W-band optimization method and device based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping

Abstract

The present invention discloses a W-band optimization method and device based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, which relates to the field of communication technology and includes: receiving binary bit stream data, encoding and processing the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, modulating the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal; inputting the modulated digital signal into a digital-to-analog converter to convert it into an analog signal, converting the analog signal into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, amplifying the W-band radio frequency signal through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal; converting the amplified W-band signal back into a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a down-converter, inputting the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal into an analog-to-digital converter to convert it into a digital signal, inputting the digital signal into a pre-constructed three-dimensional space mapping demodulator, and outputting an original bit stream.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to a W-band optimization method and device based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, with the development of many high-speed services such as ultra-high-definition video streaming, augmented reality / virtual reality, self-driving cars and the Internet of Things (IoT), people's demand for data traffic has increased exponentially. To meet this demand, researchers and engineers are looking for a high-frequency communication band, and the W-band has entered their field of vision due to its short wavelength and large bandwidth. The characteristics of the W-band enable it to support and far exceed the data transmission rate of the existing 4G LTE and early 5G networks. It is regarded as a key component in realizing the vision of 6G networks, and 6G is expected to support peak data rates of up to 1Tbps and ultra-low latency of sub-milliseconds. The high-frequency characteristics of the W-band enable it to meet the scenarios of extremely high-speed data transmission and precise positioning. In addition, the W-band can be transmitted with the help of miniaturized antenna arrays in application scenarios such as wearable devices, mobile devices and vehicle-mounted systems, thereby achieving compact and efficient communication effects.

[0003] In the W-band, in order to meet the ever-increasing data rate requirements and maximize spectrum efficiency, the traditional two-dimensional constellation mapping method has become insufficient. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to solve the deficiencies mentioned in the above background technology, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a W-band optimization method and device based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, which can optimize the power distribution and symbol error rate in the wireless communication system, while improving the data transmission rate and signal robustness.

[0005] In a first aspect, the purpose of the present invention can be achieved by the following technical solution: a W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, the method comprising the following steps:

[0006] Receiving binary bit stream data, encoding the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulating the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal;

[0007] The modulated digital signal is input into a digital-to-analog converter to be converted into an analog signal, the analog signal is converted into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, and the W-band radio frequency signal is amplified through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal;

[0008] The amplified W-band signal is converted back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal is input into an analog-to-digital converter and converted into a digital signal, the digital signal is input into a pre-built three-dimensional QAM mapping demodulator, and the original bit stream is output.

[0009] In combination with the first aspect, in some implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: a process of modulating the encoded binary bit stream using a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology:

[0010] A binary bit stream is mapped onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation.

[0011] In combination with the first aspect, in certain implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: the structural geometric position design of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes: selection and allocation of constellation points and determination of the positions of constellation points in each layer.

[0012] In combination with the first aspect, in certain implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: determining the positions of the constellation points of each layer: in the third layer, 8 constellation points are connected to form 6 equilateral triangles with a side length of 2; in the second and fourth layers, 5 constellation points are connected to form 3 equilateral triangles with a side length of 2, and in the first and fifth layers, 3 constellation points are connected to form equilateral triangles with a side length of 2, the vertices of the equilateral triangles are connected to each other, and the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are connected to form regular tetrahedrons, and the structure in which points and layers are connected to each other accurately determines the position of each constellation point.

[0013] In combination with the first aspect, in some implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: a constellation performance index (CFM) of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is calculated as follows:

[0014] (1)

[0015] (2)

[0016] It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space, where: Represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, and m represents the index of the constellation point, ranging from 1 to M. Represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space, It is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points, d min is the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points;

[0017] In combination with the first aspect, in certain implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: the probability shaping constellation mapping stage of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes the design of probability distribution and non-uniform constellation mapping;

[0018] In which, each signal point within the design of the probability distribution The probability distribution of Defined by the following expression:

[0019] , (3)

[0020] in, is a tuning parameter, The expression form is similar to the core part of the Gaussian distribution, indicating that X depends on of, is the normalization constant The denominator of the Sum and calculate all The sum of Represents the set of all constellation points.

[0021] In combination with the first aspect, in some implementations of the first aspect, the method further includes: in the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, setting the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points to be equal to the side length of a regular tetrahedron, wherein the working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows:

[0022] Binary bit padding: uniform binary bits are written into the last four rows of the interleaver;

[0023] Reading and judging bit information: read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set, the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left. The specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, a specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point.

[0024] Filling of redundant bits: According to the mapping rules, the redundant bits are filled into the blank positions of the interleaver to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete;

[0025] Mapping to constellation diagram: read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map the information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules.

[0026] In a second aspect, in order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention discloses a W-band optimization system based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, comprising:

[0027] The coding and modulation module is used to receive binary bit stream data, encode the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulate the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal;

[0028] A signal amplification module is used to input the modulated digital signal into a digital-to-analog converter to convert it into an analog signal, convert the analog signal into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, and amplify the W-band radio frequency signal through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal;

[0029] The conversion and demodulation module is used to convert the amplified W-band signal back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, input the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal into an analog-to-digital converter, convert it into a digital signal, input the digital signal into a pre-built three-dimensional space mapping demodulator, and output the original bit stream.

[0030] In combination with the second aspect, in some implementations of the second aspect, the system further includes: a process in which the coding and modulation module modulates the coded binary bit stream using a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology:

[0031] Mapping a binary bit stream onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation;

[0032] Or the structural geometric position design of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation of the coding modulation module includes: the selection and allocation of the number of constellation points and the determination of the positions of the constellation points of each layer;

[0033] Among them, the positions of the constellation points of each layer are determined in the third layer. The eight constellation points are connected to form six equilateral triangles with a side length of 2; in the second and fourth layers, five constellation points are connected to form three equilateral triangles with a side length of 2, and in the first and fifth layers, three constellation points are connected to form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2. The vertices of the equilateral triangles are connected to each other, and the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are connected to form regular tetrahedrons. The structure of interconnection between points and layers accurately determines the position of each constellation point.

[0034] Among them, the constellation performance index of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is calculated as follows:

[0035] (1)

[0036] (2)

[0037] It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space, where: Represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, and m represents the index of the constellation point, ranging from 1 to M. Represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space, It is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points, d min is the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points;

[0038] The probability shaping constellation mapping stage of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes the design of probability distribution and non-uniform constellation mapping;

[0039] In which, each signal point within the design of the probability distribution The probability distribution of Defined by the following expression:

[0040] , (3)

[0041] in, is a tuning parameter, The expression form is similar to the core part of the Gaussian distribution, indicating that X depends on of, is the normalization constant The denominator of the Sum and calculate all The sum of Represents the set of all constellation points.

[0042] In the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points is set equal to the side length of the regular tetrahedron, wherein the working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows:

[0043] Binary bit padding: uniform binary bits are written into the last four rows of the interleaver;

[0044] Reading and judging bit information: read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set, the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left. The specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, a specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point.

[0045] Filling of redundant bits: According to the mapping rules, the redundant bits are filled into the blank positions of the interleaver to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete;

[0046] Mapping to constellation diagram: read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map the information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules.

[0047] In another aspect of the present invention, in order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, a terminal device is disclosed, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and capable of running on the processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program capable of running on the processor, and when the processor loads and executes the computer program, the W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping as described above is adopted.

[0048] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0049] The present invention can significantly improve the spectrum efficiency and signal transmission quality of wireless communication systems through three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping and probability shaping technology; the optimized constellation diagram design enhances the robustness of the signal under complex channel conditions, and is particularly suitable for the W band with a wide bandwidth; at the same time, the present invention can improve the data transmission rate without increasing the complexity of the system, meeting the dual requirements of high speed and high reliability for future wireless communications. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0050] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0051] Figure 1 It is a schematic flow chart of the method of the present invention;

[0052] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the workflow of the present invention;

[0053] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the geometric structure design of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure of the present invention;

[0054] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the overall geometric structure design of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of a Huffman tree of a non-uniform Gray mapping of a 24-point constellation structure of the present invention;

[0056] Figure 6It is a schematic diagram of the simulation result verification based on MATLAB of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 7 It is a physical layer implementation flow chart of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping combined with W-band channel transmission of the present invention;

[0058] Figure 8 It is a comparison diagram of the bit error rate curves of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping after the W band combined with the structural design optimization of the present invention and the standard three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping;

[0059] Fig. 9 is the constellation diagram received by the present invention after passing through the additive white Gaussian noise channel;

[0060] Fig.10 It is a schematic diagram of the system structure of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0062] Embodiment 1:

[0063] The following is an introduction to the relevant terms involved in the embodiments of the present application:

[0064] The W band refers to the frequency range of electromagnetic waves from 75 GHz to 110 GHz. This band has a wide range of applications in communications, radar, electronic countermeasures, etc., including but not limited to millimeter wave communications, electronic countermeasures, radar detection, etc. In recent years, with the advancement of technology, the research and application of the W band has made significant progress, especially in signal processing, antenna design, frequency source technology, etc.

[0065] like Figure 1 As shown, the W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping includes the following steps:

[0066] S101: receiving binary bit stream data, encoding the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulating the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal;

[0067] The process of modulating the encoded binary bit stream through three-dimensional QAM modulation technology:

[0068] A binary bit stream is mapped onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation.

[0069] The work process mainly includes three stages: constellation structure optimization design, probability shaping constellation mapping, and W-band channel transmission verification. The core of the entire workflow is the constellation structure optimization design stage. The design principle is to maximize the constellation performance index. The constellation performance index (CFM) of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is calculated as follows:

[0070] (1)

[0071] (2)

[0072] It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space. represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, m represents the index of the constellation point, and the value range is 1 to M, and Represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space, It is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points. Under the condition of being fixed at 2, the geometric structure is optimized and designed to reduce the average power of the constellation diagram and improve the constellation performance index, so as to design the geometric positions of the 24 constellation points in the constellation diagram; and in the non-uniform Gray mapping stage, the distribution mapping of constellation points at different geometric positions is selected based on the Huffman tree and bit interleaving technology. By optimizing the probability distribution in the constellation diagram, the inner circle constellation points have a higher probability of occurrence, while the outer circle constellation points have a lower probability of occurrence, thereby forming an efficient non-uniform distribution pattern. Without changing the geometric position of the constellation points that have been optimized by the design, the average power of the constellation diagram is reduced, the constellation performance index is further improved, and the original data is constellated; in the W-band channel transmission verification stage, the present invention fully considers the complexity of the W-band coherent system, especially the need for precise frequency and phase control. Considering that the W-band signal may be affected by the nonlinearity of the hardware equipment, the three-dimensional constellation diagram optimization design proposed by the present invention can resist such nonlinear interference, thereby effectively reducing nonlinear distortion and ensuring the integrity and quality of the signal during transmission.

[0073] like Figure 2As shown in the figure, it shows the basic process of a communication system, including the signal sending and receiving process, which is divided into three main parts: data conversion, W-band transmission and demodulation conversion. First is the data conversion part. The original data generated by the data source is encoded by source coding and channel coding, and then interleaved by the bit interleaver to improve the anti-interference ability. Then, the data enters the constellation mapping and modulation shaping module, and the bit sequence is mapped into the form of modulation constellation points for transmission. Next is the W-band transmission part. The modulated signal is converted to W-band frequency by the up-converter, and the signal is enhanced by the amplifier before entering the wireless channel for transmission. The receiving end uses a down-converter to restore the received signal from the W-band frequency. Finally, there is the demodulation conversion part. After the signal at the receiving end is down-converted, it enters the demodulation module for constellation demapping to restore the bit sequence, and then restores the original order through the bit deinterleaver, and then performs channel decoding and source decoding to restore the original data.

[0074] S102: inputting the modulated digital signal into a digital-to-analog converter to convert it into an analog signal, converting the analog signal into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, amplifying the W-band radio frequency signal through a W-band radio frequency amplifier, and obtaining an amplified W-band signal;

[0075] S103: Convert the amplified W-band signal back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, input the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal into an analog-to-digital converter, convert it into a digital signal, input the digital signal into a pre-built three-dimensional spatial mapping demodulator, and output the original bit stream.

[0076] The optimal design of the constellation structure is a key link in the modulation process of the communication system, which effectively improves the accuracy and efficiency of signal transmission. The design of the geometric position of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation structure is mainly divided into two steps: the selection and allocation of the number of constellation points, and then the determination of the position of the constellation points at each layer.

[0077] Selection and allocation of constellation points: Taking the three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping as an example, there are 24 constellation points in the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure, which are distributed on five different levels. The number and distribution of constellation points on each level are designed to ensure the balance and discrimination of the signal. Specifically, in these five levels, the constellation points are evenly distributed in the configuration of 3, 5, 8, 5, and 3 constellation points, respectively, ensuring uniform coverage and effective separation of constellation points at each level, and optimizing the coverage and discrimination of the signal.

[0078] like Figure 3 As shown, the precise determination of the position of each circle constellation point: When designing a three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure, the minimum Euclidean distance is set to 2, such as Figure 2As shown. This design standard not only ensures the distinction between signals, but also provides a basis for the stability and efficiency of the overall structure. Specifically, on the third layer, the eight constellation points are connected to form six equilateral triangles with a side length of 2; on the second and fourth layers, five constellation points are connected to form three equilateral triangles with a side length of 2. On the first and fifth layers, three constellation points are connected to form equilateral triangles with a side length of 2. The vertices of these equilateral triangles are connected to each other, so that the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are connected to form regular tetrahedrons. The structure in which points and layers are connected to each other accurately determines the position of each constellation point and ensures that the minimum Euclidean distance is maintained. Minimize the radius of each layer under the same conditions.

[0079] Based on the design of the regular tetrahedron structure, the connection between the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers presents a sphere-based structure. This inter-layer connection structure enables points on adjacent levels to maintain the minimum Euclidean distance. At the same time, an overall three-dimensional geometric shape is formed. The optimized inter-layer connection structure provides an effective way to balance the spatial relationship between constellation points and signal discrimination.

[0080] Through a carefully designed geometric structure, the 24 constellation points are evenly distributed on five regular tetrahedral connection structures of different amplitudes, such as Figure 4 As shown in the figure. The constellation points in each layer are distributed at equal phase intervals, namely 3, 5, 8, 5, and 3 constellation points. This unique layout improves the performance of the system and increases the symmetry of the constellation diagram. Through this optimized design, the performance of the system has been significantly improved in terms of minimizing the energy consumption of the constellation diagram and maximizing the signal discrimination.

[0081] Probabilistic shaping constellation mapping stage:

[0082] The probability shaping constellation mapping stage is another core stage in this work process. The implementation process of this stage can be divided into two steps: probability distribution design and non-uniform constellation mapping.

[0083] In the probability distribution design stage, the core of the probability shaping technology is to adjust the probability of occurrence of constellation points without changing their geometric positions in the constellation diagram. This method is implemented by increasing the probability of occurrence of inner ring constellation points and reducing the probability of occurrence of outer ring constellation points, which effectively improves the performance index of the constellation diagram, thereby enhancing the system's robustness against noise interference and helping to reduce the bit error rate. In an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environment, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is considered to be an ideal choice for optimizing the average power of the constellation diagram. Each signal point The probability distribution of can be defined by the following expression:

[0084] , (3)

[0085] in, is a tuning parameter to ensure that the probability of all constellation points The sum is equal to 1. By adjusting , while keeping the total probability of constellation points unchanged, probability shaping under different information entropy levels can be achieved.

[0086] In the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, since the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure adopted by the present invention is not applicable to the traditional Gray coding scheme, we need a special encoding method. This method is specifically aimed at the unique geometric structure of the three-dimensional constellation diagram to minimize the Hamming distance between adjacent constellation points, thereby improving the data accuracy during transmission and the overall efficiency of the system. Using the regular tetrahedron structure as the basic unit of the three-dimensional constellation diagram, we set the minimum Euclidean distance between the constellation points equal to the side length of the regular tetrahedron to ensure a balanced and consistent signal interval. Through bit interleaving technology, we can effectively re-encode the bits corresponding to the 24 constellation points to avoid data interpretation errors caused by uneven number of bits. Specific mapping rules and bit interleaving applications are shown in Table 1.

[0087] Table 1 Coordinate points, information bits, probability distribution and Gray mapping bits of the 24-point constellation diagram of non-uniform Gray mapping

[0088]

[0089] The principle of generating non-uniform 24-point constellation signal can be obtained by Figure 5 The Huffman tree shown in Figure 1 is used to illustrate this. The Huffman tree contains two layers, and the nodes in each layer have the same probability. The probability of a symbol carrying four bits is 0.0625, and the probability of a symbol carrying five bits is 0.03125. The sum of the probabilities of all symbols is 1. In this scheme, m=5. The working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows:

[0090] (1) Binary bit padding: In actual operation, uniform binary bits are first written into the last four rows of the interleaver;

[0091] (2) Reading and judging bit information: Read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set (such as '{0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101,0110, 0111}'), the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left; the specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, and the specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point. For non-quadratic QAM modulation, taking 3D-24QAM as an example, the expected bit combination of each constellation point consists of four and five bits. The four-bit bit combination removes the fixed redundant bit and leaves three bits. There are eight possible combinations of these three bits, which are {000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111}. These eight possibilities are the specific set. For general non-quadratic QAM modulation, the specific set should be the group with the shorter bit combination in the bit combination of the constellation point, and the bit combination is generated according to Huffman coding.

[0092] (3) Filling of redundant bits: According to the rules shown in Table 1, the redundant bits are filled into the blank positions of the interleaver to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete;

[0093] (4) Final mapping to the constellation diagram: Read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map this information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules in Table 1.

[0094] (3) Optimization of three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation structure design to improve constellation performance index

[0095] This study verified the improvement of constellation performance index by optimizing the design of 3D 24-point constellation structure through MATLAB simulation experiments. When simulating the constellation structure of 3D constellation mapping, the following results were obtained: Figure 6 The simulation results are shown.

[0096] For a standard 3D 24-point constellation diagram, the constellation structure design ensures the minimum Euclidean distance is 2, such as Figure 6 (a) As shown. Through simulation calculation, we get the performance index of the classic three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure to be 0.2425. After optimizing the design of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure, we get Figure 6 (b) shows the new constellation diagram, whose constellation structure design also ensures the minimum Euclidean distance is 2. After calculation, the performance index of this optimized constellation structure reached 0.58537, which is 0.3407 higher than the original design. This significant improvement fully proves the effectiveness and feasibility of the optimized design of this three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure.

[0097] In addition, the constellation diagram after structural design optimization not only improves the performance index, but also may show superiority in anti-interference ability, spectrum efficiency and energy utilization efficiency. These characteristics make the optimized three-dimensional 24-point constellation diagram particularly suitable for high-frequency bandwidth applications such as W band, providing important technical support for high-speed and high-efficiency wireless communication technologies such as 5G and future 6G.

[0098] System verification of three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation structure design optimization in W-band channel transmission

[0099] (1) A brief description of the system flow of three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping in W-band channel transmission

[0100] The W band, with its abundant bandwidth resources, can meet the needs of large-capacity transmission in the fiber-optic wireless converged communication system. Different from traditional microwave and radio frequency communication systems, the W band uses very high frequencies, so special circuit design and radio frequency components such as mixers, power amplifiers and antennas are required. Laser 1 generates an optical signal as the light source of the system, which is used to modulate the optical carrier of the signal. The modulator modulates the input electrical signal onto the optical carrier to achieve modulation of the optical signal, which is convenient for subsequent optical transmission. The electrical amplifier is used to amplify the modulated signal to ensure that the signal has sufficient strength to enter the next step. The erbium-doped fiber amplifier further amplifies the optical signal, which is particularly suitable for optical signal enhancement in long-distance optical fiber transmission and compensation for signal loss during transmission. The coupler combines the optical signal from laser 2 with the modulated optical signal to achieve signal mixing processing. Laser 2 provides another beam of optical signal for mixing optical signals or generating local oscillator light, which is used in coherent detection. The photodetector converts the optical signal into an electrical signal for subsequent processing of the electrical signal. The electrical amplifier (receiving end) amplifies the electrical signal output by the photodetector for subsequent processing. The transmitter and receiver are used to send and receive wireless signals respectively. The transmitter converts electrical signals into wireless signals and sends them out, while the receiver receives wireless signals and converts them back into electrical signals. The mixer mixes the received signal with the local oscillator signal to extract useful signal components. The local oscillator (LO) generates a local oscillator signal and provides it to the mixer for signal processing. The oscilloscope is used to display and analyze the final electrical signal to verify the transmission effect of the system. The specific system flow chart is as follows: Figure 7 shown.

[0101] First, the external cavity laser ECL1 generates a continuous light wave. This light wave is then fed into the I / Q modulator, where it is modulated with a pseudo-random sequence generated by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to generate a modulated optical signal. Next, this signal is amplified by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). After that, the second external cavity laser ECL2 and the optical coupler (PM-OC) perform heterodyne beat frequency with the signal generated by ECL1 to generate a W-band optical millimeter wave. After the intensity of this optical millimeter wave signal is adjusted by the attenuator (ATT), it is converted into an electrical millimeter wave by the photodetector (PD). This electrical millimeter wave signal is then amplified by the W-band electrical amplifier EA1 and transmitted by the Cassegrain antenna. At the receiving end, the Cassegrain antenna with the same performance captures this signal, which is then further amplified by the W-band low-noise amplifier EA2. The mixer and the local oscillator (LO) work together to perform analog down-conversion on this signal to generate an intermediate frequency signal. This intermediate frequency signal is then further amplified by the broadband amplifier EA3. Finally, the received signal is converted from analog to digital by a digital storage oscilloscope and undergoes a series of digital signal processing to restore the original signal.

[0102] Optimization of three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation structure design combined with bit error rate verification of W-band channel transmission

[0103] This study verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the design optimization of the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure by using MATLAB simulation calculation to draw a bit error rate curve, especially in combination with the performance of W-band channel transmission.

[0104] In the simulation, we first defined the constellation geometry of the optimized 3D 24-point constellation diagram and the standard 3D 24-point constellation diagram. The optimized 3D 24-point constellation diagram is evenly distributed in the 3D space and maintains the minimum Euclidean distance. The characteristic of being 2 improves the signal's anti-interference ability. Next, we modulated the optimized three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping and the standard three-dimensional 24-point constellation mapping to simulate signal transmission under a range of signal-to-noise ratio conditions. At each SNR level, Gaussian white noise was added to the modulated signal to simulate the impact of the W-band channel. Finally, by demodulating the received signal and calculating the difference with the original data symbol, we obtained the bit error rate curve, as shown in Figure 8 shown.

[0105] The simulation results show the comparison of the bit error rate curves of the optimized 3D 24-point constellation mapping and the standard 3D 24-point constellation mapping combined with W-band channel transmission under different SNR values. From the simulation results, it can be seen that with the increase of SNR, the bit error rate of the optimized 3D 24-point constellation mapping gradually decreases, reflecting the improvement of signal quality. In addition, at the bit error rate The optimized 3D 24-point constellation mapping shows a 2.5dB signal-to-noise ratio gain compared to the standard 3D 24-point constellation mapping. The optimized 3D 24-point constellation mapping combined with the simulation verification of the W-band channel shows that the proposed constellation structure can maintain a low bit error rate under low SNR conditions, and has a significant signal-to-noise ratio gain compared to the standard 3D 24-point constellation structure.

[0106] (3) Design of three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation structure and verification of constellation diagram at the receiving end combined with W-band channel transmission

[0107] In the performance evaluation of digital communication systems, analyzing the constellation diagram received after passing through the additive white Gaussian noise channel is an extremely effective verification method, which can intuitively show the changes of the signal after being interfered by noise.

[0108] Fig. 9 The constellation diagram received after the additive white Gaussian noise channel is shown. The distribution of points in this constellation diagram clearly reflects the three-dimensional 24-point constellation structure diagram proposed in this study, which is the result obtained after the designed filtering and demodulation processing at the receiving end. This constellation diagram intuitively shows the actual performance of the signal after experiencing the unique channel conditions of the W band, thus verifying the innovation of this study in modulation technology and channel adaptability. At the same time, this result also confirms the feasibility of the efficient signal processing method for W-band communication systems in this study, especially the potential for improving signal quality and communication efficiency.

[0109] Embodiment 2: In the second aspect, as Fig.10 As shown, in order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention discloses a W-band optimization system based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, comprising:

[0110] The coding and modulation module 11 is used to receive binary bit stream data, encode the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulate the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal;

[0111] The signal amplification module 12 is used to input the modulated digital signal into the digital-to-analog converter, convert it into an analog signal, convert the analog signal into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, and amplify the W-band radio frequency signal through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal;

[0112] The conversion and demodulation module 13 is used to convert the amplified W-band signal back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, input the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal into an analog-to-digital converter, convert it into a digital signal, input the digital signal into a pre-built three-dimensional space mapping demodulator, and output the original bit stream.

[0113] In combination with the second aspect, in some implementations of the second aspect, the system further includes: a process in which the coding and modulation module 11 modulates the coded binary bit stream using a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology:

[0114] Mapping a binary bit stream onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation;

[0115] Or the structural geometric position design of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation of the coding and modulation module 11 includes: selection and allocation of the number of constellation points and determination of the positions of the constellation points of each layer;

[0116] Among them, the positions of the constellation points of each layer are determined in the third layer. The eight constellation points are connected to form six equilateral triangles with a side length of 2; in the second and fourth layers, five constellation points are connected to form three equilateral triangles with a side length of 2, and in the first and fifth layers, three constellation points are connected to form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2. The vertices of the equilateral triangles are connected to each other, and the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are connected to form regular tetrahedrons. The structure of interconnection between points and layers accurately determines the position of each constellation point.

[0117] Among them, the calculation method of the constellation performance index (CFM) of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is as follows:

[0118] (1)

[0119] (2)

[0120] It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space, where: Represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, and m represents the index of the constellation point, ranging from 1 to M. Represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space, It is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points, d min is the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points;

[0121] The probability shaping constellation mapping stage of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes the design of probability distribution and non-uniform constellation mapping;

[0122] In which, each signal point within the design of the probability distribution The probability distribution of Defined by the following expression:

[0123] , (3)

[0124] in, is a tuning parameter, The expression form is similar to the core part of the Gaussian distribution, indicating that X depends on of, is the normalization constant The denominator of the Sum and calculate all The sum of Represents the set of all constellation points.

[0125] In the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points is set equal to the side length of the regular tetrahedron, wherein the working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows:

[0126] Binary bit padding: uniform binary bits are written into the last four rows of the interleaver;

[0127] Reading and judging bit information: read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set, the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left. The specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, a specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point.

[0128] Filling of redundant bits: According to the mapping rules, the redundant bits are filled into the blank positions of the interleaver to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete;

[0129] Mapping to constellation diagram: read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map the information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules.

[0130] Based on the same inventive concept, the present invention also provides a computer device, which includes: one or more processors, and a memory for storing one or more computer programs; the program includes program instructions, and the processor is used to execute the program instructions stored in the memory. The processor may be a central processing unit (CPU), or other general-purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSP), application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or other programmable logic devices, discrete gates or transistor logic devices, discrete hardware components, etc. It is the computing core and control core of the terminal, which is used to implement one or more instructions, specifically for loading and executing one or more instructions in a computer storage medium to implement the above method.

[0131] It should be further explained that, based on the same inventive concept, the present invention also provides a computer storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and the computer program is executed by the processor to execute the above method. The storage medium can adopt any combination of one or more computer-readable media. The computer-readable medium can be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium can be, for example, but not limited to, an electrical, magnetic, optical, electrical, magnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, device or device, or any combination of the above. More specific examples (non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable storage media include: an electrical connection with one or more wires, a portable computer disk, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the above. In the present invention, a computer-readable storage medium can be any tangible medium containing or storing a program, which can be used by an instruction execution system, device or device or used in combination with it.

[0132] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to the terms "one embodiment", "example", "specific example", etc. means that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. In this specification, the schematic representation of the above terms does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described can be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner.

[0133] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present disclosure is not limited by the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and descriptions are only for explaining the principles of the present disclosure. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, the present disclosure may have various changes and improvements, and these changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present disclosure to be protected.

Claims

1. A W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: Receiving binary bit stream data, encoding the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulating the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal; The process of modulating the encoded binary bit stream by three-dimensional QAM modulation technology: Mapping a binary bit stream onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation; The structural geometric position design of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes: selection and allocation of the number of constellation points and determination of the positions of the constellation points of each layer; The modulated digital signal is input into a digital-to-analog converter to be converted into an analog signal, the analog signal is converted into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, and the W-band radio frequency signal is amplified through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal; The amplified W-band signal is converted back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, and filtered and signal adjusted. The adjusted baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal is input into an analog-to-digital converter and converted into a digital signal. The digital signal is input into a pre-built three-dimensional QAM mapping demodulator to output the original bit stream.

2. The W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping according to claim 1, characterized in that: The positions of the constellation points of each layer are determined in the third layer. Eight constellation points are connected to form six equilateral triangles with a side length of 2. In the second and fourth layers, five constellation points are connected to form three equilateral triangles with a side length of 2. In the first and fifth layers, three constellation points are connected to form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2. The vertices of the equilateral triangles are connected to each other, and the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are also connected to form a regular tetrahedron. The structure in which points and layers are connected to each other accurately determines the position of each constellation point.

3. The W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping according to claim 2, characterized in that: The constellation performance index CFM of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is calculated as follows: E avg / 2D It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space, where Eavg Represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, m represents the index of the constellation point, and the value range is 1 to M, x m represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space. c is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The ||x m || 2 The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points, d min is the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points.

4. The W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The probability shaping constellation mapping stage of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes the design of probability distribution and non-uniform constellation mapping; The probability distribution of each signal point x∈χ in the probability distribution design is Defined by the following expression: Among them, A ν is a tuning parameter, It is the core part of the Gaussian distribution, indicating that X depends on x in an exponential decaying manner. 2 of, is the normalization constant A v In the denominator part, sum all the values ​​x' in X and calculate all , χ represents the set of all constellation points.

5. The W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping according to claim 4 is characterized in that: In the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points is set to be equal to the side length of a regular tetrahedron, wherein the working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows: Binary bit padding: uniform binary bits are written into the last four rows of the interleaver; Reading and judging bit information: read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set, the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left. The specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, a specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point. Filling of redundant bits: Fill the blank positions of the interleaver with redundant bits according to the mapping rules to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete; Mapping to constellation diagram: read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map the information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules.

6. A W-band optimization system based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping, characterized in that: include: The coding and modulation module is used to receive binary bit stream data, encode the binary bit stream data to obtain an encoded binary bit stream, and modulate the encoded binary bit stream through a three-dimensional QAM modulation technology to obtain a modulated digital signal; The coding and modulation module modulates the coded binary bit stream through the three-dimensional QAM modulation technology: Mapping a binary bit stream onto a three-dimensional constellation diagram, where each constellation point represents a unique symbol, and the symbol is composed of multiple bits, wherein the three-dimensional constellation diagram is a three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation; Or the structural geometric position design of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation of the coding modulation module includes: the selection and allocation of the number of constellation points and the determination of the positions of the constellation points of each layer; A signal amplification module is used to input the modulated digital signal into a digital-to-analog converter to convert it into an analog signal, convert the analog signal into a W-band radio frequency signal through an up-converter, and amplify the W-band radio frequency signal through a W-band radio frequency amplifier to obtain an amplified W-band signal; The conversion and demodulation module is used to convert the amplified W-band signal back to a baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal through a downconverter, input the baseband or intermediate frequency analog signal into an analog-to-digital converter, convert it into a digital signal, input the digital signal into a pre-built three-dimensional QAM mapping demodulator, and output the original bit stream.

7. The W-band optimization system based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping according to claim 6, characterized in that: The positions of the constellation points of each layer are determined in the third layer, where eight constellation points are connected to form six equilateral triangles with a side length of 2; in the second and fourth layers, five constellation points are connected to form three equilateral triangles with a side length of 2, and in the first and fifth layers, three constellation points are connected to form an equilateral triangle with a side length of 2. The vertices of the equilateral triangles are connected to each other, and the minimum Euclidean distance points between layers are connected to form regular tetrahedrons. The structure of interconnection between points and layers accurately determines the positions of the constellation points. Among them, the calculation method of the constellation performance index CFM of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation is as follows: E avg / 2D It is used to represent the corresponding value when the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram is converted to a two-dimensional space, where: Eavg Represents the average power of the n-dimensional constellation diagram, M represents the total number of constellation points in the n-dimensional constellation diagram, m represents the index of the constellation point, and the value range is 1 to M, x m represents the coordinate vector of the constellation point in n-dimensional space. c is used to represent a specific constellation point configuration, which includes the location information of all constellation points. The ||x m || 2 The norm is used to quantify the Euclidean distance between constellation points, d min is the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points; The probability shaping constellation mapping stage of the three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation includes the design of probability distribution and non-uniform constellation mapping; The probability distribution of each signal point x∈χ in the probability distribution design is Defined by the following expression: Among them, A ν is a tuning parameter, It is the core part of the Gaussian distribution, indicating that X depends on x in an exponential decaying manner. 2 of, is the normalization constant A v In the denominator part, sum all the values ​​x' in X and calculate all The sum of , χ represents the set of all constellation points; In the non-uniform constellation mapping stage, the minimum Euclidean distance between constellation points is set equal to the side length of the regular tetrahedron, wherein the working principle of the bit interleaver is as follows: Binary bit padding: uniform binary bits are written into the last four rows of the interleaver; Reading and judging bit information: read the bit information in the interleaver from bottom to top by column. For every four bits read, if they do not belong to a specific set, the information bits are continued to be written into the first row of the corresponding column, otherwise a blank is left. The specific set is when a constellation with Huffman coding characteristics is generated by a bit interleaver, a specific bit combination of each constellation point is obtained according to the Huffman tree and the expected probability of each constellation point. Filling of redundant bits: Fill the blank positions of the interleaver with redundant bits according to the mapping rules to ensure that the bit information of each column is complete; Mapping to constellation diagram: read the bit information of the interleaver from bottom to top by column, and map the information to the constellation diagram according to the mapping rules.

8. A terminal device, comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and capable of running on the processor, characterized in that: The memory stores a computer program that can be run on the processor. When the processor loads and executes the computer program, the W-band optimization method based on three-dimensional non-power-of-two constellation mapping described in any one of claims 1 to 5 is adopted.

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