Efficient planting mode for grain and oil crops in red soil dry land

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, and discloses an efficient planting mode for grain and oil crops in red soil dry land, which comprises multiple cropping and rotation within a year and multiple cropping and rotation between years. The annual multiple cropping and rotation comprises peanut-rape annual multiple cropping and rotation and sweet potato-rape annual multiple cropping and rotation; the inter-annual multiple cropping and rotation comprises two-year multiple cropping and rotation of sweet potatoes, oilseed rape, spring corn, sesame and green manure and two-year multiple cropping and rotation of sweet potatoes, green manure, peanuts and oilseed rape. According to the efficient mode of the grain and oil crops in the red soil dry land, efficient utilization of land resources is achieved through an intra-year and inter-year multiple cropping and crop rotation mode, land utilization and land cultivation are combined, the problem that continuous cropping obstacles are likely to occur when a single crop is planted on the same land for a long time is solved, and balanced utilization of soil nutrients is facilitated; the soil quality and the annual crop yield and benefit are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, and in particular to a high-efficiency planting mode for grain and oil crops in red soil dryland. Background Art

[0002] Red soil has great potential for agricultural production, but it faces complex obstacles such as acidity, thinness, stickiness, stickiness, and shallow tillage layer. In particular, most red soil drylands have a single planting structure, insufficient and rational use of temporal and spatial resources, and low crop productivity.

[0003] Therefore, taking sweet potatoes, corn, peanuts and other major grain and oil crops in red soil drylands as research objects, the study proposed multiple cropping rotation patterns between major grain and oil crops, between grain and oil crops and green manure crops, and their cultivation techniques, which are of great significance for improving the quality of red soil arable land and grain production capacity. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provides a method for efficiently planting grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, which solves the problems in the prior art of single planting structure in red soil dryland, insufficient utilization of light and temperature resources, and decreased soil quality and production capacity.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned invention object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: a high-efficiency planting mode of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, including intra-annual multiple cropping rotation and inter-annual multiple cropping rotation;

[0006] Intra-annual cropping rotation includes peanut-rapeseed intra-annual cropping rotation and sweet potato-rapeseed intra-annual cropping rotation; inter-annual cropping rotation includes sweet potato-rapeseed-spring corn-sesame-green manure intra-annual cropping rotation and sweet potato-green manure-peanut-rapeseed intra-annual cropping rotation.

[0007] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: in the intra-annual multiple cropping rotation and the inter-annual multiple cropping rotation, the straw return measure can effectively increase the soil organic matter content, improve the soil structure, reduce the soil compaction phenomenon, and improve the soil's ability to retain water and fertilizer. Through intra-annual and inter-annual crop rotation, the living environment of pests and diseases can be broken, the number of pathogens and pests remaining in the soil and on crops can be reduced, and the probability of pest and disease transmission can be reduced. This method is targeted at the specific environmental conditions of red soil drylands and the growth characteristics of crops, and achieves efficient use of land resources, continuous improvement of soil fertility, and a significant increase in the yield of grain and oil crops.

[0008] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned efficient planting model of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, the specific annual rotation of peanuts and rapeseed is as follows: peanuts are sown in red soil dryland from April 5 to 30 of the year, and peanuts are harvested from August 10 to 25 of the year, and the peanut straw is turned over and returned to the field; rapeseed is sown in early October and harvested in late April of the following year.

[0009] The beneficial effects of adopting the above further scheme are: as a nitrogen-fixing crop, the rhizobia in the root system of peanuts can fix nitrogen in the atmosphere and convert it into ammonia nitrogen that can be absorbed and utilized by plants. This process significantly increases the nitrogen content in the soil. When the peanuts are harvested, their straw is turned over and returned to the field, which not only increases the organic matter in the soil, but also brings rich nitrogen and other mineral nutrients, providing a good nutrient basis for the growth of the subsequent rapeseed. As a subsequent crop, the root activity of rapeseed further promotes the release and circulation of soil nutrients, achieving a continuous improvement in soil fertility.

[0010] Peanut-rapeseed rotation also promotes the diversity of soil microbial communities. Root secretions and residues of different crops provide rich carbon and nitrogen sources for soil microorganisms, promoting the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms. While decomposing organic matter, these microorganisms release a variety of enzymes, such as urease and phosphatase, which can accelerate the transformation of soil nutrients and improve soil biological activity.

[0011] The annual rotation of peanuts and rapeseed effectively breaks the living environment of pests and diseases and reduces the accumulation of pathogens and pests in the soil. Diversified crop planting also attracts more natural enemies and beneficial insects, builds a more complex farmland ecosystem, and promotes ecological balance.

[0012] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned efficient planting model of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, the sweet potato-rapeseed annual rotation is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland from late April to late May of the current year, and rapeseed is immediately planted after the sweet potatoes are harvested in late October, and the rapeseed is harvested in late April of the following year.

[0013] The beneficial effects of adopting the above further scheme are: the annual rotation of sweet potatoes and rapeseed effectively alleviates the problems of soil compaction and hardening through the improvement of soil structure by the roots of different crops. The vines and tubers of sweet potatoes can loosen the soil, increase soil porosity, and improve soil aeration and water retention during their growth. As a subsequent crop, the root activity of rapeseed further promotes the formation of soil microaggregates, which is beneficial to the stability of soil structure. In addition, the roots and residues left after the sweet potato harvest decompose in the soil, providing rich organic matter and nutrients for the growth of rapeseed, which promotes the improvement of soil fertility.

[0014] Sweet potatoes and rapeseed have different absorption and utilization of soil nutrients, and crop rotation helps to achieve balanced nutrient utilization. Sweet potatoes mainly absorb macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil, while rapeseed has a higher demand for trace elements such as sulfur and boron. This difference allows the two crops to complement each other during crop rotation, reduce nutrient deficiencies, and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of soil nutrients.

[0015] Sweet potatoes have a long growing period and can make full use of the warm season from spring to autumn for growth; rapeseed is sown in autumn and harvested in spring, filling the idle period of land after sweet potatoes are harvested. This temporal complementarity enables the two crops to jointly improve land utilization and grain and oil crop production capacity.

[0016] Furthermore, the above-mentioned efficient planting model of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, the two-year cropping rotation of sweet potato-rapeseed-spring corn-sesame-green manure is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland from late April to late May of the first year, rapeseed is harvested immediately after sweet potatoes are harvested in late October of the first year, rapeseed is harvested in late April of the second year, spring corn is planted immediately after rapeseed is harvested, sesame is planted after corn is harvested in mid-July of the second year, and green manure is planted to improve soil fertility after sesame is harvested in mid-October of the second year.

[0017] The beneficial effects of adopting the above further scheme are: this model achieves efficient year-round land utilization through reasonable seasonal arrangements, and the multiple cropping index far exceeds the traditional single crop planting model. The continuous planting of crops such as sweet potatoes, rapeseed, spring corn, and sesame effectively increases the total yield per unit area, thereby increasing farmers' economic income. Planting a season of green manure every two years and turning it over and returning it to the field can significantly increase the content of soil organic matter, improve soil structure, and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.

[0018] Furthermore, the above-mentioned efficient planting model of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, the two-year cropping rotation of sweet potato-green manure-peanut-rapeseed is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland from late April to mid-May of the first year, sweet potatoes are harvested in late October of the first year and green manure is planted to improve soil fertility, the green manure is turned over in April of the second year, and then peanuts are planted; peanuts are harvested in mid-August of the second year, the peanut straw is turned over and returned to the field, rapeseed is sown in early October of the second year, and rapeseed is harvested in late April of the third year.

[0019] The beneficial effects of adopting the above further scheme are: as the early crop, the growth cycle of sweet potato is consistent with the climatic conditions of red soil dryland, providing a good soil environment for subsequent crops. The planting of green manure effectively improves soil fertility and lays the foundation for high yields of peanuts and rapeseed. The high economic value of peanuts and the wide market demand for rapeseed jointly promote the improvement of overall economic benefits.

[0020] Furthermore, in the above-mentioned high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, the green manure is hairy vetch or fertilizer radish.

[0021] The beneficial effects of adopting the above further scheme are: hairy vetch and fat radish as green manure crops have large biomass and well-developed root systems, and can be quickly decomposed after being pressed into the soil, releasing a large amount of organic matter. These organic substances can significantly increase the organic matter content of the soil, improve the soil structure, increase the soil aggregate structure, thereby enhancing the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity and air permeability, and creating a good soil environment for subsequent crop growth.

[0022] The soil in red soil areas is generally acidic, but hairy vetch and fat radish can absorb a certain amount of acidic substances during their growth. Turning and returning the soil to the field can help reduce soil acidity and increase soil pH.

[0023] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the high-efficiency planting mode of grain and oil crops in red soil dryland proposed by the present invention, through the intra-annual multiple cropping rotation mode and the inter-annual multiple cropping rotation mode, not only effectively copes with the challenges of poor soil quality and poor water and fertilizer retention capacity in red soil dryland, but also realizes the diversification, efficiency and sustainability of crop production. This method not only increases production and income, but also improves soil fertility by combining land use and land conservation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The specific implementation modes of the present invention are described below so that those skilled in the art can understand the present invention. However, it should be clear that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the specific implementation modes. For those of ordinary skill in the art, as long as various changes are within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined and determined by the attached claims, these changes are obvious, and all inventions and creations utilizing the concept of the present invention are protected.

[0025] The present invention provides a high-efficiency planting pattern for grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, including intra-annual multiple cropping rotation and inter-annual multiple cropping rotation; the intra-annual multiple cropping rotation includes intra-annual multiple cropping rotation of peanuts and rapeseed and intra-annual multiple cropping rotation of sweet potatoes and rapeseed; the inter-annual multiple cropping rotation includes two-year multiple cropping rotation of sweet potatoes, rapeseed, spring corn, sesame and green manure and two-year multiple cropping rotation of sweet potatoes, green manure, peanuts and rapeseed.

[0026] Example 1

[0027] This embodiment is a peanut-rapeseed multiple cropping rotation within one year.

[0028] Peanut planting stages:

[0029] Peanuts are sown between April 5 and April 30 in the spring of that year. During this period, the temperature gradually rises and the soil moisture is moderate, which is conducive to the germination of peanut seeds and the growth of seedlings.

[0030] After sowing, field management work such as intertillage, weeding, fertilization, and pest and disease control is carried out. Especially during the critical growth period of peanuts, such as the flowering and pod-setting period, water and fertilizer management should be strengthened to ensure the healthy growth of peanuts.

[0031] Peanuts are harvested between August 10 and August 25 of the same year. After harvest, the peanut stalks are directly turned over and returned to the field. This practice not only reduces environmental pollution caused by straw burning, but also returns nutrients in the straw to the soil, increases soil organic matter content, and improves soil structure.

[0032] Rapeseed planting stage:

[0033] After peanuts are harvested, rapeseed is sown in early October. The temperature is suitable at this time, which is conducive to the germination and emergence of rapeseed seeds.

[0034] During the growth period of rapeseed, it is also necessary to do a good job of field management such as intertillage, weeding, fertilization, and pest and disease control. Especially during the bud and pod stage of rapeseed, it is necessary to apply fertilizer and irrigation reasonably to ensure the yield and quality of rapeseed.

[0035] From the end of April to the beginning of May of the following year, when the rapeseed pods are more than 80% yellow and ripe, they can be harvested. The rapeseed harvested at this time is of higher quality and higher oil content.

[0036] Example 2

[0037] This embodiment is a sweet potato-rapeseed crop rotation within one year.

[0038] Sweet potato planting stages:

[0039] Sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dry land between late April and late May of that year. During this period, the soil temperature gradually rises, which is conducive to the rooting and rapid growth of sweet potato seedlings.

[0040] Before planting, the land should be deeply plowed and leveled, and an appropriate amount of base fertilizer, such as decomposed farmyard manure, compound fertilizer, etc., should be applied to improve the soil structure and provide necessary nutrients.

[0041] Use reasonable spacing between rows and plants to plant sweet potatoes, ensuring that the plants are evenly distributed, which is conducive to photosynthesis and ventilation. After planting, timely carry out field management work such as seedling inspection and seedling replacement, intertillage and weeding, watering and fertilizing, and pest and disease control to ensure the healthy growth of sweet potatoes.

[0042] The sweet potatoes are harvested in late October of that year. After the harvest, the land is immediately tilled to turn the sweet potato vines and roots into the soil to increase the organic matter content of the soil.

[0043] Rapeseed planting stage:

[0044] In late October, rapeseed seeds are sown on the tilled land. Since rapeseed is a winter crop, it has relatively low temperature requirements, sowing at this time is conducive to the emergence and growth of rapeseed.

[0045] During the rapeseed growth period, field management work such as intertillage, weeding, fertilization, and pest and disease control should be carried out. In particular, during the key periods such as the rapeseed wintering period, green period, and bolting period, management should be strengthened to ensure the normal growth and development of rapeseed.

[0046] In late April of the following year, when the rapeseed pods are more than 80% ripe, they can be harvested.

[0047] Example 3

[0048] This embodiment is a two-year crop rotation of sweet potato-rapeseed-spring corn-sesame-green manure.

[0049] Sweet potato planting stage: From late April to late May in the spring of the first year, sweet potatoes are planted on red soil dry land. At this time, the soil temperature is suitable, which is conducive to the root development and seedling growth of sweet potatoes.

[0050] Before planting, the land should be prepared, including deep plowing, leveling and fertilization, to ensure that the soil is loose and fertile. When planting, maintain a reasonable spacing between plants and rows to allow the sweet potato vines to stretch and the tubers to expand.

[0051] In late October of the first year, the sweet potatoes are harvested in time after they mature. After the sweet potatoes are harvested, the land is immediately tilled to turn the sweet potato vines and roots into the soil, and an appropriate amount of base fertilizer is applied to prepare for the planting of rapeseed.

[0052] Rapeseed planting stage:

[0053] In late October, rapeseed seeds are sown on the tilled land.

[0054] During the rapeseed growth period, field management work such as intertillage, weeding, fertilization, and pest and disease control should be carried out. In particular, during the key periods such as the rapeseed wintering period, green period, and bolting period, management should be strengthened to ensure the normal growth and development of rapeseed.

[0055] From the end of April to the beginning of May of the following year, when the rapeseed pods are more than 80% ripe, they can be harvested.

[0056] Spring corn planting stage:

[0057] In late April of the second year, the land is plowed immediately after rapeseed harvest, and rapeseed residues are turned into the soil to increase the organic matter content of the soil. At the same time, base fertilizer is applied.

[0058] When sowing corn, maintain appropriate density and depth to ensure the healthy growth of corn seedlings. During the growth period of corn, carry out field management work such as tillage, soiling, watering, fertilization, and pest control. During the tasseling and grain filling period of corn, ensure sufficient nutrient supply. Sesame planting stage:

[0059] In mid-July of the following year, the spring corn is harvested after it matures. After the harvest, the land is cleaned up, including clearing weeds and stubble, in preparation for the planting of sesame.

[0060] After land preparation, select excellent sesame varieties for sowing. After sowing, keep the soil moisture moderate to promote sesame germination and growth. During the growth period of sesame, field management work such as intertillage, weeding, fertilization, and pest and disease control is required. Pay special attention to the flowering and capsule stage of sesame to ensure sufficient nutrient supply to improve sesame yield and quality.

[0061] In mid-October of the following year, sesame seeds are harvested after they mature.

[0062] Green manure planting stage:

[0063] In mid-October of the second year, sesame is harvested after it matures. Immediately after harvesting, green manure crops such as hairy vetch or fertilizer radish are planted on the land. These green manure crops have the characteristics of fast growth and high nutrient content, which can provide a large amount of organic matter and nutrients to the soil in a short time.

[0064] Green manure management: During the growth period of green manure, proper management should be carried out, such as intertillage, weeding, and pest and disease control. When the green manure crops grow to a certain height, they can be turned over and returned to the field, and the branches, leaves and roots of the green manure crops can be turned into the soil to be used as base fertilizer for the next round of crop planting. This can effectively improve soil structure, increase soil fertility and promote crop growth.

[0065] Example 4

[0066] Sweet potato planting stages:

[0067] Sweet potatoes are planted from late April to mid-May. The temperature is suitable at this time, which is conducive to the rooting and growth of sweet potato seedlings.

[0068] Land preparation: On red soil dry land, firstly, deep plowing and fine harrowing should be carried out to ensure that the soil is loose and breathable, which is conducive to the development of sweet potato roots. At the same time, according to the soil fertility, appropriate amount of base fertilizer, such as decomposed farmyard manure or compound fertilizer, should be applied to provide the nutrients needed for sweet potato growth.

[0069] Planting management: Use reasonable spacing between rows and plants to plant sweet potato seedlings, ensuring that each sweet potato seedling has enough space to grow. After planting, water in time to keep the soil moist and promote the survival and growth of the sweet potato seedlings.

[0070] In late October of the first year, the sweet potatoes mature and are harvested. After harvesting, the sweet potato vines are cleared out of the field to prepare for the next green manure planting.

[0071] Green manure planting stage:

[0072] In the first year, green manure is sown in late October. Before sowing, the land should be prepared to ensure good contact between the seeds and the soil. After sowing, the soil should be kept moist to promote the germination and growth of green manure crops.

[0073] Green manure management: During the growth period of green manure, timely tillage and weeding should be carried out to prevent weeds from competing with green manure crops for nutrients. At the same time, topdressing fertilizers should be applied according to the growth of green manure to promote its lush growth.

[0074] In April of the following year, when the green manure crops are growing vigorously, the green manure crops are turned into the soil and the nutrients released during their decomposition process are used to improve the soil fertility.

[0075] Peanut planting stages:

[0076] In April of the second year, peanuts are sown in the soil after the green manure is turned over. Before sowing, fertilization and soil conditioning are carried out according to the soil fertility. After sowing, field management is strengthened, including watering, weeding, pest and disease control, etc., to ensure the healthy growth of peanuts.

[0077] In mid-August of the second year, peanuts enter the mature stage and are harvested. When harvesting, pay attention to protecting the soil structure and avoid excessive trampling. Peanut straw can be turned over and returned to the field as organic fertilizer for the next crop.

[0078] Rapeseed planting stage:

[0079] In early October of the following year, after peanuts are harvested and the field environment is prepared, rapeseed is sown. Before sowing, land preparation is carried out to ensure that the soil is fine and flat. After sowing, field management is strengthened to create favorable conditions for the growth of rapeseed.

[0080] During the rapeseed growth period, pay attention to watering, fertilizing, weeding, and pest and disease control to ensure the healthy growth of rapeseed and improve its yield and quality.

[0081] In late April of the third year, when the rapeseed enters the mature stage, it is harvested. The harvested rapeseed can be used for oil extraction or other purposes. At the same time, the field environment is cleaned up to prepare for the next round of planting.

[0082] Comparative Example

[0083] This comparative example is continuous sweet potato cropping. Sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland from late April to mid-May in the first year, and harvested in late October of the same year; sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland border crops from late April to mid-May in the second year, and harvested in late October of the second year.

[0084] The planting patterns of the comparative example, embodiment 1, embodiment 3, embodiment 3 and embodiment 4 were subjected to field test research to obtain a comparison of the yield and benefit of different planting patterns, as shown in Table 1:

[0085] Table 1:

[0086] deal with Output value (yuan / mu) Investment (yuan / mu) Income (yuan / mu) Output-to-investment ratio Comparative Example 1683.0 794.5 888.5 2.12 Example 1 2196.4 1283.0 913.4 1.71 Example 2 2407.6 1385.0 1022.6 1.74 Example 3 2694.9 1578.0 1116.9 1.71 Example 4 2037.7 1010.5 1027.2 2.02

[0087] Two years of field trials have shown that multi-year crop rotation and annual crop rotation are more conducive to improving the utilization rate of light and temperature resources, soil quality, production capacity and benefits than continuous sweet potato cropping. The pH value increased by 0.12-0.20 units, organic matter increased by 2.87%-10.12%, cation exchange capacity increased by 5.09%-7.28%, and annual per mu income increased by 50-230 yuan.

Claims

1. A high-efficiency planting model for grain and oil crops in red soil dryland, characterized in that: Including intra-annual cropping rotation and inter-annual cropping rotation; The annual multiple cropping rotation includes the annual multiple cropping rotation of peanuts and rapeseed and the annual multiple cropping rotation of sweet potato and rapeseed; the inter-annual multiple cropping rotation includes the two-year multiple cropping rotation of sweet potato, rapeseed, spring corn, sesame and green manure and the two-year multiple cropping rotation of sweet potato, green manure, peanuts and rapeseed.

2. The high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in dry red soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The peanut-rapeseed crop rotation within the year is specifically as follows: peanuts are sown in red soil dryland from April 5 to 30 of the current year, and the peanuts are harvested from August 10 to 25 of the current year, and the peanut straw is turned over and returned to the field; rapeseed is sown in early October and harvested in late April of the following year.

3. The high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in dry red soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sweet potato-rapeseed intra-year crop rotation is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dryland from late April to late May of the current year, rapeseed is immediately planted after the sweet potatoes are harvested in late October, and the rapeseed is harvested in late April of the following year.

4. The high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in dry red soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The two-year crop rotation of sweet potato-rapeseed-spring corn-sesame-green manure is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dry land from late April to late May of the first year, rapeseed is harvested immediately after sweet potatoes are harvested in late October of the first year, rapeseed is harvested in late April of the second year, spring corn is planted immediately after rapeseed is harvested, sesame is planted after corn is harvested in mid-July of the second year, and green manure is planted to enrich the soil after sesame is harvested in mid-October of the second year.

5. The high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in dry red soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: The two-year crop rotation of sweet potato-green manure-peanut-rapeseed is specifically as follows: sweet potatoes are planted in red soil dry land from late April to mid-May of the first year, green manure is planted to improve soil fertility after the sweet potatoes are harvested in late October of the first year, the green manure is turned over in April of the second year, and then peanuts are planted; peanuts are harvested in mid-August of the second year, the peanut straw is turned over and returned to the field, rapeseed is sown in early October of the second year, and the rapeseed is harvested in late April of the third year.

6. The high-efficiency planting model of grain and oil crops in dry red soil according to claims 4 to 5, characterized in that: The green manure is hairy vetch or radish.