of the housing 212.

[0212] The following procedure is used to adjust the distance sO: The assembly 200 is slid or inserted onto the second (left) inner part 52 in the direction of the central axis 68, step S320. The distance sO is measured or determined while the assembly 200 is being slid, step S325. After reaching a target dimension s_target, the sliding is stopped and the target dimension s_target is held. The assembly 200 is held or secured in step S330. Thus, a distance sO between point 218 (reference point of the assembly 200) and point 221 (reference point of the second inner part 52) ​​meets the target dimension s_target.

[0213] After reaching the position of assembly 200, which is given by the target dimension s_target, the connection between assembly 200 and the second or left inner part 52 is created (energized) by generating at least one melt zone 80 on the outer connection area 51 L, according to the previously described embodiments, step S340.

[0214] In connection with all the previously described embodiments, to improve the process and the connection, it may be provided that the following specific procedures or process steps are carried out during the process for generating the at least one melt zone 80 for joining the outer part 50 with an inner part 52. The inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are first positioned relative to each other such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50 (step S100), compare with all the previously illustrated and described figures. Then, as already described, at least one or the intended mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is energized, and the intended mass fraction m50p is melted in order to create the connection between the outer part 50 and an inner part 52 according to the previously described examples (step S130).At least one liquid melt zone 80 is formed, and then the mass fraction m50p solidifies into at least one solid melt zone 80. This causes a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. The outer part 50 has a surface in the shape of the outer contour 56. At an energy transfer point 74, the surface or outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is energized, and by means of a step S350, the R. 415599.

[0215] - 52 -

[0216] Energy transmission point 74 is actively cooled; compare, for example, with Figures 3 and 27, which show the corresponding devices and procedures.

[0217] Figures 3 and 27 each show an exemplary supply 227 of a coolant, in particular air. Air, represented by an arrow symbolizing a volume flow 230, is driven by a blower 233 onto the surface and, in particular, onto the energy transfer point 74. The energy transfer point 74 is cooled by forced convection during step S350. In the exemplary embodiment according to Figure 3, the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. This means that the supply 227 of coolant through the rotating outer part 50 regularly cools different sections or areas of the surface of the outer part 50, but during the energizing process in step S340, it is the energy transfer point 74 that is cooled.In the embodiment shown in Figure 27, the energy transfer point 74 is not moved relative to the surface of the outer part 50. The outer part 50 is stationary, for example, because the rotational moment of inertia I52 of the second inner part 52 is greater than the rotational moment of inertia 1200 of the assembly 200, as compared with the embodiment shown in Figures 28 to 31, where the melting zones 80 are generated with the second inner part 52 stationary. The blower 233 is stationary relative to the outer part 50, while the energy transfer point 74 is moved relative to the outer part 50. The embodiments shown in Figures 24 to 31 demonstrate that a volume flow 230 is first guided over an edge 105, 107 and / or an end E250R and then over the energy transfer point 74.After the connection between outer part 50 and inner part 52 has been made, the product is removed from the production plant in step 400.

[0218] Figure 32 shows a basic stress-strain diagram for a metal or metal alloy that, for example, has a pronounced upper yield strength ReH. According to part of the description preceding Figure 4, the melting of a specified mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is intended to generate a stress in the outer part 50 that lies in the plastic range, meaning that a tensile stress 050 is induced in the outer part 50, causing it to plastically deform and thus joining it—particularly by friction—to the inner part 52. The stress state in the outer part 50 extends from the origin of the R. 415599

[0219] - 53 -

[0220] The diagram shows the stress increasing along the straight line. This first phase ends when the outer part 50 is applied to the inner part 52, after which the second phase begins. According to the behavior of metals with a pronounced upper yield strength ReH, in the corresponding examples mentioned above, the stress is intended to reach the yield strength ReH. At this point, the end of the second phase is reached. This end is finally reached with a melt zone 80, the numerical value of which is not specified here. The third phase then begins. With each additional melt zone 80 formed, the metal is stressed in the Lüder region between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL, with the plastic component of the strain increasing with each additional melt zone 80 formed.After reaching the lower yield strength ReL and depending on the number of further melt zones 80 generated, the tensile stress o50 increases in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, provided this is permitted. The end of the third phase of the process can, in principle, be positioned such that the tensile stress o50 lies between the upper yield strength ReH and the lower yield strength ReL. For example, when dimensioning the end of the third phase of the process, it can be selected that the strain is between 0.25 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain sL, preferably between 0.5 and 0.9 of the Lüders strain sL. Alternatively, a load-related end of the third phase of the process can also be reached when the load on the outer part 50 lies in the range between the lower yield strength ReL and the tensile strength Rm, whereby the tensile stress o50 preferably does not exceed an average value o50m between ReL and Rm.

[0221] As previously described, it is also possible for a metal or metal alloy to behave as shown in Figure 33. This figure depicts a basic stress-strain diagram for corresponding materials where, in the region of the initial increase in tensile stress 050, the elastic material stress significantly outweighs the plastic material stress, i.e., they exhibit an equivalent yield strength, specifically the proof stress Rp0.2. As with the other metal or metal alloy, the first phase ends when the outer part 50 is applied to the inner part 52. The second phase then follows until the proof stress Rp0.2 is reached. Above the proof stress Rp0.2, the third phase of loading of the outer part 50 begins.An upper end of the third phase of the process, determined by its load, is provided in the range between Rp0.2 and Rm, wherein the tensile stress 050 preferably does not exceed an average value between Rp0.2 and Rm. Consequently, alternative material selection is provided, R. 415599.

[0222] - 54 - that, within the framework of the method, the outer part 50 is manufactured from a material which, under load, exhibits a continuous, steady transition from a predominantly elastic mixed elastoplastic strain to a predominantly plastic mixed plastoelastic strain, and that a deformation of the outer part 50 is produced which reaches at least a yield strength Rp0.2 - for which a permanent strain Rp of 0.2% is determined. If a higher load is desired, it can be provided that the load on the outer part 50 is greater than the yield strength Rp0.2. Preferably, the outer part 50 is to be loaded between the yield strength Rp0.2 and the tensile strength Rm.

[0223] The behavior of the materials, whose properties can be described according to Figures 32 and 33, can be used in such a way that, after an exemplary specific number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50, a load on an outer part 52 made of a material that can be described by Figures 32 or 33, e.g., is safely in the Lüder range or safely above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area.

[0224] As part of an alternative method, the exemplary determination of a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape and for roughly toleranced inner parts 52 and outer parts 50 is not provided for in order to reliably achieve a load-bearing capacity of an outer part 52 made of a material that can be described by Figures 32 or 33 in the Lüder range or above the yield strength Rp0.2 in a defined area. Rather, the method described below provides for the precise dimensioning of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52 involved and then individually determining and producing a number of melt zones 80 of a specific shape.

[0225] The method for joining an outer part 50 with an inner part 52 comprises the steps of first determining at least one dimension of the inner part 52 and one dimension of the outer part 50, step S500. Then, the inner part 52 and the outer part 50 are to be positioned relative to each other, step S100, such that the inner part 52 is at least partially located inside the outer part 50, compare with Figures 1 to 31. Following this, as in the previously described embodiments, a mass fraction m50p of the outer part 50 is to be energized and thereby melted, step S130. At least one liquid R. 415599

[0226] - 55 -

[0227] A melting zone 80 is formed. This melting zone 80 then solidifies into a solid melting zone 80. This causes a tensile stress 050 in the outer part 50. The tensile stress 050 causes the outer part 50 to press against the inner part 52, step S150. The outer diameter D52 of the inner part 52 and the inner diameter d50 of the outer part 50 are to be determined. This allows, as a first approximation and in step S550, the quantity or number of melting zones 80 to be determined, which, according to their shape and number, determine the plastic deformation of the outer part 50 and the desired pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52. This applies particularly when the wall thickness t50 of the outer part 50 is known. As a second approximation, an inner diameter d52 of the inner part 52 (if present, because it is shaped like a tube) and / or an outer diameter D50 of the outer part 50 should also be determined as a further dimension.To determine a precise tensile stress o50 in the outer part 50 and a pressure of the outer part 50 on the inner part 52, it is provided that a dimension for the total mass m50p of the outer part 50 to be melted is determined from at least one dimension. From this, a number n80 of melting zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 is determined. For each of the melting zones 80 to be generated, a shape (length, depth) and possibly also a width are determined, unless the width is simply defined by the width of the energy beam. The width is then determined, for example, by a transition zone 94. A length is determined, for example, by the duration of a single energizing, and a depth, for example, by the velocity of an energy beam or an energy transfer point of the energy beam.

[0228] Depending on the design of the process, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated on the outer contour 56 of the outer part 50 can be determined in different ways. For example, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined or calculated as a function of one or more of the aforementioned dimensions (step S570, calculation). Alternatively, the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated and the associated mass fraction m50p to be melted can each be individually determined by reading (step S580) a characteristic map 590. After determining (S550, S570, S580) the quantity of mass fraction m50p to be melted or the number n80 of melt zones 80 to be generated, the determined melt zones 80 are energized (steps S130, S340) and thus R. 415599

[0229] - 56 - a pressure p50 is generated between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52, which brings about sufficient static friction between the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. By generating the specified amount of melt zones 80 in the outer part 50, an elastic strain s or additionally a plastic strain s (by steps S150, S200, S250) or an elastoplastic strain s is generated in the outer part 50.

[0230] The corresponding process steps are shown in Figures 34 and 35. The process steps shown in Figure 34 are exemplary and only partially apply to all examples. For instance, the process steps shown in Figure 34 may apply to the embodiment shown from Figure 24 onwards. The process steps according to Figure 35 may, for example, be applied after process step S120 instead of step S130.

[0231] Finally, various embodiments of the outer part 50 and inner part 52 are briefly described and shown, in which the presented methods can be carried out.

[0232] Figure 36 shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a simple cylindrical shape. The outer part 50 has an outwardly facing flange 123 at each of its two ends E150 and E250. Depending on the magnitude of the rotational moment of inertia I200 of the assembly 200 to be manufactured, the two parts can rotate (low moment of inertia 1200) or remain stationary (high moment of inertia I200) during the production of the melting zones 80 and the joining of the outer part 50 and the inner part 52. Since the two flanges 123 obstruct the axial flow of coolant, the energy transfer point 74 would, for example, be approached radially or tangentially with respect to the axis 68.

[0233] Figure 37 again shows a general embodiment of a combination of an outer part 50 and an inner part 52. The inner part 52 has a ring-cylindrical shape and is exemplified as the outer ring 223 of a rolling bearing 226.

[0234] Furthermore, a computer program 600 is provided, Figure 38, which is configured to perform all the steps of one of the previously described procedures or is programmed to perform a procedure when it is installed on a computer R. 415599

[0235] - 57 - is executed. In addition, a machine-readable storage medium 620 is proposed on which the computer program 600 is stored or on which the computer program 600 is stored for use in one of the previously described methods.

[0236] A control unit should be designed to perform all steps of one of the procedures, or it should be programmed for use in one of the procedures.

Claims

1. R. 415599 - 58 - Claims 1. Method for connecting an outer part (50) with an inner part (52), wherein the inner part (52) and the outer part (50) are positioned relative to each other such that the inner part (52) is at least partially located inside the outer part (50), wherein at least one mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) is energized and the at least one mass fraction (m50p) is melted, so that at least one liquid melt zone (80) is formed and thereafter the mass fraction (m50p) solidifies into at least one solid melt zone (80) and thereby causes a tensile stress (o50) in the outer part (50), characterized in that at least one dimension of the inner part (52) and at least one dimension of the outer part (50) are determined before the inner part (52) is positioned in the outer part (50).

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that an outer diameter (D52) of the inner part (52) is determined as a dimension of the inner part (52) and an inner diameter (d50) of the outer part (50) is determined as a dimension of the outer part (50).

3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that, furthermore, an inner diameter (d52) of the inner part (52) and / or an outer diameter (D50) of the outer part (50) are determined as a dimension of the inner part (52).

4. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a mass fraction (m50p) of the outer part (50) to be melted is determined from the at least one measure.

5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a number (n80) of melt zones (80) to be produced on the outer contour (56) of the outer part (50) is determined from the at least one dimension. R. 415599 - 59 - 6. Method according to claim 5, characterized in that the number (n80) of melt zones (80) to be produced is determined by an individual calculation (S570) or by reading (S580) a characteristic map (590).

7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that after determining (S550) the quantity of melt zones (80) to be produced, the determined quantity of melt zones (80) is produced.

8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that a pressure (p50) is generated by producing the specified quantity of melt zones (80) between the outer part (50) and the inner part (52).

9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that by generating the specified amount of melt zones (80) in the outer part (50) an elastic strain (s) or a plastic strain (s) or an elastoplastic strain (s) is generated.

10. Computer program (600) configured to perform all steps of one of the methods according to any one of claims 1 to 9 or programmed to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 when executed on a computer.

11. Machine-readable storage medium (620) on which the computer program (600) according to claim 10 is stored or on which the computer program (600) according to claim 10 is stored for use in a method of claims 1 to 9.

12. Control unit (640) configured to perform all steps of one of the methods according to any one of claims 1 to 9 or programmed for use in a method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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