Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, preparation method and naked carp breeding method

Abstract

The present invention provides a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, a preparation method and a naked carp breeding method. The present invention extracts active ingredients from garlic waste through secondary utilization and prepares feed, which can not only improve the growth rate and survival rate of Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish, but also improve resource utilization. The method of the present invention is simple to implement and has obvious effects. After 60 days of breeding, the average actual weight gain of naked carp is 8.686%, and the survival rate is 89.107%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, and in particular to a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, a preparation method and a naked carp breeding method. Background Art

[0002] Naked carp of Qinghai Lake, commonly known as "Huangyu", is a plateau native fish and a core species in the "water-bird-fish" ecological chain of Qinghai Lake. In 2004, naked carp of Qinghai Lake was listed in the endangered species list of the "Red List of Chinese Species". Naked carp of Qinghai Lake has high ecological, scientific and economic value. Therefore, in order to effectively protect the rare fish resources of Qinghai Lake and meet the strong market demand, artificial breeding has made breakthrough progress. However, the feed used for artificial naked carp of Qinghai Lake is still very limited. Although relevant technical research has been done, it is still difficult to buy feed for naked carp of Qinghai Lake on the market. The feed for artificial breeding is usually ordinary fish feed sold on the market.

[0003] The growth rate of naked carp of Qinghai Lake is very slow, and its body is naked and scaleless. When aquaculture is carried out in artificial desalination breeding workshops, diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, protozoa, crustaceans, etc. occur, resulting in a low survival rate, which is not conducive to the further development of artificial breeding. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the above problems, the present invention intends to provide a feed which can increase the growth rate of adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake, enhance the immunity of fish and improve the survival rate.

[0005] Studies have shown that adding a certain amount of garlic to fish feed can attract fish and improve their immunity and survival rate. However, the small amount of garlic resources and high cost have inhibited the development of garlic in the aquatic industry. In daily production, garlic is not fully utilized. Garlic waste still contains a variety of garlic functional ingredients, such as allicin and polysaccharides. Directly discarding garlic waste will cause a huge waste of resources.

[0006] The present invention extracts the effective components in the garlic waste by subcritical water extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, prepares the feed, and realizes the secondary utilization of the garlic waste. Secondly, through the Box-Behnken central composite test design, the response surface method is used to evaluate the effects of the basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other component groups in the feed on the average weight growth and survival rate of naked carp in Qinghai Lake, and the feed formula is optimized accordingly, and the feed ratio with targeted effects on weight growth and survival rate is obtained.

[0007] In order to achieve the above technical effects, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0008] A Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: a basic nutrient component group: 50-60 parts of highland barley flour, 25-35 parts of protein powder, 15-25 parts of fern hemp powder, and 10-20 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; a garlic extract component group: 10-20 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, and 10-20 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; and other component groups: 5-10 parts of peanut oil, 3-5 parts of amino acids, 3-5 parts of salt, 3-5 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 3-5 parts of honey.

[0009] The Antarctic shrimp powder is a dry powder of Antarctic shrimp, which is often used as a feed ingredient and has an attractant effect on fish.

[0010] Sea buckthorn seeds refer to the fruits of sea buckthorn, which have high medicinal value and can enhance the resistance of fish to a certain extent.

[0011] By evaluating the effects of the basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other component groups in the feed on the average weight growth of naked carp of Qinghai Lake, the feed formula was optimized accordingly, and a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed was obtained, which is composed of the following raw materials by weight: 62-63 parts of highland barley flour, 36-37 parts of protein powder, 26-27 parts of fern hemp powder, 20-21 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 12-13 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 12-13 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; 5-6 parts of peanut oil, 2-3 parts of amino acids, 2-3 parts of salt, 2-3 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 2-3 parts of honey. The feed formula can mainly improve the weight gain rate of naked carp in a targeted manner.

[0012] Furthermore, a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 62.88 parts of highland barley flour, 36.68 parts of protein powder, 26.2 parts of fern hemp powder, 20.96 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 12.4 parts of dry paste powder of subcritical water extract of garlic waste, 12.4 parts of dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste; 5.08 parts of peanut oil, 2.54 parts of amino acids, 2.54 parts of salt, 2.54 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 2.54 parts of honey.

[0013] Thirdly, by evaluating the effects of the basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other component groups in the feed on the survival rate of naked carp of Qinghai Lake, the feed formula was optimized accordingly, and a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed was obtained, which is composed of the following raw materials by weight: 66-67 parts of highland barley flour, 38-39 parts of protein powder, 27-28 parts of fern hemp powder, 22-23 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 6-7 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 6-7 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; 2-3 parts of peanut oil, 1-2 parts of amino acids, 1-2 parts of salt, 1-2 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 1-2 parts of honey. The feed formula can mainly improve the survival rate of naked carp in a targeted manner.

[0014] Furthermore, a Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 66.6 parts of highland barley flour, 38.5 parts of protein powder, 27.5 parts of fern hemp powder, 22.2 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder, 6.62 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 6.62 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder, 2.48 parts of peanut oil, 1.24 parts of amino acids, 1.24 parts of salt, 1.24 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 1.24 parts of honey. The present invention also provides a method for preparing Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, comprising the following process:

[0015] (1) Weighing and drying garlic waste to a constant weight and placing it in a subcritical water extraction kettle, when all parts of the system reach 120-130° C., pumping in ultrapure water as an extractant, increasing the pressure of the extraction kettle to 5-10 MPa, collecting the extract in a collector, dynamically extracting for 1-1.5 hours, recovering the extract, using the residue for later use, combining the extract, and drying to obtain a dry paste powder of the garlic waste subcritical water extract;

[0016] (2) taking the residue in step (1) into a supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction device, extracting at a temperature of 40 to 45° C., an extraction pressure of 25 to 35 MPa, and a time of 1 to 2 h, collecting the extract, filtering, combining the filtrate, and concentrating and drying to obtain a dry paste powder of a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste;

[0017] (3) Weigh the raw materials according to the composition ratio, mix them evenly, make granules, and dry them.

[0018] Subcritical water can be used to extract the analytes in various solid samples and various difficult-to-extract natural products. Studies have shown that it can effectively extract polysaccharides and polyphenols, and can effectively extract polysaccharides, polyphenols and other effective ingredients from garlic waste.

[0019] Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology has the characteristics of low temperature treatment, high extraction rate, harmlessness to the human body, safety and stability, and can effectively extract allicin from garlic.

[0020] The invention also provides a method for raising adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake, comprising: raising the adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake by using the adult naked carp feed of Qinghai Lake.

[0021] Furthermore, the feeding method is to feed the fish with feed that specifically improves the survival rate for 20 days, and then feed the fish with feed that specifically improves the weight gain rate for 40 days, with the feed being fed twice a day and the feed amount being 5 grams per 100 fish.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0023] The feed of the invention can meet the nutritional requirements of adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake, improve the growth rate of adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake, increase the immunity of fish body and reduce the mortality rate.

[0024] The method for raising adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake is simple to implement and has obvious effect. After raising for 60 days, the average actual body weight gain is 8.686%, and the survival rate of naked carp is 89.107%.

[0025] The feed of the invention realizes the secondary utilization of garlic waste, can effectively improve resource utilization efficiency and protect the environment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The present invention is further described and illustrated below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. The "parts" in the following embodiments refer to parts by weight, and the products in the formulas are all purchased from the market.

[0027] A Box-Behnken central composite experimental design was carried out with the average weight gain and survival rate of naked carp of Qinghai Lake as the response values. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other ingredient groups on the average weight gain and survival rate of naked carp of Qinghai Lake.

[0028] 1800 naked carps of Qinghai Lake with uniform body shape, normal body color, good vitality and similar age were selected as experimental subjects, with an average weight of about 35g. The 1800 naked carps were randomly divided into 36 groups and raised in pools with the same water quality and terrain. The experimental stage was divided into two stages, and the naked carps were tested respectively. During the test, the experimental group consumed the feed prepared according to the preparation method of the present invention, and the control group used ordinary fish feed purchased on the market, which was Miao Tejia biological active feed produced by Sichuan Stejia Feed Co., Ltd., and the feed number was T6. The daily feeding times, feeding amount of 90 grams, feeding time, etc. were all the same. After 60 days of feeding, the average weight gain and survival rate of naked carps were statistically analyzed. The specific experimental results are shown in Tables 1 and 3.

[0029] Basic nutritional composition group:

[0030] -1: 50 parts of highland barley flour, 25 parts of egg white powder, 15 parts of fern hemp powder, 10 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder;

[0031] 0: 55 parts of highland barley flour, 30 parts of egg white powder, 20 parts of fern hemp powder, 15 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder;

[0032] 1: 60 parts of highland barley flour, 35 parts of egg white powder, 25 parts of fern hemp powder, 20 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder;

[0033] Garlic Extract Group:

[0034] -1: 10 parts of dry powder of garlic waste subcritical water extract and 10 parts of dry powder of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract;

[0035] 0: 15 parts of dry paste powder of garlic waste subcritical water extract and 15 parts of dry paste powder of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract;

[0036] 1: 20 parts of dry powder of garlic waste subcritical water extract and 20 parts of dry powder of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract;

[0037] Other ingredient groups:

[0038] -1: 5 parts peanut oil, 3 parts amino acids, 3 parts salt, 3 parts seabuckthorn seeds, 3 parts honey;

[0039] 0: 7.5 parts of peanut oil, 4 parts of amino acids, 4 parts of salt, 4 parts of seabuckthorn seeds, 4 parts of honey;

[0040] 1: 10 parts of peanut oil, 5 parts of amino acids, 5 parts of salt, 5 parts of seabuckthorn seeds, and 5 parts of honey;

[0041] (I) Experiment on weight gain of adult naked carp in Qinghai Lake

[0042] Table 1 Box-Behnken central combination design and average weight growth test results of naked carp

[0043]

[0044] Table 2 Analysis of variance for fitting quadratic polynomial models

[0045]

[0046]

[0047] Note: P<0.01, extremely significant difference; P<0.05, significant difference.

[0048] The results of variance analysis show that the model's F = 171.52, P = 0.0001 < 0.01, indicating that the quadratic multinomial model selected in this experiment is highly significant. Therefore, the model has a good degree of fit, and this model can be used to analyze and predict the effect of garlic waste subcritical water extract and supercritical carbon dioxide extract on the average weight gain of naked carp in Qinghai Lake naked carp feed. Among the total factors, the first-order term of the regression equation has a high significance, indicating that the basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other component groups have a relatively significant effect on the average weight gain of naked carp.

[0049] According to the optimization analysis of the test results by DesignExpert 8.0.7.1 software, the best extraction conditions were determined as follows: basic nutrient group 0.262, garlic extract group 0.155 and other component group 0.127, that is, the basic nutrient group is: 15.72 parts of highland barley powder, 9.17 parts of protein powder, 6.55 parts of fern powder, 5.24 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; garlic extract group: 3.1 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 3.1 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; other component groups: 1.27 parts of peanut oil, 0.635 parts of amino acids, 0.635 parts of salt, 0.635 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, 0.635 parts of honey; under these conditions, the average weight gain of naked carp is predicted to be 8.736% (marked as feed 1). After the test, the actual average weight gain of naked carp is 8.727%, which is basically consistent with the predicted results.

[0050] (II) Survival rate test of naked carp in Qinghai Lake

[0051] Table 3 Box-Behnken central combination design and naked carp survival test results

[0052]

[0053]

[0054] Table 4 Analysis of variance for fitting quadratic polynomial models

[0055]

[0056] Note: P<0.01, extremely significant difference; P<0.05, significant difference.

[0057] The results of variance analysis show that the model's F = 17.75, P = 0.0005 < 0.01, indicating that the quadratic multinomial model selected in this experiment is highly significant. Therefore, the model has a good degree of fit, and this model can be used to analyze and predict the effects of garlic waste subcritical water extract and supercritical carbon dioxide extract on the survival rate of naked carp in Qinghai Lake naked carp feed. Among the total influencing factors, the first-order term of the regression equation has a high significance, indicating that the basic nutrient group, garlic extract group and other component groups have a relatively significant effect on the survival rate of naked carp.

[0058] According to the optimization analysis of the test results by DesignExpert 8.0.7.1 software, the best extraction conditions were determined as follows: basic nutrient group 1.110, garlic extract group 0.321 and other component group 0.248, that is, the basic nutrient group is: 66.6 parts of highland barley powder, 38.5 parts of protein powder, 27.5 parts of fern powder, 22.2 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; garlic extract group: 6.62 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 6.42 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; other component group: 2.48 parts of peanut oil, 1.24 parts of amino acids, 1.24 parts of salt, 1.24 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, 1.24 parts of honey (marked as feed 2); under this condition, the survival rate of naked carp is predicted to be 88.434%. After the test, the survival rate of naked carp is 89.368%, which is basically consistent with the predicted results.

[0059] (III) Embodiment

[0060] Example 1

[0061] A Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, which is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0062] 62.88 parts of highland barley flour, 36.68 parts of protein powder, 26.2 parts of bracken powder, 20.96 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 12.4 parts of dry paste powder of subcritical water extract of garlic waste, 12.4 parts of dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste; 5.08 parts of peanut oil, 2.54 parts of amino acids, 2.54 parts of salt, 2.54 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 2.54 parts of honey.

[0063] Feed preparation process:

[0064] (1) Weighing 10 kg of garlic waste sample dried to constant weight and placing it in a subcritical water extraction kettle, when all parts of the system reach 130° C., pumping an extractant (ultrapure water) into the extraction system, increasing the pressure of the extraction kettle to 7 MPa, collecting the extract in a collector, dynamically extracting for 90 min, recovering the extract, setting aside the residue for later use, combining the extracts, drying, and spray drying under reduced pressure to obtain a dry paste powder of the garlic waste subcritical water extract;

[0065] (2) taking the residue in step (1) and subjecting it to supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction equipment, extracting it at an extraction temperature of 44° C. and an extraction pressure of 33 MPa for 1.6 h, collecting the extract, filtering, combining the filtrate, concentrating, drying, and spray drying under reduced pressure to obtain a dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste;

[0066] (3) Weigh all raw materials according to the proportions of each group, mix the raw materials evenly, make granules, and dry them to obtain feed 1.

[0067] Example 2

[0068] A Qinghai Lake naked carp adult fish feed, which is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight:

[0069] 66.6 parts of highland barley flour, 38.5 parts of protein powder, 27.5 parts of bracken powder, 22.2 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 6.62 parts of dry paste powder of subcritical water extract of garlic waste, 6.62 parts of dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste; 2.48 parts of peanut oil, 1.24 parts of amino acids, 1.24 parts of salt, 1.24 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 1.24 parts of honey.

[0070] Feed preparation process:

[0071] (1) Weighing 10 kg of garlic waste sample dried to constant weight and placing it in a subcritical water extraction kettle, when all parts of the system reach 130° C., pumping an extractant (ultrapure water) into the extraction system, increasing the pressure of the extraction kettle to 7 MPa, collecting the extract in a collector, dynamically extracting for 90 min, recovering the extract, setting aside the residue for later use, combining the extracts, drying, and spray drying under reduced pressure to obtain a dry paste powder of the garlic waste subcritical water extract;

[0072] (2) taking the residue in step (1) and subjecting it to supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction equipment, extracting it at an extraction temperature of 44° C. and an extraction pressure of 33 MPa for 1.6 h, collecting the extract, filtering, combining the filtrate, concentrating, drying, and spray drying under reduced pressure to obtain a dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste;

[0073] (3) Weigh all raw materials according to the proportions of each group, mix the raw materials evenly, make granules, and dry them to obtain Feed 2.

[0074] 100 naked carps of Qinghai Lake with uniform body shape, normal body color, good vitality and similar age were selected as experimental subjects, with an average body weight of about 35 g. During the experiment, the experimental group was fed with feed 2 prepared according to the preparation method of the present invention for 20 days, and then fed with feed 1 prepared by the preparation method of the present invention for 40 days, with the same number of daily feeding times, feeding amount of 5 grams, feeding time, etc. The average weight gain and survival rate of naked carp were statistically analyzed, and the results showed that the actual average weight gain of naked carp was 8.686%, and the survival rate of naked carp was 89.107%.

Claims

1. A method for raising adult naked carp of Qinghai Lake, characterized in that: The feeding method comprises feeding with feed 2 for 20 days and then feeding with feed 1 for 40 days, feeding twice a day, and feeding an amount of 5 grams per 100 fish; The feed 2 is 66.6 parts of highland barley flour, 38.5 parts of protein powder, 27.5 parts of bracken powder, 22.2 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder, 6.62 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 6.62 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder, 2.48 parts of peanut oil, 1.24 parts of amino acids, 1.24 parts of salt, 1.24 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 1.24 parts of honey; The feed 1 is 62.88 parts of highland barley flour, 36.68 parts of protein powder, 26.2 parts of fern hemp powder, 20.96 parts of Antarctic shrimp powder; 12.4 parts of garlic waste subcritical water extract dry paste powder, 12.4 parts of garlic waste supercritical carbon dioxide extract dry paste powder; 5.08 parts of peanut oil, 2.54 parts of amino acids, 2.54 parts of salt, 2.54 parts of sea buckthorn seeds, and 2.54 parts of honey; The preparation method of the above two feeds comprises the following operations: (1) Weigh the garlic waste dried to a constant weight and place it in a subcritical water extraction kettle. When all parts of the system reach 130° C., pump the extractant into the kettle, increase the pressure of the extraction kettle to 7 MPa, collect the extract in a collector, perform dynamic extraction for 90 min, recover the extract, reserve the residue, combine the extract, and dry to obtain a dry paste powder of the garlic waste subcritical water extract; (2) taking the residue from step (1) and subjecting it to supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction equipment, extracting it for 1.6 h at an extraction temperature of 44° C. and an extraction pressure of 33 MPa, collecting the extract, filtering it, combining the filtrate, and concentrating and drying it to obtain a dry paste powder of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of garlic waste; (3) Weigh the raw materials according to the composition ratio, mix them evenly, make granules, and dry them.

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