A method for treating historical mine pits

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method for the treatment of historical mine pits, and relates to the technical field of ecological restoration of historical industrial and mining wastes. The steps include: on the basis of collecting data on natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology, environmental ecology, etc. involved in the historical mine pits and surrounding areas, comprehensively evaluating the basic characteristics of the historical mine pits, such as geological conditions and spatial morphology, and the physical and chemical properties of the backfill materials existing around the mine pits and their continuous impact on the surrounding environment. Through scientific calculation and comprehensive planning, the most suitable backfill materials are selected, and ecological backfilling is carried out nearby, thereby improving the utilization rate of idle resources, reducing waste and additional treatment costs, reducing the occupation of existing land by mine solid waste, and achieving significant ecological benefits. In addition, the backfill plan is optimized to create conditions for subsequent land development, farmland reclamation and economic development, bringing potential social and economic benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration of historical industrial and mining wastelands, and in particular to a method for treating historical mine pits. Background Art

[0002] During the mining process, the surface vegetation, soil structure, underground aquifer structure, and surrounding surface water resources will be seriously affected, leading to ecological problems such as destruction of topographic landscape, soil erosion, and reduction of biodiversity. Then, mining forms negative topography on the surface, and the high and steep slopes formed by the excavation of rock and soil bodies may cause geological disasters such as collapse and landslides, posing a threat to the safety of life and property of surrounding residents. In addition, after the closure of historical mines, if they are not restored and managed in time, they will occupy land resources for a long time, and some mining pits will accumulate surrounding groundwater and atmospheric precipitation, affecting the effective use of land resources. For the mining pits formed by mining, the original topography can be restored by filling the surrounding backfill materials, providing a basis for subsequent land reclamation and ecological restoration work, and ultimately restoring the original landform and vegetation, reducing the waste of land resources.

[0003] In the existing technology, historical mines in different regions have significant differences in topography, natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology, environmental ecology and other conditions. Different backfill materials have significant differences in material sources, material composition, rock and soil physical and chemical properties, etc. Due to the lack of adaptability analysis for different conditions, it is easy for backfill materials to be unable to effectively cope with changes in conditions in actual applications, thereby affecting the effect of ecological restoration. Therefore, how to investigate historical mines and accumulated backfill materials, and evaluate the backfill potential of backfill materials for historical mines is a problem we need to solve. To this end, a method for the management of historical mines is proposed. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for treating historical mine pits to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0006] A method for treating a historical mine pit comprises the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Collect relevant data on historical mines and their surrounding environment, analyze existing natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology data, and understand the topography, stratum lithology, geological structure, meteorology, hydrogeology, and natural environment vegetation characteristics of the historical mine area;

[0008] Step 2: Conduct underwater and surrounding terrain mapping of historical mines and surrounding areas at large scales such as 1:500, 1:1000 or 1:2000 to obtain terrain data, clarify the spatial form, mining history and volume of historical mines, and investigate the area and basic data of backfill material yards such as tailings dumps and solid waste dumps around the mines;

[0009] Step 3: Conduct a detailed hydrogeological, engineering, environmental and ecological survey of the mine area at a scale of 1:10,000, sample and analyze the chemical composition of water in the historical mine, the geological and rock conditions of the pit wall, and the status of backfill materials such as tailings dumps and solid waste around the mine, and evaluate the applicability of existing backfill materials and their potential impact on the environment;

[0010] Step 4: Based on the results of regional survey, topographic mapping and sampling test, conduct a comprehensive analysis, summarize and calculate the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, and assess the potential of the backfill material, including the overall quantity, environmental quality, and the impact of filling stability;

[0011] Step 5. Based on the results of the backfill material potential assessment, draw a zoning map for the historical mine pits and backfill material potential assessment. Different types of mine pits are divided into different governance suitability levels according to the difficulty of governance. According to the corresponding suitability levels, corresponding governance plans are implemented.

[0012] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that in step 1, the process of collecting relevant data on historical mine pits and surrounding environments is:

[0013] Step 101, collect and obtain relevant archival data of historical mines, including mining history, mining methods, mining scale, closing time and other mining conditions, and organize and summarize the hydrological meteorological, engineering geological, environmental ecological and other natural geographical data of the mining area and surrounding areas. The archival data sources include government departments, scientific research institutions, historical documents, previous geological survey reports, etc. The geological data include regional geological maps, stratigraphic distribution maps, lithology descriptions, etc. The hydrogeological data include groundwater level maps, flow direction maps, water quality analysis reports, etc. The environmental geological and ecological geological data include soil erosion, vegetation distribution, biodiversity survey reports, etc.;

[0014] Step 102, using remote sensing images and geographic information systems to conduct exploration of historical mine pit areas, obtain high-resolution images, cover historical mine pits and their surrounding areas, assist in identifying topographic and geomorphic features, combine remote sensing images with geographic information systems, produce topographic and geomorphic maps, vegetation coverage maps, and soil erosion maps of historical mine pits and surrounding areas, record the current status of historical mine pits and surrounding environments, and identify topographic and geomorphic features, vegetation coverage changes, and soil erosion areas through GIS analysis;

[0015] Step 103, based on the collected data, analyze the topography, lithology, geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics, and natural environment vegetation characteristics of the historical mine area;

[0016] Step 104, comprehensively evaluate the analysis results of topography, stratum lithology, geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics, and natural environment vegetation characteristics, identify potential environmental risks of historical mines and surrounding environments, such as geological disasters, water pollution, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, etc., and classify the identified potential environmental risks into geological disaster risks, environmental ecological risks, and geomorphological landscape risks.

[0017] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that in step 2, the process of acquiring and analyzing terrain data is as follows:

[0018] Step 201, according to the actual location, size and surrounding environment of the historical mine pit, determine the scope and boundary of the measurement area, including the historical mine pit body and the surrounding area, clearly mark the boundary of the measurement area on the map, generate a boundary coordinate file, prepare the instruments and equipment required for measurement, formulate a measurement plan, plan the UAV flight route, unmanned ship measurement line and total station measurement points according to the characteristics of the measurement area, analyze weather and lighting factors, plan the measurement time, ensure the accuracy and completeness of the measurement data, and the instruments and equipment required for measurement include UAV, unmanned ship, GPS receiver, total station, etc.;

[0019] Step 202, according to the planned route, use drones to conduct aerial photogrammetry to obtain high-definition images of the historical mine pit and surrounding areas, stitch and correct the images taken by the drones through image processing software, generate a digital elevation model and digital orthophoto map of the mining area, set ground control points in key areas, and use GPS receivers to perform precise measurements to improve measurement accuracy;

[0020] Step 203, according to the water depth and terrain characteristics of the measurement area, evenly distributed measurement lines are arranged, and underwater terrain measurement is performed using an unmanned vessel to obtain water depth data in historical mines, and GPS data is synchronously recorded so that the water depth data can be combined with geographic location information later. During the measurement process, attention is paid to maintaining even distribution of the measurement lines to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the measurement data;

[0021] Step 204: arranging measurement points on the surface of the stockpile to ensure that the shape of the stockpile can be fully reflected, using a total station and a drone to perform three-dimensional measurement of the stockpile, obtaining the coordinates and elevation data of the stockpile, and calculating the area and height of the stockpile through the measurement data;

[0022] Step 205, integrating the above-water, underwater and storage yard measurement data of the mine to form a complete terrain data set, and performing a quality check on the data to remove outliers and erroneous data;

[0023] Step 206, using geographic information system software to perform three-dimensional modeling on the terrain data, display the spatial form of the historical mine pit, analyze the boundary characteristics, spatial depth, pit wall slope and other characteristics of the historical mine pit, combine historical mining data and current terrain data, evaluate and calculate the volume of the historical mine pit, including the above-water part and the underwater part; calculate the area and pile height of the surrounding backfill material yard based on the three-dimensional model, evaluate the storage capacity and utilization efficiency of the yard, analyze the impact of the yard on the surrounding environment, such as line of sight obstruction, dust pollution, etc., and propose corresponding improvement measures.

[0024] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that in step 3, the process of evaluating the applicability of the backfill material and its potential impact on the environment is as follows:

[0025] Step 301, extracting the physical geography, hydrological meteorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology data of the mining area and surrounding areas, defining the survey area, setting a 1:10,000 or other appropriate scale as the survey standard, and formulating a detailed survey plan based on the scope of the survey area, including survey content, methods, routes, timetable, and required instruments and equipment;

[0026] Step 302, for the physical geography and hydro-meteorological survey, arrange groundwater observation wells, monitor the groundwater level, water quality and dynamic changes, investigate the groundwater level, flow direction, flow velocity, water quality and water volume, evaluate the hydraulic connection between groundwater and historical mine water bodies, and determine the recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of historical mine water;

[0027] Step 303, for engineering geological survey, rock mechanics tests are conducted to measure the strength and deformation physical and mechanical properties of rocks, investigate the stratigraphic structure, geophysical properties, and geological structure, analyze the stability of historical mine slopes, potential landslide and collapse risks, and evaluate the impact of engineering activities on the geological environment;

[0028] Step 304, for environmental ecological survey, investigate regional soil, vegetation and other environmental factors, evaluate the current status of the ecological environment, monitor the content of pollutants in groundwater, surface water and soil, analyze environmental geological problems, investigate regional biodiversity, and evaluate the impact of ecological geological conditions on biological communities;

[0029] Step 305, collecting water samples, soil samples, rock samples and backfill material samples, and conducting water quality analysis, soil composition analysis, and rock physical and mechanical property tests in the laboratory;

[0030] Step 306, using GIS software to integrate field survey data, sampling data and test analysis results to analyze geological environmental conditions and environmental problems in the historical mine area;

[0031] Step 307, determine the permeability, compressibility, and strength data of the backfill material, combine the physical and chemical properties of the backfill material, and comprehensively analyze to obtain the backfill material evaluation index, evaluate whether the backfill material is suitable for backfilling of historical mine pits, and based on the evaluation results, predict the potential impact of the backfill material on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity.

[0032] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that in step 4, the process of evaluating the potential of the backfill material is as follows:

[0033] Step 401, collecting data on the available amount of backfill materials, including total reserves, recoverable amount, transportation cost, and obtaining data on physical properties (such as permeability, compressibility, strength) and chemical properties (such as pH value, heavy metal content, organic matter content) of the backfill materials through laboratory testing;

[0034] Step 402, analyzing the long-term stability and eco-friendliness of backfill materials such as tailings dumps and solid waste in historical mines, wherein the stability includes the weathering resistance, erosion resistance and potential impact on groundwater level, and the eco-friendliness assessment includes the potential impact on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity, including pollution risk, ecological damage, etc.;

[0035] Step 403, analyzing the actual measured concentrations of various components and potential pollutants in the backfill material, and combining the environmental impact assessment standard values ​​of various pollutants in relevant specifications to obtain an environmental impact index to evaluate the comprehensive impact of pollutants in the backfill material;

[0036] Step 404, using the established backfill material evaluation index and environmental impact index, combined with the actual backfill material quality and the standard backfill material quality, after system analysis, sorting and summarizing and calculating to obtain the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient, and evaluating the potential of the backfill material.

[0037] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that the calculation formula of the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient is:

[0038] ;

[0039] ;

[0040] Among them, EP is the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, is the backfill material evaluation index of the i-th sample, Evaluate the index for the maximum backfill material in all samples, is the weight of the i-th sample, Q is the mass of the actual backfill material, is the standard backfill material quality, is the adjustment factor used to adjust the impact of quality factors on the evaluation coefficient. It is an environmental impact index that reflects the potential negative impact of backfill materials on the environment and evaluates the comprehensive impact of pollutants in backfill materials. is the maximum permissible environmental impact index, is a weight factor used to adjust the importance of environmental impact in the evaluation coefficient. is the actual measured concentration of the jth pollutant in the backfill material, is the environmental standard concentration of the jth pollutant, and m is the number of pollutant types.

[0041] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that in step 5, the process of drawing a potential evaluation zoning map of historical mine pits and backfill materials is as follows:

[0042] Step 501, summarizing and arranging the evaluation results of various evaluation indicators of backfill materials, calculating the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient of each evaluation point, and ensuring that the coefficient can fully reflect the overall potential and risk of the backfill materials;

[0043] Step 502, obtaining a detailed topographic map and geological map of the historical mine pit as a base map, and dividing the historical mine pit area into different applicability levels according to the potential assessment coefficient of the backfill material, namely, a low applicability level, a medium applicability level, and a high applicability level. As the applicability level increases, the backfill potential of the backfill material gradually increases, and a corresponding assessment threshold is matched for each applicability level;

[0044] Step 503, assign different colors and patterns to each suitability level so as to clearly distinguish them on the map, and mark the suitability level, main features, and evaluation basis information of each area on the zoning map, and formulate corresponding governance plans for each suitability level;

[0045] Step 504, according to the zoning map and governance plan, organize relevant departments and units to implement and dispatch resources, reasonably arrange human, material, financial and other resources to ensure the smooth progress of governance work, and implement continuous environmental monitoring and effect evaluation during the governance process, and adjust governance measures and plans in a timely manner.

[0046] A further improvement of the technical solution of the present invention is that: the multiple applicability levels correspond to multiple evaluation thresholds, wherein the evaluation thresholds include an upper threshold and a lower threshold;

[0047] The plurality of applicability levels and the plurality of evaluation thresholds satisfy the following relationship:

[0048] Low applicability level ;

[0049] Medium suitability level ;

[0050] High applicability level ;

[0051] Among them, EP is the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, is the lower threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the low suitability level, is the lower threshold corresponding to the high suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level.

[0052] Due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the present invention has the following technical advances compared with the prior art:

[0053] The present invention provides a method for treating historical mine pits, which comprehensively evaluates the geological conditions, spatial morphology and other basic characteristics of historical mine pits, the physical and chemical properties of backfill materials and subsequent environmental impacts, and ensures the selection of the most suitable materials for ecological backfilling through precise calculation and reasonable planning, which not only improves the utilization rate of existing idle resources, reduces unnecessary waste and additional treatment costs, reduces the occupation of existing land by mining solid waste, and achieves greater ecological benefits. In addition, by optimizing the backfilling plan, conditions are created for subsequent land development, reclamation and economic development, bringing potential social and economic benefits.

[0054] The present invention provides a method for the treatment of historical mine pits. By calculating the environmental impact index, the potential impact of backfill materials on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity is comprehensively evaluated, which helps to timely discover and solve environmental problems in the treatment process and take targeted measures to reduce pollution and ecological damage. At the same time, the division of potential evaluation zoning maps can implement different treatment plans for areas with different potentials, which helps to achieve the coordinated development of historical mine pit treatment and ecological environmental protection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0055] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0056] Figure 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 2 A flow chart for evaluating the suitability of backfill materials for the present invention and their potential environmental impact;

[0058] Figure 3 Flow chart for evaluating the backfill potential of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0060] Embodiment 1, as Figure 1 , Figure 2 As shown, the present invention provides a method for treating a historical mine pit, comprising the following steps:

[0061] Step 1: Collect relevant data on historical mines and their surroundings, analyze existing natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology data, understand the topography, lithology, geological structure, meteorology and hydrogeology characteristics, and natural vegetation characteristics of the historical mine areas, collect and obtain relevant archival data on historical mines, including mining history, mining methods, mining scale, closing time, and other mining conditions, and organize and summarize the natural geography data such as hydrometeorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology of the mining area and surrounding areas. The archival data sources include government departments, scientific research institutions, historical documents, previous geological survey reports, etc. The geological data include regional geological maps, stratigraphic distribution maps, lithology descriptions, etc. The hydrogeological data Including groundwater level maps, flow maps, water quality analysis reports, etc., environmental geology and ecological geology data including soil erosion, vegetation distribution, biodiversity surveys and other reports, using remote sensing images and geographic information systems to conduct exploration of historical mine areas, obtain high-resolution images, cover historical mines and their surrounding areas, assist in identifying topographic and geomorphic features, combine remote sensing images with geographic information systems, produce topographic and geomorphic maps, vegetation coverage maps, and soil erosion maps of historical mines and surrounding areas, record the current status of historical mines and surrounding environments, and identify topographic and geomorphic features, vegetation coverage changes, and soil erosion areas through GIS analysis. Based on the collected data, the topography, geomorphology, stratigraphic lithology, and geomorphology of the historical mine areas are analyzed. The geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics and natural environment vegetation characteristics are analyzed. Among them, the topographic and geomorphological analysis understands the topographic undulation, slope and slope aspect of the historical mine area through the study of topographic maps and digital elevation models, analyzes the relationship between landform and geological structure, and identifies possible geological disaster risk areas. The stratum lithology analysis understands the rock type, structure and weathering degree of different strata through the study of stratum distribution map and lithology description, and analyzes the influence of lithology on the stability of historical mines and the selection of backfill materials. The geological structure analysis identifies the fault and fold structural characteristics through the study of geological structure map, and analyzes the influence of geological structure on the stability of historical mines, groundwater flow and ecological restoration. The meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics analysis collects climate Data, including precipitation, evaporation, and temperature, analyze their impact on hydrogeological conditions, study hydrogeological parameters such as groundwater level, flow direction, flow velocity, and chemical characteristics, analyze the characteristics of vegetation in the natural environment by investigating the vegetation types, coverage, and biodiversity in and around the mining area, analyze the role of vegetation on soil erosion, soil and water conservation, and ecological restoration, conduct a comprehensive assessment of the topography, stratum lithology, geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics, and the results of the analysis of vegetation characteristics in the natural environment, identify potential environmental risks of historical mines and surrounding environments, such as geological disasters, water pollution, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, and classify the identified potential environmental risks into geological disaster risks, environmental ecological risks, and geomorphological landscape risks;

[0062] Step 2: Conduct underwater and surrounding topographic mapping of the historical mine pits and surrounding areas at a large scale of 1:500, 1:1000 or 1:2000, etc., obtain topographic data, clarify the spatial form, mining history and volume of the historical mine pits, investigate the area and basic data of the tailings dumps, solid waste and other backfill material dumps around the mine pits, and determine the scope and boundaries of the measurement area based on the actual location, size and surrounding environment of the historical mine pits, including the historical mine pit itself and the surrounding area, clearly mark the boundaries of the measurement area on the map, generate boundary coordinate files, prepare the instruments and equipment required for measurement, and formulate a measurement plan. According to the characteristics of the survey area, plan the UAV flight route, unmanned ship survey line and total station measurement points, analyze weather and lighting factors, plan the measurement time, ensure the accuracy and completeness of the measurement data, and use the instruments and equipment required for measurement, including UAVs, unmanned ships, GPS receivers, total stations, etc. According to the planned route, use UAVs for aerial photogrammetry to obtain high-definition images of historical mines and surrounding areas. Use image processing software to stitch and correct the images taken by UAVs to generate digital elevation models and digital orthophotos of the mining area, set ground control points in key areas, and use GPS receivers for precise measurement to improve measurement accuracy. To ensure accuracy, evenly distributed survey lines are arranged according to the water depth and terrain characteristics of the survey area, and unmanned boats are used for underwater terrain survey. The water depth data in the historical mine pits are obtained, and GPS data is recorded synchronously so that the water depth data can be combined with the geographical location information later. During the measurement process, attention is paid to maintaining an even distribution of survey lines to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the measurement data. Measurement points are arranged on the surface of the stockpile to ensure that the shape of the stockpile can be fully reflected. The total station and drone are used to conduct three-dimensional measurement of the stockpile, obtain the coordinates and elevation data of the stockpile, and calculate the area and height of the stockpile through the measurement data. The above-water, underwater and stockpile measurement data of the mine pit are integrated. Combine the data to form a complete terrain data set, check the data quality, remove outliers and erroneous data, use geographic information system software to perform three-dimensional modeling of terrain data, display the spatial form of historical mine pits, analyze the boundary characteristics, spatial depth, pit wall slope and other characteristics of historical mine pits, combine historical mining data with current terrain data, evaluate and calculate the volume of historical mine pits, including the above-water and underwater parts; calculate the area and pile height of the surrounding backfill material yard based on the three-dimensional model, evaluate the storage capacity and utilization efficiency of the yard, analyze the impact of the yard on the surrounding environment, such as line of sight obstruction, dust pollution, etc., and propose corresponding improvement measures;

[0063] Step 3: Conduct a detailed hydrogeological, engineering geological, environmental geological and ecological geological survey of the area where the mine is located at a scale of 1:10,000. Sampling and analysis shall be conducted on the chemical composition of water quality in the historical mine, the geological and rock conditions of the pit wall, and the status of backfill materials such as tailings dumps and solid waste around the mine. The applicability of existing backfill materials and their potential impact on the environment shall be evaluated. The natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology and environmental ecology data of the mining area and surrounding areas shall be extracted. The survey area shall be clarified, and a 1:10,000 or other appropriate scale shall be set as the survey standard. According to the scope of the survey area, a detailed survey plan shall be formulated, including survey content, methods, routes, timetables and required instruments and equipment. For the natural geography and hydrometeorology survey, groundwater observation wells shall be arranged to monitor the groundwater level, water quality and dynamic changes. The groundwater level, flow direction, flow velocity, water quality and water volume shall be investigated. The hydraulic connection between groundwater and the water body of the historical mine shall be evaluated. The recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of the historical mine water shall be determined. For the engineering geological survey, rock mechanics tests shall be carried out to determine the strength and deformation physical force of the rock. The survey includes surveying geological properties, investigating stratigraphic structure, geophysical properties, and geological structures, analyzing the stability of slopes in historical mines, potential landslide and collapse risks, and assessing the impact of engineering activities on the geological environment. For environmental and ecological surveys, the survey includes investigating regional soil, vegetation and other environmental factors, assessing the current status of the ecological environment, monitoring the content of pollutants in groundwater, surface water and soil, analyzing environmental geological problems, investigating regional biodiversity, assessing the impact of ecological geological conditions on biological communities, collecting water samples, soil samples, rock samples, and backfill material samples, conducting water quality analysis, soil composition analysis, and rock physical and mechanical property tests in the laboratory, using GIS software to integrate field survey data, sampling data, and test analysis results, analyzing the geological environmental conditions and environmental problems in the historical mine area, determining the permeability, compressibility, and strength data of backfill materials, combining the physical and chemical properties of backfill materials, and comprehensively analyzing to obtain the backfill material evaluation index, assessing whether the backfill materials are suitable for backfilling in historical mines, and based on the evaluation results, predicting the potential impact of backfill materials on groundwater, soil, vegetation, and biodiversity;

[0064] Impact on groundwater:

[0065] Permeability: Highly permeable backfill materials may accelerate the flow of groundwater and increase the groundwater recharge in the historical mine area. However, if the backfill materials contain harmful substances, the harmful substances may spread with the flow of groundwater and cause groundwater pollution;

[0066] pH value: When the pH value of the backfill material is close to neutral, the impact on groundwater is small. If the pH value deviates far from neutral, it may have an adverse effect on the water quality of groundwater.

[0067] Impact on soil:

[0068] Compressibility: Backfill materials with low compressibility help maintain soil stability and reduce settlement and deformation. However, if the compressibility is too high, it may cause damage to the soil structure and affect soil quality.

[0069] Chemical properties: The chemical properties of backfill materials (such as heavy metal content, organic matter content, etc.) may affect soil fertility and biological activity. Harmful substances may enter the food chain through the soil, causing long-term impacts on the ecosystem;

[0070] Impact on vegetation:

[0071] Soil quality: The impact of backfill materials on soil quality will indirectly affect the growth of vegetation. Good soil quality is conducive to the root development and nutrient absorption of vegetation;

[0072] pH value: Different plants have different adaptability to soil pH values. The pH value of backfill materials may affect the type and distribution of vegetation.

[0073] Impact on biodiversity:

[0074] Ecosystem stability: The introduction of backfill materials may change the ecosystem structure of the historical mining area and affect the distribution and quantity of biodiversity;

[0075] Step 4: Based on the results of regional survey, topographic mapping and sampling test, conduct a comprehensive analysis, summarize and calculate the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, and assess the potential of the backfill material, including the overall quantity, environmental quality, and the impact of filling stability;

[0076] Step 5. Based on the results of the backfill material potential assessment, draw a zoning map for the historical mine pits and backfill material potential assessment. Different types of mine pits are divided into different governance suitability levels according to the difficulty of governance. According to the corresponding suitability levels, corresponding governance plans are implemented.

[0077] Embodiment 2, as Figure 3 As shown, based on Example 1, the present invention provides a technical solution: Preferably, in step 4, the process of evaluating the potential of backfill materials is:

[0078] Collect data on the available amount of backfill materials, including total reserves, recoverable quantities, and transportation costs, and obtain data on the physical properties (such as permeability, compressibility, strength) and chemical properties (such as pH value, heavy metal content, and organic matter content) of backfill materials tested in laboratories. Analyze the long-term stability and eco-friendliness of backfill materials such as tailings dumps and solid waste in historical mines. Stability includes its resistance to weathering and erosion, as well as its potential impact on groundwater levels. Eco-friendliness assessment includes potential impacts on groundwater, soil, vegetation, and biodiversity, including pollution risks and ecological damage. Analyze the actual measured concentrations of various components and potential pollutants in backfill materials, and combine them with the environmental impact assessment standard values ​​of various pollutants in relevant specifications to obtain the environmental impact index, evaluate the comprehensive impact of pollutants in backfill materials, use the established backfill material assessment index and environmental impact index, combine the quality of actual backfill materials with the standard backfill material quality, and after systematic analysis, summarize and calculate the backfill material potential assessment coefficient to evaluate the potential of backfill materials.

[0079] Furthermore, the calculation formula of the backfill material potential assessment coefficient is:

[0080] ;

[0081] ;

[0082] Among them, EP is the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, is the backfill material evaluation index of the i-th sample, Evaluate the index for the maximum backfill material in all samples, is the weight of the i-th sample, Q is the mass of the actual backfill material, is the standard backfill material quality, is the adjustment factor used to adjust the impact of quality factors on the evaluation coefficient. It is an environmental impact index that reflects the potential negative impact of backfill materials on the environment and evaluates the comprehensive impact of pollutants in backfill materials. is the maximum permissible environmental impact index, is a weight factor used to adjust the importance of environmental impact in the evaluation coefficient. is the actual measured concentration of the jth pollutant in the backfill material, is the environmental standard concentration of the jth pollutant, m is the number of pollutant types, and the value range of EP is between 0 and 1. The closer the value is to 1, the greater the potential of backfill materials. The value range is between 0 and 1. The closer the value is to 0, the more the pollutant concentration exceeds the standard and the more serious the environmental impact is. The closer the value is to 1, the smaller the environmental impact is.

[0083] In step 5, the process of drawing the potential evaluation zoning map of historical mine pits and backfill materials is as follows:

[0084] The evaluation results of various evaluation indicators of backfill materials are summarized and organized, and the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient of each evaluation point is calculated to ensure that the coefficient can fully reflect the overall potential and risk of the backfill materials. Detailed topographic maps and geological maps of historical mines are obtained as basic maps. According to the level of backfill material potential evaluation coefficient, the historical mine areas are divided into different suitability levels, namely low suitability level, medium suitability level and high suitability level. With the increase of suitability level, the backfill potential of backfill materials gradually increases, and the corresponding evaluation threshold is matched for each suitability level. Different colors and patterns are assigned to each suitability level for clear distinction on the map, and the suitability level, main characteristics, and evaluation basis information of each area are marked on the zoning map. Corresponding governance plans are formulated for each suitability level. Low suitability level: The governance goal is to focus on environmental protection and ecological restoration, and the governance measures are to adopt natural restoration or low-intensity artificial intervention. Ways such as planting local vegetation and building ecological buffer zones can be used to reduce the interference of human activities on the environment. Medium applicability level: The governance goal is to balance economic benefits and environmental protection. The governance measures are to reasonably use backfill materials for backfilling or reclamation under the premise of ensuring environmental safety, and to implement ecological restoration projects such as soil improvement and vegetation restoration. High applicability level: The governance goal is to maximize the use of backfill material resources while strictly controlling environmental risks. The governance measures are to give priority to the use of high-quality backfill materials for backfilling, strengthen environmental monitoring and pollution prevention and control, and implement strict environmental protection standards and technical specifications. For potential high-risk areas, detailed emergency plans and risk control measures need to be formulated. According to the zoning map and governance plan, relevant departments and units should be organized to implement them, conduct resource scheduling, and reasonably arrange human, material, financial and other resources to ensure the smooth progress of governance work. In the process of governance, continuous environmental monitoring and effect evaluation should be implemented, and governance measures and plans should be adjusted in a timely manner;

[0085] Further, the multiple applicability levels correspond to multiple evaluation thresholds, wherein the evaluation thresholds include an upper threshold and a lower threshold;

[0086] The multiple applicability levels and multiple evaluation thresholds satisfy the following relationship:

[0087] Low applicability level ;

[0088] Medium suitability level ;

[0089] High applicability level ;

[0090] Among them, EP is the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, is the lower threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the low suitability level, is the lower threshold corresponding to the high suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level.

[0091] The above is only a specific implementation of the present application, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art who is familiar with the present technical field can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present application, which should be included in the protection scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for treating a historical mine pit, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Collect relevant data on historical mines and their surrounding environment, analyze existing natural geography, hydrometeorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology data, and understand the topography, stratum lithology, geological structure, meteorology, hydrogeology, and natural environment vegetation characteristics of the historical mine area; Step 2: Conduct large-scale underwater mapping of the historical mine pits and surrounding areas, obtain topographic data, clarify the spatial form, mining history, and volume of the historical mine pits, and investigate the area and basic data of the tailings dumps and solid waste backfill material dumps around the mine pits; Step 3: Conduct a detailed hydrogeological, engineering, environmental and ecological geological survey of the area where the mine is located at a scale of 1:10,000, sample and analyze the chemical composition of water quality in the historical mine, the geological and rock conditions of the pit wall, and the current status of the tailings dump and solid waste backfill materials around the mine, evaluate the applicability of existing backfill materials and their potential impact on the environment, measure the permeability, compressibility and strength data of the backfill materials, combine the physical and chemical properties of the backfill materials, and comprehensively analyze to obtain the backfill material evaluation index, evaluate whether the backfill materials are suitable for backfilling the historical mine, and based on the evaluation results, predict the potential impact of the backfill materials on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity; Step 4, based on the regional survey, topographic mapping and sampling test results, conduct a comprehensive analysis, summarize and calculate the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, and assess the potential of the backfill material. The assessment content includes the overall quantity, environmental quality, and the impact of filling stability. In step 4, the process of assessing the potential of the backfill material is as follows: Step 401, collecting data on the available amount of backfill materials, including total reserves, recoverable amount, transportation cost, and obtaining physical and chemical property data of the backfill materials through laboratory testing; Step 402, analyzing the long-term stability and eco-friendliness of tailings dumps and solid waste backfill materials in historical mines, wherein the stability includes their resistance to weathering and erosion and their potential impact on groundwater levels, and the eco-friendliness assessment includes their potential impact on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity; Step 403, analyzing the actual measured concentrations of various components and potential pollutants in the backfill material, and combining the environmental impact assessment standard values ​​of various pollutants in relevant specifications to obtain an environmental impact index to evaluate the comprehensive impact of pollutants in the backfill material; Step 404, using the established backfill material evaluation index and environmental impact index, combined with the quality of the actual backfill material and the standard backfill material quality, after system analysis, sorting and summarizing the calculation to obtain the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient, and evaluate the potential of the backfill material. The calculation formula of the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient is: ； ； Among them, EP is the backfill material potential assessment coefficient, is the backfill material evaluation index of the i-th sample, Evaluate the index for the maximum backfill material in all samples, is the weight of the i-th sample, Q is the mass of the actual backfill material, is the standard backfill material quality, is the adjustment factor used to adjust the impact of quality factors on the evaluation coefficient. is the environmental impact index, is the maximum permissible environmental impact index, is a weight factor used to adjust the importance of environmental impact in the evaluation coefficient. is the actual measured concentration of the jth pollutant in the backfill material, is the environmental standard concentration of the jth pollutant, and m is the number of pollutant types; Step 5: based on the potential assessment results of backfill materials, draw a potential assessment zoning map of historical mine pits and backfill materials, divide different types of mine pits into different governance applicability levels according to the difficulty of governance, and implement corresponding governance plans according to the corresponding applicability levels. In step 5, the process of drawing the potential assessment zoning map of historical mine pits and backfill materials is as follows: Step 501, summarizing and arranging the evaluation results of various evaluation indicators of backfill materials, and calculating the backfill material potential evaluation coefficient of each evaluation point; Step 502, obtaining a detailed topographic map and geological map of the historical mine pit as a base map, and dividing the historical mine pit area into different applicability levels according to the potential assessment coefficient of the backfill material, namely, a low applicability level, a medium applicability level, and a high applicability level. As the applicability level increases, the backfill potential of the backfill material gradually increases, and a corresponding assessment threshold is matched for each applicability level; Step 503, assign different colors and patterns to each suitability level, and mark the suitability level, main features, and evaluation basis information of each area on the zoning map, and formulate a corresponding governance plan for each suitability level; Step 504, according to the zoning map and governance plan, organize relevant departments and units to implement and dispatch resources, and implement continuous environmental monitoring and effect evaluation during the governance process, and adjust governance measures and plans in a timely manner.

2. A method for treating a historical mine pit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, the process of collecting relevant information about the historical mine pit and the surrounding environment is as follows: Step 101, collect and obtain relevant archival data of historical mines, including mining history, mining methods, mining scale, closing time and mining conditions of mines, and organize and summarize hydrological meteorological, engineering geological, environmental ecological and natural geographical data of the mining area and surrounding areas; Step 102, using remote sensing images and geographic information systems to conduct exploration of historical mine pit areas, obtain high-resolution images, cover historical mine pits and their surrounding areas, assist in identifying topographic and geomorphic features, combine remote sensing images with geographic information systems, produce topographic and geomorphic maps, vegetation coverage maps, and soil erosion maps of historical mine pits and surrounding areas, record the current status of historical mine pits and surrounding environments, and identify topographic and geomorphic features, vegetation coverage changes, and soil erosion areas through GIS analysis; Step 103, based on the collected data, analyze the topography, lithology, geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics, and natural environment vegetation characteristics of the historical mine area; Step 104, comprehensively evaluate the analysis results of topography, stratum lithology, geological structure, meteorological and hydrogeological characteristics, and natural environment vegetation characteristics, identify potential environmental risks of historical mines and surrounding environments, and classify the identified potential environmental risks into geological disaster risks, environmental ecological risks, and geomorphological landscape risks.

3. A method for treating a historical mine pit according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step 2, the process of acquiring and analyzing terrain data is as follows: Step 201, according to the actual location, size and surrounding environment of the historical mine pit, determine the scope and boundary of the measurement area, including the historical mine pit body and the surrounding area, clearly mark the boundary of the measurement area on the map, generate a boundary coordinate file, prepare the instruments and equipment required for measurement, formulate a measurement plan, plan the UAV flight route, unmanned ship measurement line and total station measurement points according to the characteristics of the measurement area, analyze weather and lighting factors, and plan the measurement time; Step 202, according to the planned route, use drones to conduct aerial photogrammetry to obtain high-definition images of the historical mine pit and surrounding areas, stitch and correct the images taken by the drones through image processing software, generate a digital elevation model and digital orthophoto map of the mining area, set ground control points in key areas, and use GPS receivers for measurement; Step 203, according to the water depth and terrain characteristics of the survey area, evenly distributed survey lines are arranged, and underwater terrain survey is performed using an unmanned vessel to obtain water depth data in the historical mine pit, and GPS data is simultaneously recorded; Step 204, arranging measurement points on the surface of the stockpile to reflect the shape of the stockpile, using a total station and a drone to perform three-dimensional measurement of the stockpile, obtaining the coordinates and elevation data of the stockpile, and calculating the area and height of the stockpile through the measurement data; Step 205, integrating the above-water, underwater and storage yard measurement data of the mine to form a complete terrain data set, and performing a quality check on the data to remove outliers and erroneous data; Step 206, using geographic information system software to perform three-dimensional modeling on the terrain data, display the spatial form of the historical mine pit, analyze the boundary characteristics, spatial depth, and pit wall slope characteristics of the historical mine pit, and combine the historical mining data and current terrain data to evaluate and calculate the volume of the historical mine pit, including the above-water part and the underwater part; Calculate the area and pile height of the surrounding backfill material yard based on the three-dimensional model, evaluate the storage capacity and utilization efficiency of the yard, and analyze the impact of the yard on the surrounding environment.

4. A method for treating a historical mine pit according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step 3, the process of evaluating the suitability of the backfill material and its potential impact on the environment is as follows: Step 301, extracting the physical geography, hydrological meteorology, engineering geology, and environmental ecology data of the mining area and surrounding areas, defining the survey area, setting a 1:10,000 scale as the survey standard, and formulating a survey plan based on the scope of the survey area, including survey content, methods, routes, timetable, and required instruments and equipment; Step 302, for the physical geography and hydro-meteorological survey, arrange groundwater observation wells, monitor the groundwater level, water quality and dynamic changes, investigate the groundwater level, flow direction, flow velocity, water quality and water volume, evaluate the hydraulic connection between groundwater and historical mine water bodies, and determine the recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of historical mine water; Step 303, for engineering geological survey, rock mechanics tests are conducted to measure the strength and deformation physical and mechanical properties of rocks, investigate the stratigraphic structure, geophysical properties, and geological structure, analyze the stability of historical mine slopes, potential landslide and collapse risks, and evaluate the impact of engineering activities on the geological environment; Step 304, for environmental ecological survey, investigate the regional soil and vegetation environmental elements, evaluate the current status of the ecological environment, monitor the pollutant content in groundwater, surface water and soil, analyze environmental geological problems, investigate regional biodiversity, and evaluate the impact of ecological geological conditions on biological communities; Step 305, collecting water samples, soil samples, rock samples and backfill material samples, and conducting water quality analysis, soil composition analysis, and rock physical and mechanical property tests in the laboratory; Step 306, using GIS software to integrate field survey data, sampling data and test analysis results to analyze geological environmental conditions and environmental problems in the historical mine area; Step 307, determine the permeability, compressibility, and strength data of the backfill material, combine the physical and chemical properties of the backfill material, and comprehensively analyze to obtain the backfill material evaluation index, evaluate whether the backfill material is suitable for backfilling of historical mine pits, and based on the evaluation results, predict the potential impact of the backfill material on groundwater, soil, vegetation and biodiversity.

5. The method for treating a historical mine pit according to claim 1, characterized in that: The plurality of applicability levels correspond to the plurality of evaluation thresholds, wherein the evaluation thresholds include an upper threshold and a lower threshold; The plurality of applicability levels and the plurality of evaluation thresholds satisfy the following relationship: Low applicability level ; Medium suitability level ; High applicability level ; Among them, EP is the potential evaluation coefficient of backfill materials, is the lower threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the low suitability level, is the lower threshold corresponding to the high suitability level and the upper threshold corresponding to the medium suitability level.

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