A high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the field of heat dissipation of fusion reactors, and specifically relates to a high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling. The unit component is the heat load part of the divertor target plate, and the unit component includes a plasma-facing material PFM layer, a transition material layer and a microchannel cooling heat sink layer arranged in sequence, and the microchannel cooling heat sink layer is provided with a microchannel structure and an inlet and outlet, and the hydraulic diameter of the microchannel structure is 0.1-10mm. The transition material is welded to the PFM and the microchannel cooling heat sink respectively, which is used to alleviate the stress concentration caused by the different deformation of the PFM and the heat sink material after high-temperature plasma irradiation; the present invention integrates microscale effects and boiling heat transfer characteristics, and has the advantages of high heat exchange capacity, good temperature uniformity, and small working fluid demand; compared with the traditional through-tube direct cooling tube structure component, the unit component of the present invention can timely and effectively transfer the heat load deposited on the surface of the divertor target plate, and the steady-state heat bearing capacity is as high as 20MW / m 2 .

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of heat dissipation of fusion reactors, and in particular relates to a high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling. Background Art

[0002] With the development of the world economy, conventional energy represented by fossil energy has gradually failed to meet the needs, while controlled nuclear fusion energy is an ideal clean energy with high safety, abundant reserves and good environmental superiority. Among the mainstream controlled nuclear fusion schemes, the magnetic confinement tokamak is the most promising device to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion reactions. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Experimental Device (EAST) and the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) all use magnetic confinement nuclear fusion.

[0003] In the tokamak device, there will be a strong interaction between the high-temperature plasma and the first wall at the boundary, causing corrosion and damage to the first wall material and generating a large amount of impurities. The divertor in the thermonuclear reactor plays the role of removing the heat flow, particle flow and helium ash from the fusion plasma, and effectively shielding the impurities from the wall to reduce the pollution of the central plasma. Future fusion reactors will have higher thermal load capacity requirements for the divertor. During steady-state operation, the heat flux density deposited on the surface of the divertor target plate is required to be as high as 20MW / m 2 The traditional through-tube direct cooling tube has a circular hole in the middle of a series of block PFMs, and then passes the copper alloy cooling pipe as a heat sink through it. When the working fluid flows through the pipe, it exchanges heat with the wall surface and takes away a lot of heat. However, due to its small specific surface area, it can only meet the requirements of 10MW / m 2 The heat dissipation requirements for the following heat flux densities are met. Faced with such high heat loads, the divertor must be able to quickly remove heat. If the steady-state 20MW / m 2 The above thermal control requirements will cause the surface of the divertor target plate to melt, the heat sink to deform, and cracks to appear at the interface connection, which will seriously endanger the safe operation of the nuclear fusion experimental device. Summary of the invention

[0004] The object of the present invention is to provide a high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling.

[0005] The technical solution to achieve the purpose of the present invention is:

[0006] A high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling, the unit component is the heat load part of a divertor target plate, the unit component comprises a plasma facing material PFM layer, a transition material layer and a microchannel cooling heat sink layer arranged in sequence, the microchannel cooling heat sink layer is provided with a microchannel structure and an inlet and outlet, and the hydraulic diameter of the microchannel structure is 0.1-10mm.

[0007] Furthermore, the thickness of the plasma-facing material PFM layer is 0.1-10 mm, and the material is W alloy.

[0008] Furthermore, the transition material layer has a thickness of 0.1-5 mm and is made of oxygen-free Cu.

[0009] Furthermore, the thickness of the microchannel cooling heat sink layer is 1-12 mm, and the material is any one of CuCrZr or ODS Cu.

[0010] Furthermore, the shape of the microchannel structure is any one of a parallel rectangular arrangement, an orthogonal network structure, a dendrite fractal structure, and a spiral winding structure.

[0011] Furthermore, the microchannel structure is processed by wire cutting.

[0012] Furthermore, two sides of the transition material layer are welded to the plasma-facing material PFM layer and the microchannel cooling heat sink layer respectively.

[0013] Furthermore, the welding is any one of hot isostatic pressing welding, vacuum diffusion welding, electron beam welding, sintering infiltration method, ultra-high pressure current sintering, and spark plasma sintering.

[0014] Furthermore, the inlet and outlet positions of the microchannel cooling heat sink layer are set to either side-in and side-out or bottom-in and bottom-out.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following significant advantages:

[0016] (1) The present invention is based on microchannel phase change cooling technology, which integrates microscale effect and boiling heat transfer characteristics. Compared with other cooling technologies, it has a larger surface area to volume ratio and stronger heat transfer capacity;

[0017] (2) The present invention adds oxygen-free Cu between the plasma-facing material PFM and the cooling heat sink for transition, which effectively alleviates the thermal stress at the interface;

[0018] (3) The present invention uses any one of hot isostatic pressing welding, vacuum diffusion welding, electron beam welding, sintering infiltration method, ultra-high pressure current sintering, and discharge plasma sintering to connect the layers to ensure the connection strength between the layers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of the high heat load unit component of the fusion reactor divertor of the present invention.

[0020] Description of reference numerals:

[0021] 1-plasma facing material PFM layer, 2-transition material layer, 3-microchannel cooling heat sink layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] like Figure 1 As shown, the present invention provides a high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling technology. The divertor component uses tungsten (W) with a low sputtering value and a high melting point as the plasma facing material (Plasma Facing Material, PFM), and uses ODS Cu or CuCrZr with good thermal conductivity as the heat sink material (Heat Sink Material). Since the thermal expansion coefficients of W and ODS Cu (CuCrZr) are very different, huge thermal stress is directly generated at the interface between the two during the preparation and service process, which in turn leads to the generation of cracks. In order to effectively reduce the thermal stress at the interface between W and ODS Cu (CuCrZr), oxygen-free Cu is used as a transition material between the two. To meet the thermal control requirements of more than 20MW / m2 in a steady state.

[0023] A high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling technology is composed of a plasma-facing material PFM layer 1, a transition material layer 2, and a microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3. Oxygen-free copper with excellent ductility is used as a transition material for the transition material layer 2, and the PFM layer 1 and the microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3 are welded separately to alleviate the stress concentration caused by the different deformation of the PFM and the heat sink materials after high-temperature plasma irradiation.

[0024] Microchannel phase change cooling technology integrates microscale effects and boiling heat transfer characteristics, which can effectively solve the problem of high heat flux density heat dissipation.

[0025] The thickness of the plasma-facing material PFM layer 1 is 0.1-10 mm, preferably 2 mm, and the material is any one of W or enhanced W alloy.

[0026] The transition material layer 2 has a thickness of 0.1-5 mm, preferably 1 mm, and is made of oxygen-free Cu.

[0027] The microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3 has a thickness of 1-12 mm, preferably 12 mm, and is made of any one of CuCrZr and ODS Cu.

[0028] The hydraulic diameter of the microchannel structure processed by the microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3 is 0.1-10 mm, preferably 0.47 mm. The microchannel structure processing method is wire cutting processing.

[0029] The microchannel distribution shape processed in the microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3 is any one of parallel rectangular arrangement, orthogonal network structure, tree branch fractal structure, spiral winding structure and the like.

[0030] The inlet and outlet positions of the microchannel cooling heat sink layer 3 are set to be either side-in and side-out or bottom-in and bottom-out.

[0031] The oxygen-free copper welding method for PFM and microchannel cooling heat sink is any one of hot isostatic pressing welding, vacuum diffusion welding, electron beam welding, sintering infiltration method, ultra-high pressure energization sintering, and discharge plasma sintering.

[0032] Working principle: The working fluid flows in from the inlet, and when flowing through the microchannel cooling heat sink, it conducts convection heat exchange with the microchannel wall, and supercooled flow boiling occurs, taking away a large amount of heat. Subsequently, the gaseous and liquid working fluids flow out from the outlet together.

[0033] The microchannel phase change cooling technology proposed in the present invention integrates microscale effects and boiling heat transfer characteristics, and has the advantages of high heat exchange capacity, good temperature uniformity, and small working fluid demand. Compared with the traditional through-tube direct cooling pipe structure components, the divertor high heat load unit component proposed in the present invention can timely and effectively transfer the heat load deposited on the surface of the divertor target plate, and the steady-state heat carrying capacity can be as high as 20MW / m2.

Claims

1. A high heat load unit component of a fusion reactor divertor based on microchannel phase change cooling, characterized in that: The unit component is a heat load part of a divertor target plate, and comprises a plasma-facing material PFM layer (1), a transition material layer (2) and a microchannel cooling heat sink layer (3) arranged in sequence, wherein the microchannel cooling heat sink layer (3) is provided with a microchannel structure and an inlet and outlet, and the hydraulic diameter of the microchannel structure is 0.1-10 mm; The plasma-facing material PFM layer (1) has a thickness of 0.1-10 mm and is made of W alloy; The transition material layer (2) has a thickness of 0.1-5 mm and is made of oxygen-free Cu; The thickness of the microchannel cooling heat sink layer (3) is 1-12 mm, and the material is any one of CuCrZr and ODSCu; The shape of the microchannel structure is any one of a parallel rectangular arrangement, an orthogonal network structure, a dendrite fractal structure, and a spiral winding structure.

2. The unit component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The microchannel structure is processed by wire cutting.

3. The unit component according to claim 1, characterized in that: Both sides of the transition material layer (2) are welded to the plasma-facing material PFM layer (1) and the microchannel cooling heat sink layer (3) respectively.

4. The unit component according to claim 3, characterized in that: The welding is any one of hot isostatic pressing welding, vacuum diffusion welding, electron beam welding, sintering infiltration method, ultra-high pressure sintering, and spark plasma sintering.

5. The unit component according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inlet and outlet positions of the microchannel cooling heat sink layer are set to either side-in and side-out or bottom-in and bottom-out.

Images