The invention discloses a ballast bed and tunnel bottom defect regulating and constructing method as well as an anchoring device. The anchoring device comprises anchor rod and ballast bed slab anchoring ends and ballast bed slab middle anchoring ends, wherein each anchor rod and ballast bed slab anchoring end comprises a combination end, an anchor rod I and deformed steel bars I, the combination end is welded by two pieces of anchor rod clamp-fixing angle steel and a piece of ballast bed slab clamp-fixing angle steel, the two pieces of anchor rod clamp-fixing angle steel are welded on the same surface of the ballast bed slab clamp-fixing angle steel, and an interval allowing the anchor rod I to pass is reserved between the two pieces of angle steel, and the deformed steel bars I are welded on two sides of the combination end respectively; and each ballast bed slab middle anchoring end comprises a bearing plate, an anchor rod II and deformed steel bars II, the bearing plate adopts a crossed steel plate provided with a hole which is formed in the middle and allows the anchor rod II to pass, and the deformed steel bars II are welded on two sides of the bearing plate respectively. According to the ballast bed and tunnel bottom defect regulating and constructing method as well as the anchoring device, the structure is simple, the processing is easy, the problems of baseplate reinforcement and controlling and blocking of opening and closing cracks between the ballast bed slab and the baseplate can be solved effectively, and the purpose of quick, effective and comprehensive regulation of the ballast bed slab and tunnel bottom defects is achieved.