Condition monitoring of heat transfer fluids for electrical systems

Abstract

A method of operating a heat transfer system includes circulating a heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system and obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid. A dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid is calculated based on the fluid properties and a selected pump and a selected prevailing flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime in the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ). Thus, the normalized effectiveness factor NEF of the heat transfer fluid is obtained 流体 , thereby obtaining the condition of the heat transfer fluid. If NEF 流体 below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to have deteriorated, and if the NEF 流体 Above a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered feasible.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present description relates to heat transfer fluids used in electrical systems and, more particularly, to improving the performance of a heat transfer system of an electrical system by determining the real-time condition of the heat transfer fluid. Background Art

[0002] Heat transfer systems are incorporated into many types of electrical systems to help remove the heat generated and thereby regulate the long-term operation of the electrical system. Electric vehicles are electrical systems that require effective heat transfer systems to remove the heat generated during operation. Heat transfer systems for electric vehicles typically use an aqueous heat transfer fluid (also known as a "coolant") that indirectly removes heat generated by specific electrical components such as batteries and electric motors. As electric vehicle technology evolves to support longer battery range, shorter charging times, and higher vehicle power, there are advantages associated with directly cooling the electrical components that cannot be done using aqueous heat transfer fluids.

[0003] The use of non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluids, such as hydrocarbon-based fluids, can reduce the potential for safety issues associated with the electrical conductivity of water, including the potential risk of hydrogen formation and release. Based on its low electrical conductivity, hydrocarbon-based heat transfer fluids offer benefits for safe and direct cooling of hot electrical component surfaces in evolving electric vehicle applications.

[0004] In many electric vehicle applications, the performance of a heat transfer fluid is determined by its ability to remove heat from the electrical components and the amount of power required to circulate the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. Ideally, a suitable heat transfer fluid will remove the most heat and require the least amount of power to circulate the fluid.

[0005] Depending on the design of the electric vehicle, the specific fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid that will control its overall performance will vary. For example, in an electric vehicle design where there is a large surface area through which heat is to be removed, and a large surface area through which heat is subsequently removed from the heat transfer fluid to reduce its temperature before recirculation, the heat capacity of the heat transfer fluid will play a dominant role in determining the heat flow rate from the hot components to the heat transfer fluid. In other electric vehicle designs, fluid properties such as viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity may also play a key role in determining heat flow. In each case, the fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid are also important in determining the amount of power required to circulate the heat transfer fluid.

[0006] While there has been great progress and understanding of the life expectancy and degradation pathways of oils in internal combustion engines, there has been less experience and development in understanding and predicting the behavior of heat transfer fluids in electrical systems, such as electric vehicles. Summary of the invention

[0007] The following summarizes various details of this specification to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an extensive review of this specification and is neither intended to identify certain elements of this specification nor to limit its scope. Instead, the main purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of this specification in a simplified form before the more detailed description presented below.

[0008] In one or more aspects, a method of operating a heat transfer system is disclosed, and the method includes circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop including a pump, a pipe, and a heat exchanger, obtaining a real-time measurement of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property being selected from density (ρ), specific heat (C p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime in the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid is determined by the following equation 流体 ):

[0009] as well as

[0010] Based on NEF 流体 Determine the heat transfer fluid conditions where if NEF 流体 is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 Above a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered feasible.

[0011] In one or more additional aspects, another method of operating a heat transfer system includes circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop including a pump, a pipe, and a heat exchanger, obtaining a real-time measurement of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property being selected from density (ρ), specific heat (C p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime in the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), determine the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid from the following equation 流体 ):

[0012]

[0013] Based on NEF 流体Determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid, where if NEF 流体 is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 If the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, the condition is deemed feasible, the temperature of the electrical system is monitored, and if the temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature limit and the condition of the heat transfer fluid is feasible, it is determined that a hardware issue exists in the electrical system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The following drawings are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present specification and should not be considered to exclude other embodiments. The disclosed subject matter is capable of considerable modification, alteration, combination, and equivalents in form and function without departing from the scope of the present specification.

[0015] Attached Figure 1 Schematic diagram of an example heat transfer system that can incorporate the principles of the present description.

[0016] Attached Figure 2 Graphics Figure 1 An example implementation of a computer system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The present description relates to heat transfer fluids for electrical systems and, more particularly, to improving the performance of heat transfer systems for electrical systems by determining the real-time condition of the heat transfer fluid.

[0019] Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages describing heat transfer fluids in this application are by weight. "Wt. %" means weight percent.

[0020] "Electrical system," "electrical equipment," "electric system," "electric equipment," and any variations thereof, means any system, equipment, or device that is powered or operated primarily by electrical means and that requires a heat transfer system to remove the generated heat for extended operation. Examples of electrical systems include, but are not limited to, electric vehicles, power electronics included in electric vehicles (e.g., "on-board" electronics), electric motors, batteries, rechargeable battery systems, charging stations, electronic devices, computers, server clusters (or groups), data centers, or any combination thereof.

[0021] "Electric vehicle" and any variations thereof, refers to all-electric and fully electric vehicles, as well as hybrid and hybrid-electric vehicles, which may have any of a variety of parallel or series drivetrain configurations, either alone or in combination, and mechanical and electrical systems, subsystems and components including gears used in the vehicle. These mechanical and electrical systems, subsystems and components with gears may include, for example, electric vehicle powertrains, powertrain components, drivetrain components, kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS), energy regeneration systems, etc. The terms electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle may be used interchangeably. In addition, the term "electric vehicle" is not limited to land vehicles (such as automobiles), but is also intended to cover any type of fully or partially electrically driven vehicle, including aviation vehicles (such as aircraft, drones, spacecraft, etc.) and marine vehicles (e.g., any type of water vehicle, hovercraft, etc.). "Electric vehicle" may also refer to a manually driven or autonomous vehicle, or any hybrid vehicle thereof.

[0022] It has been found that during the operation of electric vehicles, non-aqueous heat transfer fluids can be used to remove heat from electrical components or devices (such as batteries, on-board power electronics, ultra-fast charging systems, and electric motors) by directly removing heat from hot surfaces. Non-aqueous heat transfer fluids, such as the hydrocarbon-based heat transfer fluids mentioned in this specification, can provide benefits in both direct cooling of hot component surfaces and safety based on the low conductivity of non-aqueous heat transfer fluids in the evolving field of electric vehicle technology.

[0023] As mentioned above, in electric vehicle applications, the performance of a heat transfer fluid is governed by both its ability to remove heat from a hot surface and the amount of power required to circulate the heat transfer fluid through the heat transfer loop. Ideally, the selected heat transfer fluid will maximize heat removal and require minimal power to circulate the fluid through the heat transfer loop.

[0024] In a given electric vehicle design, heat transfer fluid effectiveness can be defined as the ratio of heat flow (HF) to the power (PC) of the circulating heat transfer fluid. Electric vehicle heat transfer fluids with higher effectiveness will be able to remove more heat from hot surfaces per unit of power required to circulate the fluid, which will provide significant advantages in maximizing electric vehicle battery range and / or optimizing the design of vehicle cooling systems. By evaluating electric vehicle design parameters in conjunction with the effectiveness of the heat transfer fluid in a specific vehicle application, it has been determined how HF and PC are affected by the fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid, such as density (ρ), viscosity (μ), heat capacity or specific heat (c p ) and thermal conductivity (k). This leads to the identification of a unique combination of fluid properties, referred to in this application as the Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF流体 ), which maximizes the effectiveness of the heat transfer fluid used in the electric vehicle design described in this application.

[0025] Surprisingly, the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF 流体 ) is different from the combination of fluid properties commonly proposed in the industry and usually applicable to liquid coolants, and is called the Mouromtseff equation (or figure). Therefore, for 流体 Values ​​compared to the comparative materials have a higher NEF 流体 The overall performance of the electric vehicle cooling system can be improved and optimized by using a heat transfer fluid having a NEF value equal to or greater than 1. 流体 In at least one embodiment, the NEF 流体 = 1 may correspond to fresh heat transfer fluid, and the fraction of heat transfer fluid that is degraded during operation is a direct indication of its reduced usability or degree of degradation. In such an embodiment, when NEF 流体 Fluid replacement can be triggered when the value drops below a user-specified number (fraction).

[0026] The Mouromtseff equation was developed as a quick and convenient method for comparing the effects of fluid properties on the resulting heat transfer coefficient. Although the use of the Mouromtseff equation provides a convenient method for quickly comparing fluids, its use has a number of disadvantages in terms of, for example, flow rates, dimensions, and the dominant heat transport mechanism.

[0027] In eliminating all variables from the heat transfer correlation, except those related to the physical properties of the fluid, the traditional derivation of the Mouromtseff equation ignores any effect that the fluid properties may have on the fluid circulation rate, in terms of flow rate. In particular, if a centrifugal pump is used to circulate the heat transfer fluid, the fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid will affect the circulation rate, and therefore the resulting local fluid velocity, in a specific way. Therefore, when a variable itself depends on the fluid properties, and this dependence should be included in any fluid comparison, the variable is usually eliminated.

[0028] In terms of dimension, the fluid property variables used in the traditional Mouromtseff equation have units. This means that unlike the Nusselt (Nu), Reynolds (Re), and Prandtl (Pr) numbers, the resulting Mouromtseff equation is not dimensionless; however, the applicable units are not usually reported in the literature. Therefore, any two different practitioners calculating the Mouromtseff equation for the same fluid may produce different numbers depending on, for example, if one uses Si units and the other uses Imperial units.

[0029] The use of the Mouromtseff equation in terms of the dominant heat transfer mechanism implies that in the physical case in which the fluid is to be used, heat removal is dominated by local heat transfer with the fluid. However, in some cases, heat transport by circulating the heat transfer fluid may dominate, such as where there are large heat transfer areas at the components to be cooled and the heat sink. In such cases, the actual mechanism of local heat transfer, and therefore the effect of the fluid properties on local heat transfer, becomes irrelevant. In these applications, while the Mouromtseff equation may indicate something about the heat transfer fluid, what it indicates may not be relevant to the performance of the fluid as a heat transfer fluid.

[0030] Circulating a heat transfer fluid requires power. For certain heat transfer applications where power is provided independently, this may not be a problem. However, particularly in mobile applications, the power for such circulating fluid is often provided by the same power source that provides power for movement. For example, in electric vehicles, the battery provides power for vehicle movement and for the circulation of the heat transfer fluid. Similar situations occur in aviation and aerospace applications. In this case, when comparing fluids for heat transfer services, one needs to consider how the fluid properties affect the heat transfer, and how the fluid properties affect the power required for the fluid to circulate.

[0031] The power required to circulate a heat transfer fluid is simply the product of the fluid volume flow rate and the pressure drop through the circulation loop. This does not include any inefficiencies of the particular pump performing this circulation power, and is assumed to be delivered by an ideal pump. The effect of the fluid properties on both the volume flow rate of the circulating fluid, and the pressure drop through the loop will depend on the flow regime that dominates the pressure drop in the loop. In other words, the presence of a laminar flow regime, a transitional flow regime, or a turbulent flow regime in a heat transfer loop will result in different relationships.

[0032] Likewise, the specific type of pump used to circulate the heat transfer fluid will have an impact. For example, with an ideal positive displacement pump, the volumetric flow rate will always remain constant, independent of the fluid properties, but the resulting pressure drop will be affected by the fluid properties of the heat transfer fluid. In this case, neither the local heat transfer dominance nor the heat transport dominance will change with flow, but the pumping power will still vary for different fluids. In contrast, if a constant pressure pump (i.e. a pump circulation system where the delivery pressure is constant regardless of flow) were to be used, the flow rate will vary with the physical properties, and therefore the power required to circulate the fluid will also vary. With a centrifugal pump, both the delivered pressure and the volumetric flow rate may vary with different heat transfer fluids.

[0033] As described herein, a novel heat transfer fluid effectiveness factor can be used to take into account both the performance of the heat transfer fluid as a heat transfer medium and the power required to circulate the heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop. The effectiveness factor will depend on the specific cooling application, depending on whether heat transfer within the electrical component to be cooled is dominant, or whether heat transport by circulating the heat transfer fluid is dominant (usually because the heat transfer area is relatively large or because a low circulation rate is used). This effectiveness factor is referred to herein as the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF). 流体 ), because it will have the same unit defect as the Mouromtseff equation. It will have units such that its specific value depends on the units used for the specific property.

[0034] When heat transfer is the dominant mode of controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid in a cooling application, the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF 流体 ) The dependence of the fluid properties on the specified fluid circulation flow pattern and pump type is given in Table 1:

[0035]

[0036] Table 1 - Heat transfer fluids and reference fluids

[0037] In Table 1, the details of heat transfer are not relevant since they do not control the heat transfer properties of the heat transfer fluid. Therefore, the heat transfer fluid could be flowing through a tube, or flowing over a plate, or being ejected as a jet, or any other fluid contact mechanism, and since heat transport is dominant, the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) from Table 1 流体 ) equation will apply. Since the local heat transfer mechanism is not important, it can be seen that the thermal conductivity (k) of the heat transfer fluid does not appear in Table 1 for any of the cases.

[0038] In cases where local heat transfer is the dominant mode of controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid in a cooling application, thermal conductivity (k) will be considered. In addition, regarding the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF 流体 ) for a given fluid circulation regime and pump type will differ from those shown in Table 1. Therefore, in applications where heat transport is the dominant mechanism controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid, the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) given in Table 1 流体 ) equations are provided for illustrative purposes only. Therefore, these equations should not be considered to be particularly limited to the principles of the present specification, but are merely provided as examples. In other examples, equations may be provided where local heat transfer through a tubular geometry is the dominant mechanism controlling the performance of the cooling fluid, where local heat transfer through flow on a flat plate is the dominant mechanism controlling the performance of the cooling fluid, or where local heat transfer through a jet onto a flat plate is the dominant mechanism controlling the performance of the cooling fluid in the application.

[0039] To overcome the dimensional validity factor (DEF 流体 ) depends on the system of units used, using the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) introduced initially above. 流体 ). Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体 ) is determined by the following equation:

[0040]

[0041] Where DEF 流体 is the dimensionless effectiveness factor of the heat transfer fluid, which is determined from the equation specified in Table 1 (or from another table corresponding to the dominant application of local heat transfer) for the selected pump and the selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime, and DEF 参考 is the dimensionless effectiveness factor for the reference fluid, which uses the value in Table 1 for DEF 流体 and the same equations specified for the same selected pump and the same selected heat transfer circuit dominant flow regime. DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 All are determined at the same predetermined temperature and matching units for each property are used in each equation.

[0042] To determine DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 The predetermined temperature can vary over a wide range. For example, the predetermined temperature can be between about -40°C and about 175°C, or between about -25°C and about 170°C, or between about -10°C and about 165°C, or between about 0°C and about 160°C, or about 10°C to about 155°C, or about 25°C to about 150°C, or about 25°C to about 125°C, or about 30°C to about 120°C, or about 35°C to about 115°C, or about 35°C to about 105°C, or about 35°C to about 95°C, or about 35°C to about 85°C. 流体 and DEF 参考 Preferred predetermined temperatures include 40°C or 80°C.

[0043] Exemplary reference fluids that can be used in accordance with the present specification include, for example, conventional fluids known in the art, such as biphenyl 26.5% + diphenyl ether 73.5% (Dowtherm A), siloxane (>95%, KV100 16.6 cSt) (Duratherm S), organosilicate (>90%, KV1000.93 cSt) (Coolanol 20), organosilicate (>90%, KV100 1.6 cSt) (Coolanol 25R), perfluorinated fluid C5-C8 (KV25 2.2 cSt) (Fluorinert FC-40), 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-hexane (>99%) (Novec 7500), etc. In other embodiments, the reference fluid can be the same as the heat transfer fluid, but without any degradation of its fluid properties; i.e., a fresh or new heat transfer fluid. More specifically, in one or more aspects, the reference fluid can be the same as and or exhibit the same properties as the heat transfer fluid in a fresh or unused state. In these aspects, prior to operational use of the heat transfer fluid, the NEF 流体 is equal to 1, because DEF 流体 is essentially divided by itself. Therefore, as will be discussed in more detail below, any subsequent degradation of the heat transfer fluid over time through operation will result in a NEF 流体 With DEF 流体 The value of decreases to have a certain fractional value.

[0044] Given a reference fluid DEF 参考 Fluid properties are readily available in the literature, provided consistent units are used to evaluate DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 , then the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF 流体 ) will be dimensionless, thus eliminating DEF 流体 One of the shortcomings of and metrics such as the Mouromtseff equation.

[0045] For any particular cooling application, the appropriate density (ρ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k) properties, which can then be used to calculate DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 , then NEF 流体 can be determined from it.

[0046] Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体) are temperature dependent. For the purposes of this specification, the properties should be evaluated at the average temperature of the element to be cooled. For the definition of the fluid using the equations, a temperature of 40°C or 80°C may be used, but any other temperature may be used provided that the same temperature is used for both the heat transfer fluid being evaluated and the properties of the reference fluid.

[0047] Compared to using the Mouromtseff equation to evaluate fluids for heat transfer applications, the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) provided above is 流体 ) equation has many benefits. 流体 The main benefit of the equation is that it takes into account the power required to circulate the heat transfer fluid when evaluating the potential heat transfer performance of the fluid. 流体 The equation can be thought of as a measure of the heat transfer potential provided per unit of fluid circulation energy. For applications where power is shared between circulating the heat transfer fluid and providing power for other uses, minimization of the power required for circulation maximizes the power available for other goals.

[0048] Alternatively, a smaller battery can be used to produce a similar range if used during the design process. Alternatively, the vehicle designer can take advantage of the increased power to provide additional power features on the vehicle. Similarly, in aviation applications, the reduced cycle power can improve fuel economy, increase range, or install additional features on the aircraft. In aerospace applications, power is often provided through solar collectors. This limitation on available power places greater emphasis on power management and is addressed using the Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体 ) equation provides a measure for achieving maximum heat transfer for a limited amount of available cycle power.

[0049] The traditional derivation of the Mouromtseff equation ignores the effect of fluid properties on velocity during the simplified heat transfer correlation. While this is less important for applications using positive displacement equations to circulate fluid, it is important for other types of pumps. The Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体 ) equation scheme ensures that the fluid properties are fully included in the analysis.

[0050] The historical use of the Mouromtseff equation has led to the use of numbers with units. Comparison of values ​​with different units is not straightforward. Because the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF 流体 ) equation is unitless, so it provides a convenient way to compare values ​​from different sources.

[0051] Using the Mouromtseff equation scheme for fluid evaluation implies that local heat transfer processes are the dominant mechanism that determines the heat transfer performance of the fluid. This is not always the case. Fluid evaluation needs to be based on an understanding of the dominant mechanisms that determine heat transfer performance. The Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体 ) equation scheme provides different options for different applications. This provides a more rigorous and correct approach to fluid evaluation.

[0052] The heat transfer fluids mentioned in this application exhibit fluid properties (e.g., density (ρ), specific heat (c p ) and dynamic viscosity (μ)) are used to impart satisfactory heat transfer performance in a specific electrical system. In addition, the heat transfer fluids mentioned in this application may have other properties that are conducive to their use in specific devices. Such other properties include, for example, thermal conductivity (k) and flash point. A heat transfer fluid with a higher thermal conductivity (k) may be beneficial because it will increase the heat transfer rate, while a fluid with a higher flash point may be beneficial because it will reduce flammability. In addition, a heat transfer fluid with properties that impart electrical compatibility and compatibility with materials in a specific electrical system and equipment may be beneficial in a specific electrical device.

[0053] As used herein, density (ρ) is determined according to ASTM D8085 or D4052, specific heat (c p ) is measured by ASTM E1269, and the dynamic viscosity (μ) is measured by ASTM D8085 or obtained from ASTM D445 and ASTM D4052.

[0054] In one embodiment, at a temperature of 40°C, the heat transfer fluid mentioned in the present application has a density (ρ) of about 0.25 g / mL to about 1.75 g / mL, or about 0.30 g / mL to about 1.70 g / mL, or about 0.35 g / mL to about 1.65 g / mL, or about 0.40 g / mL to about 1.60 g / mL, or about 0.45 g / mL to about 1.55 g / mL.

[0055] In another embodiment, at a temperature of 80°C, the heat transfer fluid mentioned in the present application has a density (ρ) of about 0.25 g / mL to about 1.75 g / mL, or about 0.30 g / mL to about 1.70 g / mL, or about 0.35 g / mL to about 1.65 g / mL, or about 0.40 g / mL to about 1.60 g / mL, or about 0.45 g / mL to about 1.55 g / mL.

[0056] In one embodiment, at a temperature of 40°C, the specific heat (c p) is from about 1.25 kJ / kg·K to about 3.50 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.35 kJ / kg·K to about 3.40 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.45 kJ / kg·K to about 3.25 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.50 kJ / kg·K to about 3.20 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.55 kJ / kg·K to about 3.15 kJ / kg·K.

[0057] In another embodiment, at a temperature of 80°C, the specific heat (c p ) is from about 1.25 kJ / kg·K to about 3.50 kJ / kg·K or from about 1.35 kJ / kg·K to about 3.40 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.45 kJ / kg·K to about 3.25 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.50 kJ / kg·K to about 3.20 kJ / kg·K, or from about 1.55 kJ / kg·K to about 3.15 kJ / kg·K.

[0058] In an embodiment where the average fluid temperature is 40°C, the dynamic viscosity (μ) of the heat transfer fluid mentioned in the present application is from about 0.50 centipoise (cP) to about 7.50 cP, or from about 0.55 cP to about 7.00 cP, or from about 0.65 cP to about 6.50 cP, or from about 0.70 cP to about 6.00 cP, or from about 0.75 cP to about 5.50 cP.

[0059] In another embodiment where the average fluid temperature is 80°C, the dynamic viscosity (μ) of the heat transfer fluid mentioned in the present application is from about 0.50 cP to about 7.50 cP, or from about 0.55 cP to about 7.00 cP, or from about 0.65 cP to about 6.50 cP, or from about 0.70 cP to about 6.00 cP, or from about 0.75 cP to about 5.50 cP.

[0060] In some cases, when heat transfer is the dominant mode of control over the performance of the heat transfer fluid in an application, the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) for a given fluid circulation regime and pump type is 流体 ) equation on the fluid properties as follows:

[0061] 1) For positive displacement pumps and laminar heat transfer loops, DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 1 c p 1 μ -1 ;

[0062] 2) For the positive displacement pump and transition flow heat circuit dominant flow pattern, DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.25 c p1 μ -0.25 ;

[0063] 3) For positive displacement pumps and turbulent heat transfer circuits, DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are c p 1 ;

[0064] 4) For centrifugal pumps and laminar heat exchange loops, the dominant flow pattern is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.19 c p 1 μ -0.19 ;

[0065] 5) For centrifugal pumps and transition flow heat circuits, the dominant flow pattern is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.04 c p 1 μ -0.04 ;and

[0066] 6) For centrifugal pumps and turbulent heat transfer circuits, the dominant flow regime is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are c p 1 .

[0067] In one or more additional aspects, when heat transfer is the primary mode of controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid in an application, a dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) for a given fluid circulation flow regime and pump type is 流体 ) equation on the fluid properties as follows:

[0068] 1) DEF, the dominant flow pattern for positive displacement pumps and laminar heat transfer circuits 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.5-1.5 c p 0.5-1.5 μ -1.5-0.5 ;

[0069] 2) For the dominant flow pattern of the positive displacement pump and transition flow heat circuit, DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.1-0.5 c p 0.5-1.5 μ -0.5-0.1 ;

[0070] 3) For the positive displacement pump and transition flow heat circuit dominant flow pattern, DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are c p0.5-1.5 ;

[0071] 4) For centrifugal pumps and laminar heat exchange loops, the dominant flow pattern is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.05-0.5 c p 0.5-1.5 μ -0.5-0.05 ;

[0072] 5) For centrifugal pumps and transition flow heat circuits, the dominant flow pattern is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are ρ 0.01-0.1 c p 0.5-1.5 μ -0.1-0.01 ;and

[0073] 6) For centrifugal pumps and turbulent heat transfer circuits, the dominant flow regime is DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 Both are c p 0.5-1.5 .

[0074] When heat transfer is the dominant mode of controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid, the above dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF 流体 ) equation dependencies are for illustrative purposes only. In applications where local heat transfer (i.e., thermal conductivity) is instead the dominant mode governing the performance of the heat transfer fluid in the cooling application, the equation dependencies will be different. Therefore, the aforementioned dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF 流体 ) equation dependencies are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered as particularly limiting the principles of the present specification.

[0075] The heat transfer fluids mentioned in this application provide heat transfer fluid properties that last throughout the life cycle of the heat transfer fluid, as well as compatibility with the electrical systems mentioned in this application (e.g., electric vehicles and their components and materials). Exemplary electric vehicle components that can be cooled according to this specification include, for example, electric vehicle batteries, motors, generators, AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converters, AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC transformers, power management systems, electronic devices that control batteries, on-board chargers, on-board power electronics, ultra-fast charging systems, fast charging equipment for charging stations, fixed ultra-fast chargers, etc.

[0076] Depending on the particular electrical system (e.g., electric vehicle battery, motor, generator, AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converter, AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC transformer, power management system, electronic devices to control the battery, on-board charger, on-board power electronics, ultra-fast charging system, charging station fast charging device, stationary ultra-fast charger, etc.), the electrical system can operate over a wide temperature range. For example, the electrical system can operate at a temperature between about -40°C and about 175°C, or between about -25°C and about 170°C, or between about -10°C and about 165°C, or about 0°C to about 160°C, or about 10°C to about 155°C, or about 25°C to about 150°C, or about 25°C to about 125°C, or about 30°C to about 120°C, or about 35°C to about 115°C, or about 35°C to about 105°C, or about 35°C to about 95°C, or about 35°C to and about 85°C.

[0077] In one embodiment, a single heat transfer fluid may be used in the electrical system. In another embodiment, more than one heat transfer fluid may be used in the electrical system, for example, one heat transfer fluid for the battery and another heat transfer fluid for another component of the electrical system.

[0078] The heat transfer fluids disclosed herein provide advantageous properties on surfaces of equipment components including, for example, the following materials: metals, metal alloys, non-metals, non-metal alloys, hybrid carbon-metal composites and alloys, hybrid carbon-non-metal composites and alloys, ferrous metals, ferrous metal composites and alloys, non-ferrous metals, non-ferrous metal composites and alloys, titanium, titanium composites and alloys, aluminum, aluminum composites and alloys, magnesium, magnesium composites and alloys, ion implanted metals and alloys, plasma modified surfaces; surface modified materials; coatings; single layer, multilayer and gradient layered coatings; honed surfaces; polished surfaces; etched surfaces; textured surfaces; micro-textured surfaces Meter and nanostructures; superfinished surfaces; diamond-like carbon (DLC), DLC with high hydrogen content, DLC with medium hydrogen content, DLC with low hydrogen content, DLC with near zero hydrogen content, DLC composites, DLC-metal composites and composites, DLC-non-metal composites and composites; ceramics, ceramic oxides, ceramic nitrides, FeN, CrN, ceramic carbides, hybrid ceramic composites, etc.; polymers, thermoplastic polymers, engineering polymers, polymer blends, polymer alloys, polymer composites; material compositions and composites, including, for example, graphite, carbon, molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyperfluoropropylene, polyperfluoroalkyl ether, etc.

[0079] refer to Figure 1, shows a schematic diagram of an example heat transfer system 100 that can incorporate the principles of the present specification. Heat transfer system 100 includes a heat transfer loop 102, which includes one or more pipes 104 and a pump 106, which is configured to circulate a heat transfer fluid through pipes 104. Pump 106 can include, for example, a positive displacement pump or a centrifugal pump. The heat transfer fluid can include any non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid mentioned in the application, and can be used to cool an electrical component 108 that forms part of an electrical system. Electrical component 108 has a heat transfer area A 热 And the heat transfer fluid can be configured to directly cool one or more surfaces of the electrical component 108. More specifically, the heat transfer fluid can directly contact the electrical component 108, thereby drawing heat away from the electrical component 108.

[0080] The heat transfer rate (Q) is required to maintain the electronic component 108 at the Te temperature. p ) is circulated into direct contact with the electrical component 108 to remove heat from the electrical component 108. The heat transfer fluid first contacts the electrical component 108 at a low (cold) temperature Tc. After exchanging heat with the electrical component 108, the heat transfer fluid is transported away from the electrical component 108 at a high temperature Th. The heated heat transfer fluid is then conveyed within the pipeline 104 to a heat exchanger 110 included in the heat transfer loop 102. By drawing heat away from the heat transfer fluid, the heat exchanger 110 can operate similarly to a radiator. In some cases, the heat exchanger 110 can release heat to another heat transfer fluid, or, as shown, discharge it into the air at an ambient temperature Ta. The heat exchanger 110 (having a heat transfer area A 冷 ) can be a specific device, or simply heat is lost to the atmosphere when the heat transfer fluid flows through the pipe 104.

[0081] Pump 106 with mass flow rate A heat transfer fluid is circulated through the heat transfer loop 102. At steady state, the heat transfer rate (Q) is determined by the following equation:

[0082]

[0083] in is the volume flow rate and ρ is the fluid density. Depending on the type of pump 106 and the final flow rate of the heat transfer fluid, and also depending on the configuration and surface area A of the electrical components 108 and the heat exchanger 108 热 and A 冷 , the dominant flow regime in a heat transfer loop can be laminar, transitional or turbulent.

[0084] Within the heat transfer loop 102, cooling of the electrical components 108 may be dominated by the ability of the fluid to "transfer heat" from the electrical components 108, or, may be dominated by "local heat transfer" mechanisms within the electrical components 108. Many different equipment design and operating factors may determine which of these two phenomena dominate. For example, in the electrical components 108 (i.e., the elements to be cooled), local heat transfer can be enhanced by including cooling fins in the equipment design, which increases the effective heat transfer area. Similarly, local heat transfer can be improved by artificially inducing turbulence, or enhanced by enhancing fluid / hardware contact through fluid jets within the elements. For any particular electrical system, whether due to the basic design or through targeted design enhancements, this local heat transfer may not be the dominant mechanism controlling heat transfer performance, but rather the performance of the heat transfer fluid may be dominated by the ability of the heat transfer fluid to transport heat away from the electrical components 108. The maximum amount of heat that a heat transfer fluid can transport is given by the following equation:

[0085]

[0086] The actual amount of heat transferred from the electrical component 108 is given by:

[0087]

[0088] If the actual amount of heat transferred is less than or equal to half of the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred, the heat transfer system 100 is considered to be dominated by local heat transfer, i.e.,

[0089]

[0090] Conversely, if the actual amount of heat transferred exceeds half of the maximum possible amount of heat that the fluid can transfer, then the heat transfer system 100 is considered to be "heat transfer" dominated, i.e.,

[0091]

[0092] Because the Mouromtseff equation (or number) attempts to relate the local heat transfer coefficient of a heat transfer fluid to the fluid properties, historical discussions of heat transfer fluids involving the Mouromtseff equation are only relevant in "local heat transfer dominated" applications and are rarely relevant to "heat transport dominated" applications. Furthermore, it should be noted that unlike the Mouromtseff equation, the DEF and NEF effectiveness factors described in this application capture both heat transfer performance and the energy required to circulate the fluid.

[0093] According to an embodiment of the present specification, the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid circulating through the heat transfer loop 102 may be determined (calculated). 流体) to help understand and predict the real-time condition of the heat transfer fluid. By understanding the impact of density, viscosity, heat capacity and thermal conductivity, as well as the specific design of the electrical equipment on the efficacy of the heat transfer fluid, the real-time condition or feasibility of the heat transfer fluid can be evaluated during use. To help achieve this, the heat transfer system 100 can further include one or more sensors that are in communication with the heat transfer loop 102 and are configured to obtain the density (ρ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k). In the illustrated embodiment, the heat transfer system 100 includes a density sensor 112a configured to measure the density (ρ) of the heat transfer fluid, a viscosity sensor 112b configured to measure the dynamic viscosity (μ) of the heat transfer fluid, and a specific heat (c p ) and a thermal conductivity sensor 112d configured to measure the thermal conductivity (k) of the heat transfer fluid.

[0094] The sensors 112a-d may be in communication (wired or wireless) with the computer system 114. The measurements obtained by the sensors 112a-d may be transmitted to the computer system 114 for processing. The computer system 114 may be programmed or otherwise configured to use the measurements obtained by the sensors 112a-d to facilitate calculation of a dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) for a selected pump 106 and a selected prevailing flow regime within the heat transfer loop 102. 流体 ) and (DEF 参考 ).

[0095] Additionally, the computer system 114 may then be programmed or otherwise configured to determine or otherwise calculate a normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) for the heat transfer fluid. 流体 ), which can help determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid. For example, if the NEF 流体 If the value of NEF is at or above a predetermined threshold, the heat transfer fluid is deemed to be viable or still effective in assisting in removing heat from the electrical component 106. Conversely, if NEF 流体 If the value of is below a predetermined threshold, the condition of the heat transfer fluid may be considered to have deteriorated or is no longer effective. 流体 The predetermined threshold value for the value of may be 1.0.

[0096] In some embodiments, once the NEF of the heat transfer fluid is 流体 If the value of is below a predetermined threshold, the computer system 114 may be configured to send an alert to the user (operator) indicating the above problem. In such an embodiment, the user may then decide to replace or replenish the heat transfer fluid as needed. In other embodiments, particularly in embodiments with autonomous vehicles and the like, once the NEF value of the heat transfer fluid is流体 If the value of is below a predetermined threshold, the computer system 114 can be configured to direct the autonomous vehicle to a maintenance station where the heat transfer fluid can be replaced or replenished.

[0097] Since the effectiveness (availability) of the heat transfer fluid affects the performance of the heat transfer system 100, a comparison of the real-time effectiveness of the heat transfer fluid with the overall effectiveness of the heat transfer system 100 can help diagnose whether the cooling performance degradation is from degradation of the heat transfer fluid or, alternatively, from an overall hardware problem. In other words, determining or otherwise calculating the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid 流体 ) can also help diagnose whether an increase in the operating temperature of an electrical device is related to heat transfer fluid degradation, or whether it stems from a hardware problem associated with the electrical device. More specifically, if the NEF 流体 If the value of remains at or above the predetermined threshold, but the operating temperature of the electrical device continues to increase, the heat transfer fluid condition can be considered viable or still effective in helping to remove heat from the electrical component 106. Conversely, the cause of the increase in operating temperature may be related to a hardware problem with the heat transfer system 100. Example hardware problems include, but are not limited to, scaling of the electrical component 108, a pump 106 that is not operating properly, etc.

[0098] In embodiments where it is determined that the condition of the heat transfer fluid is still feasible, but a hardware problem with the heat transfer system 100 may be at fault, the computer system 114 may be configured to send an alert to the user (operator) indicating the problem. In such embodiments, the user may then decide to perform maintenance on the hardware of the electrical device. In other embodiments, particularly in embodiments with autonomous vehicles and the like, when it is determined that a hardware problem is causing the temperature increase in the heat transfer system 100, the computer system 114 may be configured to direct the autonomous vehicle to a maintenance station where the hardware may be analyzed and the hardware problem may potentially be resolved.

[0099] In some embodiments, one or more of sensors 112a-d may form an integral part of heat transfer loop 102. In such embodiments, for example, sensors 112a-d may include internal or onboard sensors in an electric vehicle that are in continuous fluid communication with heat transfer loop 102. Furthermore, in such embodiments, sensors 112 may be utilized to make measurements autonomously, continuously, semi-continuously, at predetermined intervals, or as directed by computer system 114 or an operator.

[0100] However, in other embodiments, one or more sensors 112a-d can be located outside of the heat transfer loop 102. In such embodiments, a sample of the heat transfer fluid can be obtained (extracted) from the heat transfer loop 102 and transported to the location of the sensors 112a-d for analysis. In at least one embodiment, obtaining a sample of the heat transfer fluid can be similar to obtaining an oil sample in an internal combustion engine, or can be achieved by any other known means. In addition, in such embodiments, a sample of the heat transfer fluid can be obtained at predetermined time intervals or at any time when an operator wishes to check the condition of the heat transfer fluid.

[0101] Figure 2 Pictured Figure 1 1. An example embodiment of a computer system 114. As shown, the computer system 114 includes one or more processors 202, which can control the operation of the computer system 114. "Processor" is also referred to as "controller" in this application. The processor 202 may include any type of microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU), including a programmable general-purpose or special-purpose microprocessor and / or any of a variety of proprietary or commercially available single-processor or multi-processor systems. The computer system 114 may also include one or more memories 204, which may provide temporary storage for code to be executed by the processor 202 or data obtained from one or more users, storage devices and / or databases. The memory 204 may include a read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, one or more random access memories (RAM) (e.g., static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) or synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)), and / or a combination of memory technologies.

[0102] The various elements of the computer system 114 can be coupled to a bus system 206. The illustrated bus system 206 is an abstraction representing any one or more separate physical buses, communication lines / interfaces, and / or multi-point or point-to-point connections connected through appropriate bridges, adapters, and / or controllers. The computer system 114 may also include one or more network interfaces 208, one or more input / output (IO) interfaces 210, and one or more storage devices 212.

[0103] The network interface 208 can enable the computer system 114 to communicate with remote devices (e.g., other computer systems) over a network, and for non-limiting examples, can be a remote desktop connection interface, an Ethernet adapter, and / or other local area network (LAN) adapter. The IO interface 210 can include one or more interface components to connect the computer system 114 to other electronic devices. For non-limiting examples, the IO interface 210 can include a high-speed data port, such as a universal serial bus (USB) port, a 1394 port, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. In addition, a human user can access the computer system 114, so the IO interface 210 can include a display, a speaker, a keyboard, a pointing device, and / or various other video, audio, or alphanumeric interfaces. The storage device 212 can include any conventional media for storing data in a non-volatile and / or non-transient manner. The storage device 212 can therefore keep data and / or instructions in a persistent state, that is, retain these values ​​despite power interruptions to the computer system 114. The storage device 212 may include one or more hard drives, flash drives, USB drives, optical drives, various media cards, floppy disks, optical disks, and / or any combination thereof, and may be directly connected to the computer system 114 or remotely connected to the computer system 114, such as via a network. In an exemplary embodiment, the storage device 212 may include a tangible or non-transitory computer-readable medium configured to store data, such as a hard drive, flash drive, USB drive, optical drive, media card, floppy disk, optical disk, etc.

[0104] Figure 2 The elements shown in the figure may be part or all of the elements of a single physical machine. In addition, not all of the elements shown in the figure need to be located on or in the same physical machine. Exemplary computer systems include traditional desktop computers, workstations, minicomputers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, etc.

[0105] The computer system 114 may include systems for retrieving web pages or other markup language streams, presenting those pages and / or streams (visually, aurally, or otherwise), executing scripts, controls, and other code on those pages / streams, accepting user input with respect to those pages / streams (e.g., to complete input fields), issuing Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests or otherwise with respect to those pages / streams (e.g., to submit information from completed input fields to a server), etc. The web pages or other markup language may be in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or other conventional form, including embedded Extensible Markup Language (XML), scripts, controls, etc. The computer system 114 may also include a web server for generating and / or transmitting web pages to client computer systems.

[0106] In an exemplary embodiment, computer system 114 may be provided as a single unit, such as as a single server, as a single tower, contained within a single housing, etc. The single unit may be modular so that various aspects thereof may be swapped in and out as needed, such as for upgrading, replacement, maintenance, etc., without disrupting the functionality of any other aspects of the system. Thus, the single unit may also be expandable, with additional modules and / or additional functionality being able to be added as needed and / or to improve upon existing modules.

[0107] The computer system 114 may also include any of a variety of other software and / or hardware components, including an operating system and a database management system as non-limiting examples. Although an exemplary computer system is depicted and described herein, it should be understood that this is for generality and convenience. In other embodiments, the architecture and operation of the computer system may be different from that shown and described herein.

[0108] The storage device 212 may include one or more databases configured to store and arrange data in the memory 204 and interact with the processor 202. The data may include a selected from density (ρ), specific heat (c p ), thermal conductivity (k), and dynamic viscosity (μ).

[0109] One of the components of the memory 204 may be a program module 214. The program module 214 contains instructions for controlling the processor 202 to perform the methods described herein. For example, as a result of the execution of the program module 214, the processor 202 determines the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF 流体 ), the dimensional effectiveness factor of the reference fluid (DEF 参考 ) and the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid 流体 ). Processor 202 may then be programmed to determine NEF 流体 The value of is at, above or below a predetermined threshold, thereby indicating that the condition of the heat transfer fluid is feasible or deteriorating. The processor 202 outputs the execution results of the method described herein to the user interface of the network interface 208. Alternatively, the processor 202 can direct the output to a remote device (not shown) through the network interface 208.

[0110] The term "module" is used in this application to represent a functional operation that can be embodied as an independent component or an integrated configuration of multiple dependent components. Therefore, the program module 214 can be implemented as a single module or as multiple modules that operate in cooperation with each other. In addition, although the program module 214 is disclosed in this application as being installed in the memory 204 and thus implemented in software, it can be implemented using any hardware (e.g., electronic circuits), firmware, software, or a combination thereof.

[0111] Although program module 214 is indicated as already loaded into memory 204, it may be configured on storage medium 335 for subsequent loading into memory 204. Storage medium 335 may be any conventional storage medium on which program module 214 is stored in a tangible form. Examples of storage medium 335 include floppy disks, optical disks, magnetic tapes, read-only memories, optical storage media, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, digital versatile disks, or zip drives. Alternatively, storage medium 335 may be random access memory or other types of electronic storage located on a remote storage system and coupled to computer 305 via network 330. Example

[0112] The following non-limiting examples are provided to help illustrate various aspects of the present description.

[0113] Case 1

[0114] In the electric vehicle design presented in Case 1, there is a large surface area through which heat can be removed from the hot surfaces of the electrical system. This is the case, for example, when the battery to be cooled has a large surface area available for cooling. Therefore, the heat flow from the hot surface to the heat transfer fluid is the dominant heat transport. In this vehicle design presented in Case 1, the cooling circuit design produces a transition flow (Reynolds number around 2100 to 4000) that dominates the entire system to achieve a balance between the pressure required for the circulation of the heat transfer fluid and the weight and size of the cooling system. Finally, in the vehicle design presented in Case 1, a constant flow (positive displacement) pump is used so that the volume of heat transfer fluid pumped through the system is independent of the characteristics of the heat transfer fluid.

[0115] Therefore, in this type of electric vehicle, the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF 流体 ) will be proportional to the following combination of heat transfer fluid properties:

[0116]

[0117] Case 2

[0118] In the electric vehicle design presented in Example 2, there is a large surface area through which heat can be removed from the hot surface. This is the case, for example, when the battery to be cooled has a large surface area available for cooling. Therefore, heat flow from the hot surface to the heat transfer fluid is dominant in heat transport. In the vehicle design presented in Example 2, the cooling circuit design produces laminar flow (Reynolds number less than about 2100) throughout the system to prevent damage to sensitive components (such as electronic equipment) and to minimize the pressure required to circulate the heat transfer fluid. Finally, in the vehicle design presented in Example 2, a constant flow (positive displacement) pump is used so that the volume of heat transfer fluid pumped through the system is independent of the properties of the heat transfer fluid.

[0119] Therefore, in this type of electric vehicle, the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF 流体 ) will be proportional to the following combination of heat transfer fluid properties:

[0120]

[0121] Heat Transfer Fluid Formulation Preparation and Test Results

[0122] All ingredients used in the heat transfer fluid formulation are commercially available. Heat transfer fluid formulations are prepared as described herein. Optional additives used in the formulation include conventional additives in conventional amounts. Optional additives are one or more of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, and anti-wear additives.

[0123] The heat transfer fluid is prepared by mixing at least one base stock with one or more additives selected from antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers and anti-wear additives. Density (ρ) is measured according to ASTM D8085 or D4052. Specific heat (c p ) is measured by ASTM E1269. Dynamic viscosity (μ) is measured by ASTM D8085 or is derived from ASTM D445 and ASTM D4052. For situations where heat transport is the dominant mechanism controlling the performance of the heat transfer fluid in the application, the Dimensional Effectiveness Factor (DEF 流体 ) equation is given in Table 1 of this application.

[0124] Normalized Effectiveness Factor (NEF 流体 ) is determined by the following formula:

[0125]

[0126] Where DEF 流体 is the dimensional effectiveness factor of the heat transfer fluid, which is determined for the selected pump and the selected cooling circuit prevailing flow regime based on the equation specified in Table 1 of this application; and where DEF 参考is the dimensionless effectiveness factor for the reference fluid using the formula for DEF in Table 1 above for the same selected pump and for the same selected cooling circuit dominant flow regime. 流体 The same equation as specified is determined. DEF 流体 and DEF 参考 All were determined at the same predetermined temperature (ie, 40°C or 80°C), and matching units for each property were used in each equation.

[0127] Over the years, researchers have developed many pressure drop correlations. For example, one of the most widely used correlations for calculating the pressure drop due to laminar flow in a pipe is the commonly used Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The specific correlation used will depend on the geometry and flow regime through the circuit where most of the pressure drop occurs. For this specification, a correlation for the "Fanning friction factor," f, is used, which is defined as:

[0128]

[0129] where f is the Fanning friction factor, d is the tube / pipe diameter, ΔP is the pressure drop, L is the equivalent length of the tube / pipe, ρ is the average fluid density, and v is the fluid velocity.

[0130] A friction factor correlation has been developed as a function of Reynolds number:

[0131]

[0132] Laminar flow is defined as Re < 2,100. In this flow regime, the friction factor f is given by:

[0133]

[0134] Transitional flow is defined as when Re>2,100, and its friction factor can be described by the Blasius equation as follows:

[0135]

[0136] The transition to fully turbulent flow depends on the roughness of the pipe. For a smooth pipe, the above Blasius equation is 7 For specific applications, reference may be made to graphs in references such as RB Bird, WE Stewart and EN Lightfoot, "Transport Phenomena", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960, where deviations from the Blasius equation may be determined based on the roughness of the specific application.

[0137] Although these specific correlations have been used to derive the indices of the characteristics in the factors of this specification, it should be noted that any specific pressure drop correlation may be used for any specific application. Likewise, this approach may be used for any other application, such as flow over the outside of a tube bank, or axial flow over concentric rotating cylinders, such as may be encountered in direct cooling of rotors / stators.

[0138] Heat transfer fluid base materials and auxiliary base materials ( Cobase Stocks )

[0139] A wide range of heat transfer fluid base oils are known in the art. The heat transfer fluid base oils that can be used for this specification are natural oils, mineral oils and synthetic oils, and unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof) that are not refined, refined or re-refined (the latter is also referred to as regenerated oil or reprocessed oil) can be used. Unrefined oil is an oil obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and can be used without additional purification. These include shale oils obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oils obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oils obtained directly from esterification processes. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils, except that refined oils undergo one or more purification steps to improve the properties of at least one heat transfer fluid base oil. Many purification methods are familiar to those skilled in the art. These processes include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, alkali extraction, filtration and percolation. Re-refined oils are obtained by processes similar to refined oils, but using oils previously used as feedstock.

[0140] Classes I, II, III, IV, and V are defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org ) to create a guide to heat transfer fluid base stocks. Class I base stocks have a viscosity index between about 80 and 120 and contain greater than about 0.03% sulfur and / or less than about 90% saturates. Class II base stocks have a viscosity index between about 80 and 120 and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to about 90% saturates. Class III base stocks have a viscosity index greater than about 120, contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than about 90% saturates. Class IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Class V base stocks include base stocks not included in Classes I-IV. Table 2 below summarizes the characteristics of each of these five classes.

[0141]

[0142] Table 2

[0143] Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard) and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils with good thermal oxidation stability can be used. Among natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary greatly with their crude oil (crude) sources, for example, whether they are paraffinic, cycloalkanes or mixed paraffinic-cycloalkanes. Oils from coal or shale are also useful. The production and purification methods of natural oils are also different, for example, their distillation ranges and whether they are straight run or cracking, hydrofining or solvent extraction.

[0144] Group II and / or Group III hydrotreated or hydrocracked base stocks, including synthetic oils such as alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters, are also known base stocks.

[0145] Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils. Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutene, polypropylene, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-α-olefin copolymers). Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oils. For example, C8, C 10 , C 12 , C 14 PAO of olefins or mixtures thereof See U.S. Patent Nos. 4,956,122; 4,827,064; and 4,827,073.

[0146] The number average molecular weight of PAOs, which are known materials and are generally available on a commercial scale from suppliers such as ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, BP and others, generally varies from about 250 to about 3,000, although PAOs with viscosities as high as about 350 cSt (100° C.) can be prepared. Preferred are PAOs, which are generally composed of relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alpha-olefins, including but not limited to C2 to about C 32 α-olefins with C8 to about C 16 α-olefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, etc. Preferred poly α-olefins are poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene and poly-1-dodecene and mixtures thereof and mixed olefin-derived polyolefins. However, C 14 To C 18The PAO fluid of specific application can comprise 3.0cSt, 3.4cSt and / or 3.6cSt and combination thereof. If desired, the viscosity range can be 1.5 to the mixture of about 350cSt or higher PAO fluids.

[0147] PAO fluids can be conveniently prepared by polymerizing alpha-olefins in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as a Friedel-Crafts catalyst, including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or a complex of boron trifluoride and water, an alcohol such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, a carboxylic acid or ester such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate. For example, the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,149,178 or 3,382,291 can be conveniently used in this application. Other descriptions of PAO synthesis are found in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,742,082; 3,769,363; 3,876,720; 4,239,930; 4,367,352; 4,413,156; 4,434,408; 4,910,355; 4,956,122; and 5,068,487. C 14 To C 18 Dimers of olefins are disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,218,330.

[0148] Other useful heat transfer fluid oil base stocks include wax isomer base stocks and base oils, including hydroisomerized waxy feedstocks (e.g., waxy feedstocks such as gas oil, crude wax, fuel hydrocracker bottoms, etc.), hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, gas-to-liquids (GTL) base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomer hydroisomerization base stocks and base oils, or mixtures thereof. Fischer-Tropsch wax is a high-boiling residue of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and is a highly paraffinic hydrocarbon with a very low sulfur content. Hydroprocessing for the production of such base stocks can use an amorphous hydrocracking / hydroisomerization catalyst, such as a dedicated lubricating oil hydrocracking (LHDC) catalyst or one of a crystalline hydrocracking / hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolite catalyst. For example, a useful catalyst is ZSM-48 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,269, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Methods for preparing hydrocracked / hydroisomerized distillates and hydrocracked / hydroisomerized waxes are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,817,693; 4,975,177; 4,921,594 and 4,897,178 and British Patent Nos. 1,429,494; 1,350,257; 1,440,230 and 1,390,359. Each of the above patents is incorporated herein in its entirety. Particularly advantageous processes are disclosed in European Patent Application Nos. 464546 and 464547, which are also incorporated herein by reference. Methods using Fischer-Tropsch wax feeds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,172 and 4,943,672, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0149] Gas to liquid (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax-derived base oils and other wax-derived hydroisomerized (wax isomers) base oils are advantageously used in the context of this specification and may have a useful kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3.5 cSt to about 25 cSt, as exemplified by GTL 4 having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 4.0 cSt and a viscosity index of about 141. These gas to liquid (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax-derived base oils and other wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils may have a useful pour point of about -20°C or less, and may have a favorable pour point of about -25°C or less under certain conditions, with a useful pour point of about -30°C to about -40°C or less. For example, useful compositions of gas-to-liquid (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax-derived base oils, and wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils are disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 6,080,301, 6,090,989, and 6,165,949; which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0150] Hydrocarbyl aromatic compounds can be used as base oils or base oil components and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule containing at least about 5% of its weight derived from aromatic components, such as benzene ring type structures or cycloalkane type structures, or their derivatives. These hydrocarbyl aromatic compounds include alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, alkyldiphenyl ethers, alkylnaphthols, alkyldiphenyl sulfides, alkylated bisphenol A, alkylated thiodiphenols, etc. Aromatic compounds can be monoalkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, etc. Aromatic compounds can be monofunctional or polyfunctional. The hydrocarbyl group can also be composed of a mixture of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and other related hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl group can range from about C6 to about C 60 , usually preferably about C8 to about C 20 The range of. A mixture of hydrocarbon groups is usually preferred, and there may be up to about three such substituents. The hydrocarbon group may optionally contain substituents containing sulfur, oxygen and / or nitrogen. The aromatic group may also be derived from a natural (petroleum) source, provided that at least about 5% of the molecules are composed of aromatic structural parts of the above type. The preferred viscosity is about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt at 100 ° C, and a viscosity of about 3.4 cSt to about 20 cSt for the hydrocarbon aromatic component is generally more preferred. In one embodiment, an alkylnaphthalene in which the alkyl group is mainly composed of 1-hexadecene is used. Alkylates of other aromatic compounds can be advantageously used. For example, naphthalene or methylnaphthalene can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher olefins, mixtures of similar olefins, etc. Depending on the application, the useful concentration of the hydrocarbon aromatic compound in the heat transfer fluid composition may be about 2% to about 25%, preferably about 4% to about 20%, and more preferably about 4% to about 15%.

[0151] Alkylated aromatic compounds such as the hydrocarbyl aromatic compounds of the present specification can be produced by the well-known Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Olah, GA (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1963. For example, aromatic compounds such as benzene or naphthalene are alkylated by olefins, alkyl halides or alcohols in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, see Olah, GA (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1964, Volume 2, Part 1, Chapters 14, 17 and 18. Many homogeneous or heterogeneous solid catalysts are known to those skilled in the art. The choice of catalyst depends on the reactivity of the raw materials and the product quality requirements. For example, strong acids such as AlCl3, BF3 or HF can be used. In some cases, milder catalysts such as FeCl3 or SnCl4 are preferred. Newer alkylation technologies use zeolites or solid superacids.

[0152] Esters constitute useful basic raw materials. Additive solubility and seal compatibility characteristics can be ensured by using esters such as esters of dibasic acids and monoalkanols and polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids. The former type of ester includes, for example, dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc., and esters of various alcohols such as butanol, hexanol, dodecanol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol. Specific examples of these types of esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, didicosyl sebacate, etc.

[0153] Particularly useful synthetic esters are those obtained by reacting one or more polyols, preferably hindered polyols (e.g., neopentyl polyols such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol) with an alkanoic acid containing at least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C5 to C6. 30 Acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials.

[0154] Suitable synthetic ester components include esters of trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol and / or dipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters from ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

[0155] Also useful are esters derived from renewable materials such as coconut, palm, rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, etc. These esters can be monoesters, diesters, polyol esters, complex esters, or mixtures thereof. These esters are widely commercially available, such as Mobil P-51 esters from ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

[0156] Heat transfer fluid formulations containing renewable esters are included in this specification. For such formulations, the renewable content of the ester is generally greater than about 70 wt%, preferably greater than about 80 wt% and most preferably greater than about 90 wt%.

[0157] Other useful fluids include unusual or unconventional base stocks that have been treated, preferably catalytically treated or synthesized to provide high performance heat transfer properties.

[0158] Uncommon or non-conventional base stocks / base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stocks derived from one or more gas-to-liquids (GTL) materials, and isomers / iso-dewaxed base stocks derived from natural waxes or waxy feeds, mineral oil and / or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as crude waxes, natural waxes, and waxy feeds such as gas oils, waxy fuel hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinates, hydrocracked oils, thermal cracked oils, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non-petroleum derived waxy materials such as those obtained from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.

[0159] GTL materials are materials derived from one or more gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and / or elements such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane, butene and butyne as feed raw materials through synthesis, combination, conversion, rearrangement and / or degradation / deconstruction processes. GTL base stocks and / or base oils are GTL materials that are typically derived from hydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthetic hydrocarbons, which themselves are derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and / or elements as feed raw materials. GTL base stocks and / or base oils include oils boiling in the lube oil boiling range (1) separated / fractionated from synthetic GTL materials, such as by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final wax processing step, which involves one or both of a catalytic dewaxing process or a solvent dewaxing process to produce a reduced / low pour point lube oil; (2) synthetic wax isomers, including, for example, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized catalytic and / or solvent dewaxed synthetic waxes or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized catalyst and / or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (FT) materials (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possibly similar oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized / subsequently catalytic and / or solvent dewaxing of the dewaxed FT waxy hydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized / subsequently catalytic (or solvent) dewaxing of the dewaxed FT waxes, or mixtures thereof.

[0160] GTL base stocks and / or base oils derived from GTL materials, especially hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized / subsequently catalytically and / or solvent dewaxed waxes or waxy feeds, preferably FT material derived base stocks and / or base oils are generally characterized by having a g / cm3 at 100°C of about 2 mm 2 / s to about 50mm 2 / s kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445). They are also typically characterized by having a pour point of -5°C to about -40°C or lower (ASTM D97). They are also typically characterized by having a viscosity index of about 80 to about 140 or greater (ASTM D2270).

[0161] In addition, GTL base stocks and / or base oils are typically highly paraffinic (>90% saturated) and may contain a mixture of monocyclic and polycyclic paraffins with non-cyclic isoparaffins. The proportion of the cycloparaffin (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in this combination varies with the catalyst used and the temperature. In addition, GTL base stocks and / or base oils typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen contents, typically containing less than about 10 ppm, more typically less than about 5 ppm of each of these elements. The sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stocks and / or base oils obtained from FT materials, especially FT waxes, is essentially zero. In addition, the absence of phosphorus and aromatic compounds makes this material particularly suitable for the formulation of low SAP products.

[0162] The terms GTL base stocks and / or base oils and / or wax isomer base stocks and / or base oils are to be understood as including individual fractions of such materials having a wide viscosity range recovered during production, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, and mixtures of one, two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or more higher viscosity fractions to produce a blend which exhibits a target kinematic viscosity.

[0163] The GTL base stocks and / or base oils from which the GTL materials are derived are preferably Fischer-Tropsch materials (i.e. hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes).

[0164] The base oils for formulating the heat transfer fluids of the present invention are any type of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, more preferably Group III, Group IV and Group V base oils and mixtures thereof. Highly paraffinic base oils can be advantageously used in the formulated heat transfer fluids used in this specification. Small amounts of Group I feedstocks can also be used, for example, in amounts for diluting additives to be blended into formulated lubricant products. Even for Group II feedstocks, it is preferred that the Group II feedstocks are in the higher quality range associated with that feedstock, i.e. Group II feedstocks with a viscosity index in the range of 100 < VI < 120.

[0165] Preferred base fluids for formulating the heat transfer fluids of the present invention include, for example, aromatics, polyolefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, esters, ethers, fluorinated fluids, nanofluids and silicone oils.

[0166] The base oil constitutes the main component of the heat transfer fluid composition of this specification and is generally present in an amount of about 50 to about 99% by weight, preferably about 70 to about 95% by weight, more preferably about 85 to about 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. According to ASTM standards, the kinematic viscosity of the base oil is suitably about 2.5 cSt to about 12 cSt (or mm 2 / s) at 100 °C and preferably about 2.5 cSt to about 9 cSt (or mm 2 / s) at 100 °C. If desired, mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils can be used. If desired, bimodal mixtures of Group I, II, III, IV and / or V base stocks can be used.

[0167] Heat transfer fluid additives

[0168] The formulated heat transfer fluids useful in this specification may additionally contain one or more commonly used heat transfer fluid performance additives, which include but are not limited to antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, etc. These additives are usually delivered with different amounts of diluent oil, and the weight percentage range of the diluent oil is 5% to 50%.

[0169] Additives useful in the present description need not be soluble in the heat transfer fluid.

[0170] The types and amounts of performance additives used in heat transfer fluid compositions in combination with the present invention are not limited by the examples shown herein as illustrations.

[0171] Antioxidants

[0172] Heat transfer fluids typically include at least one antioxidant. Antioxidants can slow down oxidative degradation of the base oil during use. Such degradation can result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or an increase in the viscosity of the heat transfer fluid. Those skilled in the art are aware of a variety of oxidation inhibitors that can be used in heat transfer fluids. See, for example, Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, supra, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197.

[0173] Exemplary antioxidants include hindered alkylphenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(2-octyl-3-propionic acid)phenol; N,N-di(alkylphenyl)amines; and alkylated phenylenediamines.

[0174] The antioxidant may be a hindered phenolic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene, which is suitably present in an amount of 0.01-5%, preferably 0.4-0.8%, by weight of the heat transfer fluid. Alternatively or in addition, the antioxidant may include an aromatic amine antioxidant such as monooctylphenyl alpha-naphthylamine or p,p-dioctyldiphenylamine, used alone or in combination. The amine antioxidant component is suitably present in the range of 0.01 to 5%, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0175] Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants can be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or alkaline metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are hindered phenolic compounds, which are compounds containing sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, including derivatives of those dihydroxy aromatic compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the ortho or para position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include hindered phenols substituted with C6+ alkyl groups and alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of this type of phenolic material are 2-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2-tert-butyl-4-octylphenol; 2-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; and 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. Other useful hindered monophenol antioxidants may include, for example, hindered 2,6-dialkylphenol propionate derivatives. Bisphenol antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the present invention. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol); 2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-tert-butylphenol); and 2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-tert-butylphenol). Para-coupled bisphenols include, for example, 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol).

[0176] Other exemplary phenolic antioxidants include sulfided and non-sulfided phenolic antioxidants. The term "phenols" or "phenolic antioxidants" used herein include compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups, which are combined with aromatic rings, which can be mononuclear, such as benzyl, or polynuclear, such as naphthyl and spiroaromatic compounds. Therefore, "phenols" include phenol itself, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, naphthol, etc., and their alkyl or alkenyl and sulfided alkyl or alkenyl derivatives, and bisphenol compounds, which include such bisphenol compounds connected by alkylene bridges, sulphur bridges or oxygen bridges. Alkylphenols include mono- and poly-alkyl or alkenyl phenols, which contain 3-100 carbons, preferably 4-50 carbons and sulfided derivatives thereof, and the number of alkyl or alkenyl groups present in the aromatic ring is from 1 to the available unsatisfied valence number of the aromatic ring after calculating the number of hydroxyl groups combined with the aromatic ring.

[0177] Therefore, in general, phenolic antioxidants can be represented by the general formula:

[0178] (R) x --Ar--(OH) y

[0179] Wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of:

[0180]

[0181]

[0182] Where R is C3-C 100 Alkyl or alkenyl, sulfur-substituted alkyl or alkenyl, preferably C4-C 50 Alkyl or alkenyl or sulfur-substituted alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably C3-C 100 Alkyl or sulfur-substituted alkyl, most preferably C4-C 50 Alkyl, R g It is C1-C 100 Alkylene or sulfur-substituted alkylene, preferably C2-C 50 Alkylene or sulfur-substituted alkylene, more preferably C2-C 20 Alkylene or sulfur substituted alkylene, y is at least 1 to the highest available valence of Ar, x ranges from 0 to the highest available valence of Ar-y, z ranges from 1 to 10, n ranges from 0 to 20, m ranges from 0 to 4, p is 0 or 1, preferably y ranges from 1 to 3, x ranges from 0 to 3, z ranges from 1 to 4, n ranges from 0 to 5, and p is 0.

[0183] Preferred phenolic antioxidant compounds are hindered phenols and phenolic esters containing sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, these include derivatives of dihydroxy aromatic compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the ortho or para position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include hindered phenols substituted with C1+ alkyl groups and alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of this type of phenolic material are 2-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2-tert-butyl-4-octylphenol; 2-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2-methyl-6-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-alkoxyphenol; and

[0184]

[0185] Phenolic antioxidants are well known in the heat transfer fluid industry and commercial examples include Ethanox TM 1710, Irganox TM 1076. Irganox TM L1035, Irganox TM 1010, Irganox TM L109, Irganox TM L118, Irganox TML135 and the like are familiar to those skilled in the art. The above is presented by way of example only and does not limit the types of phenolic antioxidants that can be used.

[0186] Other examples of phenol-based antioxidants include 2-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co. under the trade name "Antage DBH”), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-alkylphenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-alkoxyphenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethoxyphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptooctyl acetate, alkyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate such as n-octyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (manufactured by Yoshitomi Seiyaku Co. under the trade name “Yonox SS”), n-dodecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and 2′-ethylhexyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 2,2′-methylenebis(4-alkyl-6-tert-butylphenol) compounds such as 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6)-tert-butylphenol) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co. under the trade name “Antage W-400”) and 2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co. under the trade name “Antage W-500”); bisphenols such as 4,4′-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co. under the trade name “Antage W-300”), 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (manufactured by Laporte Performance Chemicals under the trade name “Ionox 220AH”), 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2-(di-p-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A), 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), hexamethylene glycol bis[3,(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co.(manufactured by Sumitomo Kagaku Co., trade name "Sumilizer GA80"), and 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co., trade name "Sumilizer GA80"), 2,2'-thio[diethyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co., trade name "Irganox L115"), 3,9-bis{1,1-dimethyl-2-[3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-propionyloxy]ethyl}2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane (manufactured by Sumitomo Kagaku Co., trade name "Sumilizer GA80"), and 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (manufactured by Kawaguchi Kagaku Co., trade name "Sumilizer GA80"), 2,2'-thio[diethyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co., trade name "Irganox L115"), Co., trade name "Antage RC"); 2,2'-thiobis(4,6-di-tert-butylresorcinol); polyphenols such as tetrakis[methylene-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid]methane (manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Co., trade name "Irganox L101"), 1,1,3-tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl)butane (manufactured by Yoshitomi Seiyaku Co., trade name "Yoshinox 930"), 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene (manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, trade name "Irganox 330”), bis[3,3′-bis(4′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butylphenyl)butyric acid] diol ester, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-methyl-4-(2",4"-di-tert-butyl-3"-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-6-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-bis(2′-hydroxy-3′-tert-butyl-5′-methylbenzyl)-4-methylphenol; and phenol / aldehyde condensates such as condensates of p-tert-butylphenol and formaldehyde and condensates of p-tert-butylphenol and acetaldehyde. .

[0187] An effective amount of one or more catalytic antioxidants may also be used. The catalytic antioxidant comprises an effective amount of a) one or more oil-soluble multimetallic organic compounds; and, an effective amount of b) one or more substituted N,N′-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of b) and c). Catalytic antioxidants are more fully disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,833, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0188] Exemplary aromatic amine antioxidants include phenyl-α-naphthylamine described by the following molecular structure:

[0189]

[0190] Where R z is hydrogen or C1 to C 14 Straight chain or C3 to C 14 Branched alkyl, preferably C1 to C 10 Straight chain or C3 to C 10 Branched alkyl, more preferably linear or branched C6 to C8, and n is an integer from 1 to 5, preferably 1. A particular example is Irganox L06.

[0191] Other aromatic amine antioxidants include other alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines, such as aromatic monoamines.

[0192] Typical aromatic amine antioxidants have an alkyl substituent of at least 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl. Typically, aliphatic groups will not contain more than 14 carbon atoms. General types of such other additional amine antioxidants that may be present include diphenylamine, phenothiazine, iminodibenzyl and diphenylphenylenediamine. Mixtures of two or more such other additional aromatic amines may also be present. Polymeric amine antioxidants may also be used.

[0193] Antioxidants or oxidation inhibitors that can be used in the heat transfer fluids of the present specification are hindered phenols (e.g., 2,6-di-(tert-butyl)phenol); aromatic amines (e.g., alkylated diphenylamines); alkyl polysulfides; selenides; borates (e.g., epoxide / boric acid reaction products); dithiophosphoric acids, esters and / or salts; and dithiocarbamates (e.g., zinc dithiocarbamate). In one embodiment, these antioxidants or oxidation inhibitors can be used alone or in a mixture of amine / phenol ratios preferably in the range of 1:10 to 10:1.

[0194] The antioxidants or oxidation inhibitors that can also be used in the heat transfer fluid composition of the present specification are chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorinated waxes; organic sulfides and polysulfides such as benzyl disulfide, bis(chlorobenzyl) disulfide, dibutyl tetrasulfide, methyl oleate sulphurization, alkylphenol sulphurization, dipentene sulphurization and terpene sulphurization; phosphorus sulphurized hydrocarbons such as the reaction product of phosphorus sulphide with turpentine or methyl oleate, phosphorus esters, which mainly include di- and tri-hydrocarbon phosphites such as dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentylphenyl phosphite, dipentylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite; esters, distearyl phosphite, dimethyl naphthyl phosphite, oleyl 4-pentylphenyl phosphite, polypropylene (molecular weight 500)-substituted phenyl phosphite, diisobutyl substituted phenyl phosphite; metal thiocarbamates such as zinc dioctyl dithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenyl dithiocarbamate; Group II metal dithiophosphates such as zinc dicyclohexyl dithiophosphate, zinc dioctyl dithiophosphate, barium di(heptylphenyl) dithiophosphate, cadmium dinonyl dithiophosphate, and phosphorus pentasulfide with an equimolar mixture of isopropanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol and n-hexanol.

[0195] Oxidation inhibitors, including organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and some alkylphenols, are useful additives in the heat transfer fluid formulations of the present specification. Two general types of oxidation inhibitors are those that react with initiators, peroxyl radicals, and hydroperoxides to form inert compounds, and those that decompose these materials to form less active compounds. Examples are hindered (alkylated) phenols, such as 6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methyl-phenol [2,6-di(tert-butyl)-p-cresol, DBPC] and aromatic amines, such as N-phenyl-α-naphthylamine.

[0196] Sulfurized alkylphenols and their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts are also useful antioxidants.

[0197] Another class of antioxidants for heat transfer fluid compositions and which may also be present are oil-soluble copper compounds. Any oil-soluble suitable copper compound can be mixed into the heat transfer fluid. Examples of suitable copper antioxidants include dialkylthio or dithiophosphate copper and carboxylic acid copper salts (naturally occurring or synthetic). Other suitable copper salts include dithiocarbamate copper, copper sulfonate, copper phenolate and acetylacetonate copper. Known alkaline, neutral or acidic copper Cu (I) and / or Cu (II) salts derived from alkenyl succinic acid or anhydrides are particularly useful.

[0198] The sulfur-containing antioxidant can be any and every sulfur-containing antioxidant, for example, including dialkyl thiodipropionate such as dilauryl thiodipropionate and distearyl thiodipropionate, dialkyl dithiocarbamic acid derivatives (excluding metal salts), bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4)-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, mercaptobenzothiazole, the reaction product of phosphorus pentoxide and olefins, and dihexadecyl sulfide. Among them, dialkyl thiodipropionate such as dilauryl thiodipropionate and distearyl thiodipropionate are preferred. Amine antioxidants include, for example, monoalkyl diphenylamines such as monooctyl diphenylamine and monononyl diphenylamine; dialkyl diphenylamines such as 4,4′-dibutyl diphenylamine, 4,4′-dipentyl diphenylamine, 4,4′-dihexyl diphenylamine, 4,4′-diheptyl diphenylamine, 4,4′-dioctyl diphenylamine and 4,4′-dinonyl diphenylamine; polyalkyl diphenylamines such as tetrabutyl diphenylamine, tetrahexyl diphenylamine, tetraoctyl diphenylamine and tetranonyl diphenylamine; and naphthylamines such as α-naphthylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, butylphenyl-α-naphthylamine, pentylphenyl-α-naphthylamine, hexylphenyl-α-naphthylamine, heptylphenyl-α-naphthylamine, octylphenyl-α-naphthylamine and nonylphenyl-α-naphthylamine. Among them, dialkyl diphenylamines are preferred.

[0199] Examples of the sulfur-based antioxidant include dialkyl sulfides such as didodecyl sulfide and distearyl sulfide; thiodipropionates such as didodecyl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate and dodecyl octadecyl thiodipropionate, and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole.

[0200] Such antioxidants may be used alone or as a mixture of one or more types of antioxidants in a total amount of about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent, preferably 0.1 to about 4.5 weight percent, more preferably 0.25 to 3 weight percent (based on the received state).

[0201] Corrosion Inhibitors

[0202] The heat transfer fluid composition may include at least one corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor is used to reduce the degradation of metal parts in contact with the heat transfer fluid oil composition. Suitable corrosion inhibitors include aryl thiazine, alkyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole, alkyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole and mixtures thereof.

[0203] Corrosion inhibitors are additives that protect metal surfaces from chemical attack by water or other contaminants. Many of these substances are commercially available. As used herein, corrosion inhibitors include rust-inhibiting additives and metal deactivators.

[0204] One type of corrosion inhibitor is a polar compound that preferentially wets the metal surface, thereby protecting it with an oil film. Another type of corrosion inhibitor absorbs water by adding it to a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil can contact the metal surface. Still another type of corrosion inhibitor chemically adheres to the metal to create a non-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acids, and amines. Such additives can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent.

[0205] Exemplary corrosion inhibitors include (short chain) alkenyl succinic acids, partial esters thereof and nitrogen-containing derivatives thereof; and synthetic alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as metal dinonyl naphthalene sulfonates. Corrosion inhibitors include, for example, monocarboxylic acids having 8 to 30 carbon atoms, alkyl or alkenyl succinic acid esters or partial esters thereof, hydroxy fatty acids having 12 to 30 carbon atoms and their derivatives, sarcosine having 8 to 24 carbon atoms and its derivatives, amino acids and their derivatives, cycloalkanoic acids and their derivatives, lanolin fatty acids, mercapto fatty acids and paraffin oxides.

[0206] Particularly preferred corrosion inhibitors are shown below. Monocarboxylic acid (C8-C 30 ) Examples: caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, cerotic acid, montanic acid, beeswax acid, oleic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, tallow fatty acid, soybean fatty acid, coconut fatty acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, lauryl sarcosine, myristyl sarcosine, palmityl sarcosine, stearyl sarcosine, oleyl sarcosine, alkylated (C8-C 20 ) phenoxyacetic acid, lanolin fatty acid and C8-C 24 Mercapto fatty acids.

[0207] Examples of polycarboxylic acids that function as corrosion inhibitors include alkenyl (C 10 -C 100) succinic acid and its ester derivatives, dimer acid, N-acyl-N-alkoxyalkyl aspartic acid esters (U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,749). Examples of alkylamines as corrosion inhibitors or reaction products with the above carboxylates to give amides and the like are primary amines such as laurylamine, coconut amine, n-tridecylamine, myristic amine, n-pentadecylamine, palmitylamine, n-heptadecylamine, stearylamine, n-nonadecylamine, n-eicosylamine, n-heneicosylamine, n-docosylamine, n-tricosylamine, n-pentacosylamine, oleylamine, tallowamine, hydrogenated tallowamine and soyamine. Examples of secondary amines include dilaurylamine, dicocoamine, di-n-tridecylamine, dimyristylamine, di-n-pentadecanamine, dipalmitamine, di-n-pentadecanamine, distearylamine, di-n-nonadecanamine, di-n-eicosylamine, di-n-heneicosylamine, di-n-docosylamine, di-n-tricosylamine, di-n-pentacosylamine, dioleylamine, ditallowamine, dihydrogenated tallowamine, and disoyanimine. Examples of the aforementioned N-alkylpolyalkylene diamines include: ethylenediamines such as laurylethylenediamine, coconut ethylenediamine, n-tridecylethylenediamine, myristylethylenediamine, n-pentadecylethylenediamine, palmitylethylenediamine, n-heptadecylethylenediamine, stearylethylenediamine, n-nonadecylethylenediamine, n-eicosylethylenediamine, n-heneicosylethylenediamine, n-docosylethylenediamine, n-tricosylethylenediamine, n-pentacosylethylenediamine, oleylethylenediamine, tallow ethylenediamine, hydrogenated tallow-ethylenediamine and soybean ethylenediamine; propylenediamines such as laurylpropylenediamine, coconut propylenediamine, n-tridecylpropylenediamine, myristylpropylenediamine, n-pentadecylpropylenediamine, palmitylpropylenediamine, n-heptadecylpropylenediamine, stearylpropylenediamine, n-nonadecylpropylenediamine, n-eicosylpropylenediamine, n-heneicosylpropylenediamine, n-docosylethylenediamine, n-tricosylethylenediamine, n-pentacosylethylenediamine, oleylethylenediamine, tallow ethylenediamine, hydrogenated tallow-ethylenediamine and soybean ethylenediamine; propylenediamine, n-tricosylpropylenediamine, n-pentacosyldiamine, diethylenetriamine (DETA) or triethylenetetramine (TETA), oleylpropylenediamine, tallow-propylenediamine, hydrogenated tallow-propylenediamine and soy-propylenediamine; butylene diamines such as laurylbutylene diamine, coconut butylene diamine, n-tridecylbutylene diamine, myristylbutylene diamine, n-pentadecylbutylene diamine, stearylbutylene diamine, n-eicosylbutylene diamine, n-heneicosylbutylene diamine, n-docosylbutylene diamine, n-tricosylbutylene diamine, n-pentacosylbutylene diamine, oleylbutylene diamine, tallow-butylene diamine, hydrogenated tallow-butylene diamine and soy-butylene diamine; and pentamethylenediamines such as laurylpentamethylenediamine, coconut pentamethylenediamine, myristylpentamethylenediamine, palmitylpentamethylenediamine, stearylpentamethylenediamine, oleylpentamethylenediamine, tallow pentamethylenediamine, hydrogenated tallow pentamethylenediamine and soy-pentamethylenediamine.

[0208] Other exemplary corrosion inhibitors include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its derivatives, mercaptobenzothiazole, alkyltriazoles and benzotriazoles. Examples of dibasic acids useful as corrosion inhibitors for use in the present specification are sebacic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 3-methyladipic acid, 3-nitrophthalic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid and fumaric acid. The corrosion inhibitor may be a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acid or an ester thereof, which may be optionally sulfided in an amount up to 35% by weight. Preferably, the acid is C4 to C 22 Straight chain unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. The preferred concentration of this additive is 0.001% to 0.35% by weight of the total heat transfer fluid composition. The preferred monocarboxylic acid is sulfurized oleic acid. However, other suitable materials are oleic acid itself; valeric acid and erucic acid. Exemplary corrosion inhibitors include triazoles as described above. The use concentration of triazoles should be 0.005% to 0.25% by weight of the total composition. Preferred triazoles are tolyltriazoles that can be included in the composition of the present invention, including triazoles, thiazoles and certain diamine compounds that can be used as metal deactivators or metal passivators. Examples include triazoles, benzotriazoles and substituted benzotriazoles, such as alkyl substituted derivatives. The alkyl substituents typically contain up to 1.5 carbon atoms, preferably up to 8 carbon atoms. Triazoles can contain other substituents on the aromatic rings, such as halogens, nitro groups, amino groups, mercapto groups, etc. Examples of suitable compounds are benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole, octylbenzotriazole, chlorobenzotriazole and nitrobenzotriazole. Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole are particularly preferred. A linear or branched saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, optionally sulfurized in an amount of up to 35% by weight; or an ester of such an acid; and a triazole or an alkyl derivative thereof, or a short-chain alkyl group having up to 5 carbon atoms; n is zero or an integer between 1 and 3, inclusive; and is hydrogen, morpholino, alkyl, amido, amino, hydroxyl or an alkyl or aryl substituted derivative thereof; or a triazole selected from 1,2,4 triazole, 1,2,3 triazole, 5-aniline-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole, 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole, 1-H-benzotriazol-1-yl-methylisocyanide, methylene-bis-benzotriazole and naphthotriazole.

[0209] Corrosion inhibitors may be used in amounts of 0.01 to 5 wt%, preferably 0.01 to 1.5 wt%, more preferably 0.01 to 0.2 wt%, still more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 wt% (on an as received basis), based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0210] Defoaming agent

[0211] Defoamers can be advantageously added to heat transfer fluid compositions. These agents delay the formation of stable foam. Silicones and organic polymers are typical defoamers. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicone oils or polydimethylsiloxanes, provide defoaming properties. Defoamers are commercially available and can be used in conventional small amounts with other additives (such as demulsifiers); typically the combined amount of these additives is less than 1% by weight, typically less than 0.1% by weight. In embodiments, the amount of such additives may be about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight, more preferably about 0.5 to 1.5% by weight.

[0212] Anti-wear additives

[0213] The heat transfer fluid composition may include at least one antiwear agent. Examples of suitable antiwear agents include oil-soluble amine salts of phosphorus compounds, sulphurized olefins, metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates), thiocarbamate-containing compounds, such as thiocarbamates, thiocarbamate amides, thiocarbamate ethers, alkylene-coupled thiocarbamates and bis(S-alkyl dithiocarbamoyl) disulfides.

[0214] The antiwear agent used in the formulation of the heat transfer fluid may be ashless or ash-forming in nature. Preferably, the antiwear agent is ashless. So-called ashless antiwear agents are materials that do not substantially form ash when burned. For example, antiwear agents that do not contain metals are considered to be ashless.

[0215] In one embodiment, the oil-soluble phosphorus amine antiwear agent includes an amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester or a mixture thereof. The amine salt of a phosphoric acid ester includes phosphoric acid esters and their amine salts; dialkyl dithiophosphates and their amine salts; amine salts of phosphites; and amine salts of phosphorus-containing carboxylates, ethers and amides; and mixtures thereof. The amine salts of phosphoric acid esters can be used alone or in combination.

[0216] In one embodiment, the oil-soluble phosphorus amine salt comprises a partial amine salt-partial metal salt compound or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the phosphorus compound further comprises a sulfur atom in the molecule. In one embodiment, the amine salt of the phosphorus compound can be ashless, i.e., free of metal (before mixing with other components).

[0217] Amines suitable for use as amine salts include primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and mixtures thereof. Amines include those having at least one hydrocarbyl group, or in certain embodiments, two or three hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl group may contain 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or in other embodiments 8 to 26, or 10 to 20, or 13 to 19 carbon atoms.

[0218] Primary amines include ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, octylamine and dodecylamine, and fatty amines such as n-octylamine, n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine and oleylamine. Other useful fatty amines include commercially available fatty amines such as "Armeen TM Armeen" amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Ill.), for example, Armeen C, Armeen O, Armeen OL, Armeen T, Armeen HT, Armeen S and Armeen SD, where the letter designation refers to a fatty group, for example, cocoyl, oleyl, tallowyl or stearyl.

[0219] Examples of suitable secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, methylethylamine, ethylbutylamine and ethylpentylamine. The secondary amine may be a cyclic amine such as piperidine, piperazine and morpholine.

[0220] Amines can also be tertiary-aliphatic primary amines. In this case, the aliphatic group can be an alkyl group containing 2 to 30, or 6 to 26, or 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Tertiary alkylamines include monoamines such as tertiary butylamine, tertiary hexylamine, 1-methyl-1-amino-cyclohexane, tertiary octylamine, tertiary decylamine, tertiary dodecylamine, tertiary tetradecylamine, tertiary hexadecylamine, tertiary octadecylamine, tertiary tetracosylamine, and tertiary octadecylamine.

[0221] In one embodiment, the amine phosphate salt comprises a 11 To C 14 In one embodiment, the amine phosphate salt includes an amine having a C 14 To C 18 In one embodiment, the amine phosphate salt includes an amine having C 18 To C 22 Amines of tertiary alkyl primary amines or mixtures thereof.

[0222] Mixtures of amines may also be used in the present invention. In one embodiment a useful amine mixture is "Primene TM 81R" and "Primene TM JMT". Primene TM 81R and Primene TM JMT (both produced and sold by Rohm & Haas) are C 11 To C 14 Tertiary alkyl primary amine and C 18 To C 22 A mixture of tertiary alkyl primary amines.

[0223] In one embodiment, the oil-soluble amine salt of the phosphorus compound comprises a sulfur-free amine salt of a phosphorus-containing compound, which can be obtained / obtainable by reacting an amine with (i) a hydroxy-substituted diester of phosphoric acid, or (ii) a phosphorylated hydroxy-substituted diester or triester of phosphoric acid. A more detailed description of this type of compound is disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT / US08 / 051126.

[0224] In one embodiment, the hydrocarbyl amine salt of an alkyl phosphate ester is C 14 To C 18 Alkylated Phosphoric Acid and Primene 81RT TM (produced and sold by Rohm & Haas, which is C 11 To C 14 The reaction product of a mixture of tertiary alkyl primary amines.

[0225] Examples of hydrocarbylamine salts of dialkyl dithiophosphates include isopropyl, methyl-pentyl (4-methyl-2-pentyl or mixtures thereof), 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl, octyl or nonyl dithiophosphates with ethylenediamine, morpholine or Primene 81R. TM and mixtures thereof.

[0226] In one embodiment, dithiophosphoric acid can react with epoxide or diol. The reaction product is further reacted with phosphoric acid, anhydride or low ester. Epoxide includes aliphatic epoxide or styrene oxide. Examples of useful epoxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, octane oxide, epoxy dodecane and styrene oxide. In one embodiment, the epoxide can be propylene oxide. Diol can be an aliphatic diol with 1 to 12, or 2 to 6, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Dithiophosphoric acid, diol, epoxide, inorganic phosphorus reagent and reaction method thereof are disclosed in U.S. Patents US 3,197,405 and US 3,544,465. The resulting acid can then be salified with amine.

[0227] The dithiocarbamate-containing compound can be prepared by reacting a dithiocarbamate acid or salt with an unsaturated compound. The dithiocarbamate-containing compound can also be prepared by reacting an amine, carbon disulfide, and an unsaturated compound simultaneously. Typically, the reaction occurs at a temperature of 25°C to 125°C.

[0228] Examples of suitable olefins that can be sulfurized to form sulfurized olefins include propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, hexane, heptene, octane, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, undecene, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecene, nineteendecene, eicosene, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecene, nineteendecene, eicosene, or mixtures thereof and dimers, trimers, and tetramers thereof are particularly useful olefins. Alternatively, the olefin can be a diene such as 1,3-butadiene and an unsaturated ester such as the Diels-Alder adduct of butyl acrylate.

[0229] Another class of sulphurized olefins includes fatty acids and esters thereof. The fatty acids are usually taken from vegetable oils or animal oils; and usually contain 4 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable fatty acids and esters thereof include triglycerides, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid or mixtures thereof. Typically, the fatty acids are from lard, tall oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the fatty acids and / or esters are mixed with olefins.

[0230] Polyols include diols, triols, and alcohols with more alcoholic OH groups. Polyols include glycols, including diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol; propylene glycols, including dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and tetrapropylene glycol; glycerol; butanediol; hexanediol; sorbitol; arabitol; mannitol; sucrose; fructose; glucose; cyclohexanediol; erythritol; and pentaerythritols, including dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol. Polyols are typically diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol, or dipentaerythritol.

[0231] In alternative embodiments, the ashless antiwear agent may be a monoester of a polyol and an aliphatic carboxylic acid, typically an acid containing 12 to 24 carbon atoms. The monoester of a polyol and an aliphatic carboxylic acid is typically in the form of a mixture with sunflower oil or the like, and may be present in the mixture in an amount of 5-95% by weight, in some embodiments 10-90% by weight, or 20-85% by weight, or 20 to 80% by weight of the mixture. The aliphatic carboxylic acids (especially monocarboxylic acids) that form the esters are those acids that typically contain 12 to 24 or 14 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of carboxylic acids include dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, behenic acid, and oleic acid.

[0232] Illustrative anti-wear additives useful in the present specification include, for example, metal salts of carboxylic acids. The metal is selected from transition metals and mixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid is selected from aliphatic carboxylic acids, alicyclic carboxylic acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.

[0233] The metal is preferably selected from Group 10, 11 and 12 metals and mixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid is preferably an aliphatic, saturated, unbranched carboxylic acid having from about 8 to about 26 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof.

[0234] The metal is preferably selected from nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn) and mixtures thereof.

[0235] The carboxylic acid is preferably selected from the group consisting of caprylic acid (C8), nonanoic acid (C9), capric acid (C10), undecanoic acid (C11), lauric acid (C12), tridecanoic acid (C13), myristic acid (C14), pentadecanoic acid (C15), palmitic acid (C16), mandelic acid (C17), stearic acid (C18), nonadecanoic acid (C19), arachidic acid (C20), eicosanoic acid (C21), behenic acid (C22), docosanoic acid (C23), tetracosanoic acid (C24), pentacosanoic acid (C25), cerotic acid (C26), and mixtures thereof.

[0236] Preferably, the carboxylic acid metal salt includes zinc stearate, silver stearate, palladium stearate, zinc palmitate, silver palmitate, palladium palmitate, and mixtures thereof.

[0237] The metal salt of a carboxylic acid may be present in the heat transfer fluid formulation of the present disclosure in an amount of about 0.01 wt % to about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the formulated oil.

[0238] Metal alkylthiophosphates, more particularly metal dialkyl dithiophosphates, wherein the metal component is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) can be useful components of the heat transfer fluids of the present specification. ZDDP can be derived from a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, or a mixture thereof. ZDDP compounds generally have the formula:

[0239] Zn[SP(S)(OR 1 )(OR 2 )]2

[0240] Where R 1 and R 2 It is C1-C 18 Alkyl, preferably C2-C 12 Alkyl groups. These alkyl groups can be straight or branched. The alcohol used in ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, sec-butanol, amyl alcohol, hexanol such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, alkylated phenols, etc. Secondary alcohols or mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols can be preferred. Alkyl aryl groups can also be used.

[0241] Preferred commercially available zinc dithiophosphates include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "LZ 677A", "LZ 1095" and "LZ 1371", such as those available from Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "OLOA 262", such as those available from Afton Chemical under the trade designation "HITEC 7169".

[0242] The ZDDP is typically used in an amount of about 0.4 wt % to about 1.2 wt %, preferably about 0.5 wt % to about 1.0 wt %, more preferably about 0.6 wt % to about 0.8 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid, although more or less may be used advantageously in general. Preferably, the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and is present in an amount of about 0.6 to 1.0 wt % of the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0243] This disclosure includes low phosphorus heat transfer fluid formulations. For such formulations, the phosphorus content is typically less than about 0.12 weight percent, preferably less than about 0.10 weight percent, and most preferably less than about 0.085 weight percent.

[0244] Other exemplary antiwear agents useful herein include, for example, zinc alkyl dithiophosphates, aryl phosphates and phosphites, sulfur-containing esters, phosphorus-sulfur compounds, and metallic or ashless dithiocarbamates.

[0245] The concentration of the antiwear additive in the heat transfer fluid of the present disclosure may be from about 0.01 to about 5 wt %, preferably from about 0.1 to 4.5 wt %, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 4 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0246] Other additives

[0247] Formulated heat transfer fluids useful herein may additionally contain one or more other conventional heat transfer fluid performance additives, including but not limited to dispersants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, metal deactivators, ionic liquids, extreme pressure additives, anti-seize agents, wax modifiers, fluid loss additives, seal compatibilizers, lubricants, antifouling agents, colorants, defoamers, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, thickeners, wetting agents, gelling agents, adhesives, colorants, and the like. For reviews of many commonly used additives, see Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, FL; ISBN 0-89573-177-0; see also U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,930, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. These additives are typically delivered with varying amounts of diluent oil, ranging from 5% to 50% by weight.

[0248] The additives useful in the present specification do not have to be soluble in the heat transfer fluid. Insoluble additives in oil, such as zinc stearate, can be dispersed in the heat transfer fluid of the present specification.

[0249] The types and amounts of performance additives used in heat transfer fluid compositions in conjunction with the present disclosure are not limited by the examples shown herein as illustrations.

[0250] Dispersants

[0251] The heat transfer fluid composition may include at least one dispersant. During operation of the electrical device components, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thereby reducing their deposition on metal surfaces. The dispersants used in the formulation of the heat transfer fluid can be ashless or ash-forming in nature. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that do not form ash substantially when burned. For example, dispersants that do not contain metals or do not contain borated metals are considered to be ashless.

[0252] Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

[0253] One particularly useful class of dispersants is the (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives, typically prepared by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid compound (typically a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride) with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chain hydrocarbyl groups constituting the lipophilic portion of the molecule which imparts solubility in oil are typically polyisobutylene groups. Many examples of such dispersants are known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. patents describing these dispersants are U.S. Patent Nos. 3,172,892; 3,2145,707; 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374 and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersants are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; 5,705,458. Dispersants are further described, for example, in European Patent Application No. 471 071, to which reference is made for this purpose.

[0254] Hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinimides, succinic acid esters or succinic acid ester amides prepared by reacting a hydrocarbon substituted succinic acid compound, preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkyleneamine are particularly useful.

[0255] Succinimide is formed by the condensation reaction between a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and an amine. The molar ratio can vary depending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from about 1:1 to about 5:1. Typical examples are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; 3,652,616, 3,948,800.

[0256] Succinates are formed by the condensation reaction between a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and an alcohol or polyol. The molar ratio can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

[0257] Succinic acid ester amide is formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and alkanolamine. For example, suitable alkanolamines include ethoxylated polyalkyl polyamines, propoxylated polyalkyl polyamines and polyenyl polyamines such as polyethylene polyamine. An example is propoxylated hexamethylene diamine. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,426,305.

[0258] The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride used in the preceding paragraphs is generally in the range of 800 to 2,500 or more. The above product can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The above product can also be post-reacted with a boron compound such as boric acid, a boric ester or a highly borated dispersant to form a borated dispersant having generally from about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.

[0259] Mannich base dispersants are prepared by the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde and amines. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551, which is incorporated herein by reference. Processing aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acid, may also be part of the reaction mixture. The molecular weight of the alkylphenols ranges from 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039.

[0260] Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful herein can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl substituted hydroxy aromatic compounds or HNR2 group containing reactants.

[0261] Hydrocarbyl-substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are well known to those skilled in the art; for example, see U.S. Patent Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804; 3,755,433; 3,822,209 and 5,084,197.

[0262] Exemplary dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides and / or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimides are derived from hydrocarbylene groups, typically with high terminal vinyl groups, such as polyisobutylene having an Mn of from about 500 to about 5000, or from about 1000 to about 3000, or from about 1000 to about 2000, or mixtures of these hydrocarbylene groups. Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid esters and amides, Mannich adducts of alkylphenol-polyamine couplings, their capped derivatives, and other related components.

[0263] Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another class of dispersants. These dispersants are typically prepared by reacting nitrogen-containing monomers with methacrylate or acrylate esters containing 5-25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,100,993 and 6,323,164. Polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants are commonly used as multifunctional viscosity modifiers. Lower molecular weight versions can be used as heat transfer fluid dispersants or fuel detergents.

[0264] Other exemplary dispersants useful herein include those derived from polyalkenyl substituted mono- or dicarboxylic acids, anhydrides or esters having a number average molecular weight of at least 900 and having from greater than 1.3 to 1.7, preferably from greater than 1.3 to 1.6, and most preferably from greater than 1.3 to 1.5 functional groups (generating mono- or dicarboxylic acid moieties) per polyalkenyl moiety (medium functionality dispersants). The functionality (F) can be determined according to the formula:

[0265] F=(SAP×M n ) / ((112,200×AI)-(SAP×98))

[0266] Wherein SAP is the saponification value (i.e., the number of milligrams of KOH consumed in completely neutralizing one gram of the reaction product containing succinic acid, as determined according to ASTM D94); M n is the number average molecular weight of the starting olefin polymer; and AI is the active ingredient percentage of the reaction product containing succinic acid (the remainder being unreacted olefin polymer, succinic anhydride and diluent).

[0267] The number average molecular weight of the polyalkenyl moiety of the dispersant may be at least 900, suitably at least 1500, preferably 1800-3000, for example 2000-2800, more preferably about 2100-2500, most preferably about 2200 to about 2400. The molecular weight of the dispersant is usually expressed as the molecular weight of the polyalkenyl moiety. This is because the precise molecular weight range of the dispersant depends on a number of parameters, including the type of polymer used to derive the dispersant, the number of functional groups and the type of nucleophilic group used.

[0268] The molecular weight of the polymer, especially M n, can be determined by various known techniques. A convenient method is gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which also provides molecular weight distribution information (see WW Yau, JJ Kirkland and DD Bly, "Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979). Another useful method for determining molecular weight, particularly for lower molecular weight polymers, is vapor pressure osmosis (e.g., ASTM D3592).

[0269] The polyolefin moieties in the dispersant preferably have a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), also known as polydispersity, which is determined by the weight average molecular weight (M w ) and number average molecular weight (M n ) is determined by the ratio of w / M n Polymers with polydispersities less than 2.2, preferably less than 2.0, are most desirable. Suitable polymers have polydispersities of from about 1.5 to 2.1, preferably from about 1.6 to about 1.8.

[0270] Suitable polyolefins for forming the dispersant include homopolymers, interpolymers or lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. One class of such polymers includes ethylene and / or at least one C3 to C 24 Polymers of α-olefins. Preferably, such polymers comprise interpolymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin of the above formula.

[0271] Another useful polymer is a polymer prepared by cationic polymerization of monomers such as isobutylene and styrene. Such common polymers include polyisobutylene obtained by polymerizing C4 refinery streams having a butene content of 35 to 75% by weight and an isobutylene content of 30 to 60% by weight. The preferred monomer source for preparing poly-n-butene is a petroleum feed stream, such as raffinate II. These feed raw materials are disclosed in the art, such as in U.S. Patent No. 4,952,739. A preferred embodiment utilizes polyisobutylene prepared from a pure isobutylene stream or raffinate I stream to prepare a reactive isobutylene polymer with a terminal vinylidene olefin. The polyisobutylene polymers that can be used are generally based on polymer chains from 1500 to 3000.

[0272] Dispersants containing alkenyl or alkyl groups have an Mn value of about 500 to about 5000 and an Mw / Mn ratio of about 1 to about 5. Preferred Mn intervals depend on the chemical nature of the reagent that improves filterability. Polyolefin polymers suitable for reacting with maleic anhydride or other acid materials or acid-forming materials include C2 to C5 monoolefins containing a major amount, for example polymers of ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene and amylene. A very suitable polyolefin polymer is polyisobutylene. The succinic anhydride preferably used as the reaction mass is PIBSA, i.e. polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.

[0273] If the dispersant comprises a succinimide comprising the reaction product of succinic anhydride and a polyamine, the alkenyl or alkyl substituents of the succinic anhydride used as the reactant preferably consist of polymerized isobutylene having an Mn value of about 1200 to about 2500. More advantageously, the alkenyl or alkyl substituents of the succinic anhydride used as the reactant consist of polymerized isobutylene having an Mn value of about 2100 to about 2400. If the filterability-improving agent comprises an ester of succinic acid comprising the reaction product of succinic anhydride and an aliphatic polyol, the alkenyl or alkyl substituents of the succinic anhydride used as the reactant advantageously consist of polymerized isobutylene having an Mn value of 500 to 1500. Preferably, polymerized isobutylene having an Mn value of 850 to 1200 is used.

[0274] The amide may be an amide of a monocarboxylic acid or a polycarboxylic acid or a reactive derivative thereof. The amide may be characterized by a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 6 to about 90 carbon atoms; each independently being hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl, aminohydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl, or heterocyclic substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that both are not hydrogen; and each independently being a hydrocarbylene group containing up to about 10 carbon atoms.

[0275] The amides may be derived from monocarboxylic acids, hydrocarbyl groups containing from 6 to about 30 or 38 carbon atoms, and more often are derived from the hydrocarbyl groups of fatty acids containing from 12 to about 24 carbon atoms.

[0276] The exemplary amides derived from dicarboxylic acids or tricarboxylic acids will contain 6 to about 90 or more carbon atoms, depending on the type of polycarboxylic acids. For example, when amides are derived from dimer acid, they will contain about 18 to about 44 or more carbon atoms, and the amides derived from trimer acid usually contain about 44 to about 90 carbon atoms on average. Each independently is a alkyl substituted with a heterocycle of hydrogen or an alkyl, an aminoalkyl, a hydroxyalkyl or a alkyl containing up to about 10 carbon atoms. It can independently be a alkyl substituted with a heterocycle, wherein the heterocycle substituent is derived from pyrroles, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, pyridine, pipecoline etc. Specific examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, methylol, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, 2-ethylpyridine, 1-ethylpyrrolidine, 1-ethylpiperidine etc.

[0277] Exemplary aliphatic monoamines include mono-aliphatic and di-aliphatic substituted amines, wherein the aliphatic group can be saturated or unsaturated and linear or branched. Such amines include, for example, mono- and di-alkyl substituted amines, mono- and di-alkenyl substituted amines, and the like. Specific examples of such monoamines include ethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, isobutylamine, coconut amine, stearylamine, oleylamine, and the like. An example of an alicyclic substituted aliphatic amine is 2-(cyclohexyl)-ethylamine. Examples of heterocyclic substituted aliphatic amines include 2-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrrole, 2-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methylpyrrole, 2-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine and 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine, 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine, 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, 3-(2-aminopropyl)indole, 4-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine, 1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipericoline, 1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidone, and the like.

[0278] Exemplary alicyclic monoamines are those monoamines in which there is an alicyclic substituent directly attached to the amino nitrogen through a carbon atom in the ring structure. Examples of alicyclic monoamines include cyclohexylamine, cyclopentylamine, cyclohexenylamine, cyclopentenylamine, N-ethyl-cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, and the like. Examples of aliphatic substituted, aromatic substituted, and heterocyclic substituted alicyclic monoamines include propyl substituted cyclohexylamine, phenyl substituted cyclopentylamine, and pyranyl substituted cyclohexylamine.

[0279] Exemplary aromatic amines include those monoamines in which the carbon atom of the aromatic ring structure is directly attached to the amino nitrogen. The aromatic ring is typically a mononuclear aromatic ring (i.e., a ring derived from benzene), but may include fused aromatic rings, especially aromatic rings derived from naphthalene. Examples of aromatic monoamines include aniline, di-(p-methylphenyl)amine, naphthylamine, N-(n-butyl)-aniline, etc. Examples of aliphatic substituted, alicyclic substituted and heterocyclic substituted aromatic monoamines are p-ethoxyaniline, p-dodecylaniline, cyclohexyl substituted naphthylamine, various substituted phenothiazines and thienyl substituted anilines.

[0280] Exemplary polyamines are aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic polyamines similar to the above-mentioned monoamines, except that there are additional amino nitrogens in their structure. The additional amino nitrogen can be primary, secondary or tertiary amino nitrogen. Examples of such polyamines include N-amino-propyl-cyclohexylamine, N,N'-di-n-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, bis-(p-aminophenyl)methane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

[0281] Exemplary hydroxy-substituted amines are those having a hydroxy substituent directly bonded to a carbon atom other than the carbonyl carbon atom; that is, they have a hydroxyl group capable of functioning as an alcohol. Examples of such hydroxy-substituted amines include ethanolamine, di-(3-hydroxypropyl)-amine, 3-hydroxybutyl-amine, 4-hydroxybutyl-amine, diethanolamine, di-(2-hydroxylamine, N-(hydroxypropyl)-propylamine, N-(2-methyl)-cyclohexylamine, 3-hydroxycyclopentyl-p-hydroxyaniline, N-hydroxyethylpiperazine, and the like.

[0282] In one embodiment, the amine is an alkylene polyamine, which includes hydrogen, or a hydrocarbyl, aminohydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl, or heterocyclic substituted hydrocarbyl containing up to about 10 carbon atoms. Examples of such alkylene polyamines include methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, hexylene polyamines, heptylene polyamines, and the like.

[0283] Alkylene polyamines include ethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine, propylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, decamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, decamethylenediamine, octamethylenediamine, di(heptamethylene)triamine, tripropylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, trimethylenediamine, pentaethylenehexamine, (trimethylene)triamine, etc. Higher homologs obtained by condensing two or more of the above alkyleneamines are useful, as are mixtures of two or more of any of the above polyamines.

[0284] For reasons of cost and effectiveness, ethylene polyamines such as those mentioned above are particularly useful. Such polyamines are described in detail under the title "Diamines and Higher Amines" in The Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Second Edition, Kirk and Othmer, Vol. 7, pp. 27-39, Interscience Publishers, Division of John Wiley and Sons, 1965, which is incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of disclosing useful polyamines. Such compounds are most conveniently prepared by the reaction of alkylene chlorides with ammonia or by the reaction of ethyleneimine with ring-opening agents such as ammonia. These reactions result in the production of slightly complex alkylene polyamine mixtures, which include cyclic condensation products such as piperazine.

[0285] Other useful types of polyamine mixtures are those produced by stripping the polyamine mixtures described above. In this case, the lower molecular weight polyamines and volatile contaminants are removed from the alkylene polyamine mixture to leave a residue commonly referred to as "polyamine bottoms". Typically, the alkylene polyamine bottoms are characterized by having less than 2, usually less than 1%, by weight of materials having a boiling point below about 200°C. In the case of ethylene polyamine bottoms, which are readily available and found to be very useful, the bottoms contain less than about 2% by weight of total diethylene triamine (DETA) or triethylene tetramine (TETA). A typical sample of such ethylene polyamine bottoms obtained from Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Tex. is designated "E-100". Gas chromatographic analysis of such a sample showed that it contained approximately 0.93% "light ends" (most likely DETA), 0.72% TETA, 21.74% tetraethylene pentamine, and 76.61% pentaethylene hexamine and higher (by weight). These alkylene polyamine bottoms include cyclic condensation products such as piperazine and higher analogs of diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and the like.

[0286] Exemplary dispersants are selected from: Mannich bases which are condensation reaction products of high molecular weight phenols, alkylene polyamines and aldehydes such as formaldehyde; succinic acid-based dispersants which are further reacted with organic hydroxy compounds and / or amines as reaction products of olefin polymers and succinic acid acylating agents (acids, anhydrides, esters or halides); high molecular weight amides and esters such as reaction products of hydrocarbon-based acylating agents and polyhydric aliphatic alcohols (e.g., glycerol, pentaerythritol or sorbitol). Ashless (metal-free) polymeric materials, which typically contain an oil-soluble high molecular weight backbone chain attached to polar functional groups, are typically used as dispersants, which are associated with the particles to be dispersed. Zinc acetate end-capping, as well as any treated dispersant, including borated, cyclic carbonates, end-capped polyalkylene maleic anhydrides, etc.; mixtures of some of the above, with treatment rates ranging from about 0.1% up to 10-20% or more. Commonly used hydrocarbon backbone materials are olefin polymers and copolymers, i.e., ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, styrene; other functional groups may or may not be introduced into the backbone of the polymer, and the molecular weight ranges from 300 to 5000. Polar materials such as amines, alcohols, amides, or esters are attached to the backbone via bridges.

[0287] The dispersant is preferably non-polymeric (eg, mono- or bis-succinimide). Such dispersants can be prepared by conventional methods, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0020950, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0288] The dispersant may be borated by conventional methods, such as generally disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 3,087,936; 3,254,025; and 5,430,105.

[0289] Such dispersants can be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 20 wt %, or 0.01 to 10 wt %, preferably about 0.5 to 8 wt %, or more preferably 0.5 to 4 wt %. Alternatively, such dispersants can be used in an amount of about 2 to 12 wt %, preferably about 4 to 10 wt %, or more preferably 6 to 9 wt %. Based on the active ingredient, the amount of such additives can be about 0.06 to 14 wt %, preferably about 0.3 to 6 wt %. The hydrocarbon portion of the dispersant atom can be in the C 60 To C 1000 , or C 70 To C 300 , or C 70 To C 200 The range of these dispersants can be from about 100 ppm to about 1000 ppm by weight, preferably from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm by weight.

[0290] As used herein, dispersant concentrations are given on an "as delivered" basis. Typically, active dispersants are delivered with process oils. "As delivered" dispersants typically contain from about 20% to about 80% by weight, or from about 40% to about 60% by weight, of active dispersant in the "as delivered" dispersant product.

[0291] Detergent

[0292] Heat transfer fluid composition can include at least one detergent. Exemplary detergents that can be used for this specification include, for example, alkali metal detergents, alkaline earth metal detergents or a mixture of one or more alkali metal detergents and one or more alkaline earth metal detergents. Typical detergent is a kind of anionic material, which comprises a long-chain hydrophobic part of a molecule and a smaller anion or oleophobic hydrophilic part of a molecule. The anionic part of the detergent is usually derived from an organic acid such as sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid (such as salicylic acid), phosphorous acid, phenol or a mixture thereof. Counter ions are usually alkaline earth metals or alkali metals.

[0293] The detergent is preferably a metal salt of an organic acid or an inorganic acid, a metal salt of a phenol, or a mixture thereof. The metal is preferably selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and a mixture thereof. The organic acid or the inorganic acid is selected from an aliphatic organic acid or an inorganic acid, an alicyclic organic acid or an inorganic acid, an aromatic organic acid or an inorganic acid, and a mixture thereof.

[0294] The metal is preferably selected from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the metal is selected from calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and mixtures thereof.

[0295] The organic or inorganic acid is preferably selected from sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid and mixtures thereof.

[0296] Preferably, the metal salt of an organic acid or an inorganic acid or the metal salt of a phenol includes calcium phenate, calcium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, magnesium phenate, magnesium sulfonate, magnesium salicylate and mixtures thereof.

[0297] Salts containing substantially stoichiometric amounts of metals are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, measured according to ASTM D2896) from 0 to 80. Many compositions are highly basic, containing a large amount of metal base, which is obtained by reacting an excess of a metal compound (e.g., a metal hydroxide or oxide) with an acidic gas (e.g., carbon dioxide). Useful detergents can be neutral, moderately highly basic, or highly highly basic. These detergents can be used in mixtures of neutral, highly basic, highly highly basic calcium salicylates, calcium sulfonates, calcium phenates, and / or magnesium salicylates, magnesium sulfonates, and magnesium phenates. The TBN range can vary from low, medium to high TBN products, including as low as 0 to as high as 600. Preferably, the TBN provided by the detergent is between 1 and 20. More preferably between 1 and 12. Mixtures of low, medium, and high TBN can be used, as well as mixtures of detergents based on calcium and magnesium metals, including sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates. Mixtures of detergents with a metal ratio of 1 may be used, in combination with detergents with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as detergents with a metal ratio of 5. Borated detergents may also be used.

[0298] Alkaline earth metal phenolates are another class of useful detergents. These detergents can be prepared by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxides or oxides (e.g., CaO, Ca(OH)2, BaO, Ba(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2) with alkylphenols or sulfurized alkylphenols. Useful alkyl groups include straight or branched C1-C 30 Alkyl, preferably C4-C 20 Or its mixture.The example of suitable phenol comprises isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecylphenol etc.It should be noted that the starting alkylphenol can contain more than one alkyl substituent, they are linear or branched independently and can use 0.5-6 weight %.When using non-sulfurized alkylphenol, the sulfidation product can be obtained by methods well known in the art.These methods comprise heating the mixture of alkylphenol and vulcanizing agent (comprising elemental sulfur, sulfur halide such as sulfur dichloride etc.) and then making the sulfided phenol react with alkaline earth metal base.

[0299] Metal salts of carboxylic acids are useful detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents can be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. Detergents made from salicylic acid are a preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates. One useful class of compositions has the formula

[0300]

[0301] wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earth metal. 11 , preferably C 13 or greater alkyl chain. R may be optionally substituted with a substituent that does not interfere with the detergent function. M is preferably calcium, magnesium or barium. More preferably, M is calcium.

[0302] Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids can be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see US Pat. No. 3,595,791). Metal salts of hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids can be prepared by double decomposition of metal salts in polar solvents such as water or alcohols.

[0303] Alkaline earth metal phosphates are also used as detergents and are known in the art.

[0304] The detergent may be a simple detergent or a so-called mixed or composite detergent. The latter detergents can provide the properties of both preferred classes of agents without mixing separate materials. See US Pat. No. 6,034,039.

[0305] Illustrative detergents include calcium alkyl salicylates, calcium alkyl phenates and calcium alkyl aryl sulfonates and alternative metal ions such as magnesium, barium or sodium are used. Examples of detergents and dispersants that can be used include metal-based detergents such as neutral and basic alkaline earth metal sulfonates, alkaline earth metal phenates and alkaline earth metal salicylates alkenyl succinimides and alkenyl succinimides esters and their borohydrides, phenates, Salienius complex detergents and ashless dispersants modified with sulfur compounds. These agents can be added and used alone or in a mixture, with suitable amounts ranging from 0.01 to 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of base oil; these can also be high TBN, low TBN or a mixture of high / low TBN.

[0306] Preferred detergents include calcium sulfonate, magnesium sulfonate, calcium salicylate, magnesium salicylate, calcium phenate, magnesium phenate and other related components (including borated detergents), and mixtures thereof. Preferred detergent mixtures include magnesium sulfonate and calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium sulfonate, magnesium sulfonate and calcium phenate, calcium phenate and calcium salicylate, calcium phenate and calcium sulfonate, calcium phenate and magnesium salicylate, calcium phenate and magnesium phenate.

[0307] The detergent concentration in the heat transfer fluid of the present description may range from about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, preferably about 0.1 to 7.5 wt %, and more preferably about 0.5 to about 5 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0308] As used herein, detergent concentrations are given on an "as supplied" basis. Typically, active detergents are supplied with the process oil. "As supplied" detergents typically contain from about 20 wt % to about 100 wt %, or from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % active detergent in the "as supplied" detergent product.

[0309] Viscosity Improver

[0310] Viscosity improvers (also known as viscosity index improvers (VI improvers) and viscosity promoters) may be included in the heat transfer fluid compositions of the present disclosure.

[0311] Viscosity modifiers provide heat transfer fluids with both high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at high temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.

[0312] Suitable viscosity modifiers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters, and viscosity modifier dispersants that act as both viscosity modifiers and dispersants. Typical molecular weights for these polymers are from about 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically from about 20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically from about 50,000 to 1,000,000.

[0313] Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers are linear or star polymers and copolymers of methacrylates, butadiene, olefins or alkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity modifier. Another suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylate (e.g., copolymers of alkyl methacrylates of various chain lengths), some formulations of which are also used as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (e.g., copolymers of acrylates of various chain lengths). Specific examples include 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene based polymers.

[0314] Olefin copolymers are available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade name (For example" 8921" and " 8941"); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade name (For example" 5850B"; and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade name " Hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers are commercially available from Infmeum International Limited, for example, under the trade names "SV200" and "SV600". Hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers are commercially available from Infmeum International Limited, for example, under the trade name "SV 50".

[0315] The polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers may be obtained from Evnoik Industries under the trade name Linear polymers available from Lubrizol Corporation (e.g., Viscoplex 6-954) or under the trade name Asteric TM Star polymers obtained (eg Lubrizol 87708 and Lubrizol 87725).

[0316] Illustrative vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon-containing polymers useful in the present specification may be derived primarily from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers. Illustrative vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon-containing copolymers useful in the present specification may be represented by the following general formula:

[0317] AB

[0318] A is a polymer block mainly derived from vinyl aromatic monomers, and B is a polymer block mainly derived from conjugated diene monomers.

[0319] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the viscosity improver may be used in an amount of less than about 10 wt%, preferably less than about 7 wt%, more preferably less than about 4 wt%, and in some cases, less than 2 wt%, preferably less than about 1 wt%, more preferably less than about 0.5 wt%, based on the total weight of the formulated heat transfer fluid. The viscosity improver is usually added to the bulk diluent oil in the form of a concentrate.

[0320] The viscosity modifier may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 20 wt%, preferably 0.1 to 10 wt%, more preferably 0.5 to 7.5 wt%, still more preferably 1 to 5 wt% (on an as received basis), based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0321] As used herein, viscosity modifier concentrations are given on an "as supplied" basis. Typically, the active polymer is supplied with a diluent oil. In an "as supplied" polymer concentrate, the "as supplied" viscosity modifier typically comprises from 20 to 75 weight percent active polymer for polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, or from 8 to 20 weight percent active polymer for olefin copolymers, hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers, or hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers.

[0322] Metal passivator

[0323] The heat transfer fluid composition may include at least one metal passivator. Metal passivators / deactivators include, for example, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, dialkyl-2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; N,N'-disalicylideneethylenediamine, N,N'-disalicylidenepropylenediamine; zinc dialkyldithiophosphates and zinc dialkyldithiocarbamates.

[0324] Some embodiments of the present specification may also include a yellow metal passivator. As used herein, "yellow metal" refers to a metallurgical group including brass and bronze alloys, aluminum bronze, phosphor bronze, copper, copper-nickel alloys, and beryllium copper. Typical yellow metal passivators include, for example, benzotriazole, tolutriazole, toluyltriazole, sodium tolutriazole, and a mixture of tolutriazole, and combinations thereof. In a specific and non-limiting embodiment, a compound containing tolutriazole is selected. Typical commercial yellow metal passivators include IRGAMET TM -30 and IRGAMET TM -42, available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (now part of BASE), and VANLUBE TM 601 and 704, and CUVAN TM 303 and 484, available from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.

[0325] The concentration of the metal passivator in the heat transfer fluid of the present description may be about 0.01 to about 5.0 wt %, preferably about 0.01 to 3.0 wt %, and more preferably about 0.01 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

[0326] Ionic Liquids (ILs)

[0327] Ionic liquids are so-called salt melts which are preferably liquid at room temperature and / or have a melting point of <100° C. by definition. They have virtually no vapor pressure and therefore no cavitation behavior. Furthermore, by selecting the cations and anions in the ionic liquids, the lifetime of the heat transfer fluid is extended, and by adjusting the conductivity, these liquids can be used in devices in which charge accumulation occurs, for example, electric vehicle components. Suitable cations for ionic liquids include quaternary ammonium cations, phosphonium cations, imidazolium cations, pyridinium cations, pyrazolium cations, oxazolium cations, pyrrolidinium cations, piperidinium cations, thiazolium cations, guanidinium cations, morpholinium cations, trialkylsulfonium cations or triazolium cations, which may be substituted by anions selected from the group consisting of: [PF6] - , [BF4] 31 , [CF3CO2] 31 , [CF3SO3] - and its higher homologues, [C4F9--SO3] 31 or [C8F 17 --SO3] - and higher perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, [(CF3SO2)2N] - , [(CF3SO2)(CF3COO)N] - ,[R 1 --SO3] - ,[R 1 --O--SO3] 31 ,[R 1 --COO] - ,Cr - ,Br - , [NO3] - , [N(CN)2] - , [HSO4] - , PF (6-x) R 3 x or [R 1 R 2 PO4] - , and the group R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen; linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; heteroaryl groups, heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl groups having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S in the heteroaryl group, which may be combined with at least one group selected from C1-C6 alkyl groups and / or halogen atoms; aryl-aryl C1-C6 alkyl groups having 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the aryl group, which may be substituted with at least one C1-C6 alkyl group; R 3It may be a perfluoroethyl group or a higher perfluoroalkyl group, and x is from 1 to 4. However, other combinations are also possible.

[0328] Ionic liquids with highly fluorinated anions are particularly preferred, since they generally have a high thermal stability. Such anions certainly reduce the water absorption capacity, for example in the case of the bis(trifluoromethylsulfinyl)imide anion.

[0329] Exemplary ionic liquids include, for example, butylmethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MBPimide), methylpropylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MPPimide), hexylmethylimidazolium tris(perfluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate (HMIMPFET), hexylmethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (HMIMimide), hexylmethylpyrrolidinium (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (HMP), tetrabutylphosphonium tris(perfluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate (BuPPFET), octylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (OMIM PF6), hexylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl imide (Hpyimide), methyl trioctylammonium trifluoroacetate (MOAac), butylmethylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate (MBPPFET), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (HPDimide), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate (EMIM ethyl sulfate), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) The products include trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (2,4,4-trifluoromethylpentyl) phosphinate, tributyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, etc.

[0330] The cation / anion combinations that produce ionic liquids include, for example, dialkylimidazolium, pyridinium, ammonium and phosphonium, etc., with organic anions such as sulfonate, imide, methine, etc., and inorganic anions such as halide and phosphate, etc., and any other combination of cations and anions that can achieve low melting points is also conceivable. Ionic liquids have extremely low vapor pressures, depending on their chemical structure, are non-flammable, and generally have thermal stability up to 260°C or more, and are also suitable for use as heat transfer fluids.

[0331] By selecting suitable cations and anions, ionic liquids are used to achieve the desired properties of heat transfer fluids. These desirable properties include adjusting the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid to expand the area of ​​use, increasing the service life of the heat transfer fluid, and adjusting the viscosity to improve temperature adaptability. Suitable cations for ionic liquids have been shown to be phosphonium cations, imidazolium cations, pyridinium cations or pyrrolidinium cations, which can be combined with fluorine-containing anions selected from bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide, perfluoroalkylsulfonate, tri(perfluoroalkyl)methylene, bis(perfluoroalkyl)imide, bis(perfluoroaryl)imide, perfluoroarylperfluoroalkylsulfonylimide and tri(perfluoro-alkyl)trifluorophosphate or with halogen-free alkyl sulfate anions.

[0332] Ionic liquids preferably have highly fluorinated anions because they generally have high thermal stability. Such anions can significantly reduce the water absorption capacity, for example, when using bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) anions.

[0333] In one embodiment, such ionic liquid additives may be used in an amount of about 0.1 to 10 wt%, preferably 0.5 to 7.5 wt%, and more preferably about 0.75 to 5 wt%.

[0334] Antistatic Additives

[0335] In electrical device components, static electricity can be generated, especially when using heat transfer fluids. To reduce this risk, conductive antistatic additives can be added to the heat transfer fluid and distributed throughout the heat transfer fluid. Thus, such heat transfer fluids will avoid performance degradation associated with local breakdown of the base material and safety issues caused by static electricity accumulation.

[0336] A class of products called "antistatic fluids" or "antistatic additives," which are also petroleum distillates, can be added to adjust the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid to a safe level, for example, at or above 100 pico-Siemens per meter of conductivity. Very small amounts of these antistatic fluids are needed to raise the conductivity to the desired level, i.e., approximately 10 to 30 milliliters per 1,000 gallons of hydrocarbon.

[0337] According to another feature of the present description, the antistatic additive is selected from a group of commercially available materials based on the material's ability to be chemically compatible with the heat transfer fluid and cost-effectiveness to adjust the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid to a desired level for the intended application of the heat transfer fluid.

[0338] Typical antistatic fluids are ExxonMobil TM Chemical's series of dearomatized fluids, called Exxsol TM Fluids. Representative fluids and their distillation points include Exxsol TMAntistatic fluid hexane (minimum 65 IBP (°C), maximum 71 DP (°C), and additive amount 30 ml / 1000 gal), D 40 (minimum 150 IBP (°C), maximum 210 DP (°C), and additive amount 30 ml / 1000 gal), D 3135 (minimum 152 IBP (°C), maximum 182 DP (°C), and additive amount 10 ml / 1000 gal) and D60 (minimum 177 IBP (°C), maximum 220 DP (°C), and additive amount 30 ml / 1000 gal). IBP is the temperature at which 1% of the material is distilled, and DP is the temperature at which 96% of the material is distilled.

[0339] Other exemplary antistatic agents are based on long chain fatty amines (optionally ethoxylated) and amides, quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., behentrimonium chloride or cocamidopropyl betaine), phosphate esters, polyethylene glycol esters or polyols. Other antistatic agents include long chain alkylphenols, ethoxylated amines, glycerides such as glyceryl monostearate, amides, glycols and fatty acids.

[0340] The amount of antistatic additive required to adjust the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is determined by measuring the conductivity of the heat transfer fluid while mixing the antistatic additive and stopping when the desired conductivity consistent with the application is reached. The amount of antistatic additive mixed will be between 0.001 wt % and 10 wt % of the weight of the heat transfer fluid, preferably between 1 wt % and 7.5 wt %, although it can be mixed in 10 to 100,000 parts per million of liquid volume.

[0341] Pour Point Depressant (PPD)

[0342] Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lubricant flow promoters) may be added to the heat transfer fluid compositions of the present specification if desired. These pour point depressants may be added to the heat transfer fluid compositions of the present specification to reduce the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of halogenated paraffin waxes and aromatic compounds, carboxylic acid vinyl ester polymers, and terpolymers of dialkyl fumarates, fatty acid vinyl esters, and allyl vinyl ethers. U.S. Patents Nos. 1,815,022; 2,015,748; 2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655,479; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715 disclose useful pour point depressants and / or their preparation. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 3% by weight, and more preferably about 0.5 to 1.5% by weight.

[0343] Seal compatibility agent

[0344] The heat transfer fluid composition can include at least one sealing compatibilizer. The sealing compatibilizer helps expand the elastomer seal by causing a chemical reaction in the fluid or a physical change in the elastomer. The sealing compatibilizer suitable for heat transfer fluids includes organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (e.g., butyl benzyl phthalate) and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. The amount of this type of additive can be about 0.01 to 5 weight %, preferably 0.1 to 3 weight %, more preferably about 0.5 to 1.5 weight %.

[0345] Friction modifiers

[0346] The heat transfer fluid composition can include at least one friction modifier.Friction modifier is any one or more materials that can change the surface friction coefficient.Friction modifier, also referred to as friction reducer, or lubricity agent or oiliness agent, and the ability of changing base oil, the heat transfer fluid composition of preparation or functional fluid to change other such agents of the surface friction coefficient can be effectively used in combination with the base oil or heat transfer fluid composition of this specification, if necessary.The friction modifier that reduces the friction coefficient is particularly advantageous with the base oil and lubricating oil composition combination of this specification.

[0347] Exemplary friction modifiers may include, for example, organometallic compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof. Exemplary organometallic friction modifiers that may be used in the heat transfer fluid formulations of the present specification include, for example, molybdenum amines, molybdenum diamines, organic tungstates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Similar tungsten-based compounds may be preferred.

[0348] Other exemplary friction modifiers useful in the heat transfer fluid formulations of the present disclosure include, for example, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, borated glycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof.

[0349] Exemplary alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearates, fatty acid polyglycol esters, etc. These may include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isostearate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palmitate, and the like.

[0350] Exemplary alkanolamides include, for example, lauric acid diethyl alkanolamide, palmitic acid diethyl alkanolamide, etc. These may include oleic acid diethyl alkanolamide, stearic acid diethyl alkanolamide, oleic acid diethyl alkanolamide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbyl amides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbyl amides, and the like.

[0351] Exemplary polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol monooleate, saturated mono-, di- and tri-glycerides, glycerol monostearate, etc. These may include polyol esters, hydroxyl-containing polyol esters, and the like.

[0352] Exemplary borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, boric acid glyceryl monooleate, borated saturated monoglyceride, diglyceride and triglyceride, borated glyceryl monostearate, etc.Except glyceryl polyol, these can include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, etc.These esters can be polyol monocarboxylic acid esters, polyol dicarboxylic acid esters, and polyol tricarboxylic acid esters sometimes.Preferred can be glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl dioleate, glyceryl trioleate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate and glyceryl tristearate and corresponding glyceryl monopalmitate, glyceryl dipalmitate and glyceryl tripalmitate, and separate isostearic acid ester, linoleic acid ester, etc.Sometimes glyceride can be preferred and contain any of these mixtures.Can preferably ethoxylate, propoxylate, butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyol, especially use glycerol as basic polyol.

[0353] Exemplary fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether, myristyl ether, and the like. 50 The alcohols with the carbon number of 100 to 100 carbon atoms may be ethoxylated, propoxylated or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The base alcohol portion may preferably be stearyl, myristyl, C 11 -C 13 Hydrocarbon, oleyl, isosteryl, etc.

[0354] The heat transfer fluids of the present description exhibit desirable properties, such as wear control, in the presence or absence of friction modifiers.

[0355] Useful concentrations of friction modifiers can be from 0.01 wt % to 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 2.5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, or from about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt %. The concentration of molybdenum-containing materials is usually described in terms of Mo metal concentration. The favorable concentration of Mo can be in the range of 25 ppm to 700 ppm or higher, and generally has a preferred range of 50-200 ppm. All types of friction modifiers can be used alone or in combination with the materials of this specification. Usually a mixture of two or more friction modifiers, or a mixture of a friction modifier with an alternative surface active material is also desirable.

[0356] Extreme Pressure Agents

[0357] The heat transfer fluid composition may include at least one extreme pressure agent (EP). EP agents soluble in oil include sulfur-containing and chlorine-sulfur-containing EP agents, chlorinated hydrocarbon EP agents, and phosphorus EP agents. Examples of such EP agents include chlorinated waxes; sulfurized olefins (e.g., sulfurized isobutylene), organic sulfides and polysulfides such as dibenzyl disulfide, bis-(chlorobenzyl) disulfide, dibutyl tetrasulfide, sulfurized methyl oleate, sulfurized alkylphenols, sulfurized dipentenes, sulfurized terpenes, and sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons such as the reaction product of phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters such as di- and tri-alkyl phosphites, e.g., dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, amylphenyl phosphite; diamylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite, and polypropylene-substituted phenol phosphites; metal thiocarbamates such as zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenol dioate; amine salts of alkyl and dialkyl phosphoric acids or derivatives; and mixtures thereof (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,197,405).

[0358] The extreme pressure agent may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt%, preferably 0.01 to 1.5 wt%, more preferably 0.01 to 0.2 wt%, still more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 wt% (based on the received state), based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0359] Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles

[0360] The heat transfer fluid may include nanomaterials and / or nanoparticles. The nanomaterials and / or nanoparticles may advantageously change the heat transfer properties of the heat transfer fluid of the present specification.

[0361] The heat transfer fluids of the present description can be combined with engineered nanomaterials, nanomaterials, and nanoparticles to exhibit advantageous heat transfer performance and properties.

[0362] Engineered nanomaterials, also known as nanomaterials, are materials that contain nanoparticles, which are small-scale aggregates of atoms and / or molecules, and are produced to have unique / novel properties that differ from the corresponding bulk material.

[0363] Nanoparticles are particles with one or more sizes ranging from about 1 nm to about 100 nm (nm = nanometer). In one aspect, it can be considered that the nanoparticles act without considering the surrounding interface layer. On the other hand, it can be considered that the effect of the nanoparticles includes the effect of the interface layer.

[0364] Nanomaterials and nanoparticle compositions include, for example, metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Cu, Fe, combinations thereof, etc.), non-metals (e.g., C, B, Si, O, P, N, halides, combinations thereof, etc.), metalloids, metal alloys, intermetallic compounds, conductors, semiconductors, insulators, electroactive materials; optically active, electro-optical, polarizing, polarizable materials; magnetic, ferromagnetic, diamagnetic, electromagnetic, nonmagnetic materials; organics, organics containing heteroatoms, organometals; inorganics, ceramics, metal oxides (e.g., Ti oxides, Zn oxides, Ce oxides, etc.); salts, complex salts, detergent-metal salt complexes, detergent-metal carbonate complexes, overbased detergent complexes, micelle-metal salt complexes, micelle-metal carbonate complexes, and combinations thereof; single crystals, polycrystalline, polycrystalline, semi-crystalline, amorphous, semi-amorphous, glassy, ​​combinations thereof, etc.

[0365] Nanomaterials and nanoparticles also include, for example, agglomerated materials, non-agglomerated materials; hydrophobic soluble, insoluble, partially soluble materials; hydrophilic soluble, insoluble, partially soluble materials; fullerane, fullerene, and functionalized derivatives thereof; carborane, boranes, borates, boron amines; boron-carbon, boron-heteroatom, boron-metal / metalloid complexes; graphene, and functionalized derivatives thereof; single carbon atom sheets or multi-sheet materials, and functionalized derivatives thereof; single-walled, seamless, cylindrical carbon nanotubes, and functionalized derivatives thereof; nanotubes and functionalized derivatives thereof, comprising, for example, carbon, boron, nitrides, heteroatoms, combinations thereof, etc.; nanotubes and functionalized derivatives thereof, which are, for example, single-walled, multi-walled, coaxial, rolling vortex, uncapped, capped, etc.; nanowires and functionalized derivatives thereof, comprising Containing, for example, carbon, boron, nitrides, heteroatoms, combinations thereof, etc.; quantum dots including, for example, semiconductors, Cd selenides, Cd tellurides, etc.; molecular sheets, which are, for example, single layers, multilayers, interlayers, laminated, rolled, rolled and rolled, folded, intercalated, plates, sheets, etc.; nanowires, such as molecular strings, molecular wires, molecular ropes, molecular cables, coaxial cables, single and multi-wires, coiled, spiraled, interwoven, etc.; core-shell, core-coating, surface modified, surface functionalized; in some cases, having a low aspect ratio in all dimensions, such as a morphology close to 1, and in other cases, having a high aspect ratio for at least one pair of dimensions, such as a morphology greater than 1, greater than 5, greater than 10, greater than 50, greater than 100, greater than 500, or even greater than 1000.

[0366] Suitable nanomaterials and nanoparticles are prepared, for example, by the following methods: synthesis, chemical reaction, nucleation and crystal growth; crystallization, precipitation; complexation; acid-base reaction; solubilization of metal salts, metal oxides, and metal carbonates; carboxylic acid-base reaction; solubilization of carboxylic acids or carboxylates of metal salts, metal oxides, and metal carbonates; overbasing of metal carboxylates; overbasing of detergent metal carbonates; liquid deposition; physical processes such as grinding, grinding, and pulverization of bulk materials; colloidal processes; jet extrusion, atomization, vaporization, vapor deposition, and ion beam decomposition; physical separation, chemical separation; deconstruction, decomposition, digestion, stratification, and intercalation of bulk materials; combinations thereof, etc.

[0367] The incorporation of nanomaterials and nanoparticles into heat transfer fluids may be improved as desired by using one or more suitable compatibilizers, including, for example, solvents, dispersants, detergents, overbased detergents, solubilizers; complexing agents, complexing agents having electron donating groups, including, for example, O, S, N, PO, heteroatom functional groups, anions, and the like; complexing agents having electron accepting groups, including, for example, metals, metalloids, B, P, Si, cations, alkali metal and alkaline earth ions, complexing cations, and the like; micelles, micellar complexes, micelle-metal salt complexes, detergent-metal salt complexes, overbased detergent complexes; ionic liquids; hydrocarbon-based base oils containing, for example, aromatics, heteroaromatics, heteroatoms, polar functional groups, polarizable groups and structures, alcohols, ethers, polyethers, esters, polyesters, carbonates, polycarbonates, amines, polyamines, amides, polyamides, ureas, carboxyls, carboxylates, combinations thereof, and the like.

[0368] Heat transfer fluids containing nanomaterials and nanoparticles can have advantageous properties and characteristics including, for example, extended service life, improved oxidation stability, improved thermal stability, improved wear protection, improved extreme pressure wear protection, improved cleanliness, controlled friction, controlled thermal conductivity, controlled heat capacity, controlled electrical conductivity.

[0369] Nanomaterials and nanoparticles may be used in amounts of 0.01 to 20 wt%, preferably 0.1 to 10 wt%, more preferably 0.5 to 7.5 wt%, still more preferably 1 to 5 wt% (as received), based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0370] When the heat transfer fluid composition includes one or more of the above additives, the additives are incorporated into the composition in an amount sufficient to allow them to perform their intended functions. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present specification are shown in Table 3 below.

[0371] It is worth noting that many additives are shipped from additive manufacturers as concentrates, which contain one or more additives together with a certain amount of base oil diluent. Therefore, the weights in Table 3 below and other amounts mentioned in this application are for the amount of active ingredient (i.e., the non-diluent portion of the ingredient). The weight percentages (wt%) shown below are based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid composition.

[0372] Table 3

[0373]

[0374] The above additives are all commercially available materials. These additives can be added individually but are usually pre-combined in packages available from heat transfer fluid additive suppliers. Additive packages are available with a variety of compositions, ratios and properties, and the selection of the appropriate package will take into account the necessary use of the final component.

[0375] List of implementation plans

[0376] This specification provides, inter alia, the following embodiments, each of which may be considered to optionally include any alternative embodiments.

[0377] Clause 1: A method of operating a heat transfer system, comprising circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop comprising a pump, a pipe, and a heat exchanger, obtaining a real-time measurement of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property selected from density (ρ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid is determined by the following equation 流体 ):

[0378] and

[0379] Based on NEF 流体 Determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid, where if NEF 流体 is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 Above a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered feasible.

[0380] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein the pump is one of a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump.

[0381] Clause 3: The method of clause 1, wherein the electrical system is selected from an electric vehicle, an onboard power electronic device, an electric motor, a generator, a battery, a rechargeable battery system, a charging station, an AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converter, an electronic device, a computer, a server group, a data center, a transformer, a power management system, an electronic device that controls a battery, and any combination thereof.

[0382] Clause 4: The method of clause 3, wherein circulating the heat transfer fluid further comprises directly cooling surfaces of one or more electrical components of the electrical system with the heat transfer fluid.

[0383] Clause 5: The method according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the selected prevailing flow regime within the heat transfer circuit is selected from the group consisting of laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow.

[0384] Clause 6: A method according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises monitoring the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors in communication with the heat transfer fluid as the heat transfer fluid circulates within the heat transfer loop, and obtaining real-time measurements of the fluid properties using the one or more sensors.

[0385] Clause 7: The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises extracting a sample of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop and analyzing the sample of the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors.

[0386] Clause 8: A method as set forth in any of the preceding clauses, further comprising: 流体 When the temperature falls below a predetermined threshold, an alarm is sent to an operator of the electrical device and at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid is replaced.

[0387] Clause 9: A method according to any of the preceding clauses, wherein the electrical device is an autonomous vehicle, the method further comprising: 流体 When the temperature falls below a predetermined threshold, an alert is sent to the autonomous vehicle, and the autonomous vehicle is directed to a maintenance station to replace at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid.

[0388] Clause 10: The method of any of the preceding clauses, further comprising monitoring a temperature of the electrical system, and if the temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature limit and the condition of the heat transfer fluid is feasible, concluding that the electrical system has a hardware problem.

[0389] Clause 11: The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heat transfer circuit is primarily heat transport.

[0390] Clause 12: The method of any one of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the heat transfer circuit is primarily heat transfer.

[0391] Clause 13: The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of Group I base oils, Group II base oils, Group III base oils, Group IV base oils, and Group V base oils.

[0392] Clause 14: The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from aromatic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, esters, ethers, fluorinated fluids, nanofluids, and silicone oils.

[0393] Clause 15: The method of any of the preceding clauses, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, anti-wear additives, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and any combination thereof.

[0394] Item 16: The method of any of the preceding items, wherein the reference fluid is at least one fluid selected from the group consisting of biphenyl 26.5% + diphenyl ether 73.5%, siloxane (>95%, KV10016.6cSt), organosilicate (>90%, KV1000.93cSt), organosilicate (>90%, KV100 1.6cSt), perfluorinated fluid C5-C8 (KV25 2.2cSt), and 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-hexane (>99%).

[0395] Clause 17: The method of any of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the reference fluid comprises a heat transfer fluid in a fresh or unused state.

[0396] Clause 18: A method of operating a heat transfer system, comprising circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop comprising a pump, a pipe, and a heat exchanger, obtaining real-time measurements of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property selected from the group consisting of density (ρ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid is determined by the following equation 流体 ):

[0397]

[0398] Based on NEF 流体 Determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid, where if NEF 流体is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 If the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, the condition is deemed feasible, the temperature of the electrical system is monitored, and if the temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature limit and the condition of the heat transfer fluid is feasible, it is determined that there is a hardware problem with the electrical system.

[0399] Clause 19: The method of clause 18, wherein the pump is one of a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump.

[0400] Clause 20: The method of clause 18 or clause 19, wherein the electrical system is selected from the group consisting of an electric vehicle, an onboard power electronics device, an electric motor, a generator, a battery, a rechargeable battery system, a charging station, an AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converter, an electronic device, a computer, a server group, a data center, a transformer, a power management system, an electronic device that controls a battery, and any combination thereof.

[0401] Clause 21: The method of clause 20, wherein circulating the heat transfer fluid further comprises directly cooling surfaces of one or more electrical components of the electrical system with the heat transfer fluid.

[0402] Clause 22: The method of any of Clauses 18 to 21, wherein the dominant flow regime selected within the heat transfer circuit is selected from the group consisting of laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow.

[0403] Clause 23: The method of any one of clauses 18 to 22, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises monitoring the heat transfer fluid as the heat transfer fluid circulates within the heat transfer loop using one or more sensors in communication with the heat transfer fluid, and obtaining real-time measurements of the fluid properties via the one or more sensors.

[0404] Clause 24: The method of any of clauses 18 to 22, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises extracting a sample of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop and analyzing the sample of the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors.

[0405] Clause 25: The method of any of clauses 18 to 24, further comprising sending an alert to an operator of the electrical equipment when it is determined that the electrical system has a hardware problem.

[0406] Clause 26: A method according to any one of clauses 18 to 25, wherein the electrical device is an autonomous vehicle, the method further comprising sending an alarm to the autonomous vehicle when it is determined that there is a hardware problem with the electrical system, and directing the autonomous vehicle to a maintenance station to resolve the hardware problem.

[0407] Clause 27: The method of any one of clauses 18 to 26, wherein the heat transfer loop is primarily heat transport.

[0408] Clause 28: The method of any one of clauses 18 to 26, wherein the heat transfer circuit is primarily heat transfer.

[0409] Clause 29: The method of any of clauses 18 to 28, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from the group consisting of Group I base oils, Group II base oils, Group III base oils, Group IV base oils, and Group V base oils.

[0410] Clause 30: The method of any of clauses 18 to 28, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from aromatic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, esters, ethers, fluorinated fluids, nanofluids, and silicone oils.

[0411] Clause 31: The method of any of clauses 18 to 30, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more additives selected from antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, anti-wear additives, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and any combination.

[0412] Clause 32: The method of any one of clauses 18 to 31, wherein the reference fluid is at least one fluid selected from the group consisting of biphenyl 26.5% + diphenyl ether 73.5%, siloxane (>95%, KV10016.6cSt), organic silicate (>90%, KV1000.93cSt), organic silicate (>90%, KV100 1.6cSt), perfluorinated fluid C5-C8 (KV25 2.2cSt), and 3-ethoxy-1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-dodecafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-hexane (>99%).

[0413] Clause 33: The method of any of clauses 18 to 31, wherein the reference fluid comprises a heat transfer fluid in a fresh or unused state.

[0414] All patents and patent applications, test procedures (eg, ASTM methods, UL methods, etc.), and other documents cited herein are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this specification and in all jurisdictions where such disclosure is applicable and incorporation is permitted.

[0415] When the application lists numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits, the range from any lower limit to any upper limit is covered. Although the illustrative embodiments of the present specification have been specifically described, it should be understood that various other modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art and can be easily made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present specification. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims is not limited to the examples and descriptions set forth in the present application, but the claims are interpreted to cover all features of patentable novelty present in the present specification, including those skilled in the art to which the present specification belongs will regard them as their equivalents.

[0416] The present specification has been described above with reference to many embodiments and specific examples. In view of the above detailed description, many changes will occur to those skilled in the art. All these obvious changes are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of operating a heat transfer system, comprising circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop comprising a pump, a pipe, and a heat exchanger, obtaining real-time measurements of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property being selected from density ( ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime in the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid is determined by the following equation 流体 ): Based on NEF 流体 Determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid, where if NEF 流体 is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 Above a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered feasible.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pump is one of a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical system is selected from the group consisting of an electric vehicle, a charging station, an electronic device, and any combination thereof. 4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein circulating the heat transfer fluid further comprises directly cooling surfaces of one or more electrical components of the electrical system with the heat transfer fluid.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the selected prevailing flow regime within the heat transfer circuit is selected from the group consisting of laminar flow, transitional flow and turbulent flow.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises monitoring the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors in communication with the heat transfer fluid as the heat transfer fluid circulates within the heat transfer loop, and obtaining real-time measurements of the fluid properties using the one or more sensors.

7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises extracting a sample of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop and analyzing the sample of the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising: 流体 When the temperature falls below a predetermined threshold, an alarm is sent to an operator of the electrical system and at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid is replaced.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the electrical system is an autonomous vehicle, the method further comprising: 流体 When the temperature falls below a predetermined threshold, an alert is sent to the autonomous vehicle, and the autonomous vehicle is directed to a maintenance station to replace at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid.

10. The method of claim 8, further comprising monitoring a temperature of the electrical system and concluding that the electrical system has a hardware problem if the temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature limit and the condition of the heat transfer fluid is acceptable.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat transfer circuit is primarily heat transport.

12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat transfer circuit is primarily heat transfer.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from the group consisting of Group I base oils, Group II base oils, Group III base oils, Group IV base oils, and Group V base oils.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from aromatic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, esters, ethers, fluorinated fluids, nanofluids and silicone oils.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more additives selected from antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, anti-wear additives, nanomaterials, and any combination thereof.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reference fluid comprises a heat transfer fluid in a fresh state.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical system is selected from the group consisting of onboard power electronics, computers, server farms, data centers, transformers, power management systems, and any combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical system is selected from a motor, a generator, a battery, an AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converter, and any combination thereof.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrical system is selected from the group consisting of a rechargeable battery system, an electronic device that controls the battery, and any combination thereof.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the nanomaterial comprises nanoparticles.

21. A method of operating a heat transfer system, comprising circulating a non-aqueous dielectric heat transfer fluid through a heat transfer loop in fluid communication with an electrical system, the heat transfer loop comprising a pump, piping, and a heat exchanger, obtaining real-time measurements of a fluid property of the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the fluid property selected from density ( ), specific heat (c p ), dynamic viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (k), and calculates the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the heat transfer fluid based on the real-time fluid properties and the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime within the heat transfer loop. 流体 ), and calculate the dimensional effectiveness factor (DEF) of the reference fluid for the selected pump and the selected dominant flow regime in the heat transfer circuit. 参考 ), the normalized effectiveness factor (NEF) of the heat transfer fluid is determined by the following equation 流体 ): Based on NEF 流体 Determine the condition of the heat transfer fluid, where if NEF 流体 is below a predetermined threshold, the condition is considered to be deteriorating, and if NEF 流体 If the temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold, the condition is deemed feasible, the temperature of the electrical system is monitored, and if the temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature limit and the condition of the heat transfer fluid is feasible, it is determined that there is a hardware problem with the electrical system.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the pump is one of a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump.

23. The method of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein the electrical system is selected from an electric vehicle, a charging station, an electronic device, and any combination thereof.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein circulating the heat transfer fluid further comprises directly cooling surfaces of one or more electrical components of the electrical system with the heat transfer fluid.

25. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the prevailing flow regime selected within the heat transfer loop is selected from the group consisting of laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow.

26. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises monitoring the heat transfer fluid with one or more sensors in communication with the heat transfer fluid as the heat transfer fluid circulates within the heat transfer loop, and obtaining real-time measurements of the fluid properties via the one or more sensors.

27. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein obtaining real-time measurements of fluid properties comprises extracting a sample of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop and analyzing the sample of the heat transfer fluid using one or more sensors.

28. The method of claim 21 or 22, further comprising sending an alert to an operator of the electrical system when it is determined that the electrical system has a hardware problem.

29. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the electrical system is an autonomous vehicle, the method further comprising sending an alarm to the autonomous vehicle when it is determined that there is a hardware problem with the electrical system, and directing the autonomous vehicle to a maintenance station to resolve the hardware problem.

30. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the heat transfer loop is primarily heat transport.

31. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the heat transfer loop is primarily heat transfer.

32. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from the group consisting of Group I base oils, Group II base oils, Group III base oils, Group IV base oils, and Group V base oils.

33. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a fluid selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, paraffins, isoparaffins, esters, ethers, fluorinated fluids, nanofluids and silicone oils.

34. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises one or more additives selected from antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, defoamers, anti-wear additives, nanomaterials, and any combination thereof.

35. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the reference fluid comprises a heat transfer fluid in a fresh state.

36. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the electrical system is selected from the group consisting of onboard power electronics, computers, server farms, data centers, transformers, power management systems, and any combination thereof.

37. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the electrical system is selected from a motor, a generator, a battery, an AC-DC / DC-AC / AC-AC / DC-DC converter, and any combination thereof.

38. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the electrical system is selected from a rechargeable battery system, an electronic device that controls the battery, and any combination thereof.

39. The method of claim 34, wherein the nanomaterial comprises nanoparticles.

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