Strawberry day waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method

Abstract

The invention discloses a waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method for strawberries. The method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting an applicable substrate; (2) seedling field planting management; (3) plant finishing; (4) water and fertilizer irrigation; (5) environment control; (6) preventing and controlling diseases and pests; and (7) pollinating the bear peak. The problems that an existing traditional strawberry field cultivation mode is low in automation degree, plant diseases and insect pests are prone to occurring, water and fertilizer management is extensive, fresh fruits are unstable in quality, and leisure picking is inconvenient are solved. Modern agricultural technologies such as greenhouse environment control, water and fertilizer precise irrigation, biological prevention and control and bumblebee pollination based on the agricultural Internet of Things are applied, the method has the advantages of being high in density, automatic, labor-saving, water-saving, fertilizer-saving, environmentally friendly, wide in adaptability and the like, the labor intensity can be greatly reduced, the production efficiency is improved, the fresh fruit yield is increased, and fruit safety is guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a three-dimensional strawberry waterfall cultivation method, belonging to the technical field of agricultural planting. Background Art

[0002] Traditional strawberry cultivation uses open-field cultivation or single-shed ground planting. Before planting, apply organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer as base fertilizer and plow the soil to a depth of 15 cm to 20 cm. After plowing, level the soil and make high ridges in the north-south direction. The lower width of the ridge is 50 cm to 60 cm, the upper width is 40 cm to 50 cm, and the height of the ridge is 30 cm to 40 cm. Choose spring or autumn to plant strawberry seedlings. Generally, one ridge has two rows, with a plant spacing of 15 cm to 20 cm and a row spacing of 20 cm to 25 cm. When the minimum temperature is below 15°C, it is necessary to lay ground film for insulation. Agricultural management after planting includes temperature and humidity control, water and fertilizer management, assisted pollination, and pest and disease control.

[0003] Traditional strawberry cultivation is prone to soil continuous cropping obstacles, resulting in a high incidence of strawberry diseases, such as anthracnose, root rot, wilt, powdery mildew, etc., which are difficult to prevent and control; the cultivation environment conditions are not easy to control and cannot adapt well to the needs of strawberry growth and development; in addition, strawberry cultivation is a labor-intensive production method. During the cultivation process, many workers are required in the links of beating old leaves, removing runners, thinning flowers and fruits, and harvesting, and the labor intensity is high. The above factors have an important impact on achieving high yield and high efficiency of strawberries and reducing labor intensity.

[0004] Chinese patent CN117296649A discloses a strawberry cultivation method, comprising: step 1, covering the bottom of a cultivation trough with a polyacrylic acid film, spreading cultivation soil in the cultivation trough, and then planting non-toxic strawberry seedlings in the cultivation trough to complete the planting; step 2, performing lighting, watering, fertilization management and pest control on the planted strawberry seedlings; the lighting adopts a combination of LED blue light, LED red light and LP-PE300BF type photocatalytic reaction light source; step 3, picking the strawberry fruits after they are fully ripe, and the picking frequency is picking every other day, that is, picking once every other day.

[0005] Chinese patent CN112586335A discloses a three-dimensional soilless strawberry cultivation method, which specifically includes the following steps: erecting a cultivation rack; sterilizing and disinfecting the cultivation substrate; filling the substrate into a planting bed; transplanting strawberry seedlings; watering with nutrient solution; adjusting the angle of the planting bed; and picking fruits. The cultivation rack of the present invention can change the angle so that the strawberry seedlings can receive light, making the fruit size and color uniform, thereby improving product quality. Summary of the invention

[0006] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation technology method suitable for promotion, so as to solve the problems of low automation, easy occurrence of pests and diseases, extensive water and fertilizer management, unstable fresh fruit quality, inconvenience of leisure picking, etc. in the existing traditional strawberry ground planting mode. The technical method involved in the present invention applies modern agricultural technologies such as greenhouse environment control, water and fertilizer precision irrigation, biological control, bumblebee pollination, etc. based on the agricultural Internet of Things, and has the characteristics of high density, automation, labor saving, water and fertilizer saving, environmental friendliness, and wide adaptability, which can greatly reduce labor intensity, improve production efficiency, increase fresh fruit yield, and ensure fruit safety.

[0007] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0008] The strawberry Tianpu three-dimensional cultivation method provided by the present invention comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a suitable substrate; (2) managing seedling planting; (3) arranging plants; (4) water and fertilizer irrigation; (5) environmental control; (6) pest and disease control; and (7) pollination.

[0009] Tianpu elevated cultivation is one of the ways to cultivate strawberries on elevated platforms. With the help of lifting systems, supplementary lighting systems, integrated water and fertilizer, and green pest and disease control technologies, the yield and variety of strawberries can be greatly improved. The key technologies of Tianpu elevated strawberry cultivation and their integrated application and demonstration are of great significance to the future development of the strawberry industry.

[0010] The Strawberry Waterfall is currently the most advanced soilless strawberry cultivation system in the world, consisting of three parts: an intelligent greenhouse, a liftable suspended soilless cultivation system, and a precision irrigation system integrating water and fertilizer. The Waterfall Elevated Platform can realize soilless cultivation throughout the entire seedling breeding cycle, achieve standardized production of strawberry seedling breeding, and effectively reduce the risk of buying diseased and inferior seedlings in the current market where the quality of seedlings is uneven.

[0011] The present invention adopts the method of rainwater recycling irrigation, combined with water-fertilizer integration technology, by applying macro-element water-soluble fertilizers, trace element water-soluble fertilizers, humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizers and biological fertilizers, through the fertilizer-water co-irrigation system, with water-fertilizer, water-fertilizer co-application, to solve the problems of unstable river water composition, high EC value, etc., avoid plant stunting or chlorosis caused by water quality, and reduce the risk of transmission of diseases such as anthrax. Because rainwater irrigation is used throughout the growth period, and it can be regulated in the correct proportion, precise irrigation can be achieved, water and fertilizer can be maximized, and water and fertilizer waste can be reduced. Compared with traditional ground planting, 20 cubic meters of water and more than 15 kilograms of fertilizer can be saved per mu during the entire growth period.

[0012] The use of water-soluble fertilizers and biological fertilizers, combined with the application of green control measures such as insect-proof nets, yellow boards, ladybugs, and predatory mites, has formed a green production model for strawberries. The application of green control technology effectively avoids the risk of excessive pesticide residues.

[0013] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0014] The present invention adopts elevated cultivation as a new cultivation mode, generally adopts frame-type substrate cultivation, raises the strawberry planting and management height to a height suitable for manual operation, and greatly reduces the labor intensity. In addition, the elevated substrate cultivation can well overcome the obstacles of continuous cropping, the strawberry root system grows well, and the disease incidence rate is greatly reduced, which has a very large benefit for increasing strawberry production and farmers' income.

[0015] (1) Economic benefits of strawberry cultivation

[0016] After the harvest of elevated cultivation in East China, appropriate thinning (removing about 50%) is used to take the fruit-harvesting seedlings as mother plants for propagation, and aerial propagation of runners is carried out. Cuttings can be used for propagation in early June to early July. According to experiments, 80 to 120 runners can be propagated per square meter, with a value of about 10 to 20 yuan. The income per mu of land increases by 6,000 to 10,000 yuan.

[0017] (2) Ecological benefits of strawberry waterfall cultivation

[0018] The application of substrate and integrated water and fertilizer can effectively avoid the environmental problems and adverse consequences such as pesticide residues in products caused by the increased application of pesticides due to soil factors (soil-borne pests and diseases, continuous cropping obstacles, etc.), especially the devastating impact of continuous cropping obstacles on strawberry cultivation. Elevated cultivation is one of the most important means to develop pollution-free production, especially organic strawberry production. With the reduction of pests and diseases, the number of times fertilizers and pesticides are used in strawberry production management will also be reduced accordingly, and the cost of pesticides per mu will be reduced by 1,000 to 1,500 yuan. At the same time, it can reduce the impact of excessive abuse of fertilizers and pesticides on the environment and soil.

[0019] (3) Social benefits of strawberry waterfall cultivation

[0020] The Tianpu elevated cultivation method can effectively improve the growth environment of strawberry plants. By laying ground cloth and other covering materials on the ground, the leisure picking environment for tourists can be improved and agricultural tourism can be increased.

[0021] The application of key technologies in Tianpu elevated strawberry cultivation can effectively reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers. On the one hand, it is conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. On the other hand, the quality is greatly improved and the brand value will continue to be enhanced, which will play an important role in local economic development. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The specific implementation modes of the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a diagram of the traditional strawberry field planting pattern.

[0024] Figure 2 This is a diagram of the strawberry trellis cultivation model.

[0025] Figure 3 This is a diagram of the strawberry waterfall cultivation model. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Example 1

[0027] This embodiment provides a method for cultivating strawberry waterfall in three dimensions, which specifically includes the following methods and steps:

[0028] 1. Selection of suitable matrix

[0029] The matrix used is a mixed matrix: mainly coconut bran and coconut pieces. The coconut bran needs to be soaked in water before use.

[0030] 2. Seedling planting management

[0031] 1. Selection of strawberry seedlings

[0032] The stem is more than 0.8 cm thick, with 4 to 5 leaves in one heart, and the plant height is 15 cm to 18 cm. The seedlings are uniformly healthy, free of mechanical damage and pests and diseases, with a strong and well-developed root system and no browning of the fibrous roots. The qualified rate of longitudinal and transverse sections of shortened strawberry stems is not less than 90%. The color of normal plants after transverse and longitudinal sections is milky white, while diseased plants are reddish brown in spots or surfaces.

[0033] 2. Treatment of strawberry seedlings

[0034] First, cut off the excessively long roots of the substrate seedlings. To prevent diseases, soak the seedlings in 1500 times diluted 50% methyl thiophanate for 3 to 5 minutes (or 1500 times diluted 25% amisida).

[0035] 3. Planting

[0036] After soaking the seedlings, they should be transplanted in time. When transplanting, the strawberry plants should be arched outward to ensure that the inflorescences grow outward, so as to achieve "not burying the heart deep and not exposing the roots shallow". When transplanting, dig up the substrate first, stretch the roots into the holes, then cover the substrate, compact it, and gently lift the seedlings so that the roots are closely combined with the soil. The spacing between the plants is about 15 cm, in a double row T-shape. Water thoroughly after planting to allow the roots to take root.

[0037] 3. Plant management

[0038] From planting to harvesting, strawberries are constantly renewing their leaves and flower stems. To ensure that the plants are in a normal state of growth and development, it is necessary to regularly carry out plant maintenance work such as removing diseased and old leaves, removing side buds, removing runners, thinning flowers and fruits, etc.

[0039] 1. Clean up old strawberry leaves

[0040] 20 days after the strawberry is planted, the number of leaves with two leaves and one heart or three leaves and one heart will be retained, and the other leaves will be cleared to promote rooting; when the top inflorescence buds, ensure that the plant has 5 to 8 functional leaves; during the harvest period, basically only the aging leaves are cleared. The standard for judging old leaves is that when the lower leaves of the plant grow horizontally or downward, the leaf color begins to turn yellow, or the leaf edges are scorched, the leaves should be removed in time, and the leaf tray should be cleaned together. At the end of the harvest of the top fruit cluster, try to clean up the harvested fruit clusters and drooping leaves.

[0041] 2. Remove strawberry runners

[0042] The runners are the nutritional organs of strawberries. The growth of runners will consume a lot of nutrients from the mother plant, weaken the growth potential of the mother plant, affect the differentiation of flower buds, and reduce the yield of the plant. The runners need to be removed in time. When removing, they should be pulled from the base, and avoid damaging the flower buds and new leaves during the operation.

[0043] 3. Remove the strawberry axillary buds

[0044] The removal of axillary buds follows the strategy of plant bud retention. When the top fruit of the first inflorescence of the terminal bud matures, the primary buds begin to be retained. Plants with two axillary buds on the terminal buds of strong plants can directly retain two primary buds, and weak plants or terminal buds only retain one primary bud. When the top fruit of the first inflorescence of the primary bud matures, one secondary bud begins to be retained. During this period, the axillary buds grown by the terminal buds and primary buds need to be removed in time. Generally, 3 to 4 buds are retained on the plant in the end, and no more than 4 are recommended. Plant bud retention management is critical. If the number of buds is small, the total yield per plant will be low; if the number of buds is large, the formation of more inflorescences can easily result in weak inflorescences, small fruits, and poor quality. Reasonable bud retention can shorten the strawberry off-season.

[0045] 4. Removal of fruit stalks

[0046] After the strawberry fruits are harvested, the fruit stalks should be removed in time to avoid consuming the nutrients of the plant. When breaking them off, just apply a little upward force in the opposite direction of their growth to break them off from the base.

[0047] 5. Thinning flowers and fruits

[0048] Strawberries are mostly dichotomous or polychondronic cymes, which are divided into primary inflorescence, secondary inflorescence, tertiary inflorescence and higher inflorescence. Due to the different flower levels on the inflorescence, the flowering order is also different. The primary inflorescence blooms early and bears fruit early. The fruit is large, while the higher inflorescence blooms late and the fruit is small. In order to improve the commercial quality of strawberry fruit, after the strawberry fruit is successfully set, it is necessary to strengthen the flower and fruit thinning to avoid nutrient consumption, so that the nutrients are concentrated on the remaining fruit, thereby increasing the volume and weight of the fruit. When the inflorescence fruit is successfully set and the number of deformed fruits reaches the planned number of fruits, all the excess flower buds on the inflorescence should be removed in time.

[0049] Determine the amount of strawberry fruit to be left. Strawberry fruit expansion and growth require a certain amount of leaf area. Strawberry fruiting requires 5 to 7 normal functional leaves, at this time the plant retains 7 to 10 fruits; when the normal functional leaves are less than 5, it is appropriate to retain 3 to 5 fruits; if the number of functional leaves is too small, there is no need to retain fruits, directly remove the inflorescence to avoid nutrient consumption, concentrate nutrients to promote root growth.

[0050] 4. Water and fertilizer irrigation

[0051] 1. Integrated water and fertilizer irrigation

[0052] Water-fertilizer integration is a technology that combines fertilization and irrigation. Chemical fertilizers are dissolved in water, and water is used as a carrier to carry fertilizers with water to complete fertilization simultaneously. Its advantages are that water and fertilizers are supplied on demand, and fertilizers and water directly reach the root zone, which is conducive to root absorption; fertilizer effect is fast, and water and fertilizer utilization rate is high.

[0053] 2. Formula fertilization

[0054] The fertilizer used during planting is inorganic fertilizer, which mainly provides more than ten kinds of mineral elements required for the growth of strawberries. Because the absorption of various nutrients is different at different growth stages, it is necessary to formulate fertilizers according to the growth of the plants.

[0055] 3. Management of EC value and pH value of nutrient solution

[0056] The irrigation volume of soilless cultivation needs to be adjusted according to different periods. When the strawberry seedlings are successfully planted, the nutrient solution can be irrigated. The initial nutrient solution EC value can be set to ≥ 0.6, and the irrigation volume per plant is 100 ml to 150 ml; as the plant grows, the EC value is adjusted upward; from the harvest period to the late growth period, the nutrient solution EC value is adjusted between 1.8 and 2.2, and the irrigation volume per plant is 150 ml to 250 ml. The specific values ​​of the daily irrigation volume and irrigation EC value should be determined by the plant's water spitting conditions on that day, the EC value of the previous day's liquid return, and the drainage ratio (the drainage ratio is 10% to 30%). The number of irrigations and the irrigation time points remain unchanged during the adjustment, and it is achieved by adjusting the length of the irrigation time.

[0057] Strawberries are best grown in slightly acidic soils with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, but they have a strong ability to adapt to the pH of the substrate and can grow normally in a pH range of 5.0 to 8.0. The pH of the nutrient solution can be adjusted using dilute phosphoric acid, citric acid or acid-base regulating solution, or it can be adjusted when preparing the nutrient solution.

[0058] 4. Relationship between EC value of inlet liquid and EC value of return liquid

[0059] The return liquid EC value is an important indicator for measuring the fertility of the substrate. Under normal circumstances, the return liquid EC value should be 0.2-0.3 greater than the inlet liquid EC value. If it is too high or too low, it indicates that the substrate fertility is too high or too low, and it needs to be adjusted by adjusting the drip irrigation amount or the inlet liquid EC value. When the return liquid EC value is low, it can be adjusted by increasing the inlet liquid EC value or reducing the drip irrigation amount within the required range of the drip inlet liquid EC value at different growth stages; when the return liquid EC value is high, it can be adjusted by reducing the inlet liquid EC or increasing the drip irrigation amount within the required range.

[0060] category relation Next step of irrigation Insufficient substrate fertilizer EC value of inlet liquid ≥ EC value of outlet liquid Reduce drip irrigation volume, lower drainage ratio or increase EC value of inlet liquid The concentration of substrate fertilizer is just right EC value of inlet liquid < EC value of outlet liquid + 0.2~0.3 Maintain the drip irrigation volume and EC value of the previous day High substrate fertilizer, risk of salt damage EC value of inlet liquid < EC value of outlet liquid + 0.3 or more Increase drip irrigation volume, increase drainage ratio, or reduce EC value of inlet liquid

[0061] 5. Environmental Control

[0062] 1. Lighting management

[0063] The biggest impact of insufficient light in the greenhouse on strawberries is the pollen germination rate, and it also affects the photosynthesis of the leaves. The light saturation point of strawberry leaves is between 20,000 Lux and 30,000 Lux. At noon on a sunny day in winter, the illumination in the greenhouse is 15,000 Lux, and it can only barely reach 5,000 Lux on foggy, hazy and cloudy days. Appropriate supplementary light treatment can effectively increase strawberry yields, increase the content of soluble solids, soluble sugars, vitamin C, and protein in strawberries, and improve the sugar-acid ratio of strawberry fruits.

[0064] Special LED fill-light equipment (red-to-blue light ratio of 3:1) is installed on the Tianpu elevated platform. The appropriate fill-light time is 17:00-20:00, and the fill-light duration is controlled at about 6 hours.

[0065] 2. Temperature management

[0066] The heating and heat preservation in the greenhouse rely on the sunlight penetrating into the greenhouse through the film during the day, which continuously increases the temperature; at night, the greenhouse film and insulation prevent the heat from radiating out, so that the temperature accumulated during the day is preserved. In case of sub-zero temperatures, a heater or other methods are needed to heat and keep warm. When adjusting the indoor temperature manually, it depends on the size of the vents and the ventilation time.

[0067] During the early stage of strawberry vegetative growth to the bud stage, the temperature should be controlled at 26℃~28℃ during the day and 10℃ at night. If the night temperature exceeds 13℃, the axillary flower buds will degenerate and the development of stamens and pistils will be blocked. During the flowering period, the temperature should be controlled at 23℃~25℃ during the day and 8℃~10℃ at night. If the temperature is too low, the anthers cannot crack. If the temperature is below -2℃, the stamens and anthers will turn black and the pistil stigma will change color, which will seriously affect pollination and fertilization and strawberry yield. When the strawberry fruit enters the expansion period, the temperature should be maintained at 20℃~25℃ during the day and 6℃~8℃ at night.

[0068] 3. Humidity management

[0069] The main sources of humidity in the greenhouse are soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Therefore, by covering the surface of the bed with mulch, the soil temperature can be increased and the evaporation of soil moisture can be prevented to reduce the humidity in the greenhouse. The most effective way to reduce humidity is ventilation and dehumidification. Dehumidification needs to be combined with ventilation and regulation of the greenhouse temperature, but ventilation and dehumidification should not affect the suitable temperature required for each growth period of strawberries.

[0070] Different growth stages of strawberries have different requirements for relative humidity: 60% to 80% during the budding stage and 30% to 50% during the flowering stage. If the humidity is too high during the flowering stage, pollen propagation will be greatly affected, reducing the fruit setting rate and yield. It is more appropriate to control the relative humidity of indoor air at 60% to 70% during the strawberry fruit ripening period.

[0071] 4. Carbon dioxide (CO2) management

[0072] Due to the film covering, the air flow and exchange in the greenhouse are restricted, and the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse air varies greatly. Before sunrise in the morning, due to crop respiration and soil release, the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse is 2 to 3 times higher than that outside the greenhouse. After 8 to 9 o'clock, as the photosynthesis of leaves increases, it can drop below 100 ppm. Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate and replenish CO2 in the greenhouse in time. In addition, artificial CO2 fertilization can be carried out, which has a significant yield-increasing effect in winter and spring when the light is weak and the temperature is low.

[0073] CO2 is applied to strawberries, usually starting about a week after flowering, which can promote the production of large amounts of organic matter in the leaves and transport them to the fruit, increasing early yields. The concentration of supplementary CO2 is generally between 700 ppm and 1000 ppm, and should not exceed 1600 ppm. When the concentration is higher than the saturation concentration, it is not only costly but also causes gas poisoning. After poisoning, the stomata of the plant open smaller, the transpiration of water slows down, and the heat in the leaves is not easy to dissipate, which causes the body temperature to be too high, resulting in the leaves wilting, yellowing, and falling off. In addition, when the CO2 concentration is too high, too much starch accumulates in the leaves, which will damage the chloroplasts and inhibit photosynthesis. The best time to apply CO2 is at 9 a.m., and the recommended time of use is 2 to 3 hours.

[0074] 4.1. Precautions for using CO2

[0075] 4.1.1. When ventilation and cooling are required, application should be stopped 0.5 to 1 hour before ventilation.

[0076] 4.1.2. During cold waves, rainy days and snowy days, generally do not apply or reduce the application concentration. It is best to apply in the morning on sunny days and around noon on cloudy days.

[0077] 4.1.3. After increasing the application of CO2, strawberries grow faster and develop faster. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be increased, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled to prevent excessive growth.

[0078] 4.1.4. CO2 fertilizer should be applied from beginning to end to achieve a continuous yield increase effect. Once the application is stopped, the strawberries will age prematurely and the yield will drop significantly. The application concentration should be gradually reduced and the application time should be shortened until it is stopped, so that the strawberries can adapt to the environmental conditions.

[0079] 4.2. CO2 supplementation method

[0080] 4.2.1. Increase the application of organic fertilizer: Increasing the application of organic fertilizer is an effective measure to increase the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse, because soil microorganisms will release a large amount of CO2 gas while slowly decomposing organic fertilizer.

[0081] 4.2.2. Use of liquid CO2: Directly applying liquid CO2 in the greenhouse has many advantages such as cleanliness, hygiene and easy control of dosage.

[0082] 4.2.3 Chemical reaction method: strong acid reacts with carbonate to produce CO2, which is then applied to the greenhouse. Commonly used methods are dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.

[0083] 4.2.4. CO2 generator: It overcomes the main shortcomings of solid burial and other methods and is currently the most practical CO2 fertilization machine. Its main disadvantage is its high cost.

[0084] VI. Disease and Pest Control

[0085] During the entire growth cycle, strawberries are prone to diseases such as anthracnose, powdery mildew, gray mold, as well as pests such as red spider mites, aphids, and thrips. Therefore, regular prevention and control are required to ensure that they can successfully pass the entire growth period.

[0086] 1. Strawberry Anthracnose

[0087] Anthracnose mainly harms the runners, petioles, leaves and fruits of strawberries. The spots on the infected leaves are usually black. In the early stage of the disease, the petioles and runners will have slightly sunken, small, brown-in-the-center, purple-red spindle-shaped spots. When the rhizomes are infected, the first symptom is that the newest 2 to 3 leaves of the diseased plant wilt at noon, and then recover in the evening. When the infection is more serious, the whole plant will wilt and die. Cut the rhizomes of dead or wilted plants, and you can observe that they turn brown from the outside to the inside.

[0088] Strawberry anthracnose is a typical high temperature and high humidity disease, and the disease is more severe in the midsummer when the temperature is high and the rain is heavy. Mycelium can grow in the range of 10℃~35℃, and the suitable temperature is 25℃~30℃, but the growth of strawberry anthracnose spores requires water or high humidity (more than 85%). Rainfall is an indispensable condition for the occurrence and spread of strawberry anthracnose. The pathogen can be spread through the air and infect strawberry leaves and petioles.

[0089] The pesticides available for the prevention and control of anthracnose include: 1500 times of fenpropimorph, 2000 times of pyraclostrobin or 1500 times of myclobutanil, etc.

[0090] 2. Strawberry powdery mildew

[0091] Strawberry powdery mildew is one of the main diseases of strawberries, which is serious in protected cultivation. The disease mainly harms leaves and fruits. In the early stage of the disease, a thin layer of white hyphae grows on the back of the leaves. In the later stage, the hyphae are densely packed into a powdery layer. As the disease worsens, the leaf edges gradually curl up and shrink, and eventually the entire leaf scorches and dies. When the fruit is affected, there is a layer of white powder on the surface of the fruit, which slowly colors, loses its luster and hardens. In severe cases, the entire fruit looks like a white powder ball.

[0092] The occurrence of powdery mildew is mainly related to temperature and relative humidity. The suitable temperature for its occurrence is 15℃~25℃, and the relative humidity is 80%~100%. The peak of the disease is often reached after a higher relative humidity appears.

[0093] The pesticides available for prevention and control of powdery mildew include: Green Princess (pyraclostrobin) 1500 times, Lunason (fluanistrobin) 2000 times or Domeco (tetrafluoroethylene) 1500 times, etc.

[0094] 3. Strawberry gray mold

[0095] Gray mold mainly harms the leaves, flowers, pedicels and fruits of strawberries. The symptoms of leaf damage are that "V"-shaped yellow-brown spots form on old leaves at the early stage of the disease. When the field humidity is high, a gray mold layer will form on the diseased part. In severe cases, the diseased leaves will die. When the floral organs are infected, small water-soaked spots will initially appear on the calyx, which will then expand into oval or irregular spots and invade the ovary and young fruit, showing wet rot. When the humidity is high, a thick and dense gray mold layer will form on the diseased part. Fruit infection often starts from the lower part of the calyx. In the early stage of the disease, oily gray-brown necrosis will occur at the affected part, which will then expand to the entire fruit. The fruit will become soft and rotten, and the surface will be densely covered with gray mold.

[0096] Gray mold prefers low temperature and high humidity environment. The most susceptible growth period is from the beginning of flowering to the fruiting period. The optimum temperature for the disease is 18℃~23℃. The disease begins when the relative humidity is above 80%. When the relative humidity is greater than 90% for more than 8 hours, the pathogen can complete infection, expansion and reproduction. In the case of spring cold, continuous cloudy days and insufficient light weather, the air humidity in the greenhouse is above 90% for a long time, the planting density is too large, and the ventilation is poor. Environmental conditions are very conducive to the occurrence of gray mold in strawberries. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in the field, heavy soil, and plots of continuous cropping for many years are also conducive to the occurrence of gray mold in strawberries. In the case of forced or semi-forced cultivation, when there is more fertilizer, dense planting, the lower leaves are removed and the branches and leaves are lush, the rows are closed, and the humidity is too high due to continuous rain and continuous rain, the disease will develop quickly.

[0097] The pesticides available for prevention and control of gray mold are: 1500 times of pyrimethanil, 1500 times of procymidone or 2000 times of fluazifop-butyl.

[0098] 4. Red spider

[0099] The red spider mites on strawberries are mostly two-spotted spider mites, which harm the leaves, stems, flowers, etc. In the early stage, there are a large number of pinpoint-sized yellow-brown spots on the front of the leaves, and in the later stage, the leaves lose green from bottom to top. In severe cases, the leaves are scorched and a large number of red spiders gather on the back of the leaves to spin silk and make webs.

[0100] Methods for preventing and controlling red spider mites: 1. Release the natural enemy, the Chilean phytoseiid mite, one month after strawberry establishment, 4 bottles per acre, and replenish once every 20 days or so; 2. Chemical control: 1500 times of bifenazate or 1500 times of etoxazole.

[0101] 5. Aphids

[0102] Aphids suck the juice of strawberries, which stunts their growth and spreads viral diseases. Their feces contaminate the fruits, affecting their value.

[0103] Methods for preventing and controlling aphids: 1. Release the natural enemy, Harmonia axyridis. After discovering aphids, release 70 to 100 egg cards per acre. Release 4 times during the entire growing season of strawberries. 2. Chemical control: 2500 times of acetamiprid or 2000 times of imidacloprid water solvent.

[0104] 6. Thrips

[0105] Thrips prefer warm and dry weather. The suitable temperature for their survival is 23℃~28℃, and the suitable humidity is 40%~70%. They mainly harm flowers and young fruits, causing fruit deformities, affecting fruit setting, and reducing fruit yield and quality.

[0106] Methods for preventing and controlling thrips: Mainly use chemical control, 1500 times of ethyl spinetoram, or 1500 times of avermectin benzoate microemulsion.

[0107] 7. Xiongfeng Pollination

[0108] 1. Introduction to Bumblebees

[0109] Bumblebee, an insect of the genus Bombus in the family Apidae, order Hymenoptera, has a medium to large body, is bee-like, black, with broad yellow transverse hair bands on the prothorax, mesothorax, and abdomen; has a chewing-sucking mouthpart, with a distinct bulge at the base of the lip; has a scaly stigma on the hind leg The inner surface of the base tarsus has neatly arranged The abdomen is wide and round, densely covered with long and neat hairs. Bumblebees are named because of their large and hairy bodies and bear-like appearance.

[0110] Bumblebees are beneficial insects that play a certain role in the pollination of agricultural and forestry crops, forage, Chinese herbal medicines and wild plants. Using bumblebees to pollinate greenhouse vegetables can increase the pollination rate, increase yields, and improve the quality of fruits and vegetables. The fruits pollinated by bumblebees have good shapes and fewer deformed fruits. It can also solve the problem of hormone pollution caused by chemical pollination and has high economic value. Bumblebees can be raised artificially, and many units in China have carried out scientific research and promotion of bumblebee pollination.

[0111] 2. Pollination of greenhouse strawberries

[0112] Greenhouse-grown strawberries rely solely on natural pollination, resulting in low yields, small fruits, and deformed fruits. Artificial pollination has high labor costs and is prone to missing the best pollination period. The introduction of bees into strawberry cultivation not only saves labor, but also increases strawberry yields and commercial rates.

[0113] 3. Application of bumblebees on strawberries

[0114] 3.1 Requirements for greenhouses for releasing bumblebees

[0115] Greenhouse ventilation skylights need to be equipped with insect-proof nets to prevent bumblebees from flying out of the greenhouse and not returning to the nest.

[0116] 3.2 Bee release time

[0117] When the amount of strawberry flowers in the greenhouse reaches more than 5%, bumblebees can be released. The strawberry flowering period is generally 7 to 10 days, but it is advisable to release bees 4 days before the pollen is in bloom. Bumblebees need 1 to 3 days of adaptation to enter the greenhouse, familiarize themselves with the surrounding environment, and find flight paths. You can also place beehives in advance and feed bumblebees with sugar water + pollen. Sugar water is made by boiling water and adding white sugar in a ratio of 1:1.

[0118] 3.3 Number of bees and placement

[0119] 60 to 80 bumblebees are placed in every 1,000 square meters of strawberry greenhouse. The beehives are placed at least 80 cm above the ground and ants need to be watched out for.

[0120] 3.4 Temperature and humidity environment for bumblebee pollination

[0121] The ideal temperature for bumblebee pollination is 8℃~30℃, and the relative humidity is 50%~70%. When the weather is clear, the temperature in the greenhouse is generally controlled at 24℃~26℃ during the day, and the beehive ventilation system needs to be turned on to dissipate heat and cool down. When the temperature is lower than 8℃ at night, the beehives need to be gathered together and covered with insulation blankets for insulation. The beehives should be kept away from direct sunlight, and light shields should be installed if necessary.

[0122] 3.5 Effects of pesticides on bumblebees

[0123] When using fungicides, the beehives need to be moved out of the shed for 2 days. When using insecticides, the beehives need to be moved out of the shed for 3 days.

[0124] 3.6 Bumblebee Pollination

[0125] Bumblebees are highly efficient in visiting flowers. One bumblebee can pollinate more than a dozen flowers per minute. The hairs on bumblebees' bodies are easy to stick to pollen, making it easy for strawberry stigmas to receive pollen. The more bees you release, the better. Too many will lead to over-pollination and damage the strawberry false fruit. To determine whether a strawberry flower has been pollinated, you should observe the stamens of the strawberry flower. If the stamens turn black, it means that the flower has been pollinated by bumblebees.

[0126] 4. Bumblebees vs Honeybees

[0127] 4.1 Bumblebees are more cold-resistant than honeybees. They can leave the hive when the temperature in the greenhouse is 8℃, and can collect pollen when the temperature reaches 10℃, while honeybees will leave the hive to collect pollen when the temperature reaches 15℃.

[0128] 4.2 Bumblebees are less phototactic than honeybees, and are more adaptable in small spaces. As long as there are flowers in the greenhouse, they can collect them with peace of mind without hitting the greenhouse film, which greatly reduces the mortality rate. Bees will hit the greenhouse film, especially at noon when the temperature is higher, resulting in heavy casualties due to hitting the greenhouse film.

[0129] 4.3 Bumblebees are more efficient in pollination than honeybees. Bumblebees are large and have hairs all over their bodies, which facilitates the adhesion of pollen. They also have strong flying abilities and can visit more flowers per unit time.

[0130] 4.4 Bumblebees are more docile than honeybees and will not sting people on their own initiative.

[0131] 4.5 Bumblebees are cleaner than honeybees. They do not excrete waste randomly, which keeps strawberry leaves clean, reduces diseases, and does not affect the photosynthesis of strawberries. A large amount of bee excrement adheres to strawberry leaves, which can easily cause diseases and hinder the photosynthetic growth of strawberries.

[0132] 4.6 The cost of using bumblebees is relatively high, with a usage period of 2 to 3 months. Beehives need to be placed twice during the strawberry growth cycle.

[0133] 4.7 Bumblebees are active and ferocious, and they can easily over-collect pollen, causing damage to strawberry fruits and causing deformed fruits.

[0134] Of course, the above description is not a limitation of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above examples. Any changes, modifications, additions or substitutions made by ordinary technicians in this technical field within the essential scope of the present invention should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A three-dimensional cultivation method for strawberry waterfalls, It is characterized in that The method includes the following steps: (1) selection of suitable substrate; (2) seedling planting management; (3) plant arrangement; (4) water and fertilizer irrigation; (5) environmental control; (6) pest and disease control; and (7) pollination by Xiongfeng.

2. The strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that In step (1) of selecting a suitable substrate, the substrate used is a mixed substrate, the components of which are coconut bran and coconut pieces. The coconut bran needs to be soaked in water before use.

3. The strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Step (2) The specific steps of seedling planting management are: (1) Selection of strawberry seedlings The stem thickness is more than 0.8 cm, with 4 to 5 leaves and 1 heart, and the plant height is 15 cm to 18 cm. The seedlings are uniformly healthy, free of mechanical damage and pests and diseases, with a strong and developed root system and no browning of fibrous roots; the qualified rate of longitudinal and transverse cutting of shortened strawberry stems is not less than 90%; (2) Treatment of strawberry seedlings First, cut off the excessively long roots of the substrate seedlings, and soak the seedlings in 1500 times diluted 50% methyl thiophanate for 3 to 5 minutes; (3) Colonization After soaking the seedlings, transplant them in time. When transplanting, the strawberry plants should be arched outward to ensure that the inflorescences that grow face outward, so as to achieve "not burying the heart too deep and not exposing the roots too shallow"; when transplanting, first dig up the substrate, stretch the roots into the holes, then cover the substrate, compact it, and gently lift the seedlings so that the roots are closely combined with the soil. The spacing between plants should be about 15 cm, in a double row of T-shape; water the plants thoroughly after planting to set the roots.

4. The strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Step (3) The specific steps of plant arrangement are: From planting to harvesting, strawberries are constantly renewing their leaves and flower stems. To ensure that the plants are in a normal state of growth and development, plant maintenance work such as removing diseased and old leaves, removing side buds, removing runners, and thinning flowers and fruits should be carried out in a timely manner. (1) Clean up old strawberry leaves 20 days after the strawberries are planted, keep 2 leaves and 1 heart or 3 leaves and 1 heart, and remove the other leaves to promote the formation of primary roots; when the top inflorescence buds, make sure the plant has 5 to 8 functional leaves; during the harvest, only remove the aging leaves; Standards for judging old leaves: When the lower leaves of the plant grow horizontally or downward, turn yellow, or have scorched edges, the leaves should be removed in time, and the leaf stalks should be cleaned up together. When the top fruit clusters are harvested, the harvested fruit clusters and drooping leaves should be cleaned up. (2) Remove strawberry runners Remove the runners promptly, from the base, and avoid damaging the buds and new leaves during the operation; (3) Remove the strawberry axillary buds The removal of axillary buds follows the plant bud retention strategy. When the terminal fruit of the first inflorescence of the terminal bud matures, the primary buds are retained. For strong plants with two axillary buds on the terminal bud, two primary buds can be retained directly, and weak plants or terminal buds only retain one primary bud; when the terminal fruit of the first inflorescence of the primary bud matures, one secondary bud is retained. During this period, the axillary buds grown by the terminal bud and the primary bud plant need to be removed in time; the plant finally retains 3 to 4 buds; (4) Removal of fruit stalks After the strawberry fruits are harvested, the fruit stems should be removed in time; (5) Flower and fruit thinning Strawberries need 5 to 7 normal functional leaves to bear fruit, at this time the plant should retain 7 to 10 fruits; when the number of normal functional leaves is less than 5, 3 to 5 fruits should be retained; if the number of functional leaves is too small, there is no need to retain fruits, and the inflorescence can be removed directly to avoid nutrient consumption.

5. The strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Step (4) The specific steps of water and fertilizer irrigation are: (1) Integrated water and fertilizer irrigation Water-fertilizer integration is to combine fertilization and irrigation, dissolve chemical fertilizers in water, use water as a carrier, and complete fertilization simultaneously by carrying fertilizers with water; (2) Formula fertilization The fertilizer used during planting is inorganic fertilizer, which is formulated according to the growth of the plants; (3) Management of EC value and pH value of nutrient solution The irrigation amount of soilless cultivation needs to be adjusted according to different periods. When the strawberry seedlings are successfully planted, you can start irrigating with nutrient solution. The initial nutrient solution EC value is set ≥ 0.6, and the irrigation amount per plant is 100 ml to 150 ml; as the plant grows, the EC value is gradually increased; from the harvest period to the late growth period, the nutrient solution EC value is adjusted between 1.8 and 2.2, and the irrigation amount per plant is 150 ml to 250 ml; (4) Relationship between EC value of inlet liquid and EC value of return liquid 6. The strawberry waterfall three-dimensional cultivation method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The specific steps of step (5) environmental control are: (1) Lighting management LED lighting equipment is installed on the Tianpu elevated platform, with a red-blue light ratio of 3:1, a lighting time of 17:00-20:00, and a lighting duration of 6 hours; (2) Temperature management During the early stage of strawberry vegetative growth to the budding stage, the temperature is controlled at 26℃~28℃ during the day and 10℃ at night. During the flowering stage, the temperature is controlled at 23℃~25℃ during the day and 8℃~10℃ at night. When the strawberry fruit enters the expansion stage, the temperature is maintained at 20℃~25℃ during the day and 6℃~8℃ at night. (3) Humidity management Control the humidity of strawberry at 60% to 80% during the budding period and 30% to 50% during the flowering period; control the relative humidity of indoor air at 60% to 70% during the ripening period of strawberry fruits; (4) CO 2 manage Apply CO starting one week after flowering 2 , concentration 700 ppm ~ 1000 ppm, supplement CO in the greenhouse 2 The concentration shall not exceed 1600 ppm; the fertilization time shall start at 9 am and the usage time shall be 2 to 3 hours.

7. The method for cultivating strawberry waterfalls in three dimensions according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Step (6) The specific steps for pest control are: (1) Strawberry Anthracnose The drugs that can be used to prevent and control anthracnose are: 1500 times of difenoconazole, 2000 times of pyraclostrobin or 1500 times of prochloraz; (2) Strawberry powdery mildew The drugs that can be used to control powdery mildew are: Lufei (pyraclostrobin) 1500 times, Lunasen (fluanistrobin) 2000 times or Duomaike (tetrafluthrin) 1500 times; (3) Strawberry gray mold The drugs available for the prevention and treatment of gray mold are: 1500 times of pyrimethanil, 1500 times of procymidone or 2000 times of fluazifop-butyl; (4) Red spider Methods for controlling red spider mites:

1. Release the natural enemy, the Chilean phytoseiid mite, one month after strawberry planting, 4 bottles per mu, and replenish once every 20 days; 2. Chemical control: 1500 times of bifenazate or 1500 times of etoxazole; (5) Aphids Methods for controlling aphids:

1. Release the natural enemy Harmonia axyridis. When aphids are found, release 70 to 100 egg cards per acre. This can be done 4 times during the entire growing season of strawberries.

2. Chemical control: 2500 times of acetamiprid or 2000 times of imidacloprid water solvent. (6) Thrips Methods for preventing and controlling thrips: 1500 times of ethyl spinetoram or 1500 times of avermectin benzoate microemulsion.

8. The method for cultivating strawberry waterfalls in three dimensions according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Step (7) The specific steps of Xiongfeng pollination are: (1) Greenhouse ventilation skylights need to be equipped with insect-proof nets to prevent bumblebees from flying out of the greenhouse and not returning to the nest; (2) Bee release time: When the number of strawberry flowers in the greenhouse reaches more than 5%, bumblebees can be released; (3) Number of bees to be released and their placement: 60 to 80 bumblebees are placed in every 1,000 m2 of strawberry greenhouse; the beehives are placed at least 80 cm above the ground; (4) Temperature and humidity environment for bumblebee pollination The pollination temperature of bumblebees is 8℃~30℃, and the relative humidity is 50%~70%. The temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 24℃~26℃ during the day, and the ventilation system of the beehive needs to be turned on to dissipate heat and cool down. When the temperature is lower than 8℃ at night, the beehives need to be gathered together and covered with insulation blankets for insulation. The beehives should be kept away from direct sunlight. (5) Impact of pesticides on bumblebees When using fungicides, the beehives need to be moved out of the shed for 2 days, and when using insecticides, the beehives need to be moved out of the shed for 3 days; (6) Bumblebee pollination Observe the stamens of the strawberry flower to determine whether the flower has been pollinated. If the stamens turn black, it means that the flower has been pollinated by bumblebees.

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