A multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism

By designing multiple liquid filling and cleaning mechanisms, fully automated operations and multiple cleaning methods, the existing filling equipment has been solved, and the comprehensive cleaning and efficient cleaning effects have been achieved.

CN114042674BActive Publication Date: 2025-07-11GUANGZHOU HEYI PACKAGING EQUIP CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202111284814.9
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Patents(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2021-11-01
Publication Date
2025-07-11
Estimated Expiration
2041-11-01

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

The cleaning methods of existing filling equipment have problems such as high labor intensity, low cleaning efficiency, incomplete cleaning, complex structure, inconvenient installation and incomplete cleaning, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of fully automatic filling production lines.

Method used

A multi-row liquid filling and cleaning mechanism is designed, including a 50L barrel, agitator and a spray mechanism. It adopts a variety of cleaning methods (pickling, alkaline washing, hot water washing) combined with fully automated operations. The liquid flow is controlled through a pneumatic butterfly valve and diaphragm valve, and a rotary spray ball is used to clean 360 degrees, reducing manual operations and improving cleaning efficiency.

Benefits of technology

It realizes fully automated cleaning, reduces labor costs, has a comprehensive cleaning area, a variety of cleaning methods, low precision requirements for parts, and low processing difficulty, which is suitable for efficient cleaning requirements.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The present invention discloses a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism, which includes a 50L material barrel. A stirring motor is arranged at the top of the 50L material barrel, and the stirring motor drives the stirring blades to rotate. There are two rotating spray heads inside the material barrel, and they are branched in through the first three-way joint. One end of the first pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the breathing valve, and the other end is connected to the first three-way joint. The first three-way joint is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the elbow. One end of the first three-way joint is connected to one end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve, and the third pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the buffer waste barrel. The other end of the second three-way joint is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve; the bottom of the 50L material barrel is connected with a first group of diaphragm valves through a manual butterfly valve, the first group of diaphragm valves is connected to a multi-column Youba pump, and the multi-column Youba pump is connected to a second group of diaphragm valves. This mechanism can clean the top wall, side wall and bottom wall of the liquid filling machine. The cleaning area is comprehensive, effectively cleaning the inner wall of the liquid filling machine in all directions, and there are multiple cleaning methods to choose from, which is convenient and practical.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of cleaning mechanisms, and more specifically, to a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism. Background Art

[0002] Filling equipment is mainly a small category of products in packaging machines, and is widely applicable to industries such as medicine, food, beverage, daily chemicals, grease, pesticides, and other special industries. From the perspective of packaging materials, it can be divided into liquid filling machines, paste filling machines, powder filling machines, and granule filling machines. In terms of the degree of production automation, it is divided into semi-automatic filling machines and fully automatic filling production lines. In recent years, with the improvement of the scientific and technological level, domestic filling equipment has developed rapidly, and there have been great improvements in aspects such as technical level, equipment performance, and equipment quality, playing an important role in supporting the efficient and safe production of enterprises or factories.

[0003] The cleaning methods of filling machines mainly include manual cleaning, direct flushing with cleaning agents, and cleaning with cleaning devices. Manual cleaning usually occurs during the downtime of the filling equipment. Workers disassemble the parts to be cleaned for separate cleaning. This method increases the labor intensity of workers, is time-consuming and laborious, has low cleaning efficiency, is prone to damage the equipment due to frequent disassembly, and the cleaning is not hygienic enough, indirectly affecting the filling efficiency and making it difficult to meet the filling requirements on a fully automatic canning production line. Direct flushing with cleaning agents means adding the prepared cleaning agent through the feed pipe for flushing. This method is limited by the number, position of the feed pipes, and flushing pressure. Only relying on the shaking of the cleaning agent for cleaning, it cannot thoroughly clean the cleaning blind spots, leaving a hygiene hazard, which in turn affects the quality of the product during filling. Cleaning with cleaning devices means cleaning through specific cleaning structures or cleaning devices. However, the existing cleaning mechanisms of filling machines have disadvantages such as complex structures, inconvenient installation, incomplete cleaning, and stubborn stains remaining. Moreover, the parts of the device have high precision requirements, large processing difficulties, and a single cleaning method, and are not easy to operate.

[0004] For the problems in the related art, no effective solutions have been proposed yet. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism to solve the problems raised in the above background art.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0007] A multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism, including a 50L material bucket, a stirring mechanism and a spraying mechanism. The stirring mechanism includes a stirring motor, and the spraying mechanism includes a spraying ball. The stirring motor is arranged at the top of the 50L material bucket, and the stirring motor drives the stirring blade to rotate. There are two rotating spraying balls arranged inside the 50L material bucket, and it is branched in through the first three-way. One end of the first pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the breathing valve, and the other end is connected to the first three-way. The first three-way is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the elbow. The second pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the first three-way through a pipeline. One end of the first three-way is connected to one end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve, and the other end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve is connected to the buffer waste bucket. The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve;

[0008] The bottom of the 50L material bucket is connected with a first group of diaphragm valves through a manual butterfly valve. The first group of diaphragm valves is connected with a multi-column Youba pump. The multi-column Youba pump is connected with a second group of diaphragm valves through a discharge hose. The second group of diaphragm valves is connected with a blanking pipe. The blanking pipe is connected with a waste discharge hose. The waste discharge hose is connected with a feed header. The feed header is connected with the buffer waste bucket through a second three-way. The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve;

[0009] The middle position of the 50L material bucket is connected with a fifth pneumatic butterfly valve through a pipeline. The fifth pneumatic butterfly valve is connected with the second pneumatic butterfly valve;

[0010] The two spraying balls can be cleaned from different angles;

[0011] The heating method of the 50L material bucket is to use an electric heating tape to wrap around the outer diameter of the 50L material bucket, and a circular steel ring is sleeved on the 50L material bucket.

[0012] Further, the first group of diaphragm valves includes 6 diaphragm valves, and the second group of diaphragm valves includes 6 diaphragm valves.

[0013] Further, the blanking pipe is clamped between the diaphragm valves. The two cylinders are fixed on the strip block. When the packaging machine is in normal production, the cylinders are opened, so that the whole blanking pipe moves upward. After production, when preparing for cleaning, the cylinders retract downward, so that the whole blanking pipe moves downward and is connected to the following waste water pipe connecting mechanism. The connection is convenient and fast, reducing the labor intensity of personnel.

[0014] Further, the liquid pump platen is designed with a water groove. If there is liquid leakage, the water can flow out from a single outlet, without polluting the whole equipment. A solenoid valve box is designed and installed on the platen alone, reducing the long air pipe and large air consumption, saving energy.

[0015] Furthermore, rollers are provided at the bottom of the buffer waste bucket for easy movement after cleaning. A liquid level detector is installed in the liquid bucket. When the liquid level is higher than the detection height, the electric pump will start to pump out the wastewater.

[0016] Furthermore, a junction box mounting bracket is provided on one side of the multi-column Uba pump, and a waterproof box is provided on the junction box mounting bracket.

[0017] Furthermore, brake discs are provided on the rollers.

[0018] Furthermore, a breather valve is provided on one side of the first pneumatic butterfly valve.

[0019] First, the manual cylinder operates to raise the blanking pipe to the extreme end. Manually install the cleaning outlet joint and the waste discharge hose. Then the manual cylinder operates downward to make the blanking pipe and the cleaning outlet joint be sealed and connected.

[0020] 1. Perform pickling:

[0021] The first group of diaphragm valves and the second group of diaphragm valves are opened, and the first pneumatic butterfly valve is closed. The acid water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the blanking pipe, then to the waste discharge hose, and then converges to the feed header pipe until it flows into the buffer collection bucket. After 4 seconds, the piston of the multi-column Uba pump is pulled to the last limit and stops. The second group of diaphragm valves is closed. The first pneumatic butterfly valve, the third pneumatic butterfly valve, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket. The two spray balls spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve from the piston of the multi-column Uba pump until it reaches the buffer collection bucket.

[0022] 2. Perform alkaline cleaning:

[0023] The first group of diaphragm valves and the second group of diaphragm valves are opened, and the first pneumatic butterfly valve is closed. The alkaline water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the blanking pipe, then to the waste discharge hose, and then converges to the feed header pipe until it flows into the buffer collection bucket. After 6 seconds, the piston of the multi-column Uba pump is pulled to the last limit and stops. The second group of diaphragm valves is closed. The first pneumatic butterfly valve, the third pneumatic butterfly valve, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket. The two spray balls spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve from the piston of the multi-column Uba pump until it reaches the buffer collection bucket.

[0024] 3. Wash with hot water:

[0025] The first group of diaphragm valves and the second group of diaphragm valves are opened, the first pneumatic butterfly valve is closed, and hot water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the blanking pipe, then to the waste discharge hose, and then converges to the feed manifold until it flows into the buffer collection bucket. After 6 seconds, the pistons of the multi-column Youba pump are pulled to the final limit and stop. The second group of diaphragm valves are closed, the first pneumatic butterfly valve, the third pneumatic butterfly valve, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4 is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket. Two spray balls spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve from the pistons of the multi-column Youba pump until it reaches the buffer collection bucket.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) This cleaning mechanism can achieve full mechanization during operation and can realize fully automated cleaning work, making an important contribution to saving labor costs for enterprises; (2) This mechanism can clean the top wall, side wall and bottom wall of the liquid filling machine respectively, with a comprehensive cleaning area, effectively cleaning the inner wall of the liquid filling machine in all directions, and there are various cleaning methods to choose from, which is convenient and practical; (3) This cleaning mechanism has the characteristics of being easy to disassemble and simple to clean; (4) The parts of this mechanism have low precision requirements and small processing difficulty. Description of the Drawings

[0027] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0028] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 2 It is a schematic structural diagram of another direction of a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 3 It is a front view of a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism of the present invention.

[0031] In the figure: 1. 50L material barrel, 2. Stirring motor, 3. First pneumatic butterfly valve, 4. Second pneumatic butterfly valve, 5. Third pneumatic butterfly valve, 6. Buffer waste barrel, 7. Fourth pneumatic butterfly valve, 8. First group of diaphragm valves, 9. Second group of diaphragm valves, 10. Feeding pipe, 11. Waste discharge hose, 12. Feed header, 13. Fifth pneumatic butterfly valve, 14. Discharge hose, 15. Strip block, 16. Cylinder, 17. Circular steel ring, 18. Support rod, 19. Liquid pump platen, 20. Solenoid valve box, 21. Liquid pump base, 22. Roller, 23. Spray ball, 24. Multi-column Youba pump, 26. Waterproof box, 27. Brake disc, 28. Manual butterfly valve, 29. Breather valve. Detailed implementation manners

[0032] Next, with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific implementation manners, the invention will be further described:

[0033] As Figures 1-3 shown, a multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism includes a 50L material barrel 1, a stirring mechanism and a spraying mechanism. The stirring mechanism includes a stirring motor 2, and the spraying mechanism includes a spray ball 23. The stirring motor 2 is arranged on the top of the 50L material barrel 1, and the stirring motor drives the stirring blades to rotate. There are two rotating spray balls arranged inside the 50L material barrel 1, and they are branched in through a first three-way. One end of the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3 is connected to the breather valve 29, and the other end is connected to the first three-way. The first three-way is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4 is connected to an elbow. One end of the first three-way is connected to one end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve 5, and the other end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve 5 is connected to the buffer waste barrel 6. The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7;

[0034] The bottom of the 50L material barrel 1 is connected to a first group of diaphragm valves 8 through a manual butterfly valve 28. The first group of diaphragm valves 8 is connected to a multi-column Youba pump 24. The multi-column Youba pump 24 is connected to a second group of diaphragm valves 9 through a discharge hose 14. The second group of diaphragm valves 9 is connected to a feeding pipe 10. The feeding pipe 10 is connected to a waste discharge hose 11. The waste discharge hose 11 is connected to a feed header 12. The feed header 12 is connected to the buffer waste barrel 6 through a second three-way. The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7;

[0035] The middle position of the 50L material barrel 1 is connected to the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 through a pipeline, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4.

[0036] First, the manual cylinder 16 acts to raise the feeding pipe 10 to the end. Manually install the cleaning material outlet joint and the waste discharge hose 11. Then the manual cylinder 16 acts downward to seal the connection between the feeding pipe 10 and the cleaning material outlet joint.

[0037] 1. Perform pickling:

[0038] The first group of diaphragm valves 8 and the second group of diaphragm valves 9 are opened, the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3 is closed, and acid water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the discharge pipe 10, then goes to the waste discharge hose 11, and then converges to the feed header 12 until it flows into the buffer collection tank 6. After 4 seconds, the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 are pulled to the last limit position and stop. The second group of diaphragm valves 9 is closed, and the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3, the third pneumatic butterfly valve 5, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4 is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket 1, and the two spray balls 23 spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7 and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 from the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 until it reaches the buffer collection tank 6.

[0039] 2. Perform alkaline cleaning:

[0040] The first group of diaphragm valves 8 and the second group of diaphragm valves 9 are opened, the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3 is closed, and alkaline water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the discharge pipe 10, then goes to the waste discharge hose 11, and then converges to the feed header 12 until it flows into the buffer collection tank 6. After 6 seconds, the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 are pulled to the last limit position and stop. The second group of diaphragm valves 9 is closed, and the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3, the third pneumatic butterfly valve 5, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4 is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket 1, and the two spray balls 23 spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7 and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 from the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 until it reaches the buffer collection tank 6.

[0041] 3. Hot water cleaning:

[0042] The first group of diaphragm valves 8 and the second group of diaphragm valves 9 are opened, the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3 is closed, and hot water enters. After the inside of the tank is cleaned, the liquid enters the hose from the pump, then enters the discharge pipe 10, then goes to the waste discharge hose 11, and then converges to the feed header 12 until it flows into the buffer collection tank 6. After 6 seconds, the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 are pulled to the last limit position and stop. The second group of diaphragm valves 9 is closed, and the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3, the third pneumatic butterfly valve 5, the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7, and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 are opened, and the second pneumatic butterfly valve 4 is closed. It enters from the top of the 50-liter liquid bucket 1, and the two spray balls 23 spray and clean through 360-degree rotation. The liquid passes through the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve 7 and the fifth pneumatic butterfly valve 13 from the pistons of the multi-column Yuba pump 24 until it reaches the buffer collection tank 6.

[0043] According to the above content, the first group of diaphragm valves 8 includes 6 diaphragm valves, and the second group of diaphragm valves 9 includes 6 diaphragm valves. The first group of diaphragm valves 8 and the second group of diaphragm valves 9 together include 12 diaphragm valves.

[0044] According to the above, the blanking pipe 10 is clamped between the diaphragm valves 9, and the two cylinders 16 are fixed to the strip block 15. During normal production of the packaging machine, the cylinders are opened, causing the entire blanking pipe to move upward. After production, when preparing for cleaning, the cylinders retract downward, causing the entire blanking pipe to move downward and connect to the waste water pipe connection mechanism below. The connection is convenient and fast, reducing the labor intensity of the personnel.

[0045] According to the above, the heating method of the 50L drum 1 is to use an electric heating tape to wrap around the outer diameter of the drum 1, and the 50L drum 1 is sleeved with a circular steel ring 17. This heating method does not pollute the environment and is suitable for use in GMP workshops with relatively high requirements, replacing the traditional water heating method.

[0046] According to the above, the liquid pump platen 19 is designed with water grooves. If there is liquid leakage, the water can flow out from a concentrated outlet, without polluting the entire equipment. A solenoid valve box 20 is separately designed and installed on the platen, reducing the long trachea and large air consumption, and saving energy.

[0047] According to the above, the bottom of the buffer waste barrel 6 is provided with rollers 22 for easy movement after cleaning. The liquid barrel is equipped with a liquid level detector. When the liquid level is higher than the detected height, the electric pump will start to pump out the waste water.

[0048] According to the above, the stirring motor 2 drives the stirring blades to rotate. It is difficult to clean the stirring blades, so two spray balls 23 are installed at different angles for cleaning, enabling the cleaning requirements to reach the CIP cleaning effect.

[0049] According to the above, a junction box mounting bracket is provided on one side of the multi-column Yuba pump 24, and a waterproof box 26 is provided on the junction box mounting bracket.

[0050] According to the above, a brake disc 27 is provided on the roller 22. The provision of the brake disc 27 on the roller 22 can ensure that the roller 22 stops at any time.

[0051] According to the above, a breather valve 29 is provided on one side of the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3. The provision of the breather valve 29 on one side of the first pneumatic butterfly valve 3 can not only isolate the storage tank space from the atmosphere within a certain pressure range, but also communicate with the atmosphere when the pressure exceeds or is lower than this pressure range.

[0052] Finally, it should be noted that the above are only the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, for those skilled in the art, they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism, characterized in that, It includes a 50L drum (1), a stirring mechanism and a spraying mechanism. The stirring mechanism includes a stirring motor (2), and the spraying mechanism includes a spraying ball (23). The stirring motor (2) is arranged at the top of the 50L drum (1), and the stirring motor drives the stirring blades to rotate. There are two rotating spraying balls arranged inside the 50L drum (1), and it is branched in through a first three-way. One end of the first pneumatic butterfly valve (3) is connected to the breather valve (29), and the other end is connected to the first three-way. The first three-way is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve (4), and the second pneumatic butterfly valve (4) is connected to an elbow. One end of the first three-way is connected to one end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve (5), and the other end of the third pneumatic butterfly valve (5) is connected to the buffer waste bucket (6). The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve (7); The bottom of the 50L drum (1) is connected to a first group of diaphragm valves (8) through a manual butterfly valve (28). The first group of diaphragm valves (8) is connected to a multi-column Yuba pump (24). The multi-column Yuba pump (24) is connected to a second group of diaphragm valves (9) through a discharge hose (14). The second group of diaphragm valves (9) is connected to a blanking pipe (10). The blanking pipe (10) is connected to a waste discharge hose (11). The waste discharge hose (11) is connected to a feed header (12). The feed header (12) is connected to the buffer waste bucket (6) through a second three-way. The other end of the second three-way is connected to the fourth pneumatic butterfly valve (7); The middle position of the 50L drum (1) is connected to a fifth pneumatic butterfly valve (13) through a pipeline. The fifth pneumatic butterfly valve (13) is connected to the second pneumatic butterfly valve (4); The two spraying balls (23) can be cleaned from different angles; The heating method of the 50L drum (1) is to use an electric heating tape to wrap around the outer diameter of the drum (1), and a circular steel ring (17) is sleeved on the 50L drum (1) for covering.

2. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first group of diaphragm valves (8) includes 6 diaphragm valves, and the second group of diaphragm valves (9) includes 6 diaphragm valves.

3. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, The blanking pipe (10) is clamped between the second group of diaphragm valves (9), and the cylinder (16) is fixed on the strip block (15).

4. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 3, characterized in that, The liquid pump platen (19) is designed with a water groove, and a solenoid valve box (20) is installed on the liquid pump platen (19).

5. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, Rollers (22) are arranged at the bottom of the buffer waste bucket (6).

6. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 1, characterized in that, A junction box mounting bracket is arranged on one side of the multi-column Yuba pump (24), and a waterproof box (26) is arranged on the junction box mounting bracket.

7. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 5, characterized in that, Brake discs (27) are arranged on the rollers (22).

8. The multi-column liquid filling and cleaning mechanism according to claim 4, characterized in that, A breather valve (29) is arranged on one side of the first pneumatic butterfly valve (3).

Citation Information

Patent Citations

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