Coal face disaster prevention and control system and method

Abstract

The invention discloses a coal face disaster prevention and control system and method. The system comprises a working face disaster prevention and control host and a goaf windshield arranged corresponding to a goaf. The control unit is electrically connected with a frequency conversion fan, an upper corner sensor group arranged at an upper corner, a working face safety state information screen arranged at a lower corner, a controllable air door and an air inlet side sensor group which are arranged at an air inlet side, and an air return side sensor group and an adjustable air window which are arranged at an air return side; the working face disaster prevention and control host comprises a central processing unit, and the central processing unit is connected with a power supply unit, a communication unit, a data display unit and a sound-light alarm unit. The system integrates the functions of monitoring, data storage, intelligent control, local decision making and the like, can realize the functions of multiple items of detection, evaluation, early warning, regulation and control and the like, and effectively guarantees the safe stoping of the coal face.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of coal mine safety, and in particular to a coal mining face disaster prevention and control system and method. Background Art

[0002] Coal is the main energy source in my country. In 2023, coal consumption in primary energy consumption will still account for 55.3% of total energy consumption. The main energy source remains stable and plays the role of "ballast stone" and "stabilizer" in energy supply.

[0003] In recent years, my country's coal mining technology has made great progress. With the advancement of science and technology, it has changed from manual mining and mechanized mining to comprehensive mechanized mining, and continues to develop in the direction of digital mining and intelligent mining. Underground coal mines mainly use the recovery process to mine coal. The coal mining face is the first production site of coal. It has the characteristics of small working space, many mechanical equipment, poor visual environment, high temperature, and is seriously threatened by water, fire, methane, dust, roof, impact ground pressure and multiple disasters. It is a key area in coal mine safety management.

[0004] At present, the degree of mechanization and automation in coal mining faces is relatively high, mainly reflected in support, coal mining and transportation. In terms of production safety assurance of coal mining faces, methane, fire, dust and ventilation monitoring systems have been installed in accordance with national requirements. Each system operates independently and performs its own functions. There are common problems such as independent operation of multiple systems, simple functions, strong professionalism, large workload of operation and maintenance, and low degree of intelligence. Summary of the invention

[0005] In response to the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, the present invention provides a coal mining face disaster prevention and control system, which can integrate monitoring, data storage, intelligent control, local decision-making and other functions to effectively ensure the safety of coal mining operations.

[0006] The present invention discloses a coal mining working face disaster prevention and control system, which is arranged at the coal mining working face. The system comprises a working face disaster prevention and control main machine and a goaf windshield arranged corresponding to the goaf, wherein the working face disaster prevention and control main machine is connected with: a variable frequency fan, an upper corner sensor group arranged at the upper corner, a working face safety status information screen arranged at the lower corner, a controllable air door and an air inlet side sensor group arranged at the air inlet side, a return air side sensor group and an adjustable air window arranged at the return air side; the working face disaster prevention and control main machine comprises a central processing unit, and the central processing unit is connected with: a power supply unit, a communication unit, a data display unit, and an audible and visual alarm unit.

[0007] The air inlet sensor group is used to detect wind speed, pressure, air volume and oxygen data; the return air sensor group is used to detect wind speed, pressure, air volume, oxygen, pressure difference, methane and dust data; the upper corner sensor group is used to detect methane, carbon monoxide and oxygen data; the controllable damper and adjustable window are normally open by default.

[0008] Furthermore, the communication unit includes: an optical communication interface, a network communication interface, a 485 communication interface and a CAN communication interface, wherein the working face prevention and control host can communicate with the ground main control computer through the optical communication interface and the network communication interface; the network communication interface is used to provide a network publishing function; the network communication interface, the 485 communication interface and the CAN communication interface can use communication cables to communicate with the variable frequency fan, the air inlet side sensor group, the return air side sensor group, the upper corner sensor group, the controllable air door, the adjustable air window, and the working face safety status information screen; the communication cable is a flame-retardant communication optical cable or a flame-retardant communication cable.

[0009] Furthermore, the variable frequency fan includes a fan and a frequency converter; the controllable damper and the adjustable window both include corresponding dampers and controllers.

[0010] The present invention also discloses a coal mining face disaster prevention and control method, which is implemented based on the above-mentioned coal mining face disaster prevention and control system, and includes:

[0011] S1: After the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system is installed and powered on, real-time data is collected and stored locally;

[0012] S2: Calculate the original working conditions of the system operating environment based on real-time data;

[0013] S3: Performing system failure mode determination, if it is determined to be failure, determining the system working mode to be a failure working mode; if it is determined not to be failure, entering working mode determination to determine whether the system working mode is an autonomous working mode, a master-slave working mode, or a manual working mode;

[0014] Among them, the autonomous working mode includes: based on the real-time data collected, real-time evaluation of the safety status of the working face, and real-time adjustment of the operating parameters of the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment according to the safety status of the working face to ensure the safety of the working face;

[0015] The master-slave working mode includes: uploading real-time data to the ground master computer, which determines the adjustment parameters according to the safety status of the working face, and the working face disaster prevention and control host executes them to ensure the safety of the working face;

[0016] The manual working mode includes: uploading real-time data to the ground main control computer, and the work face disaster prevention and control host will execute it when the administrator determines the adjustment parameters.

[0017] Furthermore, the step S1 includes:

[0018] After the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system is installed and powered on, the working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable air door and adjustable air window equipment, and stores the collected real-time data locally.

[0019] Further, the determination of the system failure mode, if failure is determined, then determining the system working mode as a failure working mode includes:

[0020] During the real-time data collection process, if any of the variable frequency fan, air inlet sensor group, return air sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable air window is abnormal, the system will enter the failure working mode;

[0021] The failure working mode includes:

[0022] If there is an abnormality in each sensor group, and the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are normal, the normal state in the most recent cycle will be maintained; if the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are abnormal or power is off, the variable frequency fan will stop working, and the controllable damper and adjustable wind window will be fully open.

[0023] Furthermore, the autonomous working mode specifically includes:

[0024] Determine in sequence whether the air volume is sufficient, whether the methane concentration is within the threshold range, whether the carbon monoxide concentration is within the threshold range, whether the oxygen concentration is within the threshold range, whether the dust concentration is within the threshold range, and whether the air leakage is within the threshold range;

[0025] If yes, the system will enter the safety assessment unit, where real-time data will be displayed on a large screen. The safety assessment unit will perform intelligent simulation optimization based on the real-time data collected locally, and push the optimization results to the intelligent control unit, which will perform the control operation.

[0026] If not, it will directly enter the safety assessment unit, and the real-time data will be displayed on the large screen. The safety assessment unit will perform intelligent simulation and output alarm information based on the real-time data collected locally, and optimize the control plan based on the priority of air volume > methane concentration > carbon monoxide concentration > oxygen concentration > dust concentration > air leakage, and push the control plan to the intelligent control unit, which will perform the control operation.

[0027] Furthermore, the master-slave working mode specifically includes:

[0028] Upload real-time data to the ground main control computer, and then wait for the ground main control computer to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy is determined. If it is legal, it enters the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit performs simulation evaluation based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold, and pushes the evaluation results to the ground main control computer. After confirmation by the ground main computer, the intelligent control unit performs the control operation.

[0029] Furthermore, the manual working mode specifically includes:

[0030] The real-time data is uploaded to the ground main control computer, waiting for the administrator to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy is determined. If it is legal, it enters the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit performs a simulation assessment based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold and displays the assessment results locally. After the administrator confirms, the intelligent control unit performs the control operation.

[0031] Furthermore, the autonomous working mode can be operated independently of the ground main control computer, which is used to monitor data; in the manual working mode, both the ground main control computer and the work face disaster prevention and control host can be operated.

[0032] The present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0033] The present invention integrates the functions of monitoring, data storage, intelligent control, local decision-making, etc., and can realize real-time assessment of working face safety, real-time detection and graded warning of gas disasters and natural fire hazards, real-time detection of air leakage in the working face, real-time assessment of the health environment of working face personnel, and automatic regulation within the threshold range; the present invention has a network publishing function, and managers and working face operators connected to the same network can use fixed and mobile devices to control the system working status, working face safety status and other information in real time, effectively ensuring the safe recovery of the coal mining working face.

[0034] Other beneficial effects of the present invention will be described in detail in the specific implementation section. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0036] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system disclosed in the present invention.

[0037] Figure 2It is a flow chart of the coal mining face disaster prevention and control method disclosed in the present invention.

[0038] Among them, 1-working face safety status information screen, 2-communication cable, 3-controllable air door, 4-adjustable air window, 5-variable frequency fan, 6-working face disaster prevention and control host, 7-air inlet side sensor group, 8-return air side sensor group, 9-upper corner sensor group, 10-goaf windshield. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] To make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other implementation methods obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0040] Embodiment 1

[0041] like Figure 1 As shown, the present embodiment discloses a coal mining working face disaster prevention and control system, which is arranged at the coal mining working face, and the system includes a working face disaster prevention and control main unit 6, and a goaf windshield 10 arranged corresponding to the goaf, wherein the working face disaster prevention and control main unit 6 is electrically connected with: a variable frequency fan 5, an upper corner sensor group 9 arranged at the upper corner, a working face safety status information screen 1 arranged at the lower corner, a controllable air door 3 and an air inlet side sensor group 7 arranged at the air inlet side, a return air side sensor group 8 and an adjustable air window 4 arranged at the return air side.

[0042] The working face disaster prevention and control host 6 includes a central processing unit, which is connected to: a power supply unit, a communication unit, a data display unit, and an audio and visual alarm unit. Preferably, the communication unit includes: an optical communication interface, a network communication interface, a 485 communication interface, and a CAN communication interface, which are used to communicate with the sensor groups set on the air inlet side, the return air side, and the upper corner, and the working face safety status information screen 1, control the variable frequency fan 5, the controllable damper 3, and the adjustable wind window 4, store and analyze the collected data, and upload them to the ground main control computer.

[0043] The working face prevention and control host can communicate with the ground main control computer through the optical communication interface and the network communication interface; provide network publishing function through the network communication interface; can communicate with the variable frequency fan 5, the air inlet side sensor group 7, the return air side sensor group 8, the upper corner sensor group 9, the controllable air door 3 and the adjustable air window 4, and the working face safety status information screen 1 through the network communication interface, the 485 communication interface and the CAN communication interface using the communication light / cable (communication cable 2).

[0044] Preferably, the variable frequency fan 5 includes: a fan and a frequency converter.

[0045] Preferably, the air inlet side sensor group 7 includes: relevant sensors for detecting wind speed, pressure, air volume, and oxygen.

[0046] Preferably, the return air side sensor group 8 includes: relevant sensors for detecting wind speed, pressure, air volume, oxygen, pressure difference, methane, and dust.

[0047] Preferably, the upper corner sensor group 9 includes: relevant sensors for detecting methane, carbon monoxide, and oxygen.

[0048] Preferably, the controllable damper 3 includes: a damper and a controller, and is normally open by default.

[0049] Preferably, the adjustable window 4 includes: a damper and a controller, and is normally open by default.

[0050] Embodiment 2

[0051] like Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment discloses a method for coal mining face disaster prevention and control, which can be implemented based on the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system disclosed in the above embodiment 1, and discloses four working modes of the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system, namely, autonomous working, master-slave working, manual working and failure working mode. These four working modes are described in detail below.

[0052] (1) Failure working mode: The working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet sensor group, return air sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment, and enters this working mode if the variable frequency fan, air inlet sensor group, return air sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window work abnormally during the real-time collection of relevant data. If the sensor signal is abnormal, the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are normal, and the system maintains the normal state in the most recent cycle; if the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are abnormal or power off, the system will fail as a whole and the variable frequency fan stops working, and the controllable damper and adjustable wind window are fully open.

[0053] (2) Autonomous working mode: The working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment, collects relevant data in real time, evaluates the safety status of the working face in real time, and adjusts the working parameters of the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment in real time according to the safety status of the working face to ensure the safety of the working face. This working mode can be operated independently of the ground main control computer. If a ground main control computer is connected, the ground main control computer only monitors but does not control.

[0054] (3) Master-slave working mode: The working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment, collects relevant data in real time and uploads it to the ground main control computer. The main control computer determines the adjustment parameters according to the safety status of the working face, and the working face disaster prevention and control host executes it to ensure the safety of the working face.

[0055] (4) Manual working mode: The working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment, collects relevant data in real time and uploads it to the ground main control computer. The system administrator determines the adjustment parameters, which are executed by the working face disaster prevention and control host. This mode can be operated on both the ground main control computer and the working face disaster prevention and control host.

[0056] The coal mining face disaster prevention and control method disclosed in this embodiment is as follows:

[0057] After the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system is installed and powered on, the working face disaster prevention and control host determines the working status of the connected equipment and collects data. The data is stored locally, and the original working conditions of the system operating environment are calculated based on the collected data. At the same time, the system failure mode is determined. If yes, it enters the failure working mode. If not, it enters the working mode determination to determine the system working mode. The system can work in autonomous working mode, master-slave working mode or manual working mode.

[0058] Autonomous working mode: After the system enters the autonomous working mode, it judges in turn whether the air volume is sufficient → whether the methane concentration is within the threshold range → whether the carbon monoxide concentration is within the threshold range → whether the oxygen concentration is within the threshold range → whether the dust concentration is within the threshold range → whether the air leakage is within the threshold range. If so, it enters the safety assessment unit, and the real-time data is displayed on the large screen. The safety assessment unit performs intelligent simulation and optimization based on the real-time data collected locally, and pushes the optimization results to the intelligent control unit, which performs the control operation and repeats the above operations. If not, it directly enters the safety assessment unit, and the real-time data is displayed on the large screen. The safety assessment unit performs intelligent simulation and outputs alarm information based on the real-time data collected locally, and optimizes the control plan according to the priority of air volume>methane concentration>carbon monoxide concentration>oxygen concentration>dust concentration>air leakage, and pushes the control plan to the intelligent control unit, which performs the control operation and repeats the above operations.

[0059] Master-slave working mode: After the system enters the master-slave working mode, the real-time data collected locally will be uploaded to the ground master computer, and then the ground master computer will be waited for to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy will be judged. If it is legal, it will enter the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit will perform simulation evaluation based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold and push the evaluation results to the ground master computer. After the ground master computer confirms, the intelligent control unit will perform the control operation.

[0060] Manual working mode: After the system enters the manual working mode, it waits for the administrator to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy is determined. If it is legal, it enters the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit performs a simulation evaluation based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold and displays the evaluation results locally. After the administrator confirms, the intelligent control unit performs the control operation.

[0061] In this embodiment, the safety assessment unit performs real-time safety assessment of the working face (safety risks are divided into safe, low risk, medium risk and high risk) based on the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment and the returned air volume, methane concentration, carbon monoxide concentration, oxygen concentration and dust concentration data in accordance with relevant industry standards and combined with actual mining conditions, and provides early warning of single and coupled disasters of gas disasters, spontaneous combustion hazards, air leakage and the health environment of personnel on the working face, and supports the implantation of relevant early warning models.

[0062] The intelligent control unit calculates the adjustable range and adjustment accuracy of the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable window according to the actual working conditions of the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable window, such as the working voltage, power, working efficiency, variable frequency range, fan performance curve, tunnel cross-sectional area, wind resistance coefficient, etc. According to the feedback results of the safety assessment unit, a real-time control simulation is performed to determine the control parameters. After the simulation is passed, the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable window are controlled according to the control parameters to complete the control.

[0063] The above description is only a specific implementation mode of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A coal mining face disaster prevention and control system, which is arranged at a coal mining face, characterized in that: The system includes a working face disaster prevention and control host, and a goaf windshield corresponding to the goaf, wherein the working face disaster prevention and control host is connected with: a variable frequency fan, an upper corner sensor group arranged at the upper corner, a working face safety status information screen arranged at the lower corner, a controllable air door and an air inlet side sensor group arranged at the air inlet side, a return air side sensor group and an adjustable air window arranged at the return air side; the working face disaster prevention and control host includes a central processing unit, and the central processing unit is connected with: a power supply unit, a communication unit, a data display unit, and an audible and visual alarm unit; The air inlet sensor group is used to detect wind speed, pressure, air volume and oxygen data; the return air sensor group is used to detect wind speed, pressure, air volume, oxygen, pressure difference, methane and dust data; the upper corner sensor group is used to detect methane, carbon monoxide and oxygen data; the controllable damper and adjustable window are normally open by default.

2. The coal mining face disaster prevention and control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The communication unit includes: an optical communication interface, a network communication interface, a 485 communication interface and a CAN communication interface, wherein the working face prevention and control host can communicate with the ground main control computer through the optical communication interface and the network communication interface; the network communication interface is used to provide a network publishing function; the network communication interface, the 485 communication interface and the CAN communication interface can use communication cables to communicate with the variable frequency fan, the air inlet side sensor group, the return air side sensor group, the upper corner sensor group, the controllable air door, the adjustable air window, and the working face safety status information screen; the communication cable is a flame-retardant communication optical cable or a flame-retardant communication cable.

3. The coal mining face disaster prevention and control system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The variable frequency fan comprises a fan and a frequency converter; the controllable damper and the adjustable window both comprise corresponding dampers and controllers.

4. A method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face, characterized in that: The method is implemented based on the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, and the method comprises: S1: After the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system is installed and powered on, real-time data is collected and stored locally; S2: Calculate the original working conditions of the system operating environment based on real-time data; S3: Performing system failure mode determination, if it is determined to be failure, determining the system working mode to be a failure working mode; if it is determined not to be failure, entering working mode determination to determine whether the system working mode is an autonomous working mode, a master-slave working mode, or a manual working mode; Among them, the autonomous working mode includes: based on the real-time data collected, real-time evaluation of the safety status of the working face, and real-time adjustment of the operating parameters of the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment according to the safety status of the working face to ensure the safety of the working face; The master-slave working mode includes: uploading real-time data to the ground master computer, which determines the adjustment parameters according to the safety status of the working face, and the working face disaster prevention and control host executes them to ensure the safety of the working face; The manual working mode includes: uploading real-time data to the ground main control computer, and the work face disaster prevention and control host will execute it when the administrator determines the adjustment parameters.

5. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: The step S1 comprises: After the coal mining face disaster prevention and control system is installed and powered on, the working face disaster prevention and control host reads the working status of the variable frequency fan, air inlet side sensor group, return air side sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable air door and adjustable air window equipment, and stores the collected real-time data locally.

6. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: The method of determining the system failure mode, if a failure is determined, then determining the system working mode to be a failure working mode, includes: During the real-time data collection process, if any of the variable frequency fan, air inlet sensor group, return air sensor group, upper corner sensor group, controllable damper and adjustable air window is abnormal, the system will enter the failure working mode; Wherein, the failure working mode includes: If there is an abnormality in each sensor group, and the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are normal, the normal state in the most recent cycle will be maintained; if the variable frequency fan, controllable damper and adjustable wind window equipment are abnormal or power is off, the variable frequency fan will stop working, and the controllable damper and adjustable wind window will be fully open.

7. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: The autonomous working mode specifically includes: Determine in sequence whether the air volume is sufficient, whether the methane concentration is within the threshold range, whether the carbon monoxide concentration is within the threshold range, whether the oxygen concentration is within the threshold range, whether the dust concentration is within the threshold range, and whether the air leakage is within the threshold range; If yes, the system will enter the safety assessment unit, where real-time data will be displayed on a large screen. The safety assessment unit will perform intelligent simulation optimization based on the real-time data collected locally, and push the optimization results to the intelligent control unit, which will perform the control operation. If not, it will directly enter the safety assessment unit, and the real-time data will be displayed on the large screen. The safety assessment unit will perform intelligent simulation and output alarm information based on the real-time data collected locally, and optimize the control plan based on the priority of air volume, methane concentration, carbon monoxide concentration, oxygen concentration, dust concentration, and air leakage, and push the control plan to the intelligent control unit, which will perform the control operation.

8. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: The master-slave working mode specifically includes: Upload real-time data to the ground main control computer, and then wait for the ground main control computer to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy is determined. If it is legal, it enters the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit performs simulation evaluation based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold, and pushes the evaluation results to the ground main control computer. After confirmation by the ground main computer, the intelligent control unit performs the control operation.

9. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: Manual working mode, including: The real-time data is uploaded to the ground main control computer, waiting for the administrator to set the system parameter threshold. After the threshold setting is completed, the threshold legitimacy is determined. If it is legal, it enters the safety assessment unit. The safety assessment unit performs a simulation assessment based on the real-time data collected locally and the set parameter threshold and displays the assessment results locally. After the administrator confirms, the intelligent control unit performs the control operation.

10. The method for preventing and controlling disasters in a coal mining face according to claim 4, characterized in that: The autonomous working mode can be operated independently of the ground main control computer, which is used to monitor data; in the manual working mode, both the ground main control computer and the work face disaster prevention and control host can be operated.

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