Block chain-based distributed energy storage system operation scheduling method and device

Abstract

The invention discloses a distributed energy storage system operation scheduling method and device based on a block chain. The method comprises the following steps: collecting and obtaining household power consumption data through a household energy management system; calculating the minimum operation cost to obtain a family quotation or a family preference selection sequence, and sending the family quotation or the family preference selection sequence to the smart contract; the method comprises the following steps: collecting and obtaining set market data through an energy storage operator energy management system, obtaining an energy storage operator quotation or an energy storage operator preference selection sequence through maximum profit calculation, and sending the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection sequence to an intelligent contract; the intelligent contract determines an energy storage charging and discharging set value at a time point according to a pre-agreed rule between the household user and an energy storage operator and sends the energy storage charging and discharging set value to a controller of the household battery energy storage system; and the controller of the household battery energy storage system controls the operation of the household battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charging and discharging set value. According to the method, the problem of interest conflict between stakeholders is solved while the facilities of the battery energy storage system are effectively managed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of distributed energy systems, and in particular to a distributed energy storage system operation scheduling method and device based on blockchain. Background Art

[0002] When distributed energy resources are integrated into systems of different sizes, the ownership of these resources usually involves multiple stakeholders, including energy storage users, community / microgrid managers, etc. This multi-stakeholder sharing model poses a huge challenge to the effective management of distributed energy resources. Battery energy storage systems are increasingly being used in distribution networks due to their advantages in load transfer, peak shaving and other grid auxiliary services. Blockchain smart contract technology provides a feasible solution to resolve the distributed management of battery energy storage systems and conflicts between stakeholders. By leveraging blockchain technology, smart contracts can automatically execute agreements between home users and energy storage operators, ensuring transparent and fair management of shared battery energy storage system facilities.

[0003] At present, some scholars have provided some ideas for the shared energy storage model and the application of blockchain smart contracts in shared energy storage management, such as the decentralized energy trading and management smart contract architecture based on blockchain and the general form of smart contracts for distributed energy system management. Battery energy storage systems have the characteristics of load transfer, peak shaving and valley filling, and rapid frequency regulation, enabling them to provide grid auxiliary services. When multiple stakeholders jointly invest in battery energy storage systems, they cannot effectively manage battery energy storage system facilities, nor can they resolve conflicts of interest among these stakeholders.

[0004] Therefore, how to invent a distributed energy storage system shared operation optimization scheduling method to effectively manage battery energy storage system facilities while resolving conflicts of interest among stakeholders has become an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the invention

[0005] To this end, the present invention provides a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method and device based on blockchain, which uses smart contract technology to automatically control and optimize the control and operation strategy of the shared energy storage system. By establishing a multi-layer automated system management framework based on data processing, decision support and decision making, and adopting smart contract rule sets, such as the highest comprehensive offer (HCO) and ranked priority selection (RPS), the conflicts of interest between the parties are reconciled to achieve the optimal shared operation strategy of the shared energy storage system. This method solves the conflict of interest problem among stakeholders while effectively managing the battery energy storage system facilities.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, comprising: The household electricity consumption data is collected and obtained through the home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The set market data is collected and obtained through the energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system performs maximum profit calculation on the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; After receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value.

[0007] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, the household electricity consumption data includes: electricity load, power generation, electricity price, household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; the set market data includes: wholesale electricity price, the household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; The mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ; In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step; The mathematical expression of the state of charge of the household energy storage is: ; In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

[0008] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, in the process of calculating the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data by the home energy management system, the household electricity cost minimization model is solved by a mixed integer linear programming strategy to obtain the minimum household operating cost; the expression of the objective function of the household electricity cost minimization model is: ; In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

[0009] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, in the process of the energy storage operator's energy management system calculating the maximum profit of the set market data, the energy storage operator's maximum income is obtained by solving the energy storage operator's income maximization model; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator's income maximization model is: ; In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy prosumers with energy storage systems.

[0010] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, in the process of determining the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the pre-agreed rules between the household user and the energy storage operator, the smart contract includes: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection sorting smart contract model; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the highest comprehensive bid smart contract model is: ; In the formula, The energy storage charging and discharging set value selected by the smart contract model rule with the highest comprehensive bid; For the family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging powerb Submitted quotations; Submitted to the smart contract by the energy storage operator for households i quotations; B is the set of all set values; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: ; In the formula, Energy storage charging and discharging set values ​​selected by the preference selection sorting smart contract model rules; For the Family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of For energy storage operators at all times t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage system b preference value.

[0011] The present invention also provides a distributed energy storage system operation scheduling device based on blockchain, based on the above distributed energy storage system operation scheduling method based on blockchain, including: A household user quotation and preference acquisition module is used to collect household electricity consumption data through a home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to a smart contract; The energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module is used to collect and obtain set market data through the energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system performs maximum profit calculation on the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; An energy storage charge and discharge set value determination module is used for the smart contract to determine the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge set value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; A household battery energy storage system scheduling execution module is used for controlling the operation of the household battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charging and discharging setting value after the controller of the household battery energy storage system receives the energy storage charging and discharging setting value.

[0012] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain, in the household user quotation and preference acquisition module, the household electricity consumption data includes: electricity load, power generation, electricity price, household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; in the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module, the set market data includes: wholesale electricity price, the household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; The mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ; In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step; The mathematical expression of the state of charge of the household energy storage is: ; In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

[0013] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain, in the household user quotation and preference acquisition module, in the process of the home energy management system calculating the minimum operating cost of the household electricity data, the household electricity cost minimization model is solved by a mixed integer linear programming strategy to obtain the minimum household operating cost; the expression of the objective function of the household electricity cost minimization model is: ; In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

[0014] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and dispatching device based on blockchain, in the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module, in the process of the energy storage operator energy management system performing maximum profit calculation on the set market data, the energy storage operator's maximum income is obtained by solving the energy storage operator's income maximization model; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator's income maximization model is: ; In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy prosumers with energy storage systems.

[0015] As a preferred solution of the distributed energy storage system operation and dispatching device based on blockchain, in the energy storage charge and discharge set value determination module, in the process of the smart contract determining the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the pre-agreed rules between the household user and the energy storage operator, the smart contract includes: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection sorting smart contract model; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the highest comprehensive bid smart contract model is: ; In the formula, The energy storage charging and discharging set value selected by the smart contract model rule with the highest comprehensive bid; For the family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging power b Submitted quotations; Submitted to the smart contract by the energy storage operator for households i quotations; B is the set of all set values; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: ; In the formula, Energy storage charging and discharging set values ​​selected by the preference selection sorting smart contract model rules; For the Family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of For energy storage operators at all times t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage systemb preference value.

[0016] The present invention has the following advantages: household electricity consumption data is collected through a home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to a smart contract; set market data is collected through an energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system calculates the maximum profit of the set market data to obtain an energy storage operator quotation or an energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; the smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the household user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; after receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value. The present invention uses smart contract technology to automatically control and optimize the control and operation strategies of shared energy storage systems. By establishing a multi-layer automated system management framework based on data processing, decision support and decision making, and adopting smart contract rule sets such as the highest comprehensive offer (HCO) and ranking priority selection (RPS), the conflict of interests among all parties is reconciled to achieve the optimal shared operation strategy of the shared energy storage system. While effectively managing the battery energy storage system facilities, the conflict of interests among stakeholders is resolved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the implementation methods of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for the implementation methods or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only exemplary, and for ordinary technicians in this field, other implementation drawings can be derived from the provided drawings without creative work.

[0018] The structures, proportions, sizes, etc. illustrated in this specification are only used to match the contents disclosed in the specification so as to facilitate understanding and reading by persons familiar with the technology. They are not used to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented, and therefore have no substantial technical significance. Any structural modification, change in proportion or adjustment of size shall still fall within the scope of the technical contents disclosed in the present invention without affecting the effects and purposes that can be achieved by the present invention.

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the process of the distributed energy storage system operation scheduling method based on blockchain provided in Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a management framework for a shared home battery energy storage system in a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain provided in Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the process of managing a shared battery energy storage system by a smart contract in the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain provided in Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the logic flow of executing a smart contract in the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain provided in Example 1 of the present invention; Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a household's power demand and power generation curve in one summer day and an optimal SOC of energy storage if only managed by the household EMS in a possible embodiment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 6 A schematic diagram of a day-ahead forecast flexibility price curve in a possible embodiment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Figure 7 A schematic diagram of determining the BESS control set point at 03:00 using the smart contract HCO rule set in a possible embodiment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; wherein (A) is the daily negative electricity charge of the household user; (B) is the profit of the energy storage operator; and (C) is the comprehensive quotation; Figure 8 A schematic diagram of a control strategy of a BESS determined by a smart contract HCO rule set in a summer day in a possible embodiment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Fig. 9 A schematic diagram of determining a BESS control set point at 03:00 using a smart contract RPS rule set in a possible embodiment provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention; Fig.10 This is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain provided in Example 2 of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The following is a description of the implementation of the present invention by specific embodiments. People familiar with the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the contents disclosed in this specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] Example 1 See also Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 Embodiment 1 of the present invention provides a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, comprising the following steps: S1. Collect and obtain household electricity consumption data through a home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to a smart contract; S2. Collect and obtain set market data through the energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system calculates the maximum profit of the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator's quotation or the energy storage operator's preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator's quotation or the energy storage operator's preference selection ranking to the smart contract; S3, the smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; S4. After receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value.

[0022] In this embodiment, Figure 2 As shown in Figure 1, each home is equipped with a home energy management system (EMS) to manage the charging and discharging schedule of the battery energy storage system. Uncontrollable loads, photovoltaic power generation, battery energy storage systems, and battery energy storage system controllers (i.e., PCS) are all located behind the residential meter. The main goal of the home EMS is to minimize electricity bills. The electricity bills of home users are usually based on a flat rate or time-of-use tariff (ToU). Secondly, through a dual-meter setup, the newly installed meter is dedicated to the battery energy storage system. This additional meter is usually a net metering meter that records bidirectional energy and power flows. Dedicated battery energy storage system net metering meters provide energy storage operators with a solution to directly manage the charging and discharging behavior of battery energy storage systems. The aggregated energy storage operator EMS coordinates the control operations of the residential battery energy storage system to maximize the benefits of electricity price arbitrage while complying with the constraints of the distribution network, such as voltage and power limits.

[0023] In the management framework of the shared battery energy storage system, the energy storage operator enters into a contract with the household user to install energy storage equipment in the house, share the energy storage investment cost and coordinate the interests of all parties. In return, the energy storage operator enjoys shared control over the energy storage and can use the energy storage to conduct price arbitrage in the wholesale electricity market, that is, the energy storage operator charges during low-price periods and sells electricity during high-price periods, maximizing the profit from the price difference. Finally, the energy storage operator needs to distribute part of the profit to the household user.

[0024] Using smart contracts to process and automatically control the battery energy storage system process Figure 3 As shown in Figure 1. This smart contract can be applied to energy storage operators and multiple home users. The information exchange between various stakeholders is divided into three levels: data processing, decision support and decision making. The data processing layer is the interface between smart contracts and physical devices (such as metering meters and control devices PCS, etc.). It involves the collection, organization, analysis, calculation, compression and storage of data. The decision support layer analyzes the available data and presents the analysis results to the decision making layer. A typical example of data analysis is the optimization of operating cost minimization. The decision support layer presents the optimal operating cost results to the data decision layer. The decision making layer is responsible for converting the costs associated with energy storage operation into quotations or preference orders and sending them to the smart contract. Smart contracts define protocol rules to help decision makers representing different stakeholders reach a consensus. Based on a pre-established set of rules, the smart contract determines the energy storage charging and discharging power set value and sends this set value to the PCS controller of the battery energy storage system to perform control operations. This structured approach ensures transparent, efficient and fair management of the battery energy storage system and coordinates the interests of all stakeholders.

[0025] In this embodiment, in step S1, household electricity consumption data is collected and obtained through a home energy management system; Specifically, Figure 4 As shown, for any time point t ,The home EMS reads or collects data from the home, including the electricity load, power generation, electricity price, home energy storage specifications, and the state of charge of home energy storage; Among them, electricity generation is generally obtained through rooftop photovoltaic PV power generation.

[0026] Specifically, multiple households and energy storage operators can use the same smart contract. These households install both PV systems and energy storage systems and are usually called prosumers. i Families in operation T The power consumption within is defined as: ; In the formula, N is the total number of prosumers; T is the number of time periods within the running period; , .

[0027] No. i Photovoltaic power generation of prosumers Defined as: ;

[0028] Among them, the mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ; In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step.

[0029] Among them, the mathematical expression of the state of charge of household energy storage is: ; In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

[0030] In practical applications, the SOC of energy storage is usually limited to a certain range, and the charging and discharging power is limited by the inverter capacity, as shown in the following formula: ; In the formula, and are the minimum and maximum allowable SOC respectively; is the maximum charging and discharging power. In the present invention, the SOC of each energy storage is limited to between 10% and 90% of the nominal capacity. The charging and discharging power of the energy storage is based on the nominal capacity and is set to 1 kW / kWh.

[0031] In this embodiment, the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to the smart contract; Specifically, for each household user, power generation and power consumption must be balanced at every moment. Power generation includes the power used to discharge energy storage, while power consumption includes the power used to charge energy storage. t The power balance can be expressed as: ; In the formula, and For home users i At the moment t The amount of power imported and exported from the grid.

[0032] From the perspective of household users, the goal of household EMS is to control the charging and discharging of energy storage to reduce electricity bills. Therefore, household users will run a household electricity cost minimization model at the decision support layer. This optimization model is solved using mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The objective function is expressed as: ; In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

[0033] Usually, household users will use a flat electricity price or a time-of-use electricity price. As some countries (such as the UK) have stopped government subsidies for feed-in tariffs, households no longer receive income by sending electricity back to the grid, so the electricity price is equal to zero. The decision variable for this optimization is the charging and discharging plan of the energy storage, that is, the charging at different times of the day ( ) and discharge ( )power.

[0034] To prevent the BESS from charging and discharging at the same time, a binary variable is introduced To represent the charging and discharging state of BESS (i.e. when =1, the energy storage is in charging state, The charging and discharging power of BESS is limited by its rated power. , so it can be expressed as: ; Home Users i The BESS at the moment t Total power It can be expressed as: ; In the formula, is the charging power; is the discharge power.

[0035] In this embodiment, in step S2, the set market data is collected and obtained through the energy management system of the energy storage operator; Specifically, Figure 4 As shown, the energy storage operator EMS reads or collects data such as wholesale electricity prices, household energy storage specifications, and the state of charge SOC of the household energy storage.

[0036] In this embodiment, the energy storage operator energy management system calculates the maximum profit of the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; Among them, the goal of the energy storage operator is to maximize revenue through price arbitrage. Therefore, by solving the energy storage operator revenue maximization model, the energy storage operator's maximization revenue is obtained; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator revenue maximization model is: ; In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy producers and consumers with energy storage systems. Here, the electricity buying and selling prices are the same at the same time point.

[0037] In this embodiment, in step S3, the smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; Specifically, the smart contracts include: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection sorting smart contract model; Among them, the highest comprehensive quotation smart contract model is: At a given moment, the total charging and discharging power of the battery energy storage system is ,and The value range is [- , ], where negative values ​​represent discharge and positive values ​​represent charge. This power range is divided into equal-sized segments, each of which is called a charge and discharge power setting value. For a home battery energy storage system, both the home and the energy storage operator need to submit a quote for each energy storage charge and discharge power setting value at each moment. The quote is expressed in monetary units and can be written as the following formula: ; In the formula, Indicated by family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging power b Submitted quotations; It's family i At the moment t A collection of quotes, and ; Indicates the value set by the energy storage operator for the energy storage charging and discharging power b Submitted quotations; It is the energy storage operator at all times t A collection of quotes; b It is the number of the energy storage charging and discharging power setting value; B Is the set of all set values.

[0038] After household users and energy storage operators deposit money into their accounts, they can submit quotes for any charging and discharging set points based on their own needs.

[0039] For a household user, if the battery energy storage system is t When the energy storage system is operated at a given power setting, the lowest electricity fee for the day is the quoted price for the power setting. The quote for household users can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Home user i At the moment t Time interval electricity bill.

[0040] For energy storage operators, if the energy storage t Operating at a given energy storage charging and discharging power setting value, home energy storage i The contribution of the profit obtained to the total profit of all households is the energy storage operator’s offer. i The quotation can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Energy storage operators use household users i Energy storage at all times t Time interval profit.

[0041] Household users are more inclined to choose the set value to minimize the electricity bill, and the comprehensive highest quote (HCO) method is used to find the highest value of the total quote at a certain power set value. Therefore, the negative electricity cost value of the household EMS at a certain charging and discharging power set value is used as the actual quoted value of the household user. When the smart contract receives the quotes from household users and energy storage operators, the energy storage charging and discharging set value that can obtain the highest comprehensive quote will be selected as the set value by the smart contract. The selection of the energy storage charging and discharging set value can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Indicates the energy storage charge and discharge set value selected by the smart contract HCO rule. The comprehensive highest bid smart contract rule can maximize the economic benefits of household users.

[0042] Among them, the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: For a given moment t , home users i and the energy storage operator submit a preference list of energy storage charging and discharging power setting values. The preference selection list can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Represents family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of It's family i At the moment t A collection of preference lists; Indicates that the energy storage operator is at t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage system b preference value. is a collection of preference lists of energy storage operators; and The preference value is usually expressed as a serial number (natural number). The smaller the value, the greater the preference of the household user or energy storage operator for the set value.

[0043] For household users, the preference list is generated based on the minimum operating cost calculation in the decision support layer. The lower the calculated daily operating cost of a certain energy storage charging and discharging setting value, the higher the household user's preference ranking for its setting value. The smaller.

[0044] For energy storage operators, the preference list is generated based on the maximum profit calculation in the decision support layer. The greater the calculated profit of a certain energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the higher the energy storage operator's preference ranking for its setting value, and the higher the preference value. The smaller.

[0045] When the smart contract receives the preference list from the household user and the energy storage operator, the energy storage charge and discharge setting value with the highest preference (i.e. the minimum comprehensive preference value) will be selected as the setting value by the smart contract. The selection of the energy storage charge and discharge setting value can be expressed as: ; In the formula, Indicates the energy storage charge and discharge set value selected by the smart contract RPS rule. The selection preferences of household users and energy storage operators are equally important. The preference selection sorting smart contract rule avoids the situation where the energy storage charge and discharge value is always dominated by a certain interest subject.

[0046] In this embodiment, in step S4, after receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value.

[0047] Specifically, the smart contract sends the energy storage charging and discharging setting values ​​to the controller PCS of the relevant battery energy storage system, and the energy storage controller PCS controls the energy storage operation according to the smart contract setting values.

[0048] In a possible embodiment, a specific example of a community household using a blockchain smart contract for distributed energy storage system operation scheduling is provided as follows: The present invention sets up a residential community with 50 household users participating in the use of smart contracts. The 50 household users in the community participate in the use of smart contracts. Each household is equipped with a rooftop photovoltaic system and a shared BESS. All BESS are jointly invested by the household and a third-party entity (i.e., an energy service company) and jointly operated by the household EMS and the energy storage operator. These households signed a smart contract with the energy service company, stipulating that the BESS will be automatically controlled by the smart contract. The historical power demand and photovoltaic power generation data of these households within one year are used to test the smart contract including the HCO and RPS rule sets. Most of these households are two- or three-bedroom houses with an average daily power consumption of 8.5 kWh. The average peak power generation power is 3kW. A uniform electricity price of 0.25 pounds (£) / kWh is used throughout the year, and the power price for feeding back to the grid is zero. The energy storage capacity of each household is 4kWh, and the maximum charging and discharging power is 4kW.

[0049] like Figure 5 Figure 2 shows the electricity demand and generation profiles for a household on a summer day, as well as the optimal state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage if it were managed solely by the household EMS. Figure 6 The wholesale electricity price curve for the same day is shown, as well as the optimal SOC of household energy storage if it is managed only by the energy storage operator. It can be seen that Figure 5 and Figure 6 There are differences in the SOC curves in the two cases because they are optimized by the household and the energy storage operator respectively, and their optimization goals are different. Figure 5 ,When managed only by the household EMS, the energy storage charging and discharging power is mainly affected by the photovoltaic power generation power. The energy storage is charged when the photovoltaic power generation is surplus, and discharged when the photovoltaic power generation is insufficient or zero; according to Figure 6, when managed only by energy storage operators, the energy storage charging and discharging power mainly depends on the wholesale electricity price, that is, it follows the price arbitrage strategy of "buy low and sell high".

[0050] Figure 7 The process of selecting the charging and discharging setpoints of the BESS using the HCO rule at a certain time point (e.g. 03:00). At 03:00, the household and the energy storage operator EMS each optimize and provide their own quotations. Figure 7 As shown in (A), the household provides a list of negative electricity charges at each energy storage charging and discharging set point interval. Here, the granularity of the energy storage set point value is set to 0.4 kW, that is, the charging and discharging power ranges from -4 kW to 4 kW, and each interval is 0.4 kW. Due to the constraints of the energy storage SOC value at the previous time point and the minimum and maximum SOC, the set point interval range available at 03:00 is -0.8 kW (discharging) to 2.4 kW (charging). The energy storage operator provides a list of revenues corresponding to the same set point intervals, such as Figure 7 The comprehensive cost of each setting value is shown in (B). Figure 7 The setting value of the highest comprehensive quotation is selected as the energy storage charging and discharging power setting value at that time point, as shown in (C). Figure 7 This means that at 03:00, the HCO rule set determines -0.4kW as the energy storage charging and discharging power setpoint. Figure 8 This shows the control strategy that the family gets using the smart contract HCO rule set throughout the day. Figure 8 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 From the optimization results, it can be seen that the BESS state of charge curve obtained by the smart contract HCO rule set is relatively consistent with the BESS state of charge curve obtained by the household EMS, but it is quite different from the BESS state of charge curve obtained by the energy storage operator. This is because the smart contract HCO rule set optimizes the BESS charging and discharging power with the goal of maximizing social welfare. Saving household electricity bills can benefit BESS more than price arbitrage in the wholesale market.

[0051] Similarly, the RPS rule set may be used to determine the BESS control set points. Fig. 9 The process of selecting the BESS setpoint using the RPS rule is shown. When the combined sequence numbers of the two setpoints (-0.4 kW and 0 kW) are both the minimum value 9, the final setpoint selection rotates between the household and the energy storage operator.

[0052] The household electricity bills or energy storage operator revenues were compared when different control strategies were applied. These control strategies included: 1) using household EMS to optimize the charging and discharging schedule of the battery energy storage system (BESS); 2) using the energy storage operator EMS to optimize the BESS charging and discharging schedule; 3) integrating the household and energy storage operator to achieve overall optimization of the BESS charging and discharging schedule; 4) controlling through a smart contract based on HCO; and 5) controlling through a smart contract based on RPS.

[0053] Table 1 shows the average daily electricity costs (negative values) or income (positive values) of 50 households when operating BESS under different control strategies in different seasons. The seasonal weighted average (i.e., annual average) is calculated by weighting summer and winter at 25% each and spring and autumn at 50%.

[0054] Table 1 Comparison of average electricity bills or income per household under different control strategies, unit: GBP / day

[0055] The results show that when the overall optimization control strategy is adopted, the best economic results are always achieved in each season and annual average, that is, social welfare (energy storage operator income minus household user electricity bill) is maximized. Since the rules of the smart contract HCO are designed to optimize the overall economic benefits of household users and energy storage operators, the second best result among all control strategies was achieved when the smart contract HCO rule set control strategy was used. The control strategy that relies on the optimization of the energy storage operator's EMS leads to the worst overall economic results. The distributed energy storage system shared operation optimization scheduling method based on blockchain smart contracts constructed by the present invention has broad practical value and broad application prospects.

[0056] In summary, the present invention collects household electricity data through a home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to a smart contract; the energy storage operator energy management system collects set market data; the energy storage operator energy management system calculates the maximum profit of the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; the smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the household user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; after receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value. The present invention uses smart contract technology to automatically control and optimize the control and operation strategies of shared energy storage systems. By establishing a multi-layer automated system management framework based on data processing, decision support and decision making, and adopting smart contract rule sets such as the highest comprehensive offer (HCO) and ranking priority selection (RPS), the conflict of interests among all parties is reconciled to achieve the optimal shared operation strategy of the shared energy storage system. While effectively managing the battery energy storage system facilities, the conflict of interests among stakeholders is resolved.

[0057] It should be noted that the method of the embodiment of the present disclosure can be performed by a single device, such as a computer or a server. The method of the present embodiment can also be applied in a distributed scenario and completed by multiple devices cooperating with each other. In the case of such a distributed scenario, one of the multiple devices can only perform one or more steps in the method of the embodiment of the present disclosure, and the multiple devices will interact with each other to complete the described method.

[0058] It should be noted that the above describes some embodiments of the present disclosure. Other embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims. In some cases, the actions or steps recorded in the claims can be performed in an order different from that in the above embodiments and still achieve the desired results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying drawings do not necessarily require the specific order or continuous order shown to achieve the desired results. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing are also possible or may be advantageous.

[0059] Example 2 See also Fig.10 Embodiment 2 of the present invention also provides a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain, including: The household user quotation and preference acquisition module 001 is used to collect household electricity consumption data through the home energy management system; the home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain household quotation or household preference selection ranking; the home energy management system sends the household quotation or the household preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module 002 is used to collect and obtain set market data through the energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system performs maximum profit calculation on the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; the energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking to the smart contract; Energy storage charge and discharge set value determination module 003, used for the smart contract to determine the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge set value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; The household battery energy storage system scheduling execution module 004 is used for the controller of the household battery energy storage system to control the operation of the household battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge set value after receiving the energy storage charge and discharge set value.

[0060] In this embodiment, in the household user quotation and preference acquisition module 001, the household electricity consumption data includes: electricity load, power generation, electricity price, household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; in the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module 002, the set market data includes: wholesale electricity price, the household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; The mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ; In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step; The mathematical expression of the state of charge of the household energy storage is: ; In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

[0061] In this embodiment, in the household user quotation and preference acquisition module 001, in the process of calculating the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data by the home energy management system, the household electricity cost minimization model is solved by a mixed integer linear programming strategy to obtain the minimum household operating cost; the expression of the objective function of the household electricity cost minimization model is: ; In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

[0062] In this embodiment, in the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module 002, in the process of the energy storage operator energy management system performing maximum profit calculation on the set market data, the energy storage operator's maximum income is obtained by solving the energy storage operator's income maximization model; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator's income maximization model is: ; In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy prosumers with energy storage systems.

[0063] In this embodiment, in the energy storage charge and discharge setting value determination module 003, in the process of the smart contract determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the pre-agreed rules between the household user and the energy storage operator, the smart contract includes: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection ranking smart contract model; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the highest comprehensive bid smart contract model is: ; In the formula, The energy storage charging and discharging set value selected by the smart contract model rule with the highest comprehensive bid; For the family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging powerb Submitted quotations; Submitted to the smart contract by the energy storage operator for households i quotations; B is the set of all set values; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: ; In the formula, Energy storage charging and discharging set values ​​selected by the preference selection sorting smart contract model rules; For the Family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of For energy storage operators at all times t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage system b preference value.

[0064] It should be noted that the information interaction, execution process and other contents between the modules of the above-mentioned system are based on the same concept as the method embodiment in Example 1 of the present application, and the technical effects they bring are the same as those of the method embodiment of the present application. For specific contents, please refer to the description in the method embodiment shown above in the present application, and will not be repeated here.

[0065] Example 3 Embodiment 3 of the present invention provides a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, in which a program code of a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain is stored, and the program code includes instructions for executing the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain of Embodiment 1 or any possible implementation thereof.

[0066] Computer-readable storage media can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or a data storage device such as a server or data center that includes one or more available media. The available medium can be a magnetic medium (e.g., a floppy disk, a hard disk, a tape), an optical medium (e.g., a DVD), or a semiconductor medium (e.g., a solid-state drive (SSD)).

[0067] Example 4 Embodiment 4 of the present invention provides an electronic device, including: a memory and a processor; The processor and the memory communicate with each other via a bus; the memory stores program instructions that can be executed by the processor, and the processor calls the program instructions to execute the distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain of Example 1 or any possible implementation thereof.

[0068] Specifically, the processor can be implemented by hardware or by software. When implemented by hardware, the processor can be a logic circuit, an integrated circuit, etc.; when implemented by software, the processor can be a general-purpose processor implemented by reading software codes stored in a memory. The memory can be integrated in the processor or can be located outside the processor and exist independently.

[0069] In the above embodiments, it can be implemented in whole or in part by software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. When implemented using software, it can be implemented in whole or in part in the form of a computer program product. The computer program product includes one or more computer instructions. When the computer program instructions are loaded and executed on a computer, the process or function described in the embodiment of the present invention is generated in whole or in part. The computer can be a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a computer network, or other programmable systems. The computer instructions can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, or transmitted from a computer-readable storage medium to another computer-readable storage medium, for example, the computer instructions can be transmitted from a website site, computer, server or data center by wired (e.g., coaxial cable, optical fiber, digital subscriber line (DSL)) or wireless (e.g., infrared, wireless, microwave, etc.) mode to another website site, computer, server or data center.

[0070] Obviously, those skilled in the art should understand that the above modules or steps of the present invention can be implemented by a general computing system, they can be concentrated on a single computing system, or distributed on a network composed of multiple computing systems, and optionally, they can be implemented by a program code executable by a computing system, so that they can be stored in a storage system and executed by the computing system, and in some cases, the steps shown or described can be executed in a different order than here, or they can be made into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple modules or steps therein can be made into a single integrated circuit module for implementation. Thus, the present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.

[0071] Although the present invention has been described in detail above by general description and specific embodiments, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that some modifications or improvements can be made to the present invention. Therefore, these modifications or improvements made without departing from the spirit of the present invention all belong to the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain, characterized in that: include: Collect household electricity consumption data through home energy management systems; The home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; The home energy management system sends the home quotation or the home preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The energy storage operator's energy management system collects and obtains set market data; the energy storage operator's energy management system performs maximum profit calculation on the set market data to obtain energy storage operator quotations or energy storage operator preference selection rankings; The energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator's quotation or the energy storage operator's preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The smart contract determines the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge setting value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; After receiving the energy storage charge and discharge setting value, the controller of the home battery energy storage system controls the operation of the home battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charge and discharge setting value.

2. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The household electricity consumption data includes: electricity load, power generation, electricity price, household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; the set market data includes: wholesale electricity price, the household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; The mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ； In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step; The mathematical expression of the state of charge of the household energy storage is: ； In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

3. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain according to claim 2 is characterized in that: In the process of calculating the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data by the home energy management system, the household electricity cost minimization model is solved by a mixed integer linear programming strategy to obtain the minimum household operating cost; the expression of the objective function of the household electricity cost minimization model is: ； In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

4. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain according to claim 3 is characterized in that: In the process of calculating the maximum profit of the energy storage operator's energy management system on the set market data, the maximum income of the energy storage operator is obtained by solving the energy storage operator's income maximization model; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator's income maximization model is: ； In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy prosumers with energy storage systems.

5. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain according to claim 4 is characterized in that: In the process of determining the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the pre-agreed rules between the household user and the energy storage operator, the smart contract includes: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection ranking smart contract model; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the highest comprehensive bid smart contract model is: ； In the formula, The energy storage charging and discharging set value selected by the smart contract model rule with the highest comprehensive bid; For the family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging power b Submitted quotations; Submitted to the smart contract by the energy storage operator for households i quotations; B is the set of all set values; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: ； In the formula, Energy storage charging and discharging set values ​​selected by the preference selection sorting smart contract model rules; For the Family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of For energy storage operators at all times t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage system b preference value.

6. A distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain, adopting a distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling method based on blockchain according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: include: The module for obtaining quotation and preference of household users is used to collect household electricity consumption data through the home energy management system; The home energy management system calculates the minimum operating cost of the household electricity consumption data to obtain a household quotation or a household preference selection ranking; The home energy management system sends the home quotation or the home preference selection ranking to the smart contract; The energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module is used to collect and obtain set market data through the energy storage operator energy management system; the energy storage operator energy management system performs maximum profit calculation on the set market data to obtain the energy storage operator quotation or the energy storage operator preference selection ranking; The energy storage operator energy management system sends the energy storage operator's quotation or the energy storage operator's preference selection ranking to the smart contract; An energy storage charge and discharge set value determination module is used for the smart contract to determine the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the rules pre-agreed between the home user and the energy storage operator; the smart contract sends the energy storage charge and discharge set value to the controller of the home battery energy storage system; A household battery energy storage system scheduling execution module is used for controlling the operation of the household battery energy storage system according to the energy storage charging and discharging setting value after the controller of the household battery energy storage system receives the energy storage charging and discharging setting value.

7. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain according to claim 6 is characterized in that: In the household user quotation and preference acquisition module, the household electricity consumption data includes: electricity load, power generation, electricity price, household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; in the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module, the set market data includes: wholesale electricity price, the household energy storage specifications and the state of charge of the household energy storage; The mathematical expression of the change in the amount of electricity of the household energy storage specification is: ； In the formula, and Separately for the moment t -1 and t Energy storage time and Separately for the moment t Charging power and discharging power; and are the charging and discharging efficiencies, respectively; is the duration of each time step; The mathematical expression of the state of charge of the household energy storage is: ； In the formula, is the nominal capacity of the energy storage.

8. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain according to claim 7 is characterized in that: In the household user quotation and preference acquisition module, in the process of the home energy management system calculating the minimum operating cost of the household electricity data, the household electricity cost minimization model is solved by a mixed integer linear programming strategy to obtain the minimum household operating cost; the expression of the objective function of the household electricity cost minimization model is: ； In the formula, Home user i At the moment t electricity costs; and For the moment t The electricity purchase and sales prices; and For home users i At the moment t Power imported and exported from the grid; T is the number of time periods within the runtime period.

9. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain according to claim 8, characterized in that: In the energy storage operator quotation and preference acquisition module, in the process of the energy storage operator energy management system performing maximum profit calculation on the set market data, the energy storage operator's maximum income is obtained by solving the energy storage operator's income maximization model; the expression of the objective function of the energy storage operator's income maximization model is: ； In the formula, For energy storage operators at all times t Utilizing energy storage i income received; For the moment t wholesale electricity prices; N is the total number of energy prosumers with energy storage systems.

10. The distributed energy storage system operation and scheduling device based on blockchain according to claim 9 is characterized in that: In the energy storage charge and discharge set value determination module, in the process of the smart contract determining the energy storage charge and discharge set value at a time point according to the pre-agreed rules between the household user and the energy storage operator, the smart contract includes: a highest comprehensive bid smart contract model and a preference selection ranking smart contract model; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the highest comprehensive bid smart contract model is: ； In the formula, The energy storage charging and discharging set value selected by the smart contract model rule with the highest comprehensive bid; For the family i Set the value for energy storage charging and discharging power b Submitted quotations; Submitted to the smart contract by the energy storage operator for households i quotations; B is the set of all set values; The expression for determining the energy storage charge and discharge setting value at a time point through the preference selection sorting smart contract model is: ； In the formula, Energy storage charging and discharging set values ​​selected by the preference selection sorting smart contract model rules; For the Family i At the moment t The setting value of charge and discharge power b The preference value of For energy storage operators at all times t For Family i The charging and discharging setting values ​​of the battery energy storage system b preference value.

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