Passivation layer, perovskite solar cell, preparation method of perovskite solar cell, laminated cell and photovoltaic module

Abstract

The invention relates to a passivation layer, a perovskite solar cell, a preparation method of the perovskite solar cell, a laminated cell and a photovoltaic module. The passivation layer comprises a compound shown in a formula (I): # imgabs0 #; wherein R1 to R5 are respectively and independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, sulfydryl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkoxy. The carboxyl hydroxyl group in the compound and BX2 with unsaturated coordination number on the surface of the perovskite thin film can form a coordination bond, so that surface defects of the perovskite thin film are effectively passivated, non-radiative recombination on the surface of the perovskite thin film is inhibited, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is further improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a passivation layer, a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a stacked cell and a photovoltaic module. Background Art

[0002] At present, perovskite solar cells are developing rapidly. Perovskite films can be prepared by low-temperature solution treatment and rapid crystallization, with low preparation cost. Single-junction perovskite solar cells have achieved a photoelectric conversion efficiency of more than 26%, suggesting that perovskite solar cells have great commercial potential. However, perovskite films prepared by solution method usually produce many grain boundary defects and crystal defects, which will damage the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the traditional technology. Summary of the invention

[0004] Based on this, the present application provides a passivation layer with good passivation effect, a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, and a photovoltaic module.

[0005] The technical solution of this application to solve the above technical problems is as follows.

[0006] On the one hand, the present application provides a passivation layer, wherein the passivation layer comprises a compound represented by formula (I):

[0007]

[0008] Wherein, R1~R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkoxy.

[0009] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), the substituted groups are independently selected from one of amino, halogen, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl and cyano.

[0010] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), R1 is selected from one of amino and halogen; and / or

[0011] R2 is selected from one of hydrogen, amino, halogen and C1~C4 alkyl.

[0012] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), at least one of R1 and R2 is an amino group.

[0013] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), one of R1 and R2 is an amino group, and the other is selected from a halogen and a C1-C4 alkyl group; optionally, one of R1 and R2 is an amino group, and the other is a halogen.

[0014] In some of the embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), R4 is a halogen; optionally, the halogen in R4 is different from the halogen in R1 or R2.

[0015] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), R4 is selected from one of fluorine and chlorine, and R1 or R2 is selected from the other of fluorine and chlorine.

[0016] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, in the formula (I), R3 and R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen and halogen; optionally, R3 and R5 are both hydrogen.

[0017] In some embodiments, in the passivation layer, the passivation layer includes compounds represented by formula (I-1) to formula (I-5):

[0018] .

[0019] On one hand, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, the above-mentioned passivation layer and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence.

[0020] In some of the embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, a first functional layer is further provided between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, and a second functional layer is further provided between the second electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer; optionally, the first functional layer is one of a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.

[0021] In some embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer. In some embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.5 nm to 2 nm; and / or

[0022] The perovskite light absorbing layer includes ABX3 and (LA)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, LA is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer from 1 to 7; and / or

[0023] The thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 10 nm to 100 μm.

[0024] On the one hand, the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0025] providing a first electrode;

[0026] Preparing a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the surface of the first electrode;

[0027] Prepare a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the first electrode;

[0028] Prepare a second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0029] The passivation layer comprises a compound represented by formula (I):

[0030]

[0031] Wherein, R1~R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkoxy.

[0032] In some of the embodiments, in the perovskite solar cell, the method of preparing the passivation layer includes a solution method;

[0033] Optionally, the passivation solution used in the solution method comprises a compound represented by formula (I) and a solvent, and the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL to 5 mg / mL; and / or

[0034] The solvent in the passivation solution includes an alcohol solvent.

[0035] On one hand, the present application provides a stacked cell, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0036] On one hand, the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, or the above-mentioned laminated cell.

[0037] Compared with the prior art, the passivation layer of the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0038] The passivation layer of the present application includes a compound represented by formula (I), wherein the carboxyl hydroxyl group in the compound can form a coordination bond with BX2 with an unsaturated coordination number on the surface of the perovskite film, thereby effectively passivating the surface defects of the perovskite film, suppressing the non-radiative recombination on the surface of the perovskite film, and thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0039] In addition, the compound represented by formula (I) contains a benzene ring, which can act like an umbrella and effectively improve the humidity stability of the perovskite film. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] References to embodiments of the present invention will now be provided in detail, one or more examples of which are described below. Each example is provided as an explanation rather than a limitation of the present invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. For example, a feature illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in another embodiment to produce a further embodiment.

[0041] Therefore, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Other objects, features and aspects of the present invention are disclosed in or are obvious from the following detailed description. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this discussion is only a description of exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the broader aspects of the present invention.

[0042] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art of the present invention. The terms used in the specification of the present invention herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0043] The term "comprises", "comprising" or any other variant thereof is intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that the process, method, article or equipment including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also includes other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or equipment. In the absence of more restrictions, the elements defined by the sentence "comprising one..." do not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article or equipment including the elements. The indefinite articles "a kind of" and "an" before the elements or components of the present invention are not restrictive to the quantity requirements (i.e., the number of occurrences) of the elements or components. Therefore, "a" or "a kind of" should be interpreted as including one or at least one, and the elements or components in the singular form also include the plural form, unless the number clearly refers only to the singular form. The meaning of "multiple" is at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined.

[0044] The weight of the relevant components mentioned in the description of the embodiments of the present invention may not only refer to the specific content of each component, but also indicate the weight ratio between the components. Therefore, as long as the content of the relevant components is proportionally enlarged or reduced according to the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it is within the scope disclosed in the description of the embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, the weight described in the description of the embodiments of the present invention may be a mass unit known in the chemical industry such as μg, mg, g, kg, etc.

[0045] Except as shown in the operating examples or otherwise indicated, all numbers used in the specification and claims to indicate the amount of ingredients, physicochemical properties, etc. are understood to be adjusted by the term "about" in all cases. For example, therefore, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical parameters listed in the above specification and the attached claims are approximate values, and those skilled in the art can use the teachings disclosed herein to seek to obtain the desired properties and appropriately change these approximate values. The use of numerical ranges expressed as endpoints includes all numbers within the range and any range within the range, for example, 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4 and 5, etc.

[0046] An embodiment of the present application provides a passivation layer, the passivation layer comprising a compound represented by formula (I):

[0047]

[0048] Wherein, R1~R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkoxy.

[0049] The passivation layer of the present application includes a compound represented by formula (I). The carboxyhydroxyl group (hydroxyl group in the carboxyl group) in the compound can form a coordination bond with BX2 with an unsaturated coordination number on the surface of the perovskite film, thereby effectively passivating the surface defects of the perovskite film, suppressing the non-radiative recombination on the surface of the perovskite film, and thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0050] Furthermore, the O atom in the carboxyl hydroxyl group contains a lone pair of electrons, which can especially bind to the uncoordinated Pb 2+ interact with each other, thereby passivating the Pb in the perovskite film 2+ defects and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0051] In addition, the compound represented by formula (I) contains a benzene ring, which can act like an umbrella and effectively improve the humidity stability of the perovskite film.

[0052] It is understood that "independently" means that the same group or different groups can be selected. Further, the number of carbon atoms in the C1~C8 alkyl group includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; further, the C1~C8 alkyl group includes but is not limited to at least one of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, etc., wherein the propyl group includes at least one of n-propyl and isopropyl, and the butyl group includes at least one of n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and sec-butyl. Halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

[0053] In some of the examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), the substituted groups are independently selected from one of amino, halogen, nitro, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl and cyano.

[0054] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), at least one of R1-R5 is chlorine.

[0055] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 is selected from one of amino and halogen.

[0056] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 is selected from one of amino, chlorine and fluorine.

[0057] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 is selected from one of amino and fluorine.

[0058] In some of the examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R2 is selected from one of hydrogen, amino, halogen and C1-C4 alkyl.

[0059] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), at least one of R1 and R2 is an amino group.

[0060] In some of the examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), one of R1 and R2 is an amino group, and the other is selected from a halogen and a C1-C4 alkyl group.

[0061] In some of the examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), one of R1 and R2 is amino, and the other is halogen; further, the other is fluorine.

[0062] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R2 is an amino group. By controlling the meta position of the carboxyl group of the benzene ring in formula (I) to be an amino group, the amino group and the hydroxyl group in the carboxyl group jointly form a coordination bond with BX2 with an unsaturated coordination number on the surface of the perovskite film, thereby further enhancing the passivation effect on the surface defects of the perovskite film.

[0063] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 is fluorine. By controlling the ortho position of the carboxyl group of the benzene ring in formula (I) to be fluorine, the fluorine and the benzene ring act together as an umbrella, thereby further improving the humidity stability of the perovskite film.

[0064] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 is fluorine, and R2 is amino.

[0065] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R4 is halogen. Optionally, R4 is selected from one of fluorine and chlorine.

[0066] In some of the examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), the halogen in R4 is different from the halogen in R1 or R2.

[0067] It is understood that when the halogen in R1 or R2 is fluorine, R4 is not fluorine.

[0068] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R1 or R2 is fluorine, and R4 is chlorine.

[0069] In some examples, in the passivation layer, in formula (I), R3 and R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen and halogen. Optionally, R3 and R5 are both hydrogen.

[0070] Carboxyl, fluorine and amino groups all have strong electron-withdrawing capabilities. The fluorine and amino groups are controlled to be on the same side of the benzene ring as the carboxyl group, and the ortho positions of the fluorine, amino and carboxyl groups are hydrogen, so that the electron cloud density on this side is higher, making the compound represented by formula (I) show polarity, and the side containing the carboxyl, fluorine and amino groups is negatively charged, thereby further enhancing the coordination effect of the carboxyl group and promoting the formation of hydrogen bonds between fluorine and the perovskite film, thereby achieving an improved passivation effect.

[0071] It can be understood that the electric potential of the perovskite film is higher than that of the electron transport layer. The side of the compound represented by formula (I) containing carboxyl, fluorine and amino groups will be close to the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby further enhancing the coordination effect of the carboxyl group and promoting the formation of hydrogen bonds between fluorine and the perovskite film, especially the formation of NH···F hydrogen bonds between fluorine and organic ammonium ions in the perovskite film, thereby regulating the perovskite crystallization process and making the perovskite film denser.

[0072] In some examples, in the passivation layer, the passivation layer includes compounds represented by formula (I-1) to formula (I-5):

[0073] .

[0074] It can be understood that the chemical name of the compound represented by formula (I-1) is 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid, the chemical name of the compound represented by formula (I-2) is 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoic acid, the chemical name of the compound represented by formula (I-3) is 3-amino-5-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzoic acid, the chemical name of the compound represented by formula (I-4) is 5-chloro-2-aminobenzoic acid, and the chemical name of the compound represented by formula (I-5) is 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid.

[0075] In some preferred examples, in the passivation layer, the passivation layer includes 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid.

[0076] 3-Amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid has good solubility in the solvents and anti-solvents of the traditional perovskite precursor solution; for example, it has good solubility in the solvents IPA and DMSO of the perovskite precursor solution and the anti-solvents chlorobenzene, anisole and other solvents, which solves the problem of poor solubility of traditional passivation additives in the solvents and anti-solvents of the perovskite precursor solution.

[0077] On one hand, the present application provides the use of the above passivation layer in the preparation of a perovskite solar cell. On the other hand, the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light absorbing layer, the above passivation layer and a second electrode stacked in sequence.

[0078] The perovskite solar cell provided in the present application includes the above-mentioned passivation layer, which can effectively passivate the surface defects of the perovskite film, suppress the non-radiative recombination on the surface of the perovskite film, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell and effectively improving the humidity stability of the perovskite film.

[0079] In some of these examples, the thickness of the passivation layer in perovskite solar cells is 0.5 nm to 2 nm.

[0080] It can be understood that the passivation layer is a non-continuous film.

[0081] In some of these examples, the perovskite solar cell has a perovskite absorber layer consisting of ABX3 and (LA)2A n- 1B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, LA is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer of 1 to 7.

[0082] It can be understood that ABX3 is a three-dimensional structure, (LA)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 It is a quasi-two-dimensional structure.

[0083] Further, A includes but is not limited to Cs + , Rb + 、CH3NH3 + (methylammonium cation), CH2(NH2)2 + (formamidinium cation) is a mixture of one or several monovalent cations.

[0084] Furthermore, LA includes but is not limited to PEA + (Phenethylammonium cation), BA + (n-butylammonium cation), PPA + (Benzenediazone cation), PMA +(Benzyl ammonium cation), PBA + (phenylbutylammonium cation), PA + (n-butylammonium cation), AA + (n-propylammonium cation), HA + (n-hexylammonium cation), OA + DA + A mixture of one or several cations.

[0085] Furthermore, B includes but is not limited to lead (Pb 2+ ), copper (Cu 2+ )、Zn(Zn 2+ ), gallium (Ga 2+ )、Tin (Sn 2+ ), calcium (Ca 2 + ) is a mixture of one or more divalent cations.

[0086] Further, X includes but is not limited to iodine (I - ), bromine (Br - ), chlorine (Cl - ), fluorine (F - ), thiocyanate ion (SCN - ) is a mixture of one or more monovalent anions.

[0087] In some of these examples, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer in perovskite solar cells is 10 nm~100 μm.

[0088] It will be appreciated that the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer includes but is not limited to 10 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 800 nm, 1 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, and 100 μm.

[0089] In some of these examples, perovskite solar cells have a band gap of 1.4 eV to 3 eV in the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0090] In some of these examples, in the perovskite solar cell, the first electrode is a transparent conductive electrode.

[0091] Further, the transparent conductive electrode includes but is not limited to at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO).

[0092] In some of these examples, in the perovskite solar cell, the second electrode includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a metal electrode, a transparent conductive electrode, a carbon electrode, and nanocrystalline silicon.

[0093] Furthermore, metal electrodes include but are not limited to Au, Ag, Al, and Cu; carbon electrodes include but are not limited to graphene.

[0094] Furthermore, the thickness of the first electrode and the second electrode are independently 1 nm to 10 μm.

[0095] In some of the examples, in the perovskite solar cell, a first functional layer is provided between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, and a second functional layer is provided between the second electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0096] Further, the first functional layer is one of a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, and the second functional layer is the other of a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.

[0097] It can be understood that one of the first functional layer and the second functional layer is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer.

[0098] Further, the hole transport layer includes but is not limited to NiOx (nickel oxide), F6TCNQ (2,2'-(perfluoronaphthalene-2,6-diylidene)-dimalononitrile), PBCDT (R2R004), 2PACz ((2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid), Me-4PACz ((4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid), MeO-2PACz ((2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid), )ethyl)phosphonic acid), PTAA (poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]), PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonic acid)), F4TCNQ (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanodimethyl-p-benzoquinone), Spiro-MeOTAD (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene).

[0099] Furthermore, the electron transport layer includes but is not limited to at least one of SnO2, C60 (fullerene), PCBM, TiO2, ICBA (1',1',4',4'-tetrahydro-di[1,4]methanenaphthalene [1,2:2',3',56,60:2',3'][5,6]fullerene-C60) and ZnO.

[0100] Furthermore, PCBM includes but is not limited to at least one of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid isomethyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid isomethyl ester, and the like.

[0101] Furthermore, the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer may be independently a single layer or a multilayer.

[0102] In some of these examples, in perovskite solar cells, a passivation layer is placed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the electron transport layer.

[0103] In some of the examples, the perovskite solar cell further includes a hole blocking layer disposed between the electron transport layer and the first electrode or the second electrode.

[0104] Optionally, the hole blocking layer includes, but is not limited to, at least one of bathocuproine (BCP, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and zirconium acetylacetonate.

[0105] On the one hand, the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0106] providing a first electrode;

[0107] Preparing a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the surface of the first electrode;

[0108] A passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the first electrode;

[0109] A second electrode is prepared on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer;

[0110] The passivation layer comprises a compound represented by formula (I):

[0111]

[0112] Wherein, R1 to R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkoxy.

[0113] It can be understood that the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application can prepare the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application, and the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application includes the above-mentioned passivation layer, and the above-mentioned passivation layer and the characteristics of the passivation layer in the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application can be mutually applicable.

[0114] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a method for preparing a passivation layer includes a solution method.

[0115] It can be understood that the solution method includes but is not limited to one or a combination of spin coating, coating, printing, doctor blading, dip pulling, immersion, spraying, rolling, etc.

[0116] It can be understood that in some of the examples, the passivation solution used in the solution method includes the compound represented by formula (I) and a solvent. Further, in the passivation solution, the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) is 0.5 mg / mL to 5 mg / mL

[0117] It can be understood that in the passivation solution, the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) includes but is not limited to 0.5 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, 1.5 mg / mL, 2 mg / mL, 3 mg / mL, 4 mg / mL, and 5 mg / mL; in some examples, it can be within the range formed by any two of these point values ​​as end values, the same below.

[0118] In some of the examples, the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL to 2 mg / mL.

[0119] Furthermore, the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) is 0.5 mg / mL to 1.5 mg / mL.

[0120] Furthermore, the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) is 0.5 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL.

[0121] In some examples, the solvent includes an alcohol solvent. Optionally, the alcohol solvent includes but is not limited to at least one of n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol.

[0122] In some of these examples, the solvent includes isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

[0123] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, a method for preparing the perovskite light absorbing layer includes but is not limited to one or a combination of spin coating, scraper coating, slit coating, printing, and evaporation.

[0124] In some of the examples, in the method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, methods for preparing the first electrode and the second electrode include, but are not limited to, one or more of spin coating, scraper coating, evaporation, printing, spraying, spray pyrolysis, and slit coating.

[0125] On one hand, the present application provides a stacked cell, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell or the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.

[0126] It can be understood that perovskite tandem cells include but are not limited to silicon / perovskite tandem cells, all-perovskite tandem cells, copper indium gallium selenide and other thin-film cells / perovskite tandem cells.

[0127] In some of the examples, the perovskite tandem cell is a silicon / perovskite tandem cell. Further, the silicon / perovskite tandem cell includes a top cell and a bottom cell arranged up and down, wherein the top cell is the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell and the bottom cell is a silicon cell. Further, the top cell and the bottom cell are arranged in series. Further, the silicon cell includes a back conductive metal electrode, a bottom transparent conductive layer, a p-type amorphous silicon layer, a first intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, a silicon wafer, a second intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and an n-type amorphous silicon layer arranged in sequence.

[0128] In some of the examples, the silicon / perovskite tandem cell includes, from bottom to top, a back conductive metal electrode, a transparent conductive layer, a p-type amorphous silicon layer, a first intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, a silicon wafer, a second intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, an n-type amorphous silicon layer, a transparent conductive layer, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, the above-mentioned passivation layer, an electron transport layer, a transparent conductive layer and a conductive metal electrode.

[0129] The stacked cell of the present application includes the perovskite solar cell provided in the present application, which gives the stacked cell higher photoelectric performance and humidity stability.

[0130] On one hand, the present application provides a photovoltaic module, including the above-mentioned perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method, or the above-mentioned laminated cell.

[0131] It can be understood that photovoltaic modules can be used in photovoltaic power stations, such as ground power stations, rooftop power stations, water power stations, etc., and can also be used in equipment or devices that use solar energy to generate electricity, such as user solar power supplies, solar street lights, solar cars, solar buildings, etc. It can also be understood that the application scenarios of photovoltaic systems include but are not limited to this, that is, photovoltaic systems can be used in all fields that require solar energy to generate electricity. Taking the photovoltaic power generation system network as an example, the photovoltaic system may include a photovoltaic array, a junction box and an inverter. The photovoltaic array can be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic modules. For example, multiple photovoltaic modules can form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic array is connected to the junction box. The junction box can converge the current generated by the photovoltaic array. The converged current flows through the inverter and is converted into the alternating current required by the mains power grid, and then connected to the mains network to achieve solar power supply.

[0132] The photovoltaic module provided in the present application can be used in, but is not limited to, electrical devices such as vehicles, ships or aircraft.

[0133] The embodiments of the present application provide an electric device, which may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a laptop, an electric toy, an electric tool, a battery car, an electric car, a ship, a spacecraft, etc. Among them, the electric toy may include a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game console, an electric car toy, an electric ship toy, and an electric airplane toy, etc., and the spacecraft may include an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, and a spacecraft, etc.

[0134] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with specific implementation methods, but the implementation methods of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0135] Preparation of perovskite solar cells:

[0136] Example 1

[0137] (1) The conductive glass was ultrasonically treated with detergent, deionized water, ethanol, isopropanol, and ethanol for 15 min respectively, and then dried with N2 for later use;

[0138] (2) NiOx was sputtered on the conductive glass by magnetron sputtering with a thickness of 15 nm;

[0139] (3) The SAM hole transport layer was prepared by spin coating, the SAM materials included 4PACz and MeO-2PACz, and the solvent was IPA;

[0140] (4) The perovskite light-absorbing layer is prepared by spin coating, and the perovskite material is Cs 0.25 FA 0.75 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 )3, band gap is about 1.68 eV, thickness is 500 nm;

[0141] (8) The passivation layer was prepared by spin coating. The passivation solution included the passivation materials 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid and IPA. The concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution was 1 mg / mL. The spin coating speed was 4000 rpm and the thickness was about 0.5 nm.

[0142] (9) The C60 layer was prepared by thermal evaporation with a thickness of 30 nm;

[0143] (10) BCP was prepared on the C60 layer by thermal evaporation with a thickness of 6 nm;

[0144] (11) The Ag electrode with a thickness of 150 nm was prepared by thermal evaporation to produce perovskite solar cells.

[0145] Example 2

[0146] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methylbenzoic acid.

[0147] Example 3

[0148] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 3-amino-5-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzoic acid.

[0149] Example 4

[0150] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 5-chloro-2-aminobenzoic acid.

[0151] Example 5

[0152] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid.

[0153] Example 6

[0154] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL.

[0155] Example 7

[0156] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution is 2 mg / mL.

[0157] Comparative Example 1

[0158] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that step (8) is omitted and the passivation layer is not included.

[0159] Comparative Example 2

[0160] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (8), the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 3,4-dichloro-6-fluoroaniline.

[0161] Comparative Example 3

[0162] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that the passivation material 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is replaced with an equal mass of 2,3-dichloro-6-fluoroaniline.

[0163] Preparation of stacked batteries:

[0164] Example 8

[0165] (1) N-type silicon wafer polishing, the velvet depth is 300 nm;

[0166] (2) PECVD was used to prepare the front intrinsic amorphous silicon and n-type amorphous silicon with a total thickness of 25 nm;

[0167] (3) Back intrinsic amorphous silicon, p-type amorphous silicon, with a total thickness of 20 nm;

[0168] (4) Prepare the front transparent conductive oxide layer ITO by sputtering with a thickness of 50 nm;

[0169] (5) Sputtering was used to prepare the back transparent conductive oxide layer ITO with a thickness of 130 nm;

[0170] (6) The hole transport layer was prepared on the silicon cell by spin coating. The hole transport layer material was composed of 2PACz and MeO-4PACz. The solvent was IPA with a concentration of 3 mmol / L.

[0171] (7) The perovskite light absorbing layer Cs is deposited on the hole transport layer by a one-step spin coating method. 0.25 FA 0.75 Pb(I 0.8 Br 0.2 )3, the band gap is about 1.68 eV;

[0172] (8) A passivation layer was prepared by spin coating, wherein the passivation solution included passivation materials 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid and IPA, the concentration of the passivation material in the passivation solution was 1 mg / mL, and the spin coating speed was 4000 rpm;

[0173] (9) The C60 layer was prepared by thermal evaporation with a thickness of 12 nm;

[0174] (10) Prepare the hole blocking layer SnO2 by atomic layer deposition with a thickness of 15 nm;

[0175] (11) The IZO buffer layer was prepared by sputtering with a thickness of 30 nm.

[0176] (12) The Ag metal grid line layer with a thickness of 400 nm was prepared by thermal evaporation to produce a stacked battery.

[0177] Comparative Example 4

[0178] The method is basically the same as Example 8, except that step (8) is omitted and the passivation layer is not included.

[0179] The perovskite solar cells and stacked cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example were subjected to performance tests of open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and energy conversion efficiency. The test conditions were: AM 1.5G standard solar spectrum, irradiance of 1000W / m 2 The experimental test results are shown in Table 1. PCE represents the energy conversion efficiency in %, VOC represents the open circuit voltage in V, and JSC represents the short circuit current density in mA / cm 2 , FF represents the fill factor, the unit is %.

[0180] Table 1

[0181]

[0182] As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the perovskite solar cell without a passivation layer in Comparative Example 1, the energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cells prepared in Examples 1 to 7 is higher, especially in Example 1, where 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid is used to prepare the passivation layer, Voc and FF are significantly improved, which is related to the passivation effect of 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid in the passivation layer on the surface defects of the perovskite film. Under the passivation effect of 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid, the non-radiative recombination on the surface of the perovskite film is suppressed, and finally the device The photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased from 20.38% to 21.49%; wherein, the passivation material used in Example 1 has fluorine, amino and carboxyl groups on the same side of the benzene ring, and the ortho positions of the fluorine, amino and carboxyl groups are hydrogen, so that the electron cloud density on this side is higher and the polarity is higher, and it is significantly better than the passivation materials used in Examples 2 to 5 in terms of Voc and FF; while the passivation materials used in Comparative Examples 2 and 3 do not contain carboxyl groups, the polarity decreases, and the passivation effect is significantly reduced, and even the passivation effect of 2,3-dichloro-6-fluoroaniline used in Comparative Example 3 is not as good as that of Comparative Example 1 without a passivation layer.

[0183] Compared with the laminated battery without a passivation layer in Comparative Example 4, the laminated battery prepared in Example 8 has obvious improvements in Voc and FF, which is due to the significant passivation effect of 3-amino-5-chloro-2-fluorobenzoic acid.

[0184] The technical features of the above-described embodiments may be arbitrarily combined. To make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-described embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0185] The above-described embodiments only express several implementation methods of the present application, which is convenient for understanding the technical solution of the present application in detail, but it cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the invention patent. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this field, without departing from the concept of the present application, several modifications and improvements can be made, which all belong to the scope of protection of the present application. It should be understood that the technical solutions obtained by those skilled in the art through logical analysis, reasoning or limited experiments on the basis of the technical solutions provided in the present application are all within the scope of protection of the claims attached to the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of this application shall be based on the content of the attached claims, and the description can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A passivation layer, characterized in that: The passivation layer comprises a compound represented by formula (I): Wherein, R1~R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkoxy.

2. The passivation layer according to claim 1, characterized in that In the formula (I), the substituted groups are independently selected from one of amino, halogen, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl and cyano.

3. The passivation layer according to claim 1, characterized in that In the formula (I), R1 is selected from one of amino and halogen; and / or R2 is selected from one of hydrogen, amino, halogen and C1~C4 alkyl.

4. The passivation layer according to claim 3, characterized in that In the formula (I), at least one of R1 and R2 is an amino group.

5. The passivation layer according to claim 4, characterized in that In the formula (I), one of R1 and R2 is amino, and the other is selected from halogen and C1-C4 alkyl; optionally, one of R1 and R2 is amino, and the other is halogen.

6. The passivation layer according to claim 5, characterized in that In the formula (I), R4 is a halogen; optionally, the halogen in R4 is different from the halogen in R1 or R2.

7. The passivation layer according to claim 6, characterized in that In the formula (I), R4 is selected from one of fluorine and chlorine, and R1 or R2 is selected from the other of fluorine and chlorine.

8. The passivation layer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: In the formula (I), R3 and R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen and halogen; optionally, R3 and R5 are both hydrogen.

9. The passivation layer according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The passivation layer includes compounds represented by formula (I-1) to formula (I-5): 。 10. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: The invention comprises a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 and a second electrode which are stacked in sequence.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that: A first functional layer is further provided between the first electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, and a second functional layer is further provided between the second electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer; optionally, the first functional layer is one of a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.

12. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 11, characterized in that The passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer.

13. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that: The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.5 nm to 2 nm; and / or The perovskite light absorbing layer includes ABX3 and (LA)2A n-1 B n X 3n+1 At least one of; wherein A is a monovalent cation, LA is a long-chain alkylammonium cation, B is a divalent cation, X is a monovalent anion, and n is an integer from 1 to 7; and / or The thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 10 nm to 100 μm.

14. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: providing a first electrode; Preparing a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the surface of the first electrode; Prepare a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer away from the first electrode; Prepare a second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer; The passivation layer comprises a compound represented by formula (I): Wherein, R1~R5 are independently selected from one of hydrogen, halogen, amino, hydroxyl, cyano, mercapto, substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C1~C8 alkoxy.

15. The preparation method according to claim 14, characterized in that: Methods for preparing the passivation layer include solution methods; Optionally, the passivation solution used in the solution method comprises a compound represented by formula (I) and a solvent, and the concentration of the compound represented by formula (I) in the passivation solution is 0.5 mg / mL to 5 mg / mL; and / or The solvent in the passivation solution includes an alcohol solvent.

16. A laminated battery, characterized in that: It includes a perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 10 to 13 or a perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 14 to 15.

17. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: It includes a perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 10 to 13, a perovskite solar cell prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 14 to 15, or a stacked cell as described in claim 16.

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