Catalyst composition for treating oxygenates in fluid catalytic cracking

Abstract

A catalyst composition and method for treating a feed including oxygen is provided. The catalyst composition includes a zeolite and a coprocessing material including an oxide of at least one of magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), and cerium (Ce).

Description

CATALYST COMPOSITION FOR TREATING OXYGENATES IN FLUIDCATALYTIC CRACKINGInventorsMelissa Clough MastryVasileios KomvokisGuillaume VincentBASF Ref: 240965 WOO 1LS Ref: 39425-376Attorney Docket No. 39425-376CATALYST COMPOSITION FOR TREATING OXYGENATES IN FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKINGCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 702,924 filed on October 3, 2024. The entire contents of which are incorporated in its entirety.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002| Disclosed herein are a catalyst composition and a method for treating oxygenates in fluid catalytic cracking. In particular, the catalyst composition includes a zeolite and a coprocessing material comprising an oxide of at least one of magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), and cerium (Ce).BACKGROUND

[0003] To meet certain environmental goals and regulations, refineries have been trying to co-process hydrocarbon feeds alongside an alternative feed, including biogenic feed or pyrolysis feed, in a fluid catalytic cracker. However, issues associated with oxygenation formation or carryover in the reactor occur because such alternative feeds often include oxygen. Oxygenates can manifest in the product stream which can cause economically prohibitive problems downstream or can cause products to be off specification for downstream uses. Thus, most refineries avoid co-processing or have to significantly limit the amount of alternative feed that can be co-processed to limit the presence of oxygenates.[0004| There is a need to develop a system and / or composition that can address the oxygenates that may form in the reactor or product stream.SUMMARY

[0005] In some embodiments, a catalyst composition is provided. The catalyst composition includes a zeolite; and a coprocessing material. The coprocessing material may include an oxide of at least one of magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), cerium (Ce), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt, (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), gadolinium (Ga), erbium (Er), and ytterbium (Yb).Attorney Docket No. 39425-37610006] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may further include a first support. In some embodiments, the first support may include aluminosilicate.[0007| In some embodiments, the zeolite may include USY zeolite, ZSM-5, beta zeolite, Y- zeolite, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the zeolite may be included in an amount of about 1% to about 90%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the zeolite may include USY zeolite in an amount of about 1 % to about 50%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the zeolite may include ZSM-5 in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the zeolite may include beta zeolite in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

[0008] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may be included in an amount of about 1% to about 20%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include Mg oxide in an amount of about 15% to about 70%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include V oxide in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material include Ce oxide in an amount of about 5% to about 20%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

[0009] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may further include a second support. In some embodiments, the second support may include aluminosilicate, silicoaluminophosphate, silica, silica-alumina, or combinations thereof.

[0010] In some embodiments, the second support may be doped with a rare earth metal. In some embodiments, the rare earth metal may include scandium (Sc), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), ytterbium (Yb), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), or a combination thereof.

[0011] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may further include a promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter may include nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or a combination thereof.

[0012] In another embodiment, a method for treating a feed is provided. The method includes providing a feed to reactor having a catalyst composition as described herein.

[0013] In some embodiments, the feed may include hydrocarbons, biofeed pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, wraste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, bio mass, or a combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. 39425-376100014] In some embodiments, the feed may include oxygen containing hydrocarbon compounds.

[0015] In some embodiments, the feed may include oxygen containing hydrocarbon compounds and at least one of biofeed pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, waste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, bio mass, or a combination thereof.

[0016] In some embodiments, the feed may include above 0.5 wt% of oxygen in the oxygen containing hydrocarbon compound.

[0017] In some embodiments, the reactor may be held at a temperature of about 150cC to about 700°C. In some embodiments, the reactor may have a pressure of about 20 bar to about 100 bar.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates the acetaldehyde conversion results according to the experiment according to the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates the yield of major-by-products of acetaldehyde conversion results according to the experiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 3 illustrates the yield of acetaldehyde after the catalytic reaction of the Example.Definitions:

[0021] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It w ill be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.|00022] As used herein, “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity, e.g., “a compound” refers to one or more compounds or at least one compound unless stated otherwise. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein.

[0023] As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Additionally, as used herein, “or” means “and / or.”Attorney Docket No. 39425-376100024] As used herein, the term "‘about” or “approximately” in connection with a measured quantity refers to the normal variations in that measured quantity as expected by one of ordinary skill in the art in making the measurement and exercising a level of care commensurate with the objective of measurement and the precision of the measuring equipment. In certain embodiments, the term “about” includes the recited number ±10%, such that “about 10” would include from 9 to 1 1.

[0025] In some embodiments, the term “pyrolysis oil” may mean any oil originating from the pyrolysis of plastic waste, unless expressly described differently. The term “plastic waste” includes rubber waste such as end-of-life tires and feedstocks including plastic waste. The pyrolysis oil is obtained and / or obtainable from pyrolysis of such plastic waste.

[0026] The term “plastic waste” refers to any plastic material discarded after use, i.e., the plastic material has reached the end of its useful life and is considered post-consumer waste. The plastic waste can be pure polymeric plastic waste, mixed plastic waste or film waste, including soiling, adhesive materials, fillers, residues etc. The plastic waste may have an oxygen content, a nitrogen content, sulfur content, halogen content and optionally also a heavy metal content. The plastic waste can originate from any plastic material containing source. The term “plastic waste” may further include industrial and domestic plastic waste and including used tires and agricultural and horticultural plastic material.

[0027] Typically, plastic waste is a mixture of different plastic materials, including hydrocarbon plastics, e.g., polyolefins such as polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE) and polypropylene, polystyrene, and copolymers thereof, etc., and polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements such as chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicone, etc., for example chlorinated plastics, such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), poly vinylidene chloride (PVDC), etc., nitrogen-containing plastics, such as polyamides (PA), polyurethanes (PU), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), etc., oxygen-containing plastics such as polyesters, e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), etc., silicones and / or sulfur bridges crosslinked rubbers.

[0028] Typically, the plastic material comprises additives, such as processing aids, plasticizers, flame retardants, pigments, light stabilizers, lubricants, impact modifiers, antistatic agents, antioxidants, etc. These additives may comprise elements other than carbon and hydrogen. For example, bromine is mainly found in connection to flame retardants. Heavy metal compounds may be used as lightfast pigments and / or stabilizers in plastics. Cadmium, zinc, and lead may be present in heat stabilizers and slip agents used in plastics manufacturing. The plastic waste can also contain residues. Residues in the sense of the invention areAttomey Docket No. 39425-376 contaminants adhering to the plastic waste. The additives and residues are usually present in an amount of less than 50 wt.-%, preferably less than 30 wt.-%, more preferably less than 20 wt.-%, even more preferably less than 10 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the dry weight plastic.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE

[0029] The present disclosure relates to a catalyst composition that is effective at treating feeds including oxygen to minimize the presence of oxygenates downstream of systems and / or in the products. The catalyst composition as described herein includes a coprocessing material including an oxide, which can convert a majority of oxygen in oxygenates into carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO?), and / or water. These byproducts may then be removed from the products. Thus, it was found that the coprocessing material as described herein is effective and processing oxygen such that higher amounts of an alternate feed can be included along with a hydrocarbon of the fluid catalytic cracking process.

[0030] In some embodiments, the alternate feed may include a pyrolysis feed, for example from a waste plastic. Pyrolysis of waste plastics generates a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons with a carbon member distribution. The composition of plastic pyrolysis oils varies depending on the source, but typically includes paraffins, olefins, dienes, cycloalkanes (such as naphthenes) and aromatics.

[0031] In an embodiment, a catalyst composition is provided. The catalyst composition includes a zeolite and a coprocessing material including an oxide of at least one of Mg, V, Ce, Ca, Ba, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, La, Nd, Ga, Er, and Yb. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include an oxide of at least one of Mg, V, Ce, Ca, and Fe.

[0032] I n some embodiments, the coprocessing material may further include a first support. In some embodiments, the first support may include an aluminosilicate.

[0033] In some embodiments, the zeolite may include a naturally occurring zeolite, a synthetic zeolite, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the zeolite may include H Y, IJSY, dealuminated Y, RE-Y, RE-USY, ZSM-5, ZSM-AA, IM-5, MCM-68, ZSM-57, ZSM- 23, CIT-5, ZDM-35, M.CM-22, MCM-56, MCM-49, UZM-8, EMM- 10, ITQ-2, ITQ-30, TNU- 9, ZSM-22, ZSM-18, EMM-26, Zeolite T, EMC-2, offretite, beta, ITQ-13, Zeolite A, Zeolite L, MCM-35, mordenite, ZSM-12, NU-87, ECR-1 , EU-1 , ZSM-50, Li-A, Na-Pl, Na-P2, Chabazite, SSZ-13, SAPO-34, zeolite RHO, SSZ-35, SAPO-5, ITQ-12, Stilbite, CIT-7, ITQ-Attorney Docket No. 39425-37639, Linde Q, UZM-4, Natrolite, IPC-4, ZSM-48, SSZ-61 , ITQ-4, ITQ-51 , Mazzite, ZSM-4, SUZ-4, SSZ-48, SSZ— 23, SAPO-1 1 , SAPO-31, AIPO-18, SAPO-18, SAPO-18, SAPO-41 , ITQ-7, ITQ-3, SSZ-36, MCM-58, ferrierite, Y zeolite, SAPO, or a combination thereof.

[0034] In some embodiments, the zeolite may be a large pore zeolite, for example 12 membered ring zeolites including framework types FAU, CHA, MOR and the like. In some embodiments, the zeolite may be a small pore zeolite, for example 8-10 membered rings include framework types ACO, AEI, AEN, AFN, AFI, AFX, ANA, APC, APD, AIT, CDO, DDR, DFT, EAB, EDI, EPI, ERI, GTS, GOO, 1HW, ITE, 1TW, LEV, KF1, MER, MON, NS1, OWE, PAU, PHI, RHO, TH, SAT, SAV, SIV, THO, TSC, UEI, UFI, VNI, YUG, ZON, MFI, LTA, BEA and the like. Specific examples may be ZSM-1 1 , MFI zeolite and MCM.

[0035] In some embodiments, the zeolite may include USY zeolite, ZSM-5 beta zeolite, Y -zeolite, or a combination thereof.

[0036] In some embodiments, the zeolite may be included in the catalyst composition in an amount of about 1 % to about 90%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the zeolite may be included in an amount of about 2% to about 85%, about 5% to about 80%, about 10% to about 75%, about 15% to about 70%, about 20% to about 65%, about 25% to about 60%, about 30% to about 55%, about 35% to about 50%, or about 40% to about 45%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the zeolite may be included in an amount of about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

[0037] In some embodiments, the zeolite may include USY zeolite. In some embodiments, the amount of USY zeolite may be about 1% to about 50%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount of USY zeolite may be about 5% to about 45%, about 10% to about 40%, about 15% to about 35%, or about 20% to about 30%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount of USY zeolite may be about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition.

[0038] In some embodiments, the zeolite may include ZSM-5. In some embodiments, the amount of ZSM-5 may be about 0.5% to about 25%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount of ZSM-5 may be about 0.8% to about 22%, about 1% to about 20%, about 5% to about 18%, or about 10% to about 15%, based on totalAttorney Docket No. 39425-376 amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount ofZSM-5 may be about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition.

[0039] In some embodiments, the zeolite may include beta zeolite. In some embodiments, the amount of beta zeolite may be about 0.5% to about 15%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount of beta zeolite may be about 0.8% to about 12%, about 1% to about 10%, about 2% to about 8%, or about 4% to about 6%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the amount of beta zeolite may be about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2.5%, about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, or about 15%, based on total amount of the catalyst composition.

[0040] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may be included in an amount of about 1% to about 20%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may be included in an amount of about 1% to about 18%, about 2% to about 15%, or about 5% to about 10%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition. In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may be included in an amount of about 1 %, about 2%, about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, or about 20%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

[0041] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include a Mg oxide in an amount of about 15% to about 70%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the Mg oxide may be included in an amount of about 20% to about 65%, about 25% to about 60%, about 30% to about 55%, about 35% to about 50%, or about 40% to about 45%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the Mg oxide may be included in an amount of about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, or about 70%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

[0042] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include a V oxide in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the Mg oxide may be included in an amount of about 1% to about 9%, about 2% to about 8%, or about 3% to about 6%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the V oxide may be included in an amount of about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

[0043] In some embodiments, the coprocessing material may include a Ce oxide in an amount of about 5% to about 20%, based on total w-eight of the coprocessing material. In someAttorney Docket No. 39425-376 embodiments, the Ce oxide may be included in an amount of about 8% to about 18%, or about 10% to about 15%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material. In some embodiments, the Ce oxide may be included in an amount of about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, or about 20%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

[0044] In some embodiments, the magnesium oxide may include MgO. In some embodiments, the vanadium oxide may include V2O5. In some embodiments, the cerium oxide may include Ce(h.100045] In some embodiments the oxide may be MgO, V2O5, CeOs, CaO, FeaOs or a mixture thereof.

[0046] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may further include a catalyst binder. In some embodiments, a catalyst binder may include silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zirconia-alumina, silica-titania, silica-thoria, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia, silica-beryllia, ternary compositions of silica with other refractory oxides, and the like. In some embodiments, other matrices may include clays, such as naturally occurring clays illustrated by montmorillonites, kaolines, bentonites, halloysites, dickites, nacrites, and anauxites.

[0047] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may further include a second support. In some embodiments, the second support may include an oxide, carbon, an aluminate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the second support may include zirconia, ceria, titania, zinc oxide, iron oxide, silicon, carbon, aluminum oxide, aluminosilicate, borosilicate, magnesium silicate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicon may include fumed SiCh, SiOz gel, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the second support may include aluminosilicate, silicoaluminophosphate, silica, silica-alumina, or a combination thereof.

[0048] In some embodiments, the second support may be doped with a rare earth metal. In some embodiments, the rare earth metal may include Sc, La, Nd, Yb, Gd, Y, Ce or a combination thereof.

[0049] In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may include a promoter. As understood by one of skill in the art, the promoter may be added to increase the activity and efficiency of the reaction. In some embodiments, the promoter may include iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), indium (In), silver (Ag), zirconium (Zr), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the promoter may be Ni, Co, or a combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. 39425-376100050] In another embodiment, a method for treating a feed is provided. The method includes providing a feed to a reactor having a catalyst composition as described herein. In particular, the catalyst composition may include a zeolite and a coprocessing material comprising an oxide of at least one of Mg, V, and Ce.

[0051] In some embodiments, the feed may include hydrocarbons, biofeed pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, waste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, biomass, derivatives thereof or a combination thereof.

[0052] In some embodiments the feed may include oxygen containing hydrocarbon compounds.

[0053] In some embodiments, the feed may include hydrocarbons and a second feed, wherein the second feed comprises at least one of biofeed pyroly sis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, waste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, or biomass, or derivatives thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0054] In some embodiments, the feed may include above 0.5 wt% of oxygen in the oxygen containing hydrocarbon compound.

[0055] In some embodiments, the feed may include the second feed in an amount of about 0. 1 % to about 80%, based on total feed. In some embodiments, the feed may include the second feed in an amount of about 0.1% to about 75%, about 0.5% to about 70%, about 1% to about 65%, about 5% to about 60%, about 10% to about 55%, about 15% to about 50%, about 20% to about 45%, about 25% to about 40%, or about 30% to about 35%, based on total feed,

[0056] In some embodiments, the second feed may be fed to the reactor either in the same stream as the feed including hydrocarbons or in separate streams. If the second stream is in the same stream, then the feed including hydrocarbons and the second feed may be mixed in a stir tank before going to the reactor.

[0057] In some embodiments, the reactor may perform one of the following reactions: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, reduction, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation, esterification, polymerization, depolymerization, isomerization, cracking, amination, hydrolysis, condensation, cycloadditions, reforming or dehydration reactions.

[0058] In some embodiments, the reactor may be held at a temperature of about 150°C to about 700°C. In some embodiments, the temperature may be about 150°C to about 675°C, about 175°C to about 650cC, about 200°C to about 625°C, about 225°C to about 600°C, about 250°C to about 575°C, about 275°C to about 550°C, about 300°C to about 525°C, about 325°CAttorney Docket No. 39425-376 to about 500°C, about 350°C to about 475°C, or about 375°C to about 450°C. In some embodiments, the temperature may be about 150°C, about 200°C, about 250°C, about 300°C, about 350°C, about 400°C, about 450°C, about 500°C, about 550°C, about 600°C, about 650°C, or about 700°C.

[0059] In some embodiments, the reactor may have a pressure of about 20 bar to about 100 bar. In some embodiments, the reactor may have a pressure of about 20 bar to about 95 bar, about 25 bar to about 90 bar, about 30 bar to about 85 bar, about 35 bar to about 80 bar, about 40 bar to about 75 bar, about 45 bar to about 70 bar, or about 50 bar to about 65 bar. In some embodiments, the reactor may have a pressure of about 20 bar, about 25 bar, about 30 bar, about 35 bar, about 40 bar, about 45 bar, about 50 bar, about 55 bar, about 60 bar, about 65 bar, about 70 bar, about 75 bar, about 80 bar, about 85 bar, about 90 bar, about 95 bar, or about 100 bar.

[0060] In an embodiment, a method of preparing a catalyst composition is provided. The method may include pre-blending a zeolite and a coprocessing material, wherein the coprocessing material may include an oxide of at least one of magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), and cerium (Ce). In some embodiments, the catalyst composition may be formed in situ in a reactor by combining a zeolite and a coprocessing material including an oxide of at least one of Mg, V, and Ce. It is understood by one of skill in the art, that the catalyst composition as described herein may be prepared by other known methods in the art.

[0061] EXAMPLES

[0062] Specific embodiments of the invention will now be demonstrated by reference to the following examples. It should be understood that these examples are disclosed solely by way of illustrating the in vention and should not be taken in any way to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0063] An experiment was conducted using a single collector MAT' (Microactivity fest) Unit to decompose acetaldehyde. The MAT Unit was believed to maximize measurement activity, minimize unwanted side reactions, and / or replicate FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) conditions when processing biogenic molecules.

[0064] The MAT Unit included one collector, which offered an advantage that it did not rely on water displacement to measure gas volume. By eliminating water form the measurement process, any potential dissolution of acetaldehyde and other oxygenated molecules into water was avoided. Thus, improving the accuracy of volatile product analysis and prevented the loss of target analytes.Attorney Docket No. 39425-376

[0065] Acetaldehyde was selected as the feed molecule because it has a reputation as the most observable oxygenated component in a bio-feed co-processing within FCC units. The presence of acetaldehyde may cause significant downstream challenges, such as making refinery propylene off-spec. The feed of the present experiment included a blend of 10% acetaldehyde and 90% toluene. Toluene was chosen because aromatic compounds do not crack under FCC conditions, thus serving as a stable matrix. Toluene is also preferable to benzene for safety reasons because it has lower toxicity'.

[0066] In the present experiment, several conversion tests were performed using different catalyst. The conversion tests w'ere conducted at 600°C in the MAT unit, using 1 .8 g of feed and 0.18 g of catalyst (i.e., catalyst-to-feed ratio of 0.1 ), where the feed was injected over 12 seconds. The MAT unit initially was operated under vacuum conditions (approximately 70 mbar). During feed injection, the pressure increased to above atmospheric due to gas formation and outlet restriction, and then stabilized at atmospheric pressure in the receiver after the stripper phase.

[0067] The different catalysts tested in the conversion tests were MgO, CaO, FejOs, CeCh, and a mixture of MgO / CeOa. Each feed including the catalysts were evaluated for their ability to maximize acetaldehyde conversion. The results of these catalysts were compared to a steamed-deactivated Zeolite-Y, which represents a typical FCC catalyst, and inert reference case where glass beads replaced the catalyst to account for non-catalytic thermal effects.

[0068] To evaluate acetaldehyde conversion and product yields, measurements were taken in both the gas and liquid phases. This ensured a comprehensive calculation of conversion rates and detection of all acetaldehyde-derived products. Additionally, yields of major byproducts such as water, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO?) were measured to further asses decomposition and deoxygenation efficiency.

[0069] The results are shown in FIGS. 1 -3. As can be seen in FIG. 1 , acetaldehyde conversion including a catalyst of the present disclosure had an improved conversion when compared to that of a typical FCC catalyst and an inert feed.

[0070] Claims or descriptions that include “or” or “and / or” between at least one members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The disclosure includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The disclosure includes embodiments in which more than one, or allAttorney Docket No. 39425-376 the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

[0071] Furthermore, the disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which at least one limitation, element, clause, and descriptive term from at least one of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include at least one limitation found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, such as, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should be understood that, in general, where the disclosure, or aspects of the disclosure, is / are referred to as comprising particular elements and / or features, embodiments of the disclosure or aspects of the disclosure consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and / or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. W'here ranges are given (such as, e.g., from [X] to [Y]), endpoints (such as, e.g., [X] and [Y] in the phrase “from [X] to [Y]”) are included unless otherwise indicated. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the disclosure, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0072] Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the disclosure described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

Attorney Docket No. 39425-376What is claimed is:1 . A catalyst composition comprising: a zeolite; a coprocessing material comprising an oxide of at least one of magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), cerium (Ce), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt, (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), gadolinium (Ga), erbium (Er), and ytterbium (Yb)..

2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein the coprocessing material further comprises a first support.

3. The catalyst composition of claim 2, wherein the first support comprises aluminosilicate.

4. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the zeolite comprises USY zeolite, ZSM-5, beta zeolite, Y -zeolite, or a combination thereof.

5. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 -4, wherein the zeolite is included in an amount of about 1 % to about 90%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

6. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the zeol ite comprises USY zeolite in an amount of about 1% to about 50%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

7. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 -5, wherein the zeolite comprises ZSM- 5 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

8. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the zeolite comprises beta zeolite in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.Attorney Docket No. 39425-3769. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the coprocessing material is included in an amount of about 1 % to about 20%, based on total weight of the catalyst composition.

10. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the coprocessing material comprises Mg oxide in an amount of about 15% to about 70%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.1 1 . The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 - 10, wherein the coprocessing material comprises V oxide in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

12. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the coprocessing material comprises Ce oxide in an amount of about 5% to about 20%, based on total weight of the coprocessing material.

13. The catalyst composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the composition further comprises a second support.

14. The catalyst composition of claim 13, wherein the support comprises aluminosilicate, silicoaluminophosphate, silica, silica-alumina, or combinations thereof.

15. The catalyst composition of claim 13, wherein the support is doped with a rare earth metal.

16. The catalyst composition of claim 15, wherein the rare earth metal comprises scandium (Sc), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), ytterbium (Yb), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), or a combination thereof.

17. The catalyst composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a promoter.Attorney Docket No. 39425-37618. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the promoter comprises nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or a combination thereof.

19. A method for treating a feed comprising:Providing the feed to a reactor having the catalyst composition of any one of claims 1 - 18.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the feed comprises hydrocarbons, biofeed pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, waste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, bio mass, or a combination thereof.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the feed comprises oxygen containing hydrocarbon compounds.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein the feed comprises oxygen containing hydrocarbon and at least one of biofeed pyrolysis oil, plastic pyrolysis oil, municipal solid waste pyrolysis oil, tire pyrolysis oil, waste biooil, hydrothermal liquefaction product, raw waste, bio mass, or a combination thereof.

23. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the feed comprises above 0.5 wt% of oxygen in the oxygen containing hydrocarbon compound.

24. The method of any one of claims 19-23, wherein the reactor is held at a temperature of about 150°C to about 700°C.

25. The method of any one of claims 19-23, wherein the reactor has a pressure of about 20 bar to about 100 bar.

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