Soil improvement device and method based on high-standard farmland

Abstract

The invention discloses a high standard farmland-based soil improvement device, which comprises a support frame, a rotary cultivator and a bearing frame, the bearing frame is provided with two storage boxes for storing a soil improvement agent, the bottom of each storage box is provided with a plurality of digging teeth, and the digging teeth are arranged at equal intervals along the length direction of the corresponding storage box; the bottoms of the digging teeth incline towards the rotary cultivator, the bottom ends of the digging teeth are flush with the bottom ends of rotary tillage cutter teeth of the rotary cultivator, and material scattering holes are formed in the bottom positions of the sides, away from the rotary cultivator, of the digging teeth in a penetrating mode and communicate with the corresponding storage boxes. According to the soil conditioner, deep improvement of the soil can be achieved, that is, the soil conditioner can be scattered into the deeper position of the soil, the risk of volatilization of ammonia-containing substances in the soil conditioner is reduced, and therefore the soil improvement effect is guaranteed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of soil improvement, and in particular to a soil improvement device and method based on high-standard farmland. Background Art

[0002] High-standard farmland refers to arable land that is flat, concentrated and contiguous, has complete facilities, supporting farmland, fertile soil, good ecology, strong disaster resistance, drought and flood resistance, high and stable yield, and is suitable for modern agricultural production and management methods. Soil improvement is a general term for a series of technical measures to improve soil properties, increase soil fertility, and create good soil environmental conditions for crops.

[0003] The soil improvement method in the related art usually utilizes a tractor equipped with a rotary tiller to rotary till the soil, and then sprinkles a granular soil conditioner on the soil, thereby achieving soil improvement of the farmland to improve the soil fertility.

[0004] However, in the soil improvement method in the related art, the soil conditioner is sprinkled on the surface of the soil, which can only improve the surface of the soil, and the ammonia-containing substances in the soil conditioner are easy to volatilize, thereby affecting the soil improvement effect, which needs to be improved. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a soil improvement device and improvement method based on high-standard farmland, which can achieve deep soil improvement and reduce the risk of volatilization of ammonia-containing substances in soil conditioners, thereby ensuring the soil improvement effect.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a soil improvement device based on high-standard farmland, comprising: A support frame, used for fixing to the rear of the tractor; A rotary tiller, arranged on the support frame; A receiving frame, which is arranged on the supporting frame and is located behind the rotary tiller; There are two storage boxes, which are respectively arranged on the receiving frame, and the storage boxes are used to store soil conditioners. The two storage boxes are parallel to each other, and the length direction is perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor; Digging teeth, which are in two groups and are respectively arranged at the bottom of the corresponding storage box, each group of digging teeth is respectively provided with a plurality of digging teeth, and the plurality of digging teeth are arranged at equal intervals along the length direction of the corresponding storage box; The bottom of the digging tooth is inclined toward the rotary tiller, and the bottom end of the digging tooth is flush with the bottom end of the rotary tiller tooth of the rotary tiller. A spreading hole is provided through the bottom position of the digging tooth away from the rotary tiller, and the spreading hole is connected to the corresponding storage box.

[0007] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: two long guide holes are provided on the receiving frame, the two storage boxes are slidably connected to the corresponding guide holes, and the sliding directions of the two storage boxes are respectively perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor, and a driving member is provided on the receiving frame, and the driving member is used to control the horizontal reciprocating motion of the two storage boxes.

[0008] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: the driving member includes: Two driving blocks are respectively fixed on the corresponding storage boxes; Two driving columns are vertically fixed at the center of the upper surface of the corresponding driving block; A forward and reverse motor is fixed on the receiving frame and is located between the two storage boxes, and the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor is arranged vertically; A driving rod, horizontally fixed to the top of the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor; There are two driving grooves, which are respectively arranged on the driving rod; The two driving grooves are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the driving rod. The two driving grooves are respectively in the shape of long strips, and the length direction is parallel to the axial direction of the driving rod. The two driving columns are respectively in the shape of cylinders and slidably cooperate with the corresponding driving grooves.

[0009] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: two rows of elastic vibrating hammers are hinged on the receiving frame, and each row of the vibrating hammers is provided with a plurality of them, and the plurality of vibrating hammers are respectively located on the sides of the corresponding storage boxes and are arranged in sequence along the sliding direction of the storage boxes; two storage boxes are respectively provided with tube control units, and the tube control units are used to control the corresponding row of the vibrating hammers to swing in sequence, and make the row of the vibrating hammers knock on the corresponding storage boxes in sequence.

[0010] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: the control component includes a control rod horizontally fixed on the storage box, the control rod is conical, and the diameter of one end of the control rod away from the storage box is smaller than the diameter of the other end of the device; the hammer rod of the vibrating hammer can swing in a direction away from the storage box under the action of the control rod, and a plurality of control springs are arranged on the receiving frame, and the control springs are used to push the hammer rod of the vibrating hammer to swing toward the storage box and make the hammer head of the vibrating hammer hit the storage box.

[0011] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: a smoothing plate is provided at one end of the supporting frame away from the rotary tiller, the bottom of the smoothing plate is inclined in a direction away from the rotary tiller, and the bottom end of the smoothing plate is flush with the rotary tiller shaft of the rotary tiller.

[0012] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: a plurality of rows of soil crushing picks are vertically slidably connected to the support frame, the plurality of rows of soil crushing picks are respectively located in front of the rotary tiller, the plurality of rows of soil crushing picks are parallel to each other, and two adjacent rows of soil crushing picks are staggered, and a control component is provided on the support frame, and the control component is used to control the alternating vertical movement of the plurality of rows of soil crushing picks.

[0013] In a preferred example, the present invention can be further configured as follows: the control component includes a plurality of hydraulic cylinders respectively fixed on the support frame, the piston end of each hydraulic cylinder is respectively fixedly connected to a control rod, the top of each row of the soil breaking picks is respectively fixedly connected to the corresponding control rod, and two adjacent hydraulic cylinders work alternately.

[0014] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a soil improvement method using a soil improvement device, comprising the following steps: S1, Land Leveling Project: Carry out construction survey and marking of the land, clear the trees and weeds on the surface, use a bulldozer to strip the topsoil of the land, and control the stripping depth to 20-30cm, level the subsoil, and cover the topsoil; S2, soil improvement project: The returned topsoil is tilled by a soil improvement device, and the returned topsoil is deeply improved; S3, field road engineering; The land is surveyed for road layout, foundation pits are excavated based on the survey results, and gravel is rammed into the foundation pits. A row of curbstones are buried on both sides of the foundation pits, and concrete is poured between the two rows of curbstones. After the concrete solidifies and forms a concrete pavement, the concrete pavement is covered with a geotextile for curing. The geotextile is removed after the concrete pavement is cured.

[0015] In summary, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects: The soil layer is dug up by the digging teeth, and the soil conditioner is allowed to enter deeper into the soil, thus achieving deep soil improvement and effectively reducing the risk of ammonia volatilization in the soil conditioner, thus ensuring the soil improvement effect. At the same time, the two storage boxes reciprocate horizontally, increasing the length of the movement track of the digging teeth, thereby increasing the spreading area of ​​the soil conditioner and thus improving the soil improvement effect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the embodiment; Figure 2 is a front view of an embodiment; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment; Figure 4 yes Figure 3 A magnified schematic diagram of the middle A area; Figure 5 yes Figure 3 A magnified schematic diagram of area B.

[0017] Attached figures: 1. Support frame; 2. Rotary tiller; 3. Receiving frame; 4. Storage box; 5. Digging teeth; 6. Spreading hole; 7. Guide hole; 8. Driving member; 81. Driving block; 82. Driving column; 83. Forward and reverse motor; 84. Driving rod; 85. Driving groove; 9. Vibrating hammer; 10. Control component; 101. Control rod; 102. Control spring; 11. Smoothing plate; 12. Soil breaking chisel; 13. Control member; 131. Hydraulic cylinder; 132. Control rod. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0019] like Figure 1-Figure 5 An embodiment of the present invention is shown, which discloses a soil improvement device based on high-standard farmland, including a support frame 1, and the support frame 1 is used to be fixed on the rear of a tractor, a rotary tiller 2 is fixedly connected to the support frame 1, and the rotary tiller teeth of the rotary tiller 2 are used to break up soil clods in the soil for subsequent soil improvement treatment.

[0020] like Figure 1 , Figure 2 As shown, a receiving frame 3 is fixedly connected to the support frame 1, and the receiving frame 3 is located behind the rotary tiller 2. Two long storage boxes 4 are arranged on the receiving frame 3, and the storage boxes 4 are used to store soil conditioners. At the same time, the two storage boxes 4 are parallel to each other, and the length directions of the two storage boxes 4 are respectively perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor.

[0021] like Figure 2 , Figure 3 As shown, a group of digging teeth 5 is fixedly connected to the bottom of each storage box 4, and each group of digging teeth 5 is provided with a plurality of digging teeth 5, and the plurality of digging teeth 5 are arranged at equal intervals along the length direction of the corresponding storage box 4. The bottom of the digging teeth 5 is inclined toward the rotary tiller 2, and the bottom end of the digging teeth 5 is flush with the bottom end of the rotary tiller teeth of the rotary tiller 2. At the same time, a spreading hole 6 is provided through the bottom position of the digging teeth 5 away from the rotary tiller 2, and the spreading hole 6 is connected to the corresponding storage box 4, so that the soil conditioner in the storage box 4 can be spread into the soil through the spreading hole 6.

[0022] The soil improvement device is driven forward by a tractor, at which time, the rotary tiller 2 breaks up the soil clods, and at the same time, the digging teeth 5 dig an improved soil trench on the soil, and the soil improver in the storage box 4 enters the improved soil trench through the spreading hole 6, that is, the soil improver can enter a deeper position of the soil, thereby achieving deep soil improvement. Subsequently, the soil can be smoothed and the soil covers the improved soil trench, thereby achieving soil improvement.

[0023] like Figure 1 , Figure 3 As shown, the receiving frame 3 is provided with two long strip guide holes 7, and the two storage boxes 4 are respectively slidably connected to the corresponding guide holes 7, and the sliding directions of the two storage boxes 4 are respectively perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor. At the same time, the receiving frame 3 is provided with a driving member 8, and the driving member 8 is used to control the horizontal reciprocating motion of the two storage boxes 4.

[0024] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, the driving member 8 includes two driving blocks 81 respectively fixed on the corresponding storage boxes 4, and a cylindrical driving column 82 is vertically fixedly connected to the center position of the upper surface of each driving block 81. A forward and reverse motor 83 is arranged between the two storage boxes 4, and the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor 83 is vertical, and the tail of the forward and reverse motor 83 is fixedly connected to the receiving frame 3. A driving rod 84 is horizontally fixedly connected to the top of the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor 83, and long strip driving grooves 85 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the driving rod 84, and the length direction of the driving groove 85 is parallel to the axial direction of the driving rod 84, and the two driving columns 82 are slidably connected to the corresponding driving grooves 85.

[0025] The drive rod 84 is controlled to reciprocate by the forward and reverse motor 83. At this time, the two drive columns 82 reciprocate under the action of the inner walls of the corresponding drive grooves 85, and the two drive blocks 81 respectively drive the corresponding storage boxes 4 to reciprocate, and the movement directions of the two storage boxes 4 are opposite.

[0026] Since the two storage boxes 4 can reciprocate, the movement trajectory of the two rows of digging teeth 5 is a broken line. Compared with the linear motion of the digging teeth 5, this design can increase the length of the movement trajectory of the digging teeth 5, allowing more soil conditioners to enter the soil, effectively improving the soil improvement effect.

[0027] At the same time, the movement directions of the two storage boxes 4 are opposite, that is, the scattering path of the soil conditioner is in a double-fold line shape, which effectively improves the scattering uniformity of the soil conditioner and ensures that more soil conditioner enters the soil, thereby further improving the soil improvement effect.

[0028] Moreover, after the digging teeth 5 dig up the soil, the soil is accumulated on both sides of the improved soil trench. Since the two rows of digging teeth 5 reciprocate, that is, the excavated soil is in a broken line shape, when the soil is subsequently leveled, the excavated soil can be smoothly backfilled into the improved soil trench to achieve stable landfilling of the soil conditioner. At the same time, since the two rows of digging teeth 5 move in opposite directions, the soil excavated by the digging teeth 5 at the rear can also be backfilled into the corresponding improved soil trench during the digging of the soil by the digging teeth 5 at the front, thereby achieving automatic backfilling of part of the soil and facilitating subsequent leveling operations.

[0029] like Figure 2 , Figure 3 As shown, two rows of elastic vibrating hammers 9 are hinged on the receiving frame 3, and each row of vibrating hammers 9 is provided with a plurality of them, and the plurality of vibrating hammers 9 are respectively located on the sides of the corresponding storage boxes 4, and at the same time, the plurality of vibrating hammers 9 are arranged in sequence along the sliding direction of the storage boxes 4. The two storage boxes 4 are respectively provided with control components 10, which are used to control the corresponding row of vibrating hammers 9 to swing in sequence, and make the row of vibrating hammers 9 knock the corresponding storage boxes 4 in sequence, so that the soil conditioner in the storage boxes 4 is subjected to vibration force, reducing the risk of the soil conditioner being blocked at the spreading hole 6, and ensuring that the soil conditioner enters the soil smoothly.

[0030] like Figure 2 , Figure 5 As shown, the control device 10 includes a control rod 101 horizontally fixed on the storage box 4, the control rod 101 is conical, and the diameter of one end of the control rod 101 away from the storage box 4 is smaller than the diameter of the other end. When the storage box 4 reciprocates, the control rod 101 can sequentially move the hammer rod of the material-vibrating hammer 9 to make the hammer head of the material-vibrating hammer 9 swing in the direction away from the storage box 4. At the same time, a plurality of control springs 102 are arranged on the receiving frame 3, and the control springs 102 are used to push the hammer rod of the material-vibrating hammer 9 to swing toward the storage box 4, and make the hammer head of the material-vibrating hammer 9 knock the storage box 4.

[0031] When the storage box 4 reciprocates, the control rod 101 can sequentially move the hammer rods of the multiple material-vibrating hammers 9, and make the hammer heads of the material-vibrating hammers 9 swing in a direction away from the storage box 4. When the control rod 101 is separated from the hammer rod of the material-vibrating hammer 9, the material-vibrating hammer 9 swings toward the storage box 4 under the action of its own gravity and the control spring 102, and makes the hammer heads of the material-vibrating hammers 9 hit the storage box 4, thereby achieving vibration of the soil conditioner in the storage box 4. This design enables the material-vibrating hammers 9 to automatically hit the storage box 4 during the reciprocating motion of the storage box 4, thereby improving the linkage effect between the various components, and there is no need to set up an additional driving source, thereby improving the rationality of resource utilization.

[0032] like Figure 1 , Figure 2As shown, a smoothing plate 11 is provided at one end of the receiving frame 3 away from the rotary tiller 2. The bottom of the smoothing plate 11 is inclined in the direction away from the rotary tiller 2, and the bottom end of the smoothing plate 11 is flush with the rotary tiller shaft of the rotary tiller 2, so that the smoothing plate 11 can automatically smooth the soil during the forward movement of the tractor, thereby improving the working efficiency.

[0033] like Figure 2 , Figure 3 As shown, multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12 are vertically slidably connected to the support frame 1, and the multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12 are respectively located in front of the rotary tiller 2. The multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12 are parallel to each other, and the soil crushing chisels 12 in two adjacent rows are staggered. At the same time, a control component 13 is provided on the support frame 1, and the control component 13 is used to control the alternating vertical movement of the multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12.

[0034] The multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12 are controlled by the control element 13 to alternately move vertically, and the soil crushing chisels 12 can crush large clods in the soil, which is convenient for the subsequent soil crushing operation of the rotary tiller 2. At the same time, the multiple rows of soil crushing chisels 12 alternately move, and once a soil crushing chisel 12 in one row lifts up a clod, the soil crushing chisel 12 in the adjacent row moves downward, which can push the clod down and crush the clod again, thereby ensuring the soil crushing effect.

[0035] like Figure 2 , Figure 3 As shown, the control member 13 includes a plurality of hydraulic cylinders 131 respectively fixed on the support frame 1, the piston end of each hydraulic cylinder 131 is respectively fixedly connected with a control rod 132, the top of each row of soil breaking chisels 12 is respectively fixedly connected with the corresponding control rod 132, and two adjacent hydraulic cylinders 131 work alternately, that is, two adjacent hydraulic cylinders 131 perform telescopic movements in sequence.

[0036] This embodiment also discloses a soil improvement method, which uses the above-mentioned soil improvement device and includes the following steps: S1, Land Leveling Project: The land is surveyed and marked out for construction, and the trees and weeds on the surface are cleared. Then the topsoil of the land is stripped off with a bulldozer, and the stripping depth is controlled to be 20-30cm. Subsequently, the subsoil is leveled and the topsoil is covered.

[0037] S2, soil improvement project: The large clods of soil in the returned topsoil are broken up by the soil crusher 12 in the soil improvement device, and then the soil is tilled by the rotary tiller 2. At the same time, the digging teeth 5 dig up the soil and allow the soil conditioner in the storage box 4 to enter the soil. Subsequently, the smoothing plate 11 smoothes the soil and allows the soil to cover the soil conditioner, thereby achieving deep soil improvement.

[0038] S3, field road engineering; The land is surveyed for road layout, foundation pits are excavated based on the survey results, and gravel is rammed into the foundation pits. A row of curbstones are buried on both sides of the foundation pits, and concrete is poured between the two rows of curbstones. After the concrete solidifies and forms a concrete pavement, the concrete pavement is covered with a geotextile for curing. After the concrete pavement is cured, the geotextile is removed to realize the construction of field roads.

[0039] The specific embodiments are merely explanations of the present invention and are not limitations of the present invention. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make modifications to the embodiments without any creative contribution as needed. However, such modifications are protected by the patent law as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A soil improvement device based on high-standard farmland, characterized in that: include: A support frame (1) is used to be fixed on the rear of the tractor; A rotary tiller (2) is arranged on the support frame (1); A receiving frame (3) is arranged on the supporting frame (1) and is located behind the rotary tiller (2); There are two storage boxes (4), which are respectively arranged on the receiving frame (3), and the storage boxes (4) are used to store soil conditioners. The two storage boxes (4) are parallel to each other, and their length directions are respectively perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor; Digging teeth (5), which are in two groups and are respectively arranged at the bottom of the corresponding storage box (4), each group of digging teeth (5) is respectively provided with a plurality of digging teeth, and the plurality of digging teeth (5) are arranged at equal intervals along the length direction of the corresponding storage box (4); The bottom of the digging tooth (5) is inclined toward the rotary tiller (2), and the bottom end of the digging tooth (5) is flush with the bottom end of the rotary tiller tooth of the rotary tiller (2). A material spreading hole (6) is provided through the bottom position of the digging tooth (5) away from the rotary tiller (2), and the material spreading hole (6) is connected to the corresponding storage box (4).

2. The soil improvement device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The receiving frame (3) is provided with two long strip guide holes (7), and the two storage boxes (4) are respectively slidably connected to the corresponding guide holes (7), and the sliding directions of the two storage boxes (4) are respectively perpendicular to the forward direction of the tractor. The receiving frame (3) is provided with a driving member (8), and the driving member (8) is used to control the horizontal reciprocating movement of the two storage boxes (4).

3. The soil improvement device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The driving member (8) comprises: Two driving blocks (81) are respectively fixed on the corresponding storage boxes (4); Two driving columns (82) are vertically fixed at the center of the upper surface of the corresponding driving block (81); A forward and reverse motor (83) is fixed on the receiving frame (3) and is located between the two storage boxes (4), and the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor (83) is arranged vertically; A driving rod (84) is horizontally fixed to the top of the output shaft of the forward and reverse motor (83); Two driving grooves (85) are respectively arranged on the driving rod (84); The two driving grooves (85) are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the driving rod (84); the two driving grooves (85) are respectively in the shape of long strips, and the length direction is parallel to the axial direction of the driving rod (84); the two driving columns (82) are respectively in the shape of cylinders, and are slidably matched with the corresponding driving grooves (85).

4. The soil improvement device according to claim 3, characterized in that: Two rows of elastic material-vibrating hammers (9) are hingedly connected to the receiving frame (3), and each row of the material-vibrating hammers (9) is provided with a plurality of them, and the plurality of the material-vibrating hammers (9) are respectively located on the sides of the corresponding storage boxes (4) and are arranged in sequence along the sliding direction of the storage boxes (4). The two storage boxes (4) are respectively provided with a pipe control unit (10), and the pipe control unit (10) is used to control the corresponding row of the material-vibrating hammers (9) to swing in sequence, and to make the row of the material-vibrating hammers (9) knock on the corresponding storage boxes (4) in sequence.

5. The soil improvement device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The control device (10) comprises a control rod (101) horizontally fixed on the storage box (4); the control rod (101) is conical, and the diameter of one end of the control rod (101) away from the storage box (4) is smaller than the diameter of the other end; the hammer rod of the material-vibrating hammer (9) can swing in a direction away from the storage box (4) under the action of the control rod (101); a plurality of control springs (102) are arranged on the receiving frame (3); the control springs (102) are used to push the hammer rod of the material-vibrating hammer (9) to swing toward the storage box (4) and make the hammer head of the material-vibrating hammer (9) strike the storage box (4).

6. The soil improvement device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A smoothing plate (11) is provided at one end of the receiving frame (3) away from the rotary tiller (2); the bottom of the smoothing plate (11) is inclined in a direction away from the rotary tiller (2), and the bottom end of the smoothing plate (11) is flush with the rotary tiller shaft of the rotary tiller (2).

7. The soil improvement device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The support frame (1) is vertically slidably connected to a plurality of rows of soil-breaking chisels (12), the plurality of rows of soil-breaking chisels (12) being respectively located in front of the rotary tiller (2), the plurality of rows of soil-breaking chisels (12) being parallel to each other, and two adjacent rows of soil-breaking chisels (12) being staggered in arrangement, and a control component (13) being provided on the support frame (1), the control component (13) being used to control the alternating vertical movement of the plurality of rows of soil-breaking chisels (12).

8. The soil improvement device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The control member (13) comprises a plurality of hydraulic cylinders (131) respectively fixed on the support frame (1), the piston end of each hydraulic cylinder (131) is respectively fixedly connected to a control rod (132), the top of each row of soil breaking chisels (12) is respectively fixedly connected to a corresponding control rod (132), and two adjacent hydraulic cylinders (131) work alternately.

9. A soil improvement method, using the soil improvement device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The steps include: S1, Land Leveling Project: Carry out construction survey and marking of the land, clear the trees and weeds on the surface, use a bulldozer to strip the topsoil of the land, and control the stripping depth to 20-30cm, level the subsoil, and cover the topsoil; S2, soil improvement project: The returned topsoil is tilled by a soil improvement device, and the returned topsoil is deeply improved; S3, field road engineering; The land is surveyed for road layout, foundation pits are excavated based on the survey results, and gravel is rammed into the foundation pits. A row of curbstones are buried on both sides of the foundation pits, and concrete is poured between the two rows of curbstones. After the concrete solidifies and forms a concrete pavement, the concrete pavement is covered with a geotextile for curing. The geotextile is removed after the concrete pavement is cured.

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