Waterborne coating and its preparation method and application

Abstract

The application relates to the paint technology field, and provides a water-based paint, which comprises the following components in the following weight percentages, based on the total weight of the water-based paint being 100%: 40%-60% of carbon titanium cage water-based resin, 2%-3% of internal plasticizer, 0.3%-0.5% of adipic acid dihydrazide, 4%-6% of film forming aid, 0.5%-1% of anti-flash rust agent, 1%-2% of anti-rust pigment, 25%-40% of filler, 2.9%-5.8% of other aids and the rest of water. The water-based paint provided by the application is environment-friendly, has high salt fog resistance and high wear resistance, the paint film formed by the water-based paint has high toughness, high strong adhesion and high friction resistance, and meets the requirements of railway freight cars on the paint film performance.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of coatings, and particularly relates to a water-based coating and a preparation method and application thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] The car body of a railway wagon is usually made of steel structure. Since the running environment of the railway wagon is relatively complex and harsh and the running time is relatively long, the car body of the railway wagon usually needs to be coated with a paint surface for protection.

[0003] The traditional coating used for coating the railway wagon is mostly solvent-based coating with a high content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During the production and use of the solvent-based coating, volatile organic compounds are emitted into the air, which can pollute the environment. With the improvement of the requirements of the state on the atmospheric environmental quality and the environmental protection performance of coatings, the railway wagon industry currently tends to use water-based coatings. Although the water-based coating has been greatly improved in terms of green environmental protection, the current water-based coating still has the problem of insufficient protection performance based on the performance requirements of the railway wagon for the coating. SUMMARY

[0004] The application aims to provide a water-based coating and a preparation method and application thereof, and aims to solve the problem that the existing water-based coating cannot meet the performance requirements of the paint for the railway wagon.

[0005] To achieve the above application purposes, the technical solutions adopted by the application are as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, the application provides a water-based coating, which comprises the following components in the following weight percentages, based on 100% of the total weight of the water-based coating:

[0007] Carbon titanium cage water-based resin 40% to 60%;

[0008] Internal plasticizer 2% to 3%;

[0009] Adipic acid dihydrazide 0.3% to 0.5%;

[0010] Film forming aid 4% to 6%;

[0011] Anti-flash rust agent 0.5% to 1%;

[0012] Anti-rust pigment 1% to 2%;

[0013] Filler 25% to 40%;

[0014] Other aids 2.9% to 5.8%;

[0015] The balance is water.

[0016] In a second aspect, the application provides a preparation method of a water-based coating, comprising the following steps:

[0017] weighing each component raw material of the water-based paint as described above;

[0018] mixing the carbon titanium cage water-based resin, the internal plasticizer, the adipic acid dihydrazide, the film forming aid, the anti-flash rust agent, the anti-rust pigment, the filler, the other aid, and the water to obtain the water-based paint.

[0019] In a third aspect, the application provides an application of the water-based paint as described above, which is applied to the surface of a railway wagon.

[0020] The water-based paint provided in the first aspect of the application takes the carbon titanium cage water-based resin as the main raw material, takes water as the film forming material carrier, and is matched with the internal plasticizer and the adipic acid dihydrazide. In the film forming process, the internal plasticizer can copolymerize with the film forming material, and the adipic acid dihydrazide can crosslink with the film forming material. The two work together to make the formed paint film have better toughness and adhesion. At the same time, the film forming aid, the anti-flash rust agent, the anti-rust pigment, the filler, and the other aid are added in specific amounts, so as to obtain the water-based paint which is environmentally friendly and has high salt mist resistance and high wear resistance. The paint film formed by the water-based paint has high toughness, high strong adhesion, and high friction resistance, and meets the requirements of the railway wagon on the performance of the paint film.

[0021] The preparation method of the water-based paint provided in the second aspect of the application can prepare the water-based paint which is environmentally friendly and has high salt mist resistance and high wear resistance by mixing each component raw material. The preparation method is simple, convenient, and easy to operate, and is conducive to wide use.

[0022] The application of the water-based paint provided in the third aspect of the application coats the water-based paint provided in the application on the surface of the body of the railway wagon, which can provide long-term protection for the body of the railway wagon, improve the universality of the railway wagon to the assembled goods and prolong the running time, and meet the paint requirements of the railway wagon industry. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of the application more clear and explicit, the application will be further described in detail below in combination with embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the application and do not limit the application.

[0024] In the application, the term "and / or" describes the association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three kinds of relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can mean that A exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone. Wherein A and B can be singular or plural. The character " / " generally represents an "or" relationship between the front and rear associated objects.

[0025] In this application, "at least one" means one or more, "multiple" means two or more. "At least one of the following (one)" or the like refers to any combination of these items, including any combination of single or multiple items. For example, "at least one of a, b, or c", or "at least one of a, b, and c" can mean a, b, c, a-b (i.e. a and b), a-c, b-c, or a-b-c, where a, b, and c can be single or multiple.

[0026] It should be understood that the size of the sequence number of the above-mentioned processes in various embodiments of the present application does not mean the order of execution, and part or all of the steps can be executed in parallel or in sequence. The execution order of each process should be determined according to its function and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of the present application.

[0027] The terms used in the embodiments of the present application are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the present application. The singular forms "a", "said" and "the" used in the embodiments of the present application and the appended claims are also intended to include the plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0028] The weight of the related components mentioned in the specification of the embodiments of the present application can not only refer to the specific content of each component, but also represent the weight ratio relationship between each component. Therefore, as long as the content of the related components in the specification of the embodiments of the present application is enlarged or reduced in proportion, it is within the scope disclosed in the specification of the embodiments of the present application. Specifically, the mass mentioned in the specification of the embodiments of the present application can be μg, mg, g, kg and other mass units commonly known in the chemical field.

[0029] The terms "first", "second" are only used for descriptive purposes, to distinguish objects such as substances from each other, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. For example, without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present application, the first XX can also be referred to as the second XX, and similarly, the second XX can also be referred to as the first XX. Therefore, the features limited by "first" and "second" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features.

[0030] Railway freight cars are mainly used for transporting goods. In order to guarantee the service life of railway freight cars, it is necessary to perform coating maintenance, and since the running route of railway freight cars is more complex and the running time is longer, the coating used for maintenance needs to have excellent protection. The traditional coating used for maintenance is mostly solvent-based, which pollutes the environment. With the improvement of the requirements for atmospheric environmental quality and the environmental performance of coatings in China, it is necessary to standardize the paint used in the railway freight car industry in order to improve the deficiencies of traditional solvent-based coatings, such as flammability, explosiveness, toxicity and environmental hazards. Therefore, it is urgent to prepare a water-based coating that can meet the requirements of the railway freight car industry.

[0031] The first aspect of the embodiments of the present application provides a water-based coating, which comprises the following components in the following weight percentages, based on 100% of the total weight of the water-based coating:

[0032] Carbon titanium cage water-based resin 40% to 60%;

[0033] Internal plasticizer 2% to 3%;

[0034] Adipic acid dihydrazide 0.3% to 0.5%;

[0035] Film-forming aid 4% to 6%;

[0036] Anti-flash rust agent 0.5% to 1%;

[0037] Anti-rust pigment 1% to 2%;

[0038] Filler 25% to 40%;

[0039] Other aids 2.9% to 5.8%;

[0040] The balance is water.

[0041] The carbon titanium cage water-based resin is used as the main raw material. The carbon titanium cage water-based resin is a high-molecular organic-inorganic polymer, which includes organic high-molecular and inorganic titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide. The organic high-molecular has a branched chain structure with a large steric hindrance introduced into the main chain, so that a polymer with a highly branched three-dimensional spherical macromolecular chain structure is formed. The bonding reaction occurs between the nano titanium dioxide and the silicon dioxide, forming the carbon titanium cage water-based resin with a hyperbranched spherical structure. During the film-forming process, the branches in the skeleton extend out of the carbon titanium cage polymer, gradually cross, entangle and crosslink, and at the same time, the crosslinking reaction between the open active chemical groups is accompanied by curing to form a dense paint film. The internal plasticizer can copolymerize with the film-forming material, and the crosslinking reaction of the internal plasticizer combined with adipic acid dihydrazide in the formula system and the film-forming material can make the formed paint film have better toughness and adhesion.

[0042] The water-based paint provided by the embodiments of the present application takes carbon titanium cage water-based resin as the main raw material, takes water as the film-forming material carrier, is matched with internal plasticizer and adipic acid dihydrazide, and has the advantages that, in the film-forming process, the internal plasticizer can copolymerize with the film-forming material, the adipic acid dihydrazide can crosslink with the film-forming material, the two jointly make the formed paint film have better toughness and adhesion, and meanwhile, specific amounts of film-forming aids, anti-flash rust agents, anti-rust pigments, fillers and other aids are added, so that the water-based paint is not only environment-friendly but also has high salt mist resistance and high wear resistance, the paint film formed by the water-based paint has the properties of high toughness, high strong adhesion and high friction resistance, and meets the requirements of railway freight cars on the performance of paint film.

[0043] In some embodiments, the carbon titanium cage water-based resin is selected from products of model D008X, D009, D008H, D012, D013, D109 or D809 of Shanghai Qixiang Qingchen.

[0044] In some embodiments, the internal plasticizer includes maleic acid dibutyl ester.

[0045] The internal plasticizer generally refers to a plasticizing additive formed by pre-mixing the internal plasticizer with raw materials or by combining them together through reaction in the production process. The external plasticizer generally refers to a plasticizing additive that is separately added to the material in the processing process, and is usually sealed on the surface through heat infiltration or surface adsorption and the like. The external plasticizer is easy to separate or migrate in the use process, resulting in problems such as brittleness or deformation of the material. The internal plasticizer has similarity with the molecular structure of the base material, and thus can form good compatibility with the material molecules. Therefore, the embodiments of the present application select the internal plasticizer. Specifically, the internal plasticizer maleic acid dibutyl ester can copolymerize with the film-forming material through double bond addition, effectively improves the adhesion of the paint film formed by the water-based paint, and obtains a water-based anticorrosive paint with excellent salt mist resistance and wear resistance.

[0046] In some embodiments, the film-forming aid includes at least one of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.

[0047] The emulsion of the water-based paint has a film-forming temperature (MFT), and the minimum film-forming temperature of the emulsion refers to the minimum temperature at which the emulsion forms a continuous paint film without cracking. When the environmental temperature is lower than the film-forming temperature of the emulsion, the emulsion is not easy to form a film, and thus a film-forming aid is needed to improve the film-forming performance of the emulsion and help film formation. Dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether can effectively reduce the film-forming temperature of the polymer, and both have good compatibility in the formula system of the present application and can be completely volatilized after film formation without affecting the properties of the paint film.

[0048] In some embodiments, the film-forming aid includes a mixture of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.

[0049] Dipropylene glycol butyl ether has strong solubility to the emulsion of water-based paint, good film-forming property, and the obtained coating film has high gloss and resistance, while dipropylene glycol methyl ether has fast evaporation rate. The use of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether in combination can obtain better film-forming effect.

[0050] In some embodiments, the film-forming aid includes dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether in a mass ratio of 1:(0.5-1.5).

[0051] The use of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether in combination in a mass ratio of 1:(0.5-1.5) can obtain better film-forming effect.

[0052] In some embodiments, the anti-flash rust agent includes triethanolamine borate.

[0053] The addition of triethanolamine borate in the water-based paint formula of the present application can form a sealing protective film on the surface of the steel material, thereby preventing the contact between the steel material and the external environment, avoiding the oxidation reaction and the intrusion of moisture, and preventing the generation of surface rust on the steel material. Moreover, as the anti-flash rust agent, triethanolamine borate has the advantages of low dosage, high concentration, and low price, thereby reducing the cost of the water-based paint. Furthermore, due to the excellent water solubility and certain wetting property of triethanolamine borate, triethanolamine borate also plays a role in wetting.

[0054] In some embodiments, the rust-proof pigment includes zinc strontium phosphite.

[0055] The use of zinc strontium phosphite as the rust-proof pigment can make the zinc strontium phosphite combine with the surface of the steel material to generate a stable chelate after the water-based paint is coated on the steel material, so as to passivate the surface of the steel material and prevent the rusting process from continuing.

[0056] In some embodiments, the filler includes at least one of nano-alumina and nano-barium sulfate.

[0057] Nano-alumina is a high-hard, high-purity, and high-transparency inorganic material, which has the characteristics of non-toxicity and inertness. Nano-alumina does not react with other components in the formula, does not affect the basic properties of the water-based paint, and has little effect on the gloss, brightness, and rheological property of the water-based paint. The steel wool does not become black, and the nano-alumina has the characteristics of not sinking and not being sticky. The addition of nano-alumina can improve the wear resistance and scratch resistance of the paint film without affecting the transparency of the paint film. The application of nano-alumina to the steel structure of the car body of a railway freight car can improve the versatility and durability of the railway freight car in assembling different cargos.

[0058] Nano-barium sulfate has the advantages of strong chemical inertness, good stability, acid and alkali resistance, moderate hardness, high specific gravity, high whiteness, and the ability to absorb harmful rays, and is an environmentally friendly material. Adding nano-barium sulfate can improve the dispersibility of water-based paint and improve the hiding power and density of the paint film. Moreover, compared with ordinary barium sulfate, nano-barium sulfate has lower particle size, better shielding performance, and easier dispersion, which can further improve the mechanical properties of water-based paint.

[0059] In some embodiments, the particle size of the nano-aluminum oxide is 50 nm.

[0060] In some embodiments, the particle size of the nano-barium sulfate is 50 nm.

[0061] In some embodiments, the other additives include at least one of a defoaming agent, a pH adjuster, a dispersant, a wetting leveling agent, a dyeing pigment, and a thickening agent.

[0062] By adding a defoaming agent, the surface tension of the paint film formed by the water-based paint can be effectively reduced, and the problem of reduced protection caused by bubbles in the paint film can be solved.

[0063] Because water-based paint contains a large amount of surfactant, these surfactants need to be stable under weak alkaline conditions, but in order to obtain good adhesion during synthesis, a small amount of polymerizable acid is often added to the formula, so a pH adjuster is added to stabilize the water-based paint.

[0064] The dispersant is a high molecular polymer containing a pigment affinity group, which can prevent the flocculation of pigments and fillers in the water-based paint formula, thereby stabilizing the hue and tint of the water-based paint and increasing the storage stability of the formula system, and improving the wettability and gloss of the pigments and fillers.

[0065] The wetting leveling agent is an organic silicon double-bond structure surfactant. By adding a wetting leveling agent, the surface tension of the water-based paint system can be effectively reduced, and the application effect of the water-based paint can be significantly improved. Moreover, after adding the wetting leveling agent, the wettability and permeability of the water-based paint to steel increase, and the leveling property of the water-based paint itself can also be improved.

[0066] By adding a dyeing pigment, the color of the water-based paint can be adjusted to meet the different application requirements of railway freight cars. Specifically, the dyeing pigment can be carbon black.

[0067] By adding a thickening agent, the water-based paint system can provide excellent rheological and thickening effects.

[0068] In some embodiments, the defoaming agent is selected from an organic silicon defoaming agent, which does not contain VOCs, can effectively reduce the surface tension of the paint film, and is green and environmentally friendly.

[0069] In some embodiments, the pH regulator comprises at least one of dimethyl ethanolamine, triethylamine, ammonia water. The above-mentioned substances or mixtures of the above-mentioned substances can be selected to adjust the pH value of the formula system.

[0070] In some embodiments, the thickening agent can be a non-ionic polyether polyurethane. The non-ionic polyether polyurethane is a non-ionic thickening agent, so its thickening and rheological effect is less affected by the pH value of the formula system, and it has better applicability.

[0071] The second aspect of the embodiment of the present application provides a preparation method of a water-based paint, comprising the following steps:

[0072] The components of the water-based paint are weighed.

[0073] The carbon titanium cage water-based resin, internal plasticizer, adipic acid dihydrazide, film-forming aid, anti-flash rust agent, anti-rust pigment, filler, other additives, and water are mixed to obtain the water-based paint.

[0074] The preparation method of the water-based paint provided by the embodiment of the present application can prepare the water-based paint which is environmentally friendly and has high salt mist resistance and high wear resistance by mixing the components. The preparation method is simple, convenient, and easy to operate, and is conducive to wide use.

[0075] In some embodiments, the preparation method of the water-based paint comprises the following steps:

[0076] Step a: weighing the components of the water-based paint;

[0077] Step b: first, mixing water, internal plasticizer, adipic acid dihydrazide, defoaming agent, dispersant, dye pigment, anti-rust pigment, and filler;

[0078] Step c: stirring the carbon titanium cage water-based resin, adding the film-forming aid, pH regulator, anti-flash rust agent, wetting and leveling agent, and the slurry obtained in step b, and finally adding the thickening agent to adjust the viscosity to obtain the water-based paint.

[0079] In some embodiments, the rotation speed of the mixing process is 400 r / min to 600 r / min.

[0080] The third aspect of the embodiment of the present application provides an application of the water-based paint as described above, which is applied to the surface of a railway wagon.

[0081] The application of the water-based paint provided by the embodiment of the present application can provide long-term protection for the body of the railway wagon, improve the versatility of the railway wagon for assembling goods and prolong the running time, and meet the paint requirements of the railway wagon industry.

[0082] The following is described in connection with specific examples.

[0083] Example 1

[0084] An aqueous coating, which is composed of carbon titanium cage aqueous resin, internal plasticizer (dibutyl maleate), adipic acid dihydrazide, film forming aid (dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether), anti-flashing agent (triethanolamine borate), anti-rust pigment (zinc strontium phosphate), filler (nano-alumina and nano-barium sulfate), defoaming agent, pH regulator, dispersant, pigment (carbon black), thickening agent and water (deionized water), the amount of each component is shown in Table 1.

[0085] The aqueous coating is prepared by the following preparation steps:

[0086] Step a: weigh the above-mentioned raw materials of each component.

[0087] Step b: pour deionized water into the container, and disperse and stir at a speed of 400 r / min to 600 r / min, add dibutyl maleate, defoaming agent, dispersant, adipic acid dihydrazide, carbon black, zinc strontium phosphate, nano-barium sulfate and high-dispersed nano-alumina in sequence during the stirring process, the interval between each component is 2 min to 3 min, continue to stir for 5 min after all components are added, and then grind to the required fineness.

[0088] Step c: pour the carbon titanium cage aqueous resin into another clean container, and disperse and stir at a speed of 400 r / min to 600 r / min, add dipropylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, pH regulator, triethanolamine borate, wetting and leveling agent and the slurry obtained in step b in sequence during the stirring process, finally add thickening agent to adjust to the appropriate viscosity, continue to stir for 10 min, stop the machine to detect the performance, and filter and package after passing the test.

[0089] Example 2

[0090] An aqueous coating, which is different from example 1 in that the amount of each component is different, see Table 1 for details. The rest is the same as example 1.

[0091] Example 3

[0092] An aqueous coating, which is different from example 1 in that the amount of each component is different, see Table 1 for details. The rest is the same as example 1.

[0093] Table 1: Amount of each component raw material in examples 1-3

[0094]

[0095] Comparative Example 1

[0096] An aqueous coating, which is different from Example 1 in that an equal amount of water-based acrylic resin is used to replace the carbon titanium cage water-based resin. The rest is the same as Example 1.

[0097] Comparative Example 2

[0098] An aqueous coating, which is different from Example 1 in that no adipic acid dihydrazide is added, and an equal amount of dioctyl phthalate is used to replace the dibutyl maleate. The rest is the same as Example 1.

[0099] Performance test

[0100] The aqueous coatings prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-2 are respectively coated on a steel substrate to form a paint film, and a commercially available product (Weifang Jiujiang Fine Chemical Water-based Industrial Paint) is used as a comparison. According to the standard TJ / CL252.2-2012 specified in the Technical Conditions for Water-soluble Paint for Railway Freight Cars (One Coat), the appearance of the paint film is observed, and the paint film is subjected to the following performance tests, and the test results are shown in Table 2.

[0101] Table 2 Performance test results of Examples 1-3, Comparative Examples 1-2 and commercially available products According to the performance standards of water-soluble railway freight car paint specified by the state, the salt spray resistance is required to be ≥720h, the VOCs is required to be ≤150g / L, the water resistance is required to be ≥48h, and the artificial climate aging resistance is required to be ≥200h.

[0102] From the above test results, it can be seen that the paint films of the aqueous coatings of Examples 1-3 all have good salt spray resistance, wear resistance and mechanical properties, and the VOCs content is low. Among them, the salt spray resistance is as high as 1500 hours, the water resistance reaches 2000h, the artificial climate aging resistance is as high as 1300h, and the VOCs content is only 60g / L, which far exceeds the performance standard requirements of water-soluble railway freight car paint, and meets the requirements of national environmental protection and railway freight car industry paint.

[0103] By comparing Example 1 with the commercially available product, it can be seen that the existing aqueous coating has poorer performance than the aqueous coating of the present application in terms of salt spray resistance, wear resistance, aging resistance and the like. By comparing Example 1 with Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that when a common water-based acrylic resin is used to replace the carbon titanium cage water-based resin as a raw material of the formula, the salt spray resistance, wear resistance and aging resistance of the paint film all decrease significantly. By comparing Example 1 with Comparative Example 3, it can be seen that when the adipic acid dihydrazide and the dibutyl maleate are not used to complex with the carbon titanium cage water-based resin in the formula system, the aging resistance of the paint film decreases significantly, and the wear resistance and hardness and the like also decrease.

[0104] The above only describes preferred embodiments of the present application and is not used to limit the present application, and any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. An aqueous coating, characterized in that, comprising the following components in the following weight percentages, based on 100% of the total weight of the water-based paint: carbon titanium cage water-based resin 40%~60%; internal plasticizer 2%~3%; adjuvant 4%~6%; anti-flashing agent 0.5%~1%; anti-rust pigment 1%~2%; filler 25%~40%; other adjuvant 2.9%~5.8%; the balance being water; the internal plasticizer comprises dibutyl maleate, and the carbon titanium cage water-based resin is selected from the products of Shanghai Qixiang Qingchen in D008X, D009, D008H, D012, D013, D109 or D809 models. the film-forming adjuvant comprises at least one of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.

2. The aqueous coating of claim 1, wherein, the film-forming adjuvant comprises a mixture of dipropylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.

3. The aqueous coating of claim 2, wherein, the anti-flashing agent comprises triethanolamine borate.

4. The aqueous coating of claim 1, wherein, the anti-rust pigment comprises zinc strontium phosphate.

5. The aqueous coating of claim 1, wherein, the filler comprises at least one of nano-alumina and nano-barium sulfate.

6. The aqueous coating of claim 1, wherein, the other adjuvant comprises at least one of defoaming agent, pH regulator, dispersant, wetting and leveling agent, coloring pigment, thickening agent.

7. The aqueous coating according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein comprising the following steps:

8. A method for producing an aqueous coating, characterized by, weighing each component raw material of the water-based paint according to any one of claims 1-7; mixing the carbon titanium cage water-based resin, the internal plasticizer, the adipic acid dihydrazide, the film-forming adjuvant, the anti-flashing agent, the anti-rust pigment, the filler, the other adjuvant and the water to obtain the water-based paint. applying the water-based paint on the surface of a railway wagon.

9. Use of an aqueous coating material according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and / or of an aqueous coating material prepared according to the preparation method of claim 8, characterized in that, ​

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