Reduction of film particle pattern

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for performing reduction of film particle patterns. A device may obtain film particle pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film particle patterns of a block. The device may determine, from the plurality of film particle patterns, a reduced set of film particle patterns on which film particle pattern analysis is to be performed based on the film particle pattern priority information. The apparatus may perform the film particle pattern analysis on the reduced set of film particle patterns. The device may select, based on the film particle pattern analysis, a film particle pattern from the reduced set of film particle patterns to be applied to a pixel component of the block. The apparatus may apply the selected film particle pattern to the pixel component of the block.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of European Provisional Patent Application No. EP22305490.9 filed on April 8, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the invention

[0004] Systems, methods, and means for performing reduction of film grain patterns are disclosed. An example device (e.g., a device for video decoding) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may obtain film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns of a block. The device may determine a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis based on the film grain pattern priority information. The device may perform the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns. The device may select a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to be applied to a pixel component of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis. The device may apply the selected film grain pattern to the pixel component of the block.

[0005] The device may receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list. The device may determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain pattern in a plurality of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns may be associated with a corresponding weight. The device may determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes a number of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns having maximum corresponding weights.

[0006] The corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern may be based on at least one of: the sum of the intensity granularity sizes associated with the given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern will be applied; a scaling factor associated with the given film grain pattern; the intensity values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern; or a weighted average of parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

[0007] A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a first set of film grain parameters. A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a second set of film grain parameters. The device may receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters. The device may determine a first difference between the first set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters, and a second difference between the second set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters. On the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference, the device may select the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block. On the condition that the second difference is less than the first difference, the device may select the second film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block.

[0008] The device may determine a scaling factor associated with the selected film grain pattern. The device may apply the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern. The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a rule for prioritizing the plurality of film grain patterns and / or a maximum number of film grain patterns that the reduced set of film grain patterns can include. The pixel component of the block may be a pixel intensity component.

[0009] A method (e.g., for video decoding) may involve obtaining film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns for a block. The method may involve determining, based on the film grain pattern priority information, a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis. The method may involve performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns. The method may involve selecting, based on the film grain pattern analysis, a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to apply to a pixel component of the block. The method may involve applying the selected film grain pattern to the pixel component of the block.

[0010] The method may involve receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list. Determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information may involve determining that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain pattern in a plurality of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns may be associated with a corresponding weight. Determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information may involve determining that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes a number of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns having the largest corresponding weights.

[0011] The corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern may be based on at least one of: the sum of the intensity granularity sizes associated with the given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern will be applied; a scaling factor associated with the given film grain pattern; the intensity values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern; or a weighted average of parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

[0012] A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a first set of film grain parameters. A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a second set of film grain parameters. The method may involve receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters. Performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns may involve determining a first difference between the first set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters, and a second difference between the second set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters.

[0013] Selecting the film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis may involve: selecting the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block on the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference; and selecting the second film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block on the condition that the second difference is less than the first difference. The method may involve: determining a scaling factor associated with the selected film grain pattern. The method may involve: applying the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern.

[0014] An example device (e.g., a device for video encoding) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The device may obtain film grain pattern priority information. The device may generate a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image and the film grain pattern priority information. The device may encode the video image to generate an encoded video image. The device may transmit the SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0015] The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a reduced set of film grain parameters. The reduced set of film grain parameters may include a number of film grain parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain parameter in the set of film grain parameters may be associated with a corresponding weight. The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a reduced set of film grain parameters. The reduced set of film grain parameters may include a number of film grain parameters having the largest corresponding weights.

[0016] The systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and means described herein may relate to signals (e.g., signals from encoders and / or received by decoders). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0018] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0019] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0020] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of another example RAN and another example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0021] Figure 2 An example video encoder is illustrated.

[0022] Figure 3 An example video decoder is illustrated.

[0023] Figure 4 Examples of systems in which various aspects and examples may be implemented are illustrated.

[0024] Figure 5 An example of a granular model within video coding is shown.

[0025] Figure 6 An example of a block diagram showing the use of frame granules in a video coding framework.

[0026] Figure 7 An example of a film grain synthesis block diagram is shown.

[0027] Figure 8 An example of a schematic diagram showing pattern adaptation.

[0028] Fig. 9 Example film grain supplemental enhancement information (SEI) modifications are illustrated.

[0029] Fig.10 An example of video transcoding with film grain metadata conversion is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0031] Figure 1A 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0032] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0033] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0034] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0035] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0036] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0037] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0038] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0039] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0040] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0041] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0042] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0043] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0044] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0045] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0046] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0047] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station by an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0048] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0049] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0050] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0051] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0052] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0053] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, FM radio unit, digital music player, media player, video game player module, Internet browser, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0054] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0055] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0056] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0057] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0058] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0059] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0060] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0061] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0062] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0063] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0064] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0065] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Direct link establishment (DLS) may be utilized to transmit point-to-point traffic between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0066] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. In the case where the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a specific STA, the specific STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0067] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0068] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0069] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0070] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0071] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0072] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0073] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0074] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0075] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0076] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0077] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0078] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0079] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0080] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0081] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0082] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following items may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a to 102d, base station 114a to 114b, evolved Node B 160a to 160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB180a to 180c, AMF 182a to 182b, UPF 184a to 184b, SMF 183a to 183b, DN 185a to 185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0083] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0084] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0085] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual characteristics, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0086] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5 to 10 Some examples may be provided, but others are also contemplated. Figures 5 to 10 The discussion of the present invention does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods.

[0087] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" are used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" are used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" are used interchangeably.

[0088] Various methods are described herein, and each of these methods includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, parts, steps, operations, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the ordering of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in an overlapping time period of the second decoding.

[0089] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules (e.g., decoding modules) of video encoder 200 and video decoder 300. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation), whether pre-existing or developed in the future, as well as extensions of any such standards and recommendations. Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the various aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0090] Various numerical values ​​are used in describing examples of the present application, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 32, 64, 256, etc. These and other specific values ​​are used for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0091] Figure 2 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0092] Prior to being encoded, the video sequence may undergo a pre-encoding process (201), for example, applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., converting from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream. The pre-processing may include film grain analysis, in which grain parameters may be estimated. It may include noise reduction, for example to facilitate bitrate reduction. Grain estimation may be performed (e.g., or manually added) prior to encoding. Encoding may reduce noise (e.g., due to quantization) and grain. In an example, a denoiser may remove grain prior to encoding and after grain parameters have been estimated.

[0093] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). Motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed in inter mode. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0094] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0095] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (255) to reconstruct the image block. An in-loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0096] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same Figure 2 The decoding process is the reverse of the encoding process described in . The encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0097] Specifically, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other decoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the predicted block are combined (355) to reconstruct the image block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). An in-loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0098] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping that is the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the in-loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be transmitted to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0099] Figure 4 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components, either individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed over multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the various aspects described in this document.

[0100] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input and output interfaces, and various other circuit systems as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As a non-limiting example, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a removable and non-removable storage device), and / or a network accessible storage device.

[0101] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to process data, for example, to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. In addition, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0102] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of the various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0103] In some examples, memory inside the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0104] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0105] In various examples, the input device of block 445 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF section may be associated with elements suitable for the following items: (i) selecting a desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or band limiting a signal to a frequency band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) again band-limiting to a narrower frequency band to select a signal band that (for example) may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and (vi) demultiplexing to select a desired packet stream. Various examples of the RF section include one or more elements for performing these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF section may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (e.g., an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal sent by wired (for example, cable) medium, and perform frequency selection by filtering, down-conversion and filtering to the desired frequency band again.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can include inserting element between existing elements, for example, inserting amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various examples, the RF part includes antenna.

[0106] The USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0107] The various elements of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing, in which the various elements may be interconnected and data may be sent between the elements using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-chip (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0108] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0109] In various examples, a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network (e.g., IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)) is used to stream or otherwise provide data to the system 400. The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received through a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks including the Internet to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to the system 400, which delivers data through the HDMI connection of the input box 445. Still other examples use the RF connection of the input box 445 to provide streaming data to the system 400. As described above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. In addition, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or network.

[0110] System 400 can provide output signals to various output devices, including display 475, speaker 485 and other peripherals 495. Display 475 of various examples includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display and / or a foldable display. Display 475 can be used for a television, a tablet computer, a laptop, a cellular phone (mobile phone) or other devices. Display 475 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone), or it can be separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripherals 495 include one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripherals 495, which provide functions based on the output of system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 400.

[0111] In various examples, control signals are transmitted between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, consumer electronics control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0112] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, the display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where the display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, the output signal may be provided via a dedicated output connection including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0113] These examples may be performed by computer software implemented by processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as, as a non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include, as a non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0114] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" may encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by decoders of various implementations described in this application, for example, a device may obtain film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns of a block. The device may determine a reduced set of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis from the plurality of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information. The device may perform the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns. The device may select a film grain pattern to be applied to a pixel component of the block from the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern analysis. The device may apply the selected film grain pattern to the pixel component of the block, etc.

[0115] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0116] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application may cover, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforming, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by encoders of various implementations described in this application, for example, a device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The device may obtain film grain pattern priority information. The device may generate a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image and the film grain pattern priority information. The device may encode the video image to generate an encoded video image. The device may transmit the SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0117] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential decoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0118] Note that syntax elements as used herein (e.g., coding syntax regarding number of intensity intervals, number of model values, granule parameters, granule identification, scaling factors, etc.) are descriptive terms. Therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0119] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0120] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). The device may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes a communication device, such as, for example, a computer, a cellular phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other devices that facilitate information communication between end users.

[0121] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0122] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0123] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0124] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0125] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). This can be extended to as many items as listed, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts.

[0126] Moreover, as used herein, the word "signaling" refers to (among other things) indicating something to a corresponding decoder. The encoder signal may include, for example, the number of intensity intervals, the number of model values, particle parameters, particle identification, scaling factors, etc. In this way, in one example, the same parameters are used at both the encoder side and the decoder side. Therefore, for example, the encoder may send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling may be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. By avoiding sending any actual function, bit savings are achieved in various examples. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form of the word "signaling" is mentioned above, the word "signal" can also be used as a noun in this article.

[0127] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier using the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, a signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0128] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. In addition, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may include a bitstream or signal of information generated as described herein to be implemented. This information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, an encoder, a bitstream and / or a decoder according to any of the embodiments described in the embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, a process, a device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices that perform decoding. A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may display (e.g., using a monitor, a screen or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0129] Features associated with video compression, distribution, and / or presentation are provided herein. Film grain modeling may include using film grain metadata and / or implementing adaptation (e.g., to reduce complexity). Film grain metadata and / or implementing adaptation may be used for adaptation between different codecs and / or between different models.

[0130] Synthesis of film grain can be performed in post-decoding processing.

[0131] Film grain metadata may be defined via a Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message (e.g., a Generic Supplemental Enhancement Information (VSEI) message) for a decoded video bitstream. In an example, the film grain syntax may be integrated into a frame header, and the film grain metadata may be part of the core codec specification. Support for film grain may be specified in different ways. Different syntax and semantics may be used depending on the codec and / or model. Since different models may be used (e.g., Figure 5 exemplified), the compositing process and film grain mixing may also be defined differently.

[0132] Figure 5 An example of a granular model within video coding is shown.

[0133] This article describes features associated with film grain post-processing related to storage and the like.

[0134] Figure 6 An example of a block diagram showing the use of film grain in a video coding framework is shown. Figure 6 As depicted, at 500, pre-processing may be performed (e.g., input video data may be pre-processed). At 501, film grain estimation may be performed (e.g., using input video data and filtered video from the output of a pre-processing block). At 502, the filtered video and film grain parameters (e.g., output from a film grain estimation block) may be encoded. At 503, a bitstream encoded in the form of a film grain characteristics (FGC) SEI message and film grain parameters (e.g., output from an encoding block) may be decoded. At 504, film grain synthesis may be performed (e.g., film grain may be added to a decoded image).

[0135] Figure 7 An example of a film grain synthesis block diagram is shown in FIG. Figure 7As shown, SEI film grain synthesis may be used. SEI film grain synthesis may involve the use of 8×8 sub-blocks. In an example, different sub-block sizes (any sub-block sizes) may be used. The decoder may output a decoded frame and film grain characteristics SEI (e.g., film grain parameters). For color channels (e.g., color channels such as Luma, Chroma Cb, Chroma Cr), appropriate grain parameters may be selected (e.g., based on film grain parameters in the SEI message) based on image block averages (e.g., 8×8 block averages, 16×16 block averages, 8×1 block averages, 5×2 block averages, pixel averages, etc.). An 8×8 (e.g., or 16×16, etc.) grain sub-block may be selected from a pre-computed film grain database, including film grain patterns defined for larger block sizes, which may be deblocked (e.g., optionally deblocked) to reduce block artifacts in grain generation. Grains may be added / blended into the image. The selection may be based on the SEI and average block intensity values ​​as described herein. The SEI may define multiple particle parameters to be used (eg, one particle parameter for each intensity interval).

[0136] In the SEI frequency filtering mode, to generate a particle pattern, the process may involve a pseudo-random number generator to generate a 64×64 block and an inverse frequency transform (e.g., an inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT)). In the auto-regressive mode, a random number generator may be used to calculate the 64×64 block. Different particle patterns may be obtained by different model parameters defined in the SEI. In an example, the number of different patterns may be one pattern per component. The process may be pre-calculated once per frame or pre-calculated once at initialization. The process may be pre-calculated in a read-only memory (ROM) and loaded into the execution memory. In an example, if particles are present in the original video, the encoder may estimate particle parameters in a pre-processing step (e.g., by analyzing the particles). These parameters may be added manually. For example, these parameters may be added by adding an SEI message with these parameters (e.g., correct parameters) to the stream or by providing appropriate parameters to an encoder that may add SEI.

[0137] In a SEI film grain generator (e.g., a film grain synthesizer compatible with the FGC SEI message), one or more patterns (e.g., multiple patterns) may be defined per picture, where the parameters are defined in the film grain characteristics SEI message. The maximum number of available patterns per frame (e.g., simultaneously available patterns) may be fixed and its value may be high. For example, ten different patterns per frame may be defined in the SEI message. These ten patterns may be loaded into a memory (e.g., a flash memory) to cope with the frame output frequency constraints. A relatively large amount of memory may be required to store these patterns. Reducing the maximum number of patterns used per frame may reduce the cost of the film grain synthesizer.

[0138] An example framework is provided herein to reduce the number of noise patterns (e.g., film grain patterns) that differ from the noise patterns defined in a film grain characteristics SEI message. Synthesized film grain may use a reduced number of noise patterns that should (e.g., visually) match film grain generation to a specified pattern (e.g., all specified patterns).

[0139] At an encoder (e.g., an encoder stage), the film grain parameters may be modified, for example, to generate an output SEI message that includes a reduced number of film grain patterns (e.g., a smaller number of film grain patterns or a subset of film grain patterns determined based on the SEI message). The modification may be applied between the film grain analysis and the SEI (e.g., written into a bitstream). For example, a film grain analysis may be performed on an input video. The film grain analysis may produce input film grain parameters. The input film grain parameters may be adapted, and the SEI may be generated and encoded using the adapted film grain parameters. The output (e.g., an output bitstream) may include the output film grain parameters (e.g., the output film grain parameters may be included in the FGC SEI message). In an example, if the film grain parameters are provided as input to the encoder (e.g., manually estimated), the film grain parameters may not be estimated at the encoder. In such a case, the film grain analysis may be skipped, and the input film grain parameters may be provided to the encoder.

[0140] During the transcoding stage (e.g., between encoding and decoding), the SEI may be modified. At the decoder, the SEI may be modified, or in the film grain synthesizer, the SEI may be interpreted and applied.

[0141] Table 1: Film Grain Characteristics SEI Message Syntax

[0142]

[0143]

[0144] Table 1 may define a film grain characteristics SEI message. Table 1 may define parameters of grain for intensity intervals (eg, each intensity interval) of component values ​​of an input image, such as where a grain generation pattern is defined based on model parameters of the grain generation pattern.

[0145] Example semantics for the different parameters are summarized in Table 2, where c is the component index and can vary from 0 to 2, where 0 is luma, and 1 and 2 are chroma channels.

[0146] Table 2: Semantics of film grain characteristic parameters

[0147]

[0148]

[0149] For film grain processing, a pattern to be used may be determined for a position (e.g., each position) having intensity I[c] based on the intensity interval that I[c] falls into. In an example, if multiple grain generation is allowed, the intervals may be allowed to overlap and I[x] may fall into multiple intervals and multiple grains may be generated. If multiple grain generation is not allowed, the intervals may not overlap.

[0150] The process for synthesizing film grain may depend on the value of the film grain characteristic parameter, the intensity I[c] and / or the pixel intensity. A film grain synthesizer may be used.

[0151] If the particle pattern to be used depends on the pixel intensity (e.g., pixel component intensity), a mapping lookup table (LUT) may be used to map the value of I[c] to the particle pattern to be used. In an example, a dense LUT may be used that defines the correspondence of the values ​​(e.g., each value) of the signal. If the bit depth is high, this may involve (e.g., require) a large amount of memory to hold the LUT, and subsampling may be used. For example, the LUT may be limited to 256 values, which may correspond to 8-bit sampling. In such cases, the signal may be scaled to 8 bits by truncating or rounding the high bit depth values ​​to a lower bit depth before the LUT.

[0152] The SEI may define which pattern fg_comp_model_value[c][i] to use for each intensity interval [fg_intensity_interval_lower_bound[c][i], fg_intensity_interval_upper_bound[c][i]]. I[c] may be the intensity of an image component c (e.g., a luminance or chrominance value) of a current block or pixel (e.g., a pixel component). To speed up synthesis, a LUT may be pre-computed to map intensities (e.g., image block values) to model parameter indices to be used. As defined in Table 2, the model parameters may define a scaling factor fg_comp_model_value[c][i][0] and a particle pattern fg_comp_model_value[c][i][1…5] (e.g., fg_comp_model_value[c][i][j], where j varies from 1 to 5). The LUT grain_param_id[c][I] may be generated by: for component c (e.g., each component c), processing the model parameter with index k and intensity interval defined by fg_intensity_interval_[lower / upper]_bound[c][k]. For the intensity value of the interval (e.g., each intensity value), the LUT value may be set to the model parameter index k based on the following formula:

[0153]

[0154] grain_param_id may represent the index of the parameter used for the current intensity value, as defined in SEI (eg, if grain_param_id[c][i]=p, then grain parameter fg_comp_model_value[c][p] may be used).

[0155] For the pixel values ​​(e.g., each pixel value or pixel component value) of the input frame I[c][×][y], to apply film grain, the process may include one or more of the following (e.g., the process may be applied block by block for the average value of I[c] over the current block). An intensity value may be extracted. An index to a parameter may be read from a LUT. A scaling factor may be read from a parameter. Grain may be added to a pixel (e.g., or each pixel or pixel component of a block) based on the scaling factor and the model parameters corresponding to the index, as shown below.

[0156]

[0157] add_grain() can be a grain creation function, as described in this article.

[0158] Mapping image intensities to a reduced set of patterns (e.g., a subset of patterns determined based on SEI messages, or a set of patterns having fewer patterns than patterns determined based on SEI messages) may be implemented at a decoder, encoder, and / or transcoder as described herein.

[0159] A mapping of image intensities to a reduced set of patterns may be provided. The SEI may define different characteristics for each intensity interval. As defined herein, the parameter fg_comp_model_value[c][i][j] (where j varies from 1 to 5) may have an effect on the particle pattern, and the parameter fg_comp_model_value[c][i][0] may be a scaling factor and may take different values ​​(e.g., without significant effect on complexity).

[0160] To limit complexity, the maximum number of different patterns allowed for each component c may be defined as max_pattern_num[c]. The minimum number of different patterns allowed for each component c may be defined as max_pattern_num[c] = {1, 1, 1} (e.g., one pattern per color component). In an example, the constraint may be relaxed to have more available patterns (e.g., {3, 2, 2}), where more patterns are assigned to the luma component (e.g., 3) than to other components (e.g., 2, 2). The value {1, 1, 1} may be used with a film grain composition that uses one (e.g., only one) grain pattern per component. The process of defining a mapping LUT may be modified as described herein.

[0161] Figure 8 An example of pattern adaptation is shown.

[0162] like Figure 8 As shown, the input particle parameters defined in the SEI can be analyzed and adapted to the pattern number. The pattern to be used for any given intensity interval can be selected from the adapted patterns, for example, by selecting the closest pattern in terms of the difference (e.g., the sum of absolute differences) between the input parameters and the parameters associated with the adapted pattern. The index of the selected pattern can be stored in a LUT of intensity values ​​(e.g., each intensity value) of the intensity interval, and the scaling factor can be adapted and stored in the scaling factor LUT, as shown below. In an example, the scaling factor can be mapped. The scaling factor can define the gain applied to the particle pattern. The scaling factor and the adapted pattern can be defined in the SEI (e.g., in the same parameter set). For one or more intervals (e.g., two given intervals), the parameters can define the same pattern and different scaling factors (e.g., two different scaling factors). In an example, the number of different patterns can be reduced, and the scaling factor can be changed. For example, if the pattern changes for a given intensity interval, the scaling factor can be the same as the input or can be adapted to the pattern.

[0163]

[0164] grain_scaling_factor[3][] may be a LUT of scaling factors adapted to the intensity (e.g., each intensity) of the pattern. max_pattern_num may be the maximum number of patterns per component that may be used in the pattern reduction process. grain_pattern_params may be adapted grain pattern parameters with the same semantics as fg_comp_model_value.

[0165] preprocess_patterns may be a process that analyzes SEI parameters and reduces the number of different patterns to the maximum number of available patterns for each component. preprocess_patterns may output the results in grain_pattern_params. The process may copy the first pattern parameter max_pattern_num[c] of fg_comp_model_value[c] in grain_pattern_params[c]. The process of selecting parameters (e.g., the most important parameters) and sorting the parameters may be determined by the content creator, who may compress video content and create the original film grain SEI characteristics. The process of selecting parameters (e.g., the most important parameters) and sorting the parameters may be performed using weighting techniques, as described herein.

[0166] select_best_pattern may be a film grain pattern analysis performed on a reduced set (e.g., a subset of film grain patterns, or a smaller set of film grain patterns) to select the best film grain pattern from the subset of film grain patterns. select_best_pattern may involve mapping an input SEI index to an index associated with an adapted film grain pattern (e.g., a reduced set of film grain patterns or a subset of film grain patterns). The selection may be based on a difference between an input parameter and an adapted model parameter (e.g., a model parameter associated with the reduced set of film grain patterns). The adapted parameter associated with the smallest difference may be selected. For example, a first adapted parameter set may have a first difference with the input parameter, and a second adapted parameter set may have a second difference with the input parameter. In this case, the film grain pattern associated with the first adapted parameter set may be selected under the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference. Similarly, the film grain pattern associated with the second adapted parameter set may be selected under the condition that the second difference is less than the first difference. The difference may be calculated as the maximum difference between parameter values ​​(eg, each parameter value), the sum of absolute differences, the sum of squared differences, or any other difference operation. The parameters considered for calculating the difference may not include a scaling parameter (eg, a scaling factor).

[0167] adapt_scale may be the process of adapting the scaling factor for the adapted pattern. If the grain parameters change, the scaling factor may be adapted based on the parameter modification (e.g., to give a similar grain appearance). In an example, the scaling factor adaptation process may include a direct copy of the input scaling factor as defined by fg_comp_model_value[c][k][0].

[0168] For pixel values ​​(e.g., each pixel value or pixel component value) of an input frame I[c][×][y], to apply film grain, the process may be similar to other processes described herein, except that the grain_scaling_factor[c][val] LUT may be used instead of the first parameter fg_comp_model_value[c][k][0], and except that the model parameters grain_pattern_params[c] may be used instead of the input parameter fg_comp_model_value[c], as shown below (e.g., the process may be applied on a block-by-block basis for the average value of I[c] over the current block):

[0169]

[0170] Features associated with selecting patterns to use are provided. An example of a process preprocess_patterns that remaps an input film grain characteristic fg_comp_model_value[c] to a reduced set of patterns is described herein. A reduced set of patterns (e.g., a subset of film grain patterns or a smaller set of film grain patterns) may be selected based on film grain priority information (e.g., a film grain pattern associated with the first listed pattern parameter or associated with the pattern parameter of greatest weight). For example, as shown above, the reduced set of patterns may include a copy of the first pattern parameter max_pattern_num[c] of fg_comp_model_value[c] in grain_pattern_params[c]. If max_pattern_num[c] is greater than or equal to the number of different input parameters, then adaptation may not be used (e.g., not required) and direct copying may be used.

[0171] Features associated with copying of SEI parameters (e.g., first SEI parameters) are provided herein. A first unique pattern may be used. As described above, the first parameter of fg_comp_model_value[c][k] may be a scaling factor and may be discarded from the comparison function (e.g., the scaling factor may be handled separately). Copying the first pattern may include populating grain_pattern_params[c] with a first different max_pattern_num[c] model parameter of fg_comp_model_value[c]. The intensity intervals may be scanned (e.g., until a maximum number of patterns is reached). The process may involve checking (e.g., first checking) whether the pattern parameters exist (e.g., already exist) in the selected model parameters (e.g., different intervals may have the same grain parameters, but different scaling factors). If the model parameters already exist in the selected pattern, the next interval may be processed. If the model parameters do not yet exist in the selected pattern, the input parameters may be copied to the selected grain pattern, and the number of patterns found may be increased.

[0172]

[0173] num_patterns[c] may be the number of new patterns currently discovered and grain_pattern_params[c] may be the selected model parameters.

[0174] In an example, a pattern may be selected based on a weighted value (e.g., a pattern with the largest corresponding weight may be selected). For each pattern, the parameters may be stored in a list and the corresponding weight may be increased. The list may be sorted based on the weight (e.g., the most important pattern is used first), and the first max_pattern_num[c] parameter may be selected. The weighting may be the sum of the interval size (e.g., the intensity interval size) as shown below. The weighting may be related to the number of affected pixels. The pattern that affects the largest number of pixels may be retained to reduce the perceived modification of the pattern reduction process. In an example, the weighting may include other characteristics, such as a scaling factor, an average value of the scaling factor, a maximum intensity value of the interval, a maximum average intensity of the interval, and / or the actual number of affected pixels (e.g., pixel components) in each interval (e.g., which may involve analysis of the complete input image before pattern selection, such as a histogram calculation).

[0175]

[0176] Features associated with calculating a pattern set are provided herein. In an example, in order to reduce the impact on particle synthesis due to the number of reduced patterns, the selected pattern can be adapted. For example, the pattern set can be initialized by a process in the process described herein. The adapted pattern set (e.g., a reduced pattern set) can be calculated by combining input model parameters. For example, grain_pattern_params[c] (e.g., as described herein) can be obtained. For each input model parameter fg_comp_model_value[c][k] that can be mapped to pattern grain_pattern_params[c], the combination of these input model parameters can be used to calculate the adapted parameter adapted_grain_pattern_params[c][p]. For scalar parameters (e.g., each scalar parameter), the combination can be, for example, an average value, a weighted average value based on an interval size, an intensity value, a scaling factor, etc.

[0177]

[0178] adapted_grain_pattern_params[c] may be grain pattern parameters calculated as a weighted average of input model parameters based on previous pattern selections.

[0179] The adapted particle pattern parameters may be calculated (eg, directly) from the input fg_comp_model_value[c] values ​​based on a K-means process (eg, to calculate k values ​​as the centroid of m input values, where m>k).

[0180] The pattern may be the result of an optimization process in which a cost function is minimized (e.g., the sum of the Euclidean distances between statistical moments of different orders, frequency bandwidths, etc., between the particle pattern produced by the new parameters and the merged particle pattern). The cost function may include weightings based on the use of the pattern. The optimization may be based on the difference between the rendering on the full picture using the new parameters and the rendering on the full picture using the original parameters.

[0181] Features associated with modifying SEI are provided herein. An output SEI may be initialized using input parameters. The number of different patterns may not be part of the SEI. A device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The device may generate an SEI message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image. The device may modify the SEI message associated with the video image. The modified SEI message may include a reduced set of film grain parameters associated with the video image (e.g., a subset or a smaller set). The device may encode the video image to generate an encoded video image. The device may transmit the modified SEI message and the encoded video image. Parameter values ​​may be modified for intensity intervals (e.g., each intensity interval k).

[0182] Features associated with generating an SEI are provided herein. An output SEI may be initialized using input parameters. A device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The film grain parameters may include associated priority information, such as weights calculated as described herein. The device may generate an SEI message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image. The SEI message may include priority information associated with each film grain parameter. Such priority information may be the order in which the parameters are included in the SEI message. For example, the most important (e.g., the parameters with the highest weight) may be listed first in the SEI message. The device may transmit the SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0183] Features associated with modifying SEI are provided herein. An output SEI may be initialized using input parameters. A device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image. The device may modify the SEI message associated with the video image. Priority information (e.g., a weight as described herein) may be calculated for each grain parameter. The device may modify the SEI message associated with the video image. The modified SEI message may include priority information associated with each film grain parameter. The priority information may be, for example, the order in which the parameters are included in the SEI message. For example, the most important parameter (e.g., the parameter with the highest weight) may be included in the SEI message (e.g., at the beginning of the SEI message). The device may transmit the modified SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0184] The index may be selected as described herein.

[0185] new_grain_id=select_best_pattern(adapted_grain_pattern_params[c],fg_comp_model_value[c][k]);

[0186] The granular parameters may be derived from the adapted parameters corresponding to the index.

[0187] fg_comp_model_value[c][k]=adapted_grain_pattern_params[c][new_grain_id];

[0188] The scaling factor may be adapted.

[0189] fg_comp_model_value[c][k][0]=

[0190] adapt_scale(adapted_grain_pattern_params[c][new_grain_id],fg_comp_model_value[c][k]);

[0191] SEI can be converted into other film grain metadata formats.

[0192] Fig. 9 An example of film grain SEI modification is illustrated. If the film grain parameters have been adapted to reduce the number of different patterns (e.g., to a single pattern), the pattern can be converted to (e.g., some other) film grain metadata using a single film grain pattern (e.g., Fig. 9).

[0193] AFGS1 (AOMedia Film Grain Synthesis Model) may be an autoregressive film grain synthesis model. This model may be indicated using a registered or unregistered user data SEI message.

[0194] The film grain characteristics SEI message may be converted into AFGS1 compatible metadata. For example, the SEI message may be converted after: reducing the number of different patterns to one (e.g., a single pattern); converting the scaling factor (e.g., which is typically a step function) to a piecewise linear function; and / or adapting the model parameters from the SEI format to the AFGS1 format (e.g., if a frequency model is used in the SEI format). If a frequency model is used in the SEI format, a conversion (e.g., a special conversion) may be performed. If an autoregressive model is used in the SEI, the conversion may be easier (e.g., simpler) because film grain in AFGS1 uses an autoregressive model to generate the grain pattern.

[0195] Fig.10 An example of video transcoding with film grain metadata conversion is illustrated. In the transcoding framework, a first stream including film grain characteristics SEI can be converted into a second stream including film grain metadata. In such a case, the film grain characteristics can be signaled and / or embedded in the second stream in the AFGS1 metadata format, such as Fig.10 exemplified.

[0196] Systems, methods, and means for performing reduction of film grain patterns are disclosed. An example device (e.g., a device for video decoding) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may obtain film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns of a block. The device may determine a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis based on the film grain pattern priority information. The device may perform the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns. The device may select a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to be applied to a pixel component of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis. The device may apply the selected film grain pattern to the pixel component of the block.

[0197] The device may receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list. The device may determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain pattern in a plurality of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns may be associated with a corresponding weight. The device may determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes a number of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns having maximum corresponding weights.

[0198] The corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern may be based on at least one of: the sum of the intensity granularity sizes associated with the given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern will be applied; a scaling factor associated with the given film grain pattern; the intensity values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern; or a weighted average of parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

[0199] A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a first set of film grain parameters. A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a second set of film grain parameters. The device may receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters. The device may determine a first difference between the first set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters, and a second difference between the second set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters. On the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference, the device may select the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block. On the condition that the second difference is less than the first difference, the device may select the second film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block.

[0200] The device may determine a scaling factor associated with the selected film grain pattern. The device may apply the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern. The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a rule for prioritizing the plurality of film grain patterns and / or a maximum number of film grain patterns that the reduced set of film grain patterns can include. The pixel component of the block may be a pixel intensity component.

[0201] A method (e.g., for video decoding) may involve obtaining film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns for a block. The method may involve determining, based on the film grain pattern priority information, a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis. The method may involve performing film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns. The method may involve selecting, based on the film grain pattern analysis, a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to apply to a pixel component of the block. The method may involve applying the selected film grain pattern to the pixel component of the block.

[0202] The method may involve receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list. Determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information may involve determining that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain pattern in a plurality of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns may be associated with a corresponding weight. Determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information may involve determining that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes a number of film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns having the largest corresponding weights.

[0203] The corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern may be based on at least one of: the sum of the intensity granularity sizes associated with the given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern will be applied; a scaling factor associated with the given film grain pattern; the intensity values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern; or a weighted average of parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

[0204] A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a first set of film grain parameters. A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns may be associated with a second set of film grain parameters. The method may involve receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters. Performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns may involve determining a first difference between the first set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters, and a second difference between the second set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters.

[0205] Selecting the film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis may involve: selecting the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block on the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference; and selecting the second film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel component of the block on the condition that the second difference is less than the first difference. The method may involve: determining a scaling factor associated with the selected film grain pattern. The method may involve: applying the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern.

[0206] An example device (e.g., a device for video encoding) may include a processor configured to perform one or more actions. The device may generate a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The device may obtain film grain pattern priority information. The device may generate a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image and the film grain pattern priority information. The device may encode the video image to generate an encoded video image. The device may transmit the SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0207] The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a reduced set of film grain parameters. The reduced set of film grain parameters may include a number of film grain parameters listed first in the SEI message. Each film grain parameter in the set of film grain parameters may be associated with a corresponding weight. The film grain pattern priority information may indicate a reduced set of film grain parameters. The reduced set of film grain parameters may include a number of film grain parameters having the largest corresponding weights.

[0208] An example method (e.g., for video encoding) may involve: generating a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image. The method may involve: obtaining film grain pattern priority information. The method may involve: generating a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message associated with the video image. The SEI message may include the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image and the film grain pattern priority information. The method may involve: encoding the video image to generate an encoded video image. The method may involve: transmitting the SEI message and the encoded video image.

[0209] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A device, comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: obtaining film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns for a block; determining, based on the film grain pattern priority information, a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis; performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns; selecting, based on the film grain pattern analysis, a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to be applied to pixel components of the block; as well as The selected film grain pattern is applied to the pixel components of the block.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: The processor is further configured to receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list; and The processor being configured to determine the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information includes the processor being configured to determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in an SEI message.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns is associated with a corresponding weight, and wherein the processor is configured to determine the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information comprises: The processor is configured to determine that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes a number of film grain patterns having maximum corresponding weights among the plurality of film grain patterns.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern is based on at least one of: a sum of intensity granularity sizes associated with said given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern is to be applied; a scaling factor associated with said given film grain pattern; an intensity value associated with said given film grain pattern; or A weighted average of the parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns is associated with a first set of film grain parameters; A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns is associated with a second set of film grain parameters; The processor is further configured to receive a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters; and The processor is configured to perform the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced film grain pattern set including: the processor is configured to determine a first difference between the first film grain parameter set and the third film grain parameter set, and a second difference between the second film grain parameter set and the third film grain parameter set.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the processor is configured to select the film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel components of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis comprises: The processor is configured to: selecting the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel components of the block on the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference; as well as The second film grain pattern is selected to be applied to the pixel components of the block on the condition that the second difference value is less than the first difference value.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to: determining a scaling factor associated with the selected film grain pattern; and Applies the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the film grain pattern priority information indicates: a rule for prioritizing the plurality of film grain patterns; and The maximum number of film grain patterns that the reduced set of film grain patterns can include.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pixel components of the block comprise pixel intensity components.

10. A method comprising: obtaining film grain pattern priority information associated with a plurality of film grain patterns for a block; determining, based on the film grain pattern priority information, a reduced set of film grain patterns from the plurality of film grain patterns on which to perform film grain pattern analysis; performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns; selecting, based on the film grain pattern analysis, a film grain pattern from the reduced set of film grain patterns to be applied to pixel components of the block; as well as The selected film grain pattern is applied to the pixel components of the block.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein: The method further includes: receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message including a parameter list; and Determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information includes determining that the reduced set of film grain patterns includes film grain patterns associated with a number of parameters listed first in the SEI message.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein each of the film grain patterns in the plurality of film grain patterns is associated with a corresponding weight, and wherein determining the reduced set of film grain patterns based on the film grain pattern priority information comprises: The reduced set of film grain patterns is determined to include a number of film grain patterns having maximum corresponding weights among the plurality of film grain patterns.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the corresponding weight for a given film grain pattern is based on at least one of: a sum of intensity granularity sizes associated with said given film grain pattern; the number of pixels to which the given film grain pattern is to be applied; a scaling factor associated with said given film grain pattern; an intensity value associated with said given film grain pattern; or A weighted average of the parameter values ​​associated with the given film grain pattern.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein: A first film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns is associated with a first set of film grain parameters; A second film grain pattern in the reduced set of film grain patterns is associated with a second set of film grain parameters; The method further includes: receiving a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message indicating a third set of film grain parameters; and Performing the film grain pattern analysis on the reduced set of film grain patterns includes determining a first difference between the first set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters, and a second difference between the second set of film grain parameters and the third set of film grain parameters.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein selecting the film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel components of the block based on the film grain pattern analysis comprises: selecting the first film grain pattern to be applied to the pixel components of the block on the condition that the first difference is less than the second difference; as well as The second film grain pattern is selected to be applied to the pixel components of the block on the condition that the second difference value is less than the first difference value.

16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the method further comprises: determining a scaling factor associated with a selected film grain pattern; as well as Applies the scaling factor to the selected film grain pattern.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the film grain pattern priority information indicates: a rule for prioritizing the plurality of film grain patterns; and The maximum number of film grain patterns that the reduced set of film grain patterns can include.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the pixel components of the block include pixel intensity components.

19. A device, comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: generating a set of film grain parameters associated with a video image; Get film grain pattern priority information; generating a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message associated with the video image, wherein the SEI message includes the set of film grain parameters associated with the video image and the film grain pattern priority information; encoding the video image to generate an encoded video image; as well as The SEI message and the coded video picture are transmitted.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the film grain pattern priority information indicates a reduced set of film grain parameters including a number of film grain parameters listed first in the SEI message.

21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein each film grain parameter in the set of film grain parameters is associated with a corresponding weight, and wherein the film grain pattern priority information indicates a reduced set of film grain parameters including a number of film grain parameters having maximum corresponding weights.

Images