High-concentration aqueous H2 solution and use thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to an aqueous solution comprising molecular hydrogen and at least one salt, wherein the solution has an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / l to 1 mol / l and comprises ascorbic acid or a salt thereof. The solutions are useful for improving the activation of cellular mechanisms, reducing cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity by transdermal administration to a subject, and for treating oxidative stress related diseases.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an aqueous solution containing molecular hydrogen and the cosmetic use of the aqueous solution in improving the activation of cellular mechanisms, which is applied transdermally to a subject to reduce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. The aqueous solution of the present invention can be used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases by reducing cellular oxidative stress and reducing cytotoxicity through transdermal administration. Background Art

[0002] As is well known, oxidative stress, i.e. the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds physiological levels, leading to physical damage that becomes apparent in various clinical conditions. Many diseases of the human body are generally related to chemical free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species. Free radicals are taken in from the environment (air, food, water) or are formed by the body itself. Killing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) is the biological function of ROS in the body. But these free radicals themselves are harmful to the body and can change endogenous substances, such as lipids, hyaluronic acid and proteins. In this process, some substances are formed, such as oxidized phospholipids, which cause other inflammatory reactions by activating, for example, toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), and therefore ultimately cause the additional release of ROS.

[0003] It is known from the prior art that hydrogen, if inhaled or dissolved in water, can render free radicals harmless in the body.

[0004] The size of hydrogen molecule is the smallest of all substances, and it can easily penetrate cell membranes. When stable and inactive hydrogen is introduced into the body, there is no problem of side effects. Hydrogen-rich water removes reactive oxygen species (ROS).

[0005] In Ryoko Asada et al "Effects of hydrogen-rich water bath on visceralfat and skin blotch, with boiling-resistant hydrogen bubbles", MEDICAL GASRESEARCH, Vol.9, No.2, 30 June 2009, the use of hydrogen-dissolved water in the treatment of oxidative stress-related skin diseases is disclosed. In this article, the use of hydrogen baths improves cosmetic effects such as skin spot suppression and visceral fat-based weight loss effects. Specifically, the subjects were treated by immersing their bodies in a warm (41°C) hydrogen-rich water bath for 10 minutes, once a day, for 1 month, showing that a hydrogen-rich water bath that produces a large amount of dissolved hydrogen helps hydrogen penetrate from the skin into the body and improves visceral fat areas, lipid metabolism markers, and skin spots, which is attributed to boiling-resistant hydrogen bubbles removed by ROS.

[0006] The potential anti-fatigue and performance benefits of hydrogen-rich water have attracted increasing exploratory interest in athletes over the past 5 years. Physiological and perceptual responses to incremental aerobic and anaerobic exercise regimens followed by transdermal administration of hydrogen gas post-exercise were evaluated and any side effects and adverse events (AEs) were monitored. It is also known that transdermal hydrogen-rich water improves ventilatory responses, perception, and lactate to aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise under absolutely safe conditions.

[0007] It is recognized that there is a need for methods and apparatus for delivering molecular hydrogen in an efficient manner.

[0008] Therefore, the object of the present invention is to develop effective uses of hydrogen water for physiological beneficial purposes of the body of human or animal subjects, in particular detoxification purposes, antioxidant purposes of reducing oxidative stress in the body, exercise and therapeutic purposes of human and animal subjects. Summary of the invention

[0009] The above objects have been achieved by an aqueous solution comprising molecular hydrogen and at least one salt, wherein the solution has an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / l to 1 mol / l and comprises ascorbic acid or a salt thereof.

[0010] The inventors have noted that the solution of the invention is able to activate cellular mechanisms that reduce cellular oxidative stress measured by the amount of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and allow to reduce plasma acidosis measured by the amount of lactase in a very effective way.

[0011] Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention relates to the cosmetic use of the aqueous solution according to the invention for improving the activation of cellular mechanisms which, by transdermal application, reduce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.

[0012] Thus, according to the present invention, the cosmetic use shows surprising effects on subjects engaged in physical activity, preferably athletes.

[0013] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the aqueous solution of the present invention for use in treating oxidative stress related diseases by reducing cellular oxidative stress and reducing cytotoxicity via transdermal administration.

[0014] Without being bound by any theory, and as demonstrated in the experimental part, the inventors believe that specific compounds of the aqueous solution of the invention allow providing very high concentrations of molecular hydrogen, which penetrate the skin and are able to intervene in the cellular mechanisms responsible for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.

[0015] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for administering hydrogen by transdermal or percutaneous administration, comprising the step of providing an aqueous solution of the present invention by introducing hydrogen into water contained in one or more immersion containers suitable for immersing all or part of the body of a human subject (preferably the hands and / or feet) or an animal subject.

[0016] In the aqueous solution of the present invention, hydrogen is maintained at an effective concentration for penetrating the skin of a human subject (including hands and / or feet and other body parts) or an animal subject by immersing the whole or part of the body of the human or animal subject itself, so that the aqueous solution of hydrogen and salt, when preferably maintained in the temperature range between 10°C and 55°C, is a hydrogen water that can effectively administer hydrogen transdermally, and has physiological activities that are beneficial to the body of a human or animal subject, including detoxification activity, antioxidant activity that reduces oxidative stress in the body, and is used for therapeutic purposes and sports activities. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 The results of Example 2 are reported. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The present invention relates to an aqueous solution comprising molecular hydrogen and at least one salt, wherein the solution has an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / l to 1 mol / l and comprises ascorbic acid or a salt thereof.

[0019] When the term "molecular hydrogen" is used in the present invention, it refers to hydrogen gas dissolved in water and existing in the form of bubbles in micrometer and nanometer quantities.

[0020] The molecular hydrogen is present in the solution in an amount (concentration) of 0.05 ppm (mg / L) to 1.2 ppm (mg / L), more preferably 0.4 ppm (mg / L) to 0.9 ppm (mg / L).

[0021] The aqueous solution of the present invention comprises at least one salt.

[0022] The at least one salt is preferably selected from the group consisting of: NaCl (sodium chloride); Na(OH) (sodium hydroxide); NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate); Na2[CO3] (sodium carbonate); NaC6H7O6 (sodium ascorbate); Na3C6H5O7 (sodium citrate); NaH (sodium hydride); NaHSO4 (sodium bisulfate); Na2SO4 (sodium sulfate); Na3PO3 (sodium phosphate); NaHPO3 (sodium dihydrogen phosphate); Na2PO3 (sodium hydrogen phosphate); NaO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H (monosodium tartrate); NaO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2Na (sodium tartrate); NaOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOK (potassium sodium tartrate); CH2(COONa)2 (disodium malonate); KCl (potassium chloride); K(OH) (potassium hydroxide) ); KHCO3 (potassium bicarbonate); K2[CO3] (potassium carbonate); KC6H7O6 (potassium ascorbate); K3C6H5O7 (potassium citrate); KH (potassium hydride); KHSO4 (potassium hydrogen sulfate); K2SO4 (potassium sulfate); K3PO3 (potassium phosphate); KHPO3 (potassium dihydrogen phosphate); K2PO3 (potassium hydrogen phosphate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH (monopotassium tartrate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COK (potassium tartrate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COONa (potassium sodium tartrate); MgCl2 (magnesium chloride); MgO (magnesium oxide); Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide); MgH2 (magnesium hydride); Mg[HCO3]2 (magnesium bicarbonate); MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate); Mg3[C6H5O7]2 (magnesium citrate); MgC 10 H 12 N2O6 (magnesium picolinate); MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate); Mg(HSO4)2 (magnesium hydrogen sulfate); CaCl2 (calcium chloride); CaO (calcium oxide); Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide); CaH2 (calcium hydride); Ca[HCO3]2 (calcium hydrogen carbonate); CaCO3 (calcium carbonate); Ca3[C6H5O7]2 (calcium citrate); CaSO4 (calcium sulfate); Ca(HSO4)2 (calcium hydrogen sulfate); Ca3 (PO4)2 (calcium phosphate); CaHPO4 (calcium hydrogen phosphate); Ca(H2PO4)2 (calcium dihydrogen phosphate); MnCl2 (manganese chloride); MnO (manganese oxide); Mn(OH)2 (manganese hydroxide); Mn(SO4) (manganese sulfate); Mn[HCO3]2 (manganese bicarbonate); MnCO3 (manganese carbonate); Mn3[C6H5O7]2 (manganese citrate); Mn3(PO4)2 (manganese phosphate); and mixtures thereof.

[0023] More preferably, the at least one salt is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal monohydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate or chloride, still more preferably an alkali metal dihydrogen carbonate or chloride.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment, the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium chloride and mixtures thereof.

[0025] The at least one salt of the present invention is preferably present in the aqueous solution in an amount of 10 mM to 800 mM, more preferably 50 mM to 400 mM.

[0026] The aqueous solution of the present invention contains ascorbic acid or a salt thereof. The amount of ascorbic acid or a salt thereof is preferably 10 mM to 300 mM.

[0027] Without being bound by any theory, the inventors believe that ascorbic acid or a salt thereof is essential to ensure that molecular hydrogen is effectively administered to cells when a subject is contacted with the aqueous solution of the present invention.

[0028] The aqueous solution of the present invention has an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / L to 1 mol / L, preferably 0.0075 mol / L to 0.5 mol / L, more preferably 0.250 mol / L.

[0029] The aqueous solution of the invention may also contain other ingredients / substances, such as vitamins and / or essential oils.

[0030] The aqueous solution of the present invention preferably has a pH value of 6 to 11.

[0031] The inventors have noted that, given the essential ingredients and the specific ionic strength, the solution of the invention is able to activate cellular mechanisms, reduce cellular oxidative stress measured by the amount of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and allows reducing plasma acidosis measured by the amount of lactase in a very effective way.

[0032] Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention relates to the cosmetic use of the aqueous solution according to the invention for improving the activation of cellular mechanisms which, by transdermal application, reduce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.

[0033] Thus, according to the present invention, the cosmetic use shows surprising effects on subjects engaged in physical activity, preferably athletes.

[0034] In another aspect, the present invention relates to the aqueous solution of the present invention for use in treating oxidative stress related diseases by reducing cellular oxidative stress and reducing cytotoxicity via transdermal administration.

[0035] Without being bound by any theory, and as demonstrated in the experimental part, the inventors believe that specific compounds of the aqueous solution of the invention with specific strengths allow providing very high concentrations of molecular hydrogen, which penetrate the skin and are able to intervene in cellular mechanisms responsible for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.

[0036] When used for the cosmetic purposes or medical treatments of the present invention, the aqueous solutions of the present invention are preferably at a temperature in the range of 37°C to 50°C.

[0037] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for administering hydrogen by transdermal or percutaneous administration, comprising the step of providing an aqueous solution of the present invention by introducing hydrogen into water contained in one or more immersion containers suitable for immersing all or part of the body of a human subject (preferably the hands and / or feet) or an animal subject.

[0038] In the aqueous solution of the present invention, hydrogen is maintained at an effective concentration for penetrating the skin of a human subject (including hands and / or feet and other body parts) or an animal subject by immersing the whole or part of the body of the human or animal subject itself, whereby the aqueous solution of hydrogen and salt, when preferably maintained in the temperature range between 10°C and 55°C, is a hydrogen water that can effectively administer hydrogen transdermally, and has physiological activities that are beneficial to the body of a human or animal subject, including detoxification activity, antioxidant activity that reduces oxidative stress in the body, and is used for therapeutic purposes and sports activities.

[0039] The present invention also relates to an apparatus for implementing the above disclosed treatment or for implementing the above reported uses, comprising a hydrogen generator, also referred to as a "hydrogenator"; one or more use stations, arranged near and / or remotely relative to the hydrogen generator, and each of which comprises one or more immersion containers, suitable for immersing the whole or part of the body of a human subject (including hands and / or feet) or an animal subject, suitable for loading with water; a conduit for conveying input load water to one or each of the plurality of immersion containers; a conduit for conveying output unloading water from one or each of the plurality of immersion containers; a conduit for conveying output hydrogen from the hydrogen generator, arranged to introduce hydrogen into water loaded into one or each of the plurality of immersion containers, producing a hydrogen aqueous solution therein; one or more dispensers of at least one salt; a conveyor arranged to collect the salts dispensed therefrom and convey them to one or each of the plurality of immersion containers.

[0040] The device may also preferably comprise a control system for controlling the dispenser of at least one salt, the control system being adapted to control the at least one salt so that it is dispensed in the delivery device in a specific amount. This specific amount should preferably ensure the dissolution of the salt in the impregnation container filled with water, so that the aqueous solution together with molecular hydrogen and ascorbic acid or a salt thereof has:

[0041] - pH between 6 and 11; and

[0042] -0.001 mol / L to 1 mol / L ionic strength values.

[0043] The apparatus may further include a control system for controlling the temperature of the hydrogen aqueous solution in the impregnation container within a range of 10°C to 55°C.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control system for controlling the temperature of the aqueous solution of the present invention in the impregnation vessel controls the temperature within the range of 37°C to 50°C.

[0045] It is also envisaged that the apparatus also preferably includes one or more dispensers of one or more vitamins and / or essential oils; and a conveyor for collecting the vitamins and / or essential oils dispensed therefrom and conveying them to one or each of the plurality of infusion containers.

[0046] The apparatus may also include a control system for controlling the dispenser of the one or more vitamins and / or essential oils.

[0047] The device may also be equipped with sensors and recorders for body immersion time, pH, ionic strength and temperature and changes thereof in aqueous solutions in the immersion container and / or in the communicating containers therebetween, and with a programmable data processor in functional communication therebetween. The programmable data processor is in functional communication with the control system and is programmed to implement the method of the invention described above.

[0048] In another aspect, the invention also relates to a computer program comprising code means adapted to implement the method / use of the invention as described above when run on the aforementioned programmable data processor, and to a physical data medium configured to store said computer program.

[0049] In another aspect, the invention also relates to an armchair associated with the device, the armchair comprising a seat and two armrests, equipped with a basin on one or both armrests and equipped with a basin under the seat. The basin is thus suitable as a dipping container, respectively for a human subject located on the seat to dip his hands and / or feet therein. The armchair is thus suitable as a patient / subject station for treating the hands and / or feet of a patient / subject by the method of the invention described above. The armchair may also be equipped with a console for controlling the device of the invention described above.

[0050] Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.

[0051] Example

[0052] Example 1. Preparation of aqueous solution of the present invention

[0053] Different aqueous solutions were prepared by using the following ingredients.

[0054] Aqueous solution A: 15g sodium bicarbonate; 15g potassium carbonate, 15g magnesium chloride and 15g ascorbic acid

[0055] Aqueous solution B: 30g sodium bicarbonate; 30g potassium carbonate, 30g magnesium chloride and 15g ascorbic acid

[0056] Aqueous solution E: 45 g sodium bicarbonate; 15 g potassium carbonate, 45 g magnesium chloride and 30 g ascorbic acid

[0057] Aqueous solution F: 15 g sodium bicarbonate; 30 g potassium carbonate, 45 g magnesium chloride and 15 g ascorbic acid

[0058] Aqueous solution G: 15 g sodium bicarbonate; 30 g potassium carbonate, 45 g magnesium chloride and 45 g ascorbic acid

[0059] Aqueous solution H: 30 g sodium bicarbonate; 15 g potassium carbonate, 45 g magnesium chloride and 30 g ascorbic acid

[0060] Aqueous solution I: 15 g sodium bicarbonate; 30 g magnesium chloride and 15 g ascorbic acid

[0061] Aqueous solution J: 45 g potassium carbonate, 60 g magnesium chloride and 30 g ascorbic acid

[0062] Aqueous solution K: 45 g sodium bicarbonate; 45 g magnesium chloride and 15 g ascorbic acid

[0063] In a container containing 5 1 of water, salt is added to obtain the above solution.

[0064] Hydrogen gas is then introduced into the container so as to obtain an amount of molecular hydrogen of 0.05 ppm to 1.5 ppm.

[0065] The final pH of the solution was measured with a benchtop pH meter VioLab to be between 7 and 9, specifically:

[0066] Aqueous solution A: pH 7.7 before H2 introduction, pH 7.9 after H2 introduction

[0067] Aqueous solution B: pH 7.88 before H2 introduction, pH 8.05 after H2 introduction

[0068] Aqueous solution E: pH 7.8 before H2 introduction, pH 7.9 after H2 introduction

[0069] Aqueous solution F: pH 7.8 before H2 introduction, pH 7.9 after H2 introduction

[0070] Aqueous solution G: pH 7.54 before H2 introduction, pH 7.9 after H2 introduction

[0071] Aqueous solution H: pH 7.88 before H2 introduction, pH 7.9 after H2 introduction

[0072] Aqueous solution I: pH 7.71 before H2 introduction, pH 7.71 after H2 introduction

[0073] Aqueous solution J: pH 7.88 before H2 introduction, pH 8.05 after H2 introduction

[0074] Aqueous solution K: pH 7.3 before H2 introduction, pH 8.2 after H2 introduction

[0075] The ionic strength (I) of the single solution was measured immediately upon addition of salt and after introduction of H2, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) was measured directly using an S700 conductivity meter (Mettler Toledo), and the results were expressed in mol / L using a conversion relationship.

[0076] (I (mol / L) ≈ 2.5 10-5 × TDS (mg / L) and recorded in Table 1:

[0077] Table 1

[0078]

[0079] Solution A: 0.0975 mol / L

[0080] Solution B: 0.235 mol / L

[0081] Solution E: 0.25 mol / L

[0082] Solution F: 0.22 mol / L

[0083] Solution G: 0.225 mol / L

[0084] Solution H: 0.249 mol / L

[0085] Solution I: 0.1 mol / L

[0086] Solution J: 0.250 mol / L

[0087] Solution K: 0.2225 mol / L

[0088] Example 2

[0089] The solution prepared in Example 1 was used and tested to evaluate transdermal administration of molecular hydrogen by subjects.

[0090] First, the amount of molecular hydrogen dissolved in the container was assessed after 24 hours, and then 2 subjects (one male and one female) were asked to immerse their feet and hands in different containers containing different solutions.

[0091] Therefore, subjects were evaluated using a breath test to quantify how much molecular hydrogen was delivered to the body by the aqueous solution of the present invention.

[0092] The results are reported in Table 2 below.

[0093] Table 2

[0094]

[0095] It is obvious from the above that the solutions of the present invention ensure that molecular hydrogen enters the body. Solutions B, E, F, H and K obtain better results, with very large amounts of molecular hydrogen.

[0096] As described above, the present inventors believe that the presence of salt and ascorbic acid or its salt in an aqueous solution having an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / l to 1 mol / l ensures the stability of the aqueous hydrogen solution and allows molecular hydrogen to be transported to cells. Obviously, solutions having a high concentration of molecular hydrogen but lacking the essential components of the solution of the present invention have a significantly lower amount of molecular hydrogen transported to cells.

[0097] exist Figure 1 In the present invention, the results of the amount of H2 measured by the breath test for subjects 1 and 2 are reported. Specifically, the evaluation was performed with - water alone, - water + salt of solution K (Table 2), - water + H2 and - water + salt + ascorbic acid + H2 (solution K of the present invention). The aqueous solution K was: 45 g sodium bicarbonate; 45 g magnesium chloride and 15 g ascorbic acid; the pH value was 7.3 before the introduction of H2 and 8.2 after the introduction of H2.

[0098] Table 3

[0099]

[0100] from Figure 1 As is evident from the graph in , the solutions of the present invention surprisingly allow H2 to pass through the cells.

[0101] This large amount of molecular hydrogen delivered to the cells results in a reduction in oxidative stress, which is directly correlated with several biomarkers, such as superoxide dismutase concentration (SOD) in plasma and BAP (bio-antioxidant potential), which can be directly measured by blood samples before and after H2 treatment, as also shown in Example 3. In this way, this approach can be demonstrated to be a very effective method for the treatment of stress-induced redox.

[0102] Example 3. Reduction of superoxide dismutase and antioxidant biopotential

[0103] Oxidative stress is caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, under physiological conditions, participate in processes including cellular homeostasis, regulation of cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and redox state, and are used by the immune system to inactivate viruses and inhibit bacterial growth. However, the overproduction of ROS under conditions of oxidative stress leads to many pathological conditions and diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia / perfusion, diabetes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. The human body is equipped with various enzymatic antioxidants to counteract the effects of oxidants. One of the main players in counteracting oxidative stress is superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is a scavenger of superoxide free radicals. It has been shown that SOD is an effective biomarker of physiological oxidative stress, which means that its concentration is naturally higher under oxidative conditions, regardless of the cause. Therefore, for oxidative stress to be properly balanced, SOD concentrations must be normalized to basal levels (references: J Toxicol Environ Health. 1996 Jun 7; 48(2): 107-19. doi: 10.1080 / 009841096161366; Clin Med. 2022 Aug 31; 11(17): 5131. doi: 10.3390 / jcm11175131; World Allergy Organ J. 2012 Jan; 5(1): 9-19; Hypertens Res. 2011 Sep; 34(9): 1041-5).

[0104] In order to demonstrate the efficiency of transdermal administration of H2 in reducing the oxidative stress load in non-professional athletes at maximum effort (the so-called sports paradox), 10 non-professional athletes were treated with transdermal H2 activity for 5 days for 20 minutes / day with the solutions of the invention, specifically solution K, and the SOD and BAP (antioxidant biopotential) concentrations were measured before and after the treatment according to the invention by plasma sampling.

[0105] The parameters (BAP and SOD) were measured by blood sampling during maximal exertion of the athletes and the mean changes for the 10 athletes are reported in Table 4 below:

[0106] Table 4

[0107]

[0108]

[0109] It can be seen that both biomarkers were improved by the treatment of the present invention.

Claims

1. An aqueous solution comprising molecular hydrogen and at least one salt, wherein the solution has an ionic strength of 0.001 mol / l to 1 mol / l and comprises ascorbic acid or a salt thereof.

2. The aqueous solution according to claim 1, wherein the amount (concentration) of molecular hydrogen present in the solution is 0.05 ppm (mg / L) to 1.2 ppm (mg / L), more preferably 0.4 ppm (mg / L) to 0.9 ppm (mg / L).

3. The aqueous solution according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one salt is preferably selected from the group consisting of: NaCl (sodium chloride); Na(OH) (sodium hydroxide); NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate); Na2[CO3] (sodium carbonate); NaC6H7O6 (sodium ascorbate); Na3C6H5O7 (sodium citrate); NaH (sodium hydride); NaHSO4 (sodium hydrogen sulfate); Na2SO4 (sodium sulfate); Na3PO3 (sodium phosphate); NaHPO3 (sodium dihydrogen phosphate); Na2PO3 (sodium hydrogen phosphate); NaO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H (monosodium tartrate); NaO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2Na (sodium tartrate); NaOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOK (potassium sodium tartrate); CH2(COONa)2 (disodium malonate); KCl (potassium chloride) ; K(OH) (potassium hydroxide); KHCO3 (potassium bicarbonate); K2[CO3] (potassium carbonate); KC6H7O6 (potassium ascorbate); K3C6H5O7 (potassium citrate); KH (potassium hydride); KHSO4 (potassium hydrogen sulfate); K2SO4 (potassium sulfate); K3PO3 (potassium phosphate); KHPO3 (potassium dihydrogen phosphate); K2PO3 (potassium hydrogen phosphate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH (monopotassium tartrate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COK(potassium tartrate); KOCOCH(OH)CH(OH)COONa(potassium sodium tartrate); MgCl2(magnesium chloride); MgO(magnesium oxide); Mg(OH)2(magnesium hydroxide); MgH2(magnesium hydride); Mg[HCO3]2(magnesium bicarbonate); MgCO3(magnesium carbonate); Mg3[C6H5O7]2(magnesium citrate); MgC 10 H 12 N2O6 (magnesium picolinate); MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate); Mg(HSO4)2 (magnesium hydrogen sulfate); CaCl2 (calcium chloride); CaO (calcium oxide); Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide); CaH2 (calcium hydride); Ca[HCO3]2 (calcium hydrogen carbonate); CaCO3 (calcium carbonate); Ca3[C6H5O7]2 (calcium citrate); CaSO4 (calcium sulfate); Ca(HSO4)2 (calcium hydrogen sulfate); Ca3 (PO4)2 (calcium phosphate); CaHPO4 (calcium hydrogen phosphate); Ca(H2PO4)2 (calcium dihydrogen phosphate); MnCl2 (manganese chloride); MnO (manganese oxide); Mn(OH)2 (manganese hydroxide); Mn(SO4) (manganese sulfate); Mn[HCO3]2 (manganese bicarbonate); MnCO3 (manganese carbonate); Mn3[C6H5O7]2 (manganese citrate); Mn3(PO4)2 (manganese phosphate); and mixtures thereof.

4. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the at least one salt is a monobicarbonate, a bicarbonate or a chloride of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.

5. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein at least one salt is a dihydrogen carbonate or chloride of an alkali metal.

6. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 4-5, wherein the at least one salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium chloride and mixtures thereof.

7. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one salt is present in the aqueous solution in an amount of 10 mM to 800 mM, more preferably 50 mM to 400 mM.

8. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the amount of ascorbic acid or a salt thereof is 10 mM to 300 mM.

9. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the ionic strength is 0.0075 mol / L to 0.5 mol / L, more preferably 0.250 mol / L.

10. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the aqueous solution further comprises vitamins and / or essential oils.

11. The aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the pH value of the aqueous solution is 6 to 11.

12. Cosmetic use of an aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 11 for improving the activation of cellular mechanisms to reduce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity by transdermal administration to a subject.

13. The cosmetic use according to claim 12, wherein the subject is a subject engaging in physical activity, preferably an athlete.

14. The aqueous solution of any one of claims 1 to 11, for use in treating oxidative stress-related diseases by reducing cellular oxidative stress and reducing cytotoxicity through transdermal administration.

15. Apparatus for carrying out the use according to any one of claims 12 to 14, comprising: - an apparatus for producing hydrogen; - one or more use stations, said one or more use stations being arranged near and / or remote with respect to said device for producing hydrogen; - each comprising one or more dipping containers suitable for dipping all or part of the body of a human subject or an animal subject, including hands and / or feet, and suitable for containing water; - means for delivering input load water to said one or each of said plurality of impregnation vessels; - means for conveying output discharge water from said one or each of said plurality of impregnation vessels; - means for conveying output hydrogen from said means for producing hydrogen, arranged for introducing hydrogen into said water loaded into said one or each of said plurality of impregnation vessels, wherein an aqueous hydrogen solution is produced; - one or more devices for dispensing at least one salt; - a delivery device arranged to collect salts dispensed therefrom and deliver them to one or each of said plurality of impregnation containers.

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