System for measuring a physical quantity and / or a position using a bistable magnetic wire, measuring method

Abstract

A system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using a bistable magnetic wire (1) includes an excitation element (2) for generating a magnetic field and a sensing element (3). The bistable magnetic wire (1), having a first end (11) and a second end (12) opposite to it, is placed within the magnetic field range of the excitation element (2). The bistable magnetic wire (1) is magnetized by a single Barkhausen jump from the first end (11) to the second end (12) or from the second end (12) to the first end (11), wherein the excitation element (2) and the bistable magnetic wire (1) are positioned relative to each other with an asymmetric magnetic field, wherein the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the first end (11) differs from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the second end (12). The asymmetry of the magnetic field is caused by the asymmetric positions of the excitation element (2) and the bistable magnetic line (1) and / or by the asymmetric structure of the excitation element (2).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a combination of an excitation element and a bistable magnetic wire, wherein the combination is manufactured to utilize the bistable magnetic wire for various physical quantity and / or position measurements. The novelty of the system and method lies primarily in the specific asymmetric position of the magnetic fields of the excitation element and the actual bistable magnetic wire, thereby significantly improving the interpretability of the raw measurement data. Background Technology

[0002] Bistable magnetic elements are used to measure various physical quantities and positions. These elements are formed by passive components that respond to changes in position or physical quantity in a magnetic field through magnetization.

[0003] For example, GB2374084A describes an alloy with bistable magnetic properties and microwires made from such alloys. These microwires are capable of responding to a variety of physical quantities, but response evaluation is problematic because prior art bistable magnetic elements may exhibit complex magnetic behavior, where magnetization occurs within multiple magnetic domains within a single microwire, rather than in a single wall jump. Applications of bistable magnetic wires in position, angle, and rotation measurements are also known.

[0004] The excitation of bistable magnetic wire wound on a core is elucidated in document US4484090A. However, this solution cannot assess physical quantities. Some magnetic behaviors of bistable magnetic elements are described in document JPH03252577A; however, this document does not address issues related to interpreting nonlinear values ​​in measurements.

[0005] DE2817169A1, DE3427582A1, and SU1753425A1 describe systems of Wiegand lines with a certain level of magnetic bistableness, used to determine the approximation of bistable magnetic elements and sensors. Due to this arrangement, it is impossible to measure the values ​​of physical quantities near the bistable magnetic element.

[0006] According to the publicly disclosed EP0484716A1, the position or rotation sensor uses a Wiegand wire, with a rotating permanent magnet approaching the Wiegand wire. The sensor only reacts to changes in the magnetic field and does not assess the magnitude of physical quantities.

[0007] According to document DE4107847C1, the Wiegand sensor allows for the contactless transmission of information about switch closure, which can respond to changes in physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and acceleration. However, it requires a suitable sensor, which is then used to control the switch, meaning the physical quantity is not measured by the bistable magnetic element itself.

[0008] A novel, unseen technological solution is desired, characterized by its simple structure, improved repeatability and interpretability of various physical quantity measurements, and elimination of noise and secondary phenomena. The bistable magnetic element itself must respond to changes in the measured physical quantity and also generate a response that is transmitted contactlessly to the receiving element. Summary of the Invention

[0009] A system utilizing bistable magnetic wire for physical quantity measurement and / or position measurement essentially eliminates the aforementioned drawbacks. This system includes an excitation element for generating a magnetic field, with the bistable magnetic wire located within the range of that magnetic field. According to the invention, the bistable magnetic wire has a first end and a second end positioned opposite it, thus not wound into a helix or coil. The magnetization of the bistable magnetic wire is adjusted by a single Barkhausen front jump from the first end to the second end or from the second end to the first end. Essentially, the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire are positioned relative to each other, where the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element at the first end differs from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element at the second end. At each moment of non-zero excitation (and therefore at a given moment), the magnetic fields at the first and second ends are different, meaning the excitation is dynamic in time. The system also includes a receiving element for receiving a response from the bistable magnetic wire.

[0010] The terms “first” and “second” in this article are used to name the two ends differently, and these terms are interchangeable. Therefore, the terms “first” and “second” do not indicate the superiority or importance of the corresponding ends of the bistable magnetic wire.

[0011] At a given excitation moment, the difference in magnetic field at the ends leads to magnetic field asymmetry. This asymmetric magnetic field, together with the magnetization caused by a single Barkhausen jump, contributes to the repeatability and interpretability of the measurement results. For practical measurement applications, it is important that the behavior of the bistable magnetic line is fundamentally influenced by the measured quantity or measurement location, and that other factors (including the behavior of the more complex magnetic properties of the bistable magnetic line) can be neglected, or at least identified, for correction when evaluating the raw data.

[0012] To ensure the asymmetry of the relative positions of the excitation field and the bistable magnetic wire, a difference of 5%, preferably 10%, and particularly preferably greater than 25% in the magnetic field values ​​at the first and second ends is sufficient. This facilitates magnetization occurring in a single jump from one end to the other along the entire wire. If magnetization occurs within multiple individual domains along the wire length, the measured response will include multiple individual behaviors, significantly affecting the interpretability of the measurement. The correlation of the measurement data can also not be determined, thus reducing the applicability of the bistable magnetic wire. The object of the present invention is to achieve an efficient, complete, and true magnetized bistable wire, wherein the domain structure of the bistable magnetic wire does not include many domains, which would otherwise result in magnetization due to the movement of multiple domains within a single wire. Measuring a bistable magnetic wire with multiple domains along its length can be likened to measuring several independent bistable magnetic wires in a single excitation field, resulting in a measurement result that is an unreliable sum of individual responses, and therefore the aggregated response vector is practically unusable.

[0013] Several technical possibilities exist for generating relatively asymmetrical magnetic fields, with the appropriate selection of the corresponding structure depending on the specific quantity or location of measurement. In principle, temperature, pressure / tension, and magnetic fields can be measured using the system according to the invention. From these fundamental quantities, other physical quantities across a wide range, as well as various positional relationships, can be indirectly measured. The presence of bistable magnetic lines can be measured, their relative positions can be measured by measuring the magnetic field at a conductor, current parameters can be measured, and positions and linear feeds in the Earth's magnetic field can be measured, or bending and torsional stresses can be measured based on measurements of elongation in the corresponding direction, or the flow of liquids or gases.

[0014] Measuring changes in magnetic fields enables the detection of positional and rotational changes of bistable magnetic wires or carriers equipped with bistable magnetic wires, and also allows for the measurement of relative position with respect to another object carrying an excitation element. Based on this, position sensors, rotation sensors, end effectors, proximity sensors for magnetic objects or carriers carrying magnetic objects, and absolute position sensors relative to the Earth's magnetic field can be constructed.

[0015] The antenna of the excitation element can be used to measure the response, or preferably, the system includes a separate receiving element, such as a receiving coil. In this case, the excitation element can be a primary coil, and the receiving element will be formed by a secondary coil. The secondary coil can be connected to an amplifier and an evaluation unit. The receiving element can be coaxially positioned with respect to the location of the bistable magnetic line, or it can be located at an opposite position to each other, so as to allow for the reception of the response within acceptable limits.

[0016] In suitable embodiments, the bistable magnetic wire is in the form of a microwire with a diameter less than 50 μm, preferably less than 25 μm, and particularly preferably less than 15 μm. It is precisely when the core diameter is less than 15 μm and has a suitable amorphous metallic alloy composition that the radial magnetic structure disappears, which is related to the simultaneous rapid cooling (typically water cooling) of the wire drawing process. Since the bistable magnetic wire behaves as fully bistable, bistableness is effectively achieved over the entire length of the wire, and the domain walls extend from the first end to the second end during magnetization, rather than being separated along the wire length in several separate regions. It has also been found that it is suitable if the length of the bistable magnetic wire is at least 100 times, preferably at least 10,000 times, the diameter of the bistable magnetic wire, meaning it is a small-diameter wire, which can also be referred to as a microwire.

[0017] A typical structure of bistable magnetic wire includes an amorphous metal core and a cap, such as a glass cap, with an outer diameter no greater than three times the diameter of the metal core. The thickness of the glass cap can range from 1 μm to 20 μm. The glass cap (i.e., the glass surface layer) protects the metal core from electrical contact with the environment and from corrosive chemical environments. This allows bistable magnetic wire to be widely used, for example, directly in electric motor windings, inside building materials, or inside the human body. In principle, bistable magnetic wire without a circumferential cap can also be used, or a cap made of a material other than glass can be used.

[0018] Magnetic excitation with a triangular amplitude waveform (typically a symmetrical triangular amplitude waveform) has proven to be suitable (as described in the inventors' earlier disclosures, it simplifies the evaluation of the measured signal). Therefore, the system according to the invention is configured to connect to a power element, a control element, and an evaluation element. According to instructions from the control element, the power element transmits a regulated power supply to the excitation element to obtain an excitation signal with a triangular amplitude waveform. The evaluation element acquires and analyzes the response received from the bistable magnetic wire.

[0019] The asymmetry of the excitation field can be achieved by arranging the excitation element (which generates a fundamentally symmetrical magnetic field) asymmetrically relative to the bistable magnetic lines. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the positional asymmetry ensures that the first end of the bistable magnetic wire is in a higher magnetic field than the second end, and therefore the bistable magnetic wire will always be magnetized as a domain wall moves, with the domain wall in a higher magnetic field. Positional asymmetry can be achieved by setting the spatial relationship. Simultaneously, the coil of the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire can be arranged coaxially, thus having the same or parallel longitudinal axes.

[0020] By constructing an excitation element with non-uniform coil windings, such as having different pitches or different numbers of wires at the first or second end, the asymmetry of the excitation magnetic field can be ensured. The result of this structure is that the amplitude of the magnetic field differs at the ends of the excitation element, or at a certain distance from the ends. In this case, the relative positions of the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire can be spatially symmetrical, but at the first and second ends of the bistable magnetic wire, they will be in magnetic fields of different amplitudes.

[0021] If the asymmetric magnetic field is generated by the excitation element, then the definition of the relative positions of the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire as described in the first claim also includes symmetrical relative positions. The definition in the first claim expresses a mutual arrangement, which can be achieved by several means or by different combinations of technical means and relative spatial arrangements. The asymmetry of the magnetic field, which is important for achieving the effects according to the invention, is always understood in the relative relationship between the magnetic field amplitudes at the first and second ends. The asymmetry of the excitation magnetic field can also be achieved by adding a shielding element or by placing another secondary coil between the primary coils of the excitation element. In this case, the relative positions of the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire may also appear to be spatially symmetrical, but the asymmetry of the magnetic field at the first and second ends will be important.

[0022] In all forms of magnetic field asymmetry, the excitation element can be placed coaxially with or adjacent to the bistable magnetic line. In most applications, it is assumed that the longitudinal axis of the magnetic field generated by the excitation element will be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bistable magnetic line; however, in principle, positions with different angles are also possible, for example, the longitudinal axis of the excitation element may deviate from the longitudinal axis of the bistable magnetic line by less than 30 degrees.

[0023] The disadvantages mentioned in the prior art are eliminated by a method utilizing bistable magnetic wires for physical quantity measurement and / or position measurement, wherein a variable magnetic field is emitted by an excitation element, wherein at least one bistable magnetic wire is placed within the range of the excitation magnetic field, the wire being magnetized when the magnetic field changes by a single Barkhausen front jump from a first end to a second end or from a second end to a first end, and wherein the response of the bistable magnetic wire is subsequently sensed by a sensing element. According to the invention, the essence lies in the fact that the excitation element and the bistable magnetic wire remain in a relative position where the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element at the first end differs from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element at the second end. The difference in magnetic field amplitude at the ends should be explained by the fact that this difference applies even when the changing position of the bistable magnetic wire is not measured, even if the bistable magnetic wire can move relative to the excitation element (e.g., when measuring pressure in a rotating tire). This means that at the instant of magnetization, the ends of the bistable magnetic wire are in magnetic fields of different amplitudes. When measuring the changing position of a bistable magnetic line, for example when measuring a linear position, it is equally applicable that at the moment of magnetization, the ends of the bistable magnetic line are in magnetic fields of different amplitudes, and at the same time, due to the movement of the object being measured, there are differences in the magnetic field.

[0024] Preferably, if the magnetic field has a triangular amplitude waveform, particularly a symmetrical triangular amplitude waveform, then the time for evaluating the local maxima and local minima of the response of the bistable magnetic line is essentially the time point of magnetization of the bistable magnetic line. The sum of these times is a parameter representing the correlation of the measured quantity or measurement location, where other unmeasurable factors and noise are suppressed. This not only improves the interpretability of the measurement data but also speeds up the data evaluation. It is also suitable if the difference between these times is calculated, and this parameter represents the parasitic magnetic field that interferes with the measurement of conventional magnetic sensors. The process according to the invention suppresses the influence of parasitic magnetic fields.

[0025] A key feature of the system and method according to the invention is that, when evaluating the response signal, local maxima and local minima are searched, and after identifying these two values, the method operates using the time intervals T1 and T2 for measuring the maxima and minima. Furthermore, unlike conventional methods that operate based on measured amplitude values, this method utilizes time values, which are readily identifiable parameters in the received signal. This is because such evaluation is fast, accurate, and insensitive to various secondary effects. For example, the precise position, shape, and size of the excitation and sensing elements are not important.

[0026] In the development of the subject matter of this invention, it has been shown that bistable magnetic wires exhibit different responsiveness to each measurement depending on the frequency of the excitation field. Therefore, in a preferred arrangement, the method according to the invention comprises exciting the magnetic field at different or varying frequencies depending on the type of measurement or measurement location. A general-purpose excitation generator and excitation element will be optionally applicable here, or different excitation elements may be used depending on the application. Due to this discovery, one structure of the bistable magnetic wire can also be used for different frequencies. The stable frequency value for one application may differ from the stable frequency used in another application, or these frequencies may vary within different ranges for a particular type of measurement.

[0027] A significant advantage of this invention is its repeatable measurement accuracy, which is related to the improved interpretability of the obtained raw data. It also allows for rapid response to changes in the measured physical quantity. Due to the small size, low cost, and passive energy nature of the bistable magnetic wire, the system according to this invention can be widely applied in various technical applications. Attached Figure Description

[0028] use Figures 1 to 10 The invention has been explained in more detail. The specific size of the line, the excitation element shown, and the values ​​of the measured quantities shown are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection sought by the invention.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram of the structure of bistable magnetic wires.

[0030] Figure 2 The results of bending stress measurements on a steel support are shown, with the left side showing the measurement results using conventional bistable magnetic wires of the prior art, and the right side showing the measurement results using bistable magnetic wires according to the present invention. Figure 2 It clarifies the solved technical problems that have emerged in existing technical solutions.

[0031] Figure 3 The positional asymmetry of the excitation element relative to the bistable magnetic line is schematically shown.

[0032] Figure 4 The asymmetrical winding coil of the excitation element is illustrated schematically.

[0033] Figure 5 The tension measurement system in the test tear sample is shown.

[0034] Figure 6 A system for measuring the temperature on the surface of a battery cell is illustrated schematically.

[0035] Figure 7 The correlation between the temperature process and the sum of time T1+T2 is shown.

[0036] Figure 8 An oscilloscope screen showing the peak time values ​​aT1-T2 to cT1-cT2 when measuring temperature using three bistable magnetic lines is displayed.

[0037] Figure 9 The diagram shows the coaxial position of the bistable magnetic wire relative to the excitation and sensing elements when measuring the linear position of the piston.

[0038] Figure 10 This illustrates the magnetization of the bistable magnetic wire between two states when excited by a triangular amplitude waveform. Detailed Implementation

[0039] Example 1

[0040] According to Figure 3 and Figure 5 In this example, the bistable magnetic wire 1 is used to measure tension or pressure in a steel component. The tear pattern has a calibrated central region and two clamping ends. A microwire, approximately 3 cm in length, is glued to the surface of the central region. This microwire has a metal core with a diameter of approximately 15 μm and a glass cap with a total diameter of approximately 45 μm. In this example, the bistable magnetic wire 1 is oriented in the direction of tension, where the elongation of the steel material is transferred to the deformation of the bistable magnetic wire 1. Minor deviations in the mounting angle do not significantly affect the measurement accuracy. The bistable magnetic wire 1 is also substantially aligned in a straight line, with the first end 11 and the second end 12 positioned opposite each other, such that the bistable magnetic wire 1 does not wrap around the core, as is known from prior art applications.

[0041] A key feature of this example is the use of positional asymmetry to generate an asymmetric excitation magnetic field. Excitation element 2 is placed adjacent to bistable magnetic wire 1, and the longitudinal axis of excitation element 2 is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of bistable magnetic wire 1, wherein the center of the coil of excitation element 2 is moved relative to the center of bistable magnetic wire 1. Figure 6 The value X is recorded in the data. To ensure a small distance between the excitation element 2 and the bistable magnetic wire 1, the longitudinal axis of the excitation element 2 and the longitudinal axis of the bistable magnetic wire 1 are positioned such that if they intersect a common plane, that plane is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the steel component. However, in principle, the measurement system is not sensitive to inaccuracies in the placement of individual elements; the only important factor is that the elongation of the measured material is reliably transmitted to the bistable magnetic wire 1.

[0042] The positional asymmetry of the excitation element 2 results in a desired difference in the magnetic field at the first end 11 and the second end 12, which, together with the characteristics of the bistable magnetic wire 1, leads to magnetization via a single Barkhausen jump from the first end 11 to the second end 12. The excitation element 2 generates a magnetic field with a triangular amplitude waveform, and the response of the bistable magnetic wire 1 is captured by the sensing element 3, which is connected to the control unit 4, where the response is evaluated.

[0043] Static and dynamic measurements are performed on a tearing machine. The signal obtained in sensing element 3 is generally monotonic and has high repeatability.

[0044] Example 2

[0045] In order to measure according to Figure 6 and Figure 7 To measure the temperature of a cylindrical battery cell, a thermistor bistable magnetic wire 1 is placed on the battery surface. The system also includes a planar coil for the excitation element 2 and a smaller coil for the sensing element 3. Measurements are performed within a temperature range of -20°C to +100°C.

[0046] An oscilloscope monitors the analog signal from the bistable magnetic wire 2 as two peaks (minimum and maximum). The position and time of the signal peaks T1 (maximum) and T2 (minimum) are processed in the control unit 4 and converted into digital signals, which are then displayed on a PC. The measured and evaluated signals show an almost linear correlation between the temperature and magnetic response of the bistable magnetic wire 1, defined by the sum of the values ​​T1 + T2. The parameters of the software displaying the actual temperature are then adjusted using parameters from the detected correlation. In the case of monotonic correlation, a scaling polynomial can be defined to assign the raw data to the actual temperature. The sampling frequency is 2 samples / second, and the sensitivity is 0.4 °C (K), corresponding to 288 points of variation at 120 °C intervals.

[0047] Using an excitation element 2 and a sensing element 3, a system for measuring the temperature of several battery cells can be created. Figure 9 As can be seen, the timing of the signal peaks of the three bistable magnetic lines 1 can be clearly distinguished. These three bistable magnetic lines are placed on three cylindrical battery cells, respectively. The peak values ​​are marked as aT1-aT2 to cT1-cT2. The signals received in this way can be clearly detected, decomposed, and converted into the temperature of individual battery cells.

[0048] Example 3

[0049] A bistable magnetic wire 1 connected to the moving piston is used to measure the linear position with high precision. In this example, the composition is Fe. 77.5 Si 7.5 B 15The bistable magnetic wire 1 has positive magnetostriction, a length of 30 mm, a metal core diameter of 39 μm, and a glass layer diameter of 71 μm.

[0050] according to Figure 9 In this example, the excitation element 2 and the sensing element 3 are formed by a coil loosely wrapped around the sliding piston. The longitudinal axes of the excitation element 2, the sensing element 3, and the piston are the same. The bistable magnetic wire 1 is mounted on the surface of the piston, so it only has a position that is approximately coaxial with the excitation element 2 and the sensing element 3; however, this does not affect the accuracy of the position measurement.

[0051] In this example, the asymmetry of the magnetic field is achieved through positional asymmetry, where, at each position of the piston, the center of the bistable magnetic wire 1 is located outside the center of the excitation element 2. Furthermore, in this example, at each position of the piston, both ends 11 and 12 are also located outside the center of the excitation element 2. Therefore, the position of the excitation element 2 is configured such that at the end positions of the piston, one end of the bistable magnetic wire 1 extends inside the coil of the excitation element 2, but does not reach the center of the excitation element 2. Subsequently, the piston with the bistable magnetic wire 1 extends further from inside the coil of the excitation element 2.

[0052] Unlike conventional position sensors, where position is defined by the permeability and amplitude of a signal on a sensing coil, the system in this example detects magnetization proportional to the position of the bistable magnetic line 1.

[0053] Magnetization is detected using a reliable induction method. The excitation field has a triangular amplitude waveform, and the switching time is measured, where T1 and T2 represent the values ​​according to... Figure 10 The magnetization time (positive and negative switching) between two stable magnetic states is used. The switching time corresponds to the time when the maximum voltage is induced. The maximum and minimum values ​​of the received signal can be clearly identified, and the background does not affect the possibility of interpretation. The properly amplified and filtered sensed signal is connected to the digital input of a microcontroller with a time resolution within 10 ns. The simple electronics in control unit 4 are sufficient to achieve very high accuracy and measurement speed. The digital unit of the microcontroller generates a PWM signal at the desired frequency, which is 135 Hz in this example. After filtering and transforming the received signal, time T1+T2 is accumulated by a timer.

[0054] The advantages of the system described in this example are that the maximum value of the signal induced during magnetization is very sharp and it has high sensitivity at the 10 μm level. The system is also unaffected by ambient temperature, with measurement errors due to temperature sensitivity being less than 0.19%.

[0055] Example 4

[0056] according to Figure 4In this example, the coil of excitation element 2 is wound unevenly, increasing the number of wires at one end. Simultaneously, the bistable magnetic wire 1 is positioned such that, at a given time of non-zero excitation, the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by excitation element 2 at the first end 11 differs from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by excitation element 2 at the second end 12 by at least 5%.

[0057] Industrial applicability

[0058] The industrial applicability is obvious. According to the present invention, spatial and structural arrangements of excitation elements and bistable magnetic wires can be repeatedly manufactured and used industrially for measuring physical quantities and / or measuring positions, particularly for measuring temperature, pressure, tension, magnetic field, current, position, Earth's magnetic field, torque, linear position, or angular position.

[0059] List of reference numerals

[0060] 1. Bistable magnetic wires

[0061] 11. First end

[0062] 12. Second end

[0063] 2. Excitation element

[0064] 3. Sensing element

[0065] 4. Control Unit

[0066] T1, Maximum signal response time

[0067] T2, minimum signal response time

Claims

1. A system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using a bistable magnetic wire, the system comprising the bistable magnetic wire, an excitation element (2) adapted to generate a magnetic field within a placement range of the bistable magnetic wire (1), the bistable magnetic wire (1) having a first end (11) and a second end (12) placed opposite to it, wherein the bistable magnetic wire (1) is magnetized by a single Barkhausen jump from the first end (11) to the second end (12) or from the second end (12) to the first end (11), and the system further comprising a sensing element (3) for receiving a response from the bistable magnetic wire (1). Its features are, The excitation element (2) and the bistable magnetic wire (1) are placed in such a position that the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the first end (11) is different from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the second end (12).

2. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1, characterized in that, The difference in amplitude between the magnetic field at the first end (11) and the second end (12) is at least 5%.

3. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The system is suitable for measuring temperature and / or pressure and / or tension and / or magnetic field and / or linear position.

4. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The coil of the sensing element (3) is separated from the coil of the excitation element (2).

5. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The diameter of the bistable magnetic wire (1) is less than 50 μm.

6. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The bistable magnetic wire (1) is covered with a layer of insulating material.

7. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 6, characterized in that, The insulating material is a layer of glass with a thickness of up to 20 μm.

8. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The length of the bistable magnetic wire (1) is at least 1000 times the diameter of the metal core of the bistable magnetic wire (1).

9. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The excitation element (2) is placed asymmetrically relative to the bistable magnetic wire (1).

10. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The excitation element (2) has an asymmetrical structure, and the magnetic field at its end has different amplitudes.

11. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 10, characterized in that, The excitation element (2) is formed by coils with different winding densities at the first end (11) and the second end (12) of the bistable magnetic wire (1).

12. The system for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The longitudinal axis of the excitation element (2) is the same as or parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bistable magnetic wire (1), or the longitudinal axis of the excitation element (2) is deviated from the longitudinal axis of the bistable magnetic wire (1) by less than 30 degrees.

13. A method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires, wherein, An excitation element (2) emits a variable magnetic field, wherein at least one bistable magnetic wire (1) is placed within the range of the excitation magnetic field, the bistable magnetic wire being magnetized by a single Barkhausen jump from the first end (11) to the second end (12) or from the second end (12) to the first end (11), and wherein the response of the bistable magnetic wire (1) is subsequently sensed by a sensing element (3), characterized in that the excitation element (2) and the bistable magnetic wire (1) are held in such a position that the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the first end (11) is different from the amplitude of the magnetic field excited by the excitation element (2) at the second end (12).

14. The method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 13, characterized in that, The excitation magnetic field has a triangular amplitude waveform, and the time (T1) for evaluating the local maximum value and the time (T2) for evaluating the response of the bistable magnetic line (1) are also considered.

15. The method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that, The excitation magnetic field has a frequency within a certain range, and within this range, the bistable magnetic line (1) has at least one local maximum sensitivity for a specific type of measurement quantity or measurement position.

16. The method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 14, characterized in that, When evaluating the signal received as a response from the bistable magnetic wire (1), the sum of the time (T1) for evaluating the local maximum value and the time (T2) for evaluating the local minimum value of the signal is evaluated.

17. The method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 16, characterized in that, When evaluating the signal received from the bistable magnetic wire (1) as a response, the difference between the time (T2) of the local minimum and the time (T1) of the local maximum of the signal is taken into account.

18. The method for measuring physical quantities and / or position using bistable magnetic wires according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that, The response of the bistable magnetic line (1) intercepted in the sensing element (3) is evaluated in the control unit (4).

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