Device and method for simulating solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real stratum

Abstract

The invention discloses a device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge of different sources in a real stratum, the device comprises a test bin, a pressure plate, an observation window, a test bin airtight cover, a drainage pipe, a water valve controller, a computer and an oil pressure controller, the outer wall of the test bin is provided with a through hole, the test bin is arranged right above a test device support, and the pressure plate is arranged on the test bin. The pressure plate is mounted in the test bin, and a gap between the test bin and the pressure plate is filled with permeable stones; an observation window is arranged on the side face of the test bin, one end of the test bin airtight cover is hinged to the test bin, and the other end of the test bin airtight cover is an unconstrained end; the top surface of the test bin airtight cover is connected with a hand wheel; the drainage pipe is arranged at the bottom of the test bin, and permeable stones are laid on the connection part of the drainage pipe and the test bin; one end of the water valve controller is connected with a water source, the other end of the water valve controller is connected with a water pipe, and the water pipe is connected with the test bin through a through hole in the outer wall of the test bin; the computer is connected with and controls the oil pressure controller, the temperature and humidity sensor in the test bin and the soil pressure box; and the oil pressure controller is connected with an oil pressure jack in the test cabin. The invention further discloses a method for simulating the solidification effect of the sludge of different sources in the real stratum. The open-type closed test bin is adopted to solidify the sludge sample, various conditions of the sludge sample in a real stratum environment are simulated, and finally the solidification effect of the sludge sample can be analyzed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering, and in particular to a device and method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum. Background Art

[0002] Sludge is the sediment produced during the purification process of urban domestic sewage and industrial and agricultural wastewater. It is a kind of solid waste with great harm. If it is not solidified, it will cause serious secondary pollution to the environment. Sludge is both an environmental waste and a resource that can be utilized. Using sludge solidification is an effective measure for sludge recycling.

[0003] When sludge is solidified, the solidifying agent is usually transported out of the sludge using a device to send the powder into a sample bin that is not in the original sludge location. After the solidifying agent comes into contact with the sludge, it will undergo a series of chemical reactions with the surrounding sludge and water in a short period of time:

[0004]

[0005] The sludge solidification test device under the existing technology cannot simulate the solidification of sludge in the real formation environment, and cannot simulate the solidification of sludge from different sources. To a large extent, only the test of sludge from a single source is carried out, and the applicability of the test device is low. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a device and method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata in order to solve the above problems. The device and method can simulate the actual environment in which the sludge is located and the changes in its soil composition, reproduce the real stratum environment in which the sludge is located to the greatest extent, and improve the applicability of the device.

[0007] The purpose of the present invention can be achieved by adopting the following technical solutions:

[0008] A device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum, comprising a test chamber, a pressure plate, an observation window, an airtight cover of the test chamber, a drain pipe, a water valve controller, a computer and an oil pressure controller, wherein a through hole is opened on the outer wall of the test chamber, the test chamber is placed directly above a test device support, the pressure plate is installed in the test chamber, and the gap between the test chamber and the pressure plate is filled with permeable stones; an observation window is arranged on the side of the test chamber, one end of the airtight cover of the test chamber is hinged to the test chamber, and the other end of the airtight cover of the test chamber is an unconstrained end; the top surface of the airtight cover of the test chamber is connected to a hand wheel; the drain pipe is placed at the bottom of the test chamber, and permeable stones are laid on the connection between the drain pipe and the test chamber; one end of the water valve controller is connected to a water source, and the other end of the water valve controller is connected to a water pipe, and the water pipe is connected to the test chamber through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber; the computer is connected to control the oil pressure controller and the temperature and humidity sensor and the soil pressure box in the test chamber; the oil pressure controller is connected to the oil pressure jack in the test chamber.

[0009] As a preferred solution, a water collection trough is provided at the bottom of the test chamber.

[0010] As a preferred solution, a hydraulic jack is provided at the bottom of the airtight cover of the test chamber.

[0011] As a preferred solution, the hydraulic jack and the hydraulic controller are connected by an oil inlet pipe and an oil outlet pipe.

[0012] As a preferred solution, a through hole is provided at the bottom of the pressure plate and a steel handle is provided at the top of the plate.

[0013] As a preferred solution, the outer wall of the test chamber is made of steel.

[0014] As a preferred solution, the observation window is made of glass material.

[0015] As a preferred solution, the drain pipe is provided with a valve and the pipe body is made of PVC pipe.

[0016] A method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real formations, comprising the following steps:

[0017] S1. The test chamber uses a hand wheel to open or close the airtight cover of the test chamber. The bottom of the test chamber needs to be paved with double layers of permeable stones in an alternating manner. After the bottom is paved, double layers of permeable stones need to be laid vertically along the inner wall surface.

[0018] S2. A support is provided at the bottom of the test chamber, and a water collection trough is placed next to the support. The drainage pipe at the bottom of the test chamber is arranged vertically downward, and a valve is provided on the drainage pipe, which is conducive to the sludge sample to discharge water into the water collection trough;

[0019] S3. To reflect the real formation environment, the sludge sample should be covered with a pressure plate, and a hole for the water pipeline and the sensor connection line should be reserved in the pressure plate; the four sides of the pressure plate should be in contact with the permeable stone on the inner wall of the test chamber. According to the formation environment where the sludge sample is located, the hydraulic jack device at the bottom of the airtight cover of the test chamber can apply corresponding top pressure to the pressure plate;

[0020] S4. Connect each sensor to the computer, such as the soil pressure box and the temperature and humidity sensor, and connect the control program in place. Pass the connecting wire through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber and connect it to the hole of the pressure plate as required, and connect each sensor through the through hole at the bottom of the pressure plate. The pipeline outside the test chamber is connected with a sealed tube; after the temperature and humidity sensor is connected to the sensor connecting wire in the pressure plate, the three sensors are evenly arranged in the middle of the sludge sample along the length of the sludge sample to detect the internal environment of the sample, so as to control the temperature and humidity of the environment in which the sludge sample is located;

[0021] S5. Earth pressure boxes are arranged in a quadrilateral around each temperature and humidity sensor. After the arrangement of each sensor is completed, the pressure plate can be lifted and the sludge sample can be filled into the test chamber to the required test height;

[0022] S6. The oil inlet pipe and the oil outlet pipe of the oil pressure controller pass through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber and are connected to the oil pressure jack at the bottom of the airtight cover;

[0023] S7. After the test chamber is closed by the airtight cover, the water valve controller controls the water inlet into the test chamber according to the actual formation environment of the sludge sample, and the drain pipe valve controls the drainage of the test chamber. The sludge sample is then heated / cooled by the resistance wire or liquid nitrogen tube, and the temperature and humidity sensor collects real-time data and displays it on the computer;

[0024] S8. The oil pressure controller supplies oil to the oil pressure jack at the bottom of the airtight cover under the control of the computer. The oil pressure jack applies pressure to the pressure plate covering the top of the sludge sample. The pressure plate transmits the pressure to the sludge sample, and the soil pressure box collects the data of the pressure on the sludge sample.

[0025] S9. The computer monitors the temperature and humidity of the sludge sample in the test chamber and the soil pressure on the sample in real time, which is conducive to changing the environmental parameters during the test according to the actual situation, such as adjusting the water intake and drainage to achieve the required water content;

[0026] S10. The computer and the oil pressure controller realize the control of the oil inlet or oil outlet. Through the data fed back by the soil pressure box, the pressure applied by the oil pressure jack is adjusted to change the pressure on the sludge sample, and then the soil pressure environment of the sludge is adjusted according to the actual requirements.

[0027] S11. According to the pressure plate test, when the solidified sludge soil around the plate is seen to have obvious lateral extrusion through the observation window, the computer is controlled to stop loading, and the load-settlement (Qs) curve is drawn by the computer, and the solidification effect of the sludge sample is analyzed accordingly.

[0028] As a preferred solution, in step S1, after the resistance wire and the liquid nitrogen tube are laid, the resistance wire needs to be connected to the electrical wire through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber, and the liquid nitrogen tube is made of a stainless steel corrugated tube that passes through the through hole on the outer wall of the sample chamber and leaves the tube mouth on it.

[0029] As a preferred solution, in step S4, the sealing tube is a rubber tube that is resistant to aging and high and low temperatures, and each pipeline passing through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber in the test is wrapped with a sealing tube.

[0030] The implementation of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0031] 1. By applying top pressure to the pressure plate, the soil pressure on the sludge in the real stratum can be effectively simulated, and the in-situ sludge test analysis can be realized indoors; the airtight cover of the sample chamber, the observation window of the test chamber, the pipeline opening, i.e., the through hole, etc. are sealed inside the test chamber, reducing the influence of the external environment on the sludge in the test chamber.

[0032] 2. The environmental conditions of the sludge sample can be changed according to the actual project, such as heating the sample accordingly to put it in a high temperature environment, or injecting liquid nitrogen through a liquid nitrogen tube to simulate the surrounding environment of the sample at a low temperature, which is conducive to further analyzing the relationship between the complex and changeable real environmental conditions and the sludge solidification effect.

[0033] 3. The water inlet and drain pipes set in the test chamber can make the sludge sample in a water environment or under different moisture content conditions, making the test process closer to the actual environment, so that the test results are more reliable. After the test chamber is opened, the pressure plate can be lifted by the handle to facilitate the replacement of sludge from different sources. It is not limited to the test analysis of sludge from a single source, which improves the applicability of the test device and thus improves its economic and environmental benefits. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0035] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of a device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to the present invention.

[0036] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A top view of a pressure plate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0038] Example

[0039] Reference Figure 1 to Figure 2 The present embodiment relates to a device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum, comprising a test chamber 1, a pressure plate 2, an observation window 3, a test chamber airtight cover 4, a drain pipe 5, a water valve controller 6, a computer 7 and an oil pressure controller 8. A through hole 31 is opened on the outer wall of the test chamber 1. The test chamber 1 is placed directly above the test device support 32. The pressure plate 2 is installed in the test chamber 1, and the gap between the test chamber 1 and the pressure plate 2 is filled with permeable stones 11. An observation window 3 is arranged on the side of the test chamber 1. One end of the test chamber airtight cover 4 is hinged to the test chamber 1. The other end of the test chamber airtight cover 4 is an unconstrained end; the top surface of the test chamber airtight cover 4 is connected to a hand wheel 41; the drain pipe 5 is placed at the bottom of the test chamber 1, and a permeable stone 11 is laid on the connection portion between the drain pipe 5 and the test chamber 1; one end of the water valve controller 6 is connected to a water source, and the other end of the water valve controller 6 is connected to a water pipe 42, and the water pipe 42 is connected to the test chamber 1 through a through hole 31 on the outer wall of the test chamber; the computer 7 is connected to control the oil pressure controller 8 and the temperature and humidity sensor 22 and the soil pressure box 23 in the test chamber 1; the oil pressure controller 8 is connected to the oil pressure jack 43 in the test chamber 1.

[0040] The test device uses a hydraulic jack 43 to apply top pressure to the pressure plate 2, which can effectively simulate the soil pressure on the sludge in the real stratum and realize the test analysis of the in-situ sludge indoors; the test chamber 1 is sealed with the test chamber airtight cover 4, the observation window 3 of the test chamber 1, the pipeline port, i.e., the through hole 31, etc., to reduce the influence of the external environment on the sludge in the test chamber 1.

[0041] The bottom of the test chamber 1 is provided with a water collection trough 33. The oil pressure controller 8 is connected to the computer 7 and the sample chamber 1, and is controlled by the computer 1 to adjust the oil pressure jack 43 to apply top pressure to the pressure plate 2 and perform the pressure plate test, providing necessary support for simulating the real formation environment.

[0042] The hydraulic jack 43 is connected to the hydraulic controller 8 by an oil inlet pipe 44 and an oil outlet pipe 45. The bottom of the pressure plate 2 is provided with a through hole 21 and the top of the plate is provided with a steel handle 10. The outer wall of the test chamber 1 is made of steel. The observation window 3 is made of glass. The drain pipe 5 is provided with a valve 51 and the pipe body is made of PVC pipe.

[0043] The temperature and humidity sensor 22 uses a high-precision thermistor as a sensing component to measure temperature, and can also directly and stably reflect the humidity of the soil by measuring the dielectric constant of the soil, and needs to be installed in the middle of the sludge sample 9.

[0044] The resistance wire 12 and the liquid nitrogen tube 13 are laid in the gap between the permeable stones 11 to keep the sludge sample 9 in a low temperature condition or a high temperature condition. The liquid nitrogen tube 13 is made of a stainless steel bellows, which is easy to bend and convenient for injecting liquid nitrogen into the test chamber 1 for cooling; the resistance wire 12 is made of a 2.0 mm heat-resistant alloy round wire.

[0045] A method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real formations, comprising the following steps:

[0046] S1, the test chamber 1 opens or closes the test chamber airtight cover 4 by means of the hand wheel 41. The bottom of the test chamber 1 needs to be staggered with double layers of permeable stones 11, and after the bottom is laid, the double layers of permeable stones 11 need to be laid vertically along the inner wall surface.

[0047] S2. A support 32 is provided at the bottom of the test chamber 1, and a water collection trough 33 is arranged next to the support 32. A drainage pipe 5 is arranged vertically downward at the bottom of the test chamber 1, and a valve 51 is provided on the drainage pipe 5, which is conducive to the sludge sample 9 to discharge water into the water collection trough 33.

[0048] S3. To reflect the real formation environment, the sludge sample should be covered with a pressure plate 2, and a hole for the water pipeline and the sensor connection line should be reserved in the pressure plate 2. The four sides of the pressure plate 2 are in contact with the permeable stone 11 on the inner wall of the test chamber 1. According to the formation environment where the sludge sample 9 is located, the oil pressure jack 43 device at the bottom of the test chamber airtight cover 4 can apply corresponding top pressure to the pressure plate 2.

[0049] S4. Each sensor is connected to a computer, such as the soil pressure box 23 and the temperature and humidity sensor 22, and the control program is connected in place. The connecting wire passes through the through hole 31 of the outer wall of the test chamber 1 and is connected to the hole of the pressure plate 2 as required, and each sensor is connected through the through hole 21 at the bottom of the pressure plate 2. The pipeline outside the test chamber is connected with a sealing tube 34; after the temperature and humidity sensor 22 is connected to the sensor connecting wire in the pressure plate 2, the three sensors are evenly arranged in the middle of the sludge sample 9 along the length direction of the side, and the internal environment of the sample is detected, which is conducive to controlling the temperature and humidity of the environment in which the sludge sample 9 is located.

[0050] S5. Earth pressure boxes 23 are arranged in a quadrilateral around each temperature and humidity sensor 22. After each sensor is arranged, the pressure plate 2 can be lifted and the sludge sample 9 can be filled into the test chamber to the required test height;

[0051] S6, the oil inlet pipe 44 and the oil outlet pipe 45 of the oil pressure controller 8 pass through the through hole 31 on the outer wall of the test chamber 1 and are connected to the oil pressure jack 43 at the bottom of the airtight cover 4.

[0052] S7. After the test chamber 1 is closed by the airtight cover 4, the water valve controller 6 controls the water inlet into the test chamber 1 according to the actual formation environment where the sludge sample 9 is located, and the valve 51 of the drain pipe 5 controls the drainage of the test chamber 1. The sludge sample 9 is then heated / cooled by the resistance wire 12 or the liquid nitrogen tube 13, and the temperature and humidity sensor 22 collects real-time data and displays it on the computer 7.

[0053] S8. Under the control of the computer 7, the oil pressure controller 8 supplies oil to the oil pressure jack 43 at the bottom of the airtight cover 4. The oil pressure jack 43 then applies pressure to the pressure plate 2 covering the top of the sludge sample 9. The pressure plate 2 transmits the pressure to the sludge sample 9, and the soil pressure box 23 collects data on the pressure applied to the sludge sample 9.

[0054] S9. The computer 7 monitors the temperature and humidity of the sludge sample 9 in the test chamber 1 and the soil pressure on the sample in real time, which is conducive to changing the environmental parameters during the test according to actual requirements, such as adjusting the water intake and discharge to achieve the required water content.

[0055] S10, the computer 7 cooperates with the hydraulic controller 8 to control the amount of oil inlet or outlet, and adjusts the pressure applied by the hydraulic jack 43 through the data fed back by the soil pressure box 23 to change the pressure on the sludge sample 9, thereby adjusting the soil pressure environment of the sludge according to actual requirements.

[0056] S11. According to the pressure plate test, when the solidified sludge 9 around the pressure plate 2 is seen to have obvious lateral extrusion through the observation window 3, the computer 7 is controlled to stop loading, and the load-settlement (Qs) curve is drawn by the computer 7, and the solidification effect of the sludge sample 9 is analyzed accordingly.

[0057] This method will enhance the simulation effect of the solidification test device on simulating the solidification of sludge under real strata, and at the same time solidify sludge from different sources, thereby improving the applicability of the test device and further improving its economic and environmental benefits.

[0058] The above disclosure is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which certainly cannot be used to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, equivalent changes made according to the claims of the present invention are still within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum, comprising a test chamber, a pressure plate, an observation window, a test chamber airtight cover, a drain pipe, a water valve controller, a computer and an oil pressure controller, wherein a through hole is opened on the outer wall of the test chamber, the test chamber is placed directly above the test device support, the pressure plate is installed in the test chamber, and the gap between the test chamber and the pressure plate is filled with permeable stones; an observation window is arranged on the side of the test chamber, one end of the test chamber airtight cover is hinged to the test chamber, and the other end of the test chamber airtight cover is an unconstrained end; the top surface of the test chamber airtight cover is connected to a hand wheel; the drain pipe is placed at the bottom of the test chamber, and permeable stones are laid on the connection between the drain pipe and the test chamber; one end of the water valve controller is connected to a water source, and the other end of the water valve controller is connected to a water pipe, and the water pipe is connected to the test chamber through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber; the computer is connected to control the oil pressure controller and the temperature and humidity sensor and the soil pressure box in the test chamber; the oil pressure controller is connected to the oil pressure jack in the test chamber.

2. The device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 1, characterized in that: A water collection trough is provided at the bottom of the test chamber.

3. The device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 1, characterized in that: A hydraulic jack is arranged at the bottom of the airtight cover of the test chamber.

4. The device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 1, characterized in that: The oil pressure jack and the oil pressure controller are connected by an oil inlet pipe and an oil outlet pipe.

5. The device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom of the pressure plate is provided with a through hole and the top of the plate is provided with a steel handle.

6. The device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer wall of the test chamber is made of steel.

7. According to the device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum as described in claim 1, the observation window is made of glass material.

8. According to the device for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real stratum as described in claim 1, the drainage pipe is provided with a valve and the pipe body is made of PVC pipe.

9. A method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in a real formation according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. The test chamber uses a hand wheel to open or close the airtight cover of the test chamber. The bottom of the test chamber needs to be paved with double layers of permeable stones in an alternating manner. After the bottom is paved, double layers of permeable stones need to be laid vertically along the inner wall surface. S2. A support is provided at the bottom of the test chamber, and a water collection trough is placed next to the support. The drainage pipe at the bottom of the test chamber is arranged vertically downward, and a valve is provided on the drainage pipe, which is conducive to the sludge sample to discharge water into the water collection trough; S3. To reflect the real formation environment, the sludge sample should be covered with a pressure plate, and a hole for the water pipeline and the sensor connection line should be reserved in the pressure plate; the four sides of the pressure plate should be in contact with the permeable stone on the inner wall of the test chamber. According to the formation environment where the sludge sample is located, the hydraulic jack device at the bottom of the airtight cover of the test chamber can apply corresponding top pressure to the pressure plate; S4. Connect each sensor to the computer, such as the soil pressure box and the temperature and humidity sensor, and connect the control program in place. Pass the connecting wire through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber and connect it to the hole of the pressure plate as required, and connect each sensor through the through hole at the bottom of the pressure plate. The pipeline outside the test chamber is connected with a sealed tube; after the temperature and humidity sensor is connected to the sensor connecting wire in the pressure plate, the three sensors are evenly arranged in the middle of the sludge sample along the length of the sludge sample to detect the internal environment of the sample, so as to control the temperature and humidity of the environment in which the sludge sample is located; S5. Earth pressure boxes are arranged in a quadrilateral around each temperature and humidity sensor. After the arrangement of each sensor is completed, the pressure plate can be lifted and the sludge sample can be filled into the test chamber to the required test height; S6. The oil inlet pipe and the oil outlet pipe of the oil pressure controller pass through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber and are connected to the oil pressure jack at the bottom of the airtight cover; S7. After the test chamber is closed by the airtight cover, the water valve controller controls the water inlet into the test chamber according to the actual formation environment of the sludge sample, and the drain pipe valve controls the drainage of the test chamber. The sludge sample is then heated / cooled by the resistance wire or liquid nitrogen tube, and the temperature and humidity sensor collects real-time data and displays it on the computer; S8. The oil pressure controller supplies oil to the oil pressure jack at the bottom of the airtight cover under the control of the computer. The oil pressure jack applies pressure to the pressure plate covering the top of the sludge sample. The pressure plate transmits the pressure to the sludge sample, and the soil pressure box collects the data of the pressure on the sludge sample. S9. The computer monitors the temperature and humidity of the sludge sample in the test chamber and the soil pressure on the sample in real time, which is conducive to changing the environmental parameters during the test according to the actual situation, such as adjusting the water intake and drainage to achieve the required water content; S10. The computer and the oil pressure controller realize the control of the oil inlet or oil outlet. Through the data fed back by the soil pressure box, the pressure applied by the oil pressure jack is adjusted to change the pressure on the sludge sample, and then the soil pressure environment of the sludge is adjusted according to the actual requirements. S11. According to the pressure plate test, when the solidified sludge soil around the plate is seen to have obvious lateral extrusion through the observation window, the computer is controlled to stop loading, and the load-settlement (Qs) curve is drawn by the computer, and the solidification effect of the sludge sample is analyzed accordingly.

10. A method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 9, characterized in that: In step S1, after the resistance wire and the liquid nitrogen tube are laid, the resistance wire needs to be connected to the electric wire through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber, and the liquid nitrogen tube is made of a stainless steel corrugated tube that passes through the through hole on the outer wall of the sample chamber and leaves the tube mouth on it.

11. The method for simulating the solidification effect of sludge from different sources in real strata according to claim 9, characterized in that: In step S4, the sealing tube is a rubber tube that is resistant to aging and high and low temperatures, and each pipeline passing through the through hole on the outer wall of the test chamber during the test is wrapped with a sealing tube.

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