Flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on fertilization depth and ridge height optimization

Abstract

The invention discloses a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on fertilization depth and ridge height optimization, which belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation and comprises the following steps: S1, selecting a flue-cured tobacco cultivation area; s2, deep ploughing in winter; s3, wetting and seedling raising; s4, soil preparation; s5, line drawing, ditching and fertilization are carried out; s6, ridging is carried out; s7, film covering, punching, positioning and well cellar manufacturing are conducted; s8, transplanting is conducted; s9, filling gaps with seedlings, performing topdressing, and removing field weeds; s10, after transplanting, filling soil and sealing the cellar, and after 50% of central flowers of the flue-cured tobaccos bloom, topping and inhibiting buds; and S11, harvesting. S12, tobacco weaving and furnace charging are conducted in a classified mode, baking is conducted through a three-section five-step ten-point type bulk baking method, and a finished product is obtained; the method not only can reduce the early-stage investment, but also can improve the fertilizer utilization rate, can promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, and can improve the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco finished products.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation, and particularly relates to a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height. Background Art

[0002] Flue-cured tobacco is an important cash crop and an important raw material for the cigarette industry, occupying an important position in the national economy.

[0003] The current flue-cured tobacco cultivation method is generally based on ridge cultivation. Although this cultivation method can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, provide a good soil microecological environment for the growth of tobacco plant roots, and enhance the absorption function of soil water and nutrients by tobacco plant roots, the following problems still exist:

[0004] 1. The ridge height problem. The current ridge cultivation ridge height is unreasonable, which not only increases the initial investment of tobacco farmers, but also makes the water potential of the entire ridge body vary greatly, which is not conducive to maintaining the moisture content of the upper soil, resulting in the deterioration of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which is not conducive to the normal growth and development of tobacco plants;

[0005] 2. Fertilization problem: the current ridge cultivation requires a large amount of fertilizer, which not only increases the initial investment of tobacco farmers, but also easily causes fertilizer loss and volatilization, reducing fertilizer utilization rate.

[0006] In view of this, a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height was designed to solve the above problems. Summary of the invention

[0007] To solve the problems raised in the above background technology, the present invention provides a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height, which has the characteristics of not only reducing initial investment, but also improving fertilizer utilization, promoting tobacco plant growth and development, and improving the yield and quality of finished flue-cured tobacco products.

[0008] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1: Choose medium-high altitude areas with excellent light conditions, suitable soil types and good terrain conditions for flue-cured tobacco cultivation;

[0010] S2: Deep winter plowing of selected mid- and high-altitude areas before December 20;

[0011] S3: Before cultivation, select high-yield, high-quality, good-resistant and easy-to-cure flue-cured tobacco seedlings, and cultivate them through the wet seedling raising method;

[0012] S4: land preparation before ridging;

[0013] S5: After land preparation, draw lines according to the planting row spacing of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, dig furrows along the drawn lines, mix tobacco fertilizer, organic fertilizer, potassium sulfate and biological fertilizer in proportion, and apply them in the furrows;

[0014] S6: When forming ridges, a single arc-shaped ridge is formed along the ditch. The ridge body of the arc-shaped single ridge is straight and the depth is consistent, compact and full, the ridge surface is flat and fine, the ridge height is 150mm, the ridge bottom width is 600mm, the ridge surface width is 350mm, and the ridge spacing is 1.2m;

[0015] S7: After ridge formation, lay a 100 cm wide ground film with white in the middle and black on both sides on the ridge body, so that the film body is closely attached to the ridge body, the soil around the film is tightly covered without leakage, the width of the covering soil is 50 mm-80 mm, and the exposed area after the ground film is covered with soil is ≥80%. Drill holes on the ground film according to the plant spacing of 50 cm and make wells. The diameter of the well is 80 mm-100 mm, and the depth of the well is 160 mm-180 mm;

[0016] S8: During transplanting, the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the well pit by the well pit transplanting method between April 20 and April 30, and then 500 ml of rooting water containing 0.1% of flue-cured tobacco fertilizer and pest control drugs is applied into the well pit;

[0017] S9: After transplanting, check the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings within 10 days, and timely supplement the seedlings according to the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings. Apply fertilizer once through drones within 35-40 days and remove weeds in the field;

[0018] S10: After transplanting, when the growth point of the tobacco plant is 30mm-50mm higher than the well cellar mouth, fill the well cellar with fine soil at a position 50mm-100mm in the well cellar and around the well cellar mouth and cover it to 20mm-30mm above the ridge surface, complete the filling and sealing of the cellar, and top the flue-cured tobacco after 50% of the central flowers are open. After topping, apply the bud inhibitor from top to bottom so that the bud inhibitor is in contact with all the axillary buds;

[0019] S11: During harvesting, the leaves are harvested from the second lower shed according to the position, age and maturity of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, with a harvesting interval of 7-10 days, and all harvesting is completed before September;

[0020] S12: After harvesting, the fresh tobacco leaves are sorted and loaded into the furnace according to the quality and maturity of the fresh tobacco leaves, and are baked through a three-stage, five-step, ten-point intensive baking method to obtain the finished product.

[0021] Furthermore, in step S1, the superior light conditions include 8-10 hours of light per day, the suitable soil types include mainly yellow-brown soil and brown soil, with a multi-granular structure, and soil with medium to high soil fertility, and the good terrain conditions include a slope of less than 25° and a single block area of ​​≥0.04hm 2The terrain, medium and high altitude areas include areas of 800-1200m.

[0022] Furthermore, in step S2, during the winter deep plowing process, if the medium-high altitude area is the first cultivation, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥250mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥400mm; if the medium-high altitude area is the continuous cultivation for more than three years, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥350mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥500mm; after the winter deep plowing, the soil in the bottom layer of the plow is turned to the surface, the surface is flat after plowing, the plow bottom is stable, the horizontal plowing at the end of the field is neat, the soil blocks are fine and broken, the turning is good, the soil layer within 250mm of the plow layer for the first cultivation is moist, and the soil layer within 350mm of the plow layer for more than three years of continuous cultivation is moist, the surface vegetation is evenly turned and buried, and there is no stubble on the surface.

[0023] Furthermore, in step S3, the wet seedling raising method comprises the following steps:

[0024] S31: Spray the plastic tray with 0.1-0.5% potassium permanganate, cover it with film and fumigate for 1-2 days, then rinse it with clean water and test it until it is disinfected and qualified before use;

[0025] S32: 10 days before sowing, weeds and debris inside and outside the seedling shed should be completely removed, and sewage accumulated around the seedling shed should be removed. Then, 10% chlorine dioxide disinfectant diluted 1000 times should be evenly sprayed on the ditch and the area within 3m of the seedling site, the seedling pool in the shed, the walkway and the shed film. The spraying amount is 200ml / m 2 , seal for 3-5 days, roll up the shed film and ventilate for 3-5 days;

[0026] S33: From February 20 to 25, evenly fill the substrate into the plastic tray, with appropriate tightness, so that it does not fall when pressed by hand;

[0027] S34: Press the acupoint in the middle of the plastic plate. The acupoint is cone-shaped with a larger top and a smaller bottom. The upper diameter of the acupoint is 4mm±1mm and the depth is 2mm-3mm.

[0028] S35: Sow seeds in four weeks at a ratio of 70% single seeds and 30% double seeds per plastic tray, and press the coated seeds into the matrix holes;

[0029] S36: During the seedling emergence stage, a nutrient solution is sprayed using a sprayer to moisten the plastic tray matrix so that the coated seeds are fully lysed for easy emergence;

[0030] S37: When the seedlings enter the small cross leaf stage, thin out the seedlings immediately, remove the excess large and weak seedlings, keep the middle seedlings, and fill the plastic trays to ensure uniform growth. When entering the large cross stage, cut the leaves 1-3 times, cut off 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the largest leaves, do not damage the growth point, and the tobacco seedlings are neat and uniform after cutting the leaves. The maximum side length of the plastic tray cannot be more than 10mm. Use virus inhibitors to disinfect simultaneously when cutting the leaves to prevent virus infection;

[0031] S38: Before the plastic tray is placed in the pond, water is added to the nursery pond to a depth of 1-2 cm and the water is adjusted to 0.75 kg / m 3 The special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied according to the standard, wherein the special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied by diluting the mother solution of the fertilizer for seedling cultivation, pouring it into the water of the seedbed at multiple points and mixing it evenly;

[0032] S39: Put the plastic tray into the pool, keep the water depth at 1cm, when the water in the pool is almost dry and the surface of the substrate begins to dry, spray the nutrient solution with a watering can in time, and the amount of water and fertilizer sprayed will decrease with time;

[0033] S40: Ten days before transplanting, water supply is intermittent, and no water layer is seen at the bottom of the pond. The water control level is such that the tobacco seedlings slightly wilt at noon and recover in the morning and evening. 7-10 days before transplanting, seedling hardening is carried out, ventilation frequency is increased and water control is combined with seedling hardening, alternating between dry and wet, so as to achieve moderate wilting of the tobacco seedlings at noon and recovery in the morning and evening. The humidity in the greenhouse is 60-70%, and the standard is no fog in the morning and evening and no dripping at noon. During dehumidification, ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 10℃. 1-2 days before transplanting, add 1% seedling fertilizer solution to the seedling pond to make the pond deep to 1cm. Before transplanting the next day, the temperature of the plastic tray is 25-28℃, and when the seedlings emerge, the temperature of the plastic tray is 28-30℃.

[0034] Furthermore, in step S4, during the land preparation process, the tillage depth is ≥150 mm. After land preparation, there is no debris including film, weeds, crop residues and stones visible to the naked eye on the ground surface, the land is flat, the surface flatness is ≤50 mm, and the soil particles are finely broken.

[0035] Furthermore, in step S5, the planting row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 1.2 m, the width of the furrow is 80 mm-120 mm, and the depth is 100 mm.

[0036] Furthermore, in step S8, the pit-type transplanting method includes: placing the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings upright and vertically into the pit-well, so that the top of the leaves of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 20 mm-30 mm lower than the pit-well opening.

[0037] Furthermore, in step S10, the topping method includes: oblique topping, the topping section is 1 cm away from the base of the top leaf, the number of effective leaves of the tobacco plant is controlled to be 18-22 after topping, and the top of the main stem and the flower axis, inflorescence and flower leaves smaller than 150 mm are removed at the same time.

[0038] Furthermore, in step S11, the harvesting method includes manual harvesting. Harvesting can be done all day long when the weather is cloudy or overcast. Harvesting under the scorching sun is avoided on sunny days. The best time period for harvesting is in the morning. The harvesting operation is to pick 3 to 4 leaves for the first to third time, and 5 to 6 leaves for the fourth time. If picking on a sunny day, it is necessary to cover the leaves with a covering to avoid direct sunlight. If a short period of rainfall occurs after the tobacco leaves are mature, they must be harvested immediately after the rain stops. If the tobacco leaves turn green again due to long-term rainfall, they must be harvested when they show mature characteristics again.

[0039] Furthermore, in the step S12, the tobacco weaving method includes weaving the classified fresh tobacco leaves into special comb-type tobacco clips by a leaf base alignment method, and the weight of each special comb-type tobacco clip is controlled at 8-10 kg; the furnace loading method includes installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for under-ripe leaves in the lower shed of the airflow descending curing room, installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for mature leaves in the middle shed of the airflow descending curing room, and installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for over-ripe leaves in the upper shed of the airflow descending curing room, with 300-320 tobacco clips loaded in each room, and the spacing between the tobacco clips is 100mm-150mm; the three-stage, five-step, ten-point intensive baking method includes three stages: yellowing stage, color fixing stage and tendon drying stage, wherein the yellowing stage is to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow under high temperature and high humidity environment, the color fixing stage is to make the tobacco leaves fix the color under low temperature and low humidity environment, and the tendon drying stage is to make the main vein of the tobacco leaves dry in an environment with gradually increasing temperature, and the five steps include leaf changing temperature, continued yellowing, tendon changing temperature, color fixing stage Color temperature rise and temperature-limited drying, among which, leaf changing temperature and continued yellowing correspond to the yellowing stage. During the leaf changing temperature, the airflow descending drying room starts to ignite, raises the temperature in the furnace to 36°C, and maintains it to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow. During the continued yellowing, the airflow descending drying room continues to heat up to 38°C and maintains stability to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow further. The color fixing temperature rise corresponds to the color fixing stage. During the color fixing temperature rise, the airflow descending drying room continues to heat up to 46°C to fix the color of the tobacco leaves. The gluten changing temperature and temperature-limited drying correspond to the gluten drying stage. During the gluten changing temperature, the airflow descending drying room heats up to 44°C to soften the main veins of the tobacco leaves. During the temperature-limited drying, the airflow descending drying room continues to heat up to 65°C and maintains stability to completely dry the main veins of the tobacco leaves. The ten points include timely ignition, controlling the heating rate, maintaining the wet-bulb temperature, proper dehumidification, uniform loading of tobacco, regular inspection, reasonable use of fans, controlling fire, paying attention to safety and recording data.

[0040] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0041] The present invention realizes flue-cured tobacco cultivation by lowering ridge height, increasing fertilization depth and reducing fertilization amount, that is, flue-cured tobacco cultivation is realized by optimizing ridge height and fertilization depth. Compared with the prior art, this cultivation method can not only reduce initial investment, but also improve fertilizer utilization rate, and at the same time can promote tobacco plant growth and development, and improve the yield and quality of finished flue-cured tobacco products. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0042] Figure 1 The present invention is a flow chart of a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0043] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] See also Figure 1 The present invention provides the following technical solution: a flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height, comprising the following steps:

[0045] S1: Choose medium-high altitude areas with excellent light conditions, suitable soil types and good terrain conditions for flue-cured tobacco cultivation;

[0046] S2: Deep winter plowing of selected mid- and high-altitude areas before December 20;

[0047] S3: Before cultivation, select high-yield, high-quality, good-resistant and easy-to-cure flue-cured tobacco seedlings, and cultivate them through the wet seedling raising method;

[0048] S4: land preparation before ridging;

[0049] S5: After land preparation, draw lines according to the planting row spacing of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, dig furrows along the drawn lines, mix tobacco fertilizer, organic fertilizer, potassium sulfate and biological fertilizer in proportion, and apply them in the furrows;

[0050] S6: When forming ridges, a single arc-shaped ridge is formed along the ditch. The ridge body of the arc-shaped single ridge is straight and the depth is consistent, compact and full, the ridge surface is flat and fine, the ridge height is 150mm, the ridge bottom width is 600mm, the ridge surface width is 350mm, and the ridge spacing is 1.2m;

[0051] S7: After ridge formation, lay a 100 cm wide ground film with white in the middle and black on both sides on the ridge body, so that the film body is closely attached to the ridge body, the soil around the film is tightly covered without leakage, the width of the covering soil is 50 mm-80 mm, and the exposed area after the ground film is covered with soil is ≥80%. Drill holes on the ground film according to the plant spacing of 50 cm and make wells. The diameter of the well is 80 mm-100 mm, and the depth of the well is 160 mm-180 mm;

[0052] S8: During transplanting, the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the well pit by the well pit transplanting method between April 20 and April 30, and then 500 ml of rooting water containing 0.1% of flue-cured tobacco fertilizer and pest control drugs is applied into the well pit;

[0053] S9: After transplanting, check the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings within 10 days, and timely supplement the seedlings according to the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings. Apply fertilizer once through drones within 35-40 days and remove weeds in the field;

[0054] S10: After transplanting, when the growth point of the tobacco plant is 30mm-50mm higher than the well cellar mouth, fill the well cellar with fine soil at a position 50mm-100mm in the well cellar and around the well cellar mouth and cover it to 20mm-30mm above the ridge surface, complete the filling and sealing of the cellar, and top the flue-cured tobacco after 50% of the central flowers are open. After topping, apply the bud inhibitor from top to bottom so that the bud inhibitor is in contact with all the axillary buds;

[0055] S11: Harvesting: In mid-July, according to the position, age and maturity of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, harvesting starts from the leaves in the lower two sheds, with a harvesting interval of 7-10 days, and all harvesting is completed before September;

[0056] S12: After harvesting, the fresh tobacco leaves are sorted and loaded into the furnace according to the quality and maturity of the fresh tobacco leaves, and are baked through a three-stage, five-step, ten-point intensive baking method to obtain the finished product.

[0057] Specifically, in step S1, the superior light conditions include 8-10 hours of light per day, the suitable soil types include mainly yellow-brown soil and brown soil, with a multi-granular structure, and soil with medium to high soil fertility, and the good terrain conditions include a slope of less than 25° and a single block area of ​​≥0.04hm 2 The terrain, medium and high altitude areas include areas of 800-1200m.

[0058] Specifically, in step S2, during the winter deep plowing process, if the medium-high altitude area is the first cultivation, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥250mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥400mm; if the medium-high altitude area is the continuous cultivation for more than three years, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥350mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥500mm; after the winter deep plowing, the soil in the bottom layer of the plow is turned to the surface, the surface is flat after plowing, the plow bottom is stable, the horizontal plowing at the end of the field is neat, the soil blocks are broken, the turning is good, the soil layer within 250mm of the plow layer for the first cultivation is moist, the soil layer within 350mm of the plow layer for more than three years of continuous cultivation is moist, the surface vegetation is evenly turned and buried, and there is no stubble on the surface.

[0059] Specifically, in step S3, the wet seedling raising method comprises the following steps:

[0060] S31: Spray the plastic tray with 0.1-0.5% potassium permanganate, cover it with film and fumigate for 1-2 days, then rinse it with clean water and test it until it is disinfected and qualified before use;

[0061] S32: 10 days before sowing, weeds and debris inside and outside the seedling shed should be completely removed, and sewage accumulated around the seedling shed should be removed. Then, 10% chlorine dioxide disinfectant diluted 1000 times should be evenly sprayed on the ditch and the area within 3m of the seedling site, the seedling pool in the shed, the walkway and the shed film. The spraying amount is 200ml / m 2 , seal for 3-5 days, roll up the shed film and ventilate for 3-5 days;

[0062] S33: From February 20 to 25, evenly fill the substrate into the plastic tray, with appropriate tightness, so that it does not fall when pressed by hand;

[0063] S34: Press the acupoint in the middle of the plastic plate. The acupoint is cone-shaped with a larger top and a smaller bottom. The upper diameter of the acupoint is 4mm±1mm and the depth is 2mm-3mm.

[0064] S35: Sow seeds in four weeks at a ratio of 70% single seeds and 30% double seeds per plastic tray, and press the coated seeds into the matrix holes;

[0065] S36: During the seedling emergence stage, a nutrient solution is sprayed using a sprayer to moisten the plastic tray matrix so that the coated seeds are fully lysed for easy emergence;

[0066] S37: When the seedlings enter the small cross leaf stage, thin out the seedlings immediately, remove the excess large and weak seedlings, keep the middle seedlings, and fill the plastic trays to ensure uniform growth. When entering the large cross stage, cut the leaves 1-3 times, cut off 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the largest leaves, do not damage the growth point, and the tobacco seedlings are neat and uniform after cutting the leaves. The maximum side length of the plastic tray cannot be more than 10mm. Use virus inhibitors to disinfect simultaneously when cutting the leaves to prevent virus infection;

[0067] S38: Before the plastic tray is placed in the pond, water is added to the nursery pond to a depth of 1-2 cm and the water is adjusted to 0.75 kg / m 3 The special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied according to the standard, wherein the special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied by diluting the mother solution of the fertilizer for seedling cultivation, pouring it into the water of the seedbed at multiple points and mixing it evenly;

[0068] S39: Put the plastic tray into the pool, keep the water depth at 1cm, when the water in the pool is almost dry and the surface of the substrate begins to dry, spray the nutrient solution with a watering can in time, and the amount of water and fertilizer sprayed will decrease with time;

[0069] S40: Ten days before transplanting, water supply is intermittent, and no water layer is seen at the bottom of the pond. The water control level is such that the tobacco seedlings slightly wilt at noon and recover in the morning and evening. 7-10 days before transplanting, seedling hardening is carried out, ventilation frequency is increased and water control is combined with seedling hardening, alternating between dry and wet, so as to achieve moderate wilting of the tobacco seedlings at noon and recovery in the morning and evening. The humidity in the greenhouse is 60-70%, and the standard is no fog in the morning and evening and no dripping at noon. During dehumidification, ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 10℃. 1-2 days before transplanting, add 1% seedling fertilizer solution to the seedling pond to make the pond deep to 1cm. Before transplanting the next day, the temperature of the plastic tray is 25-28℃, and when the seedlings emerge, the temperature of the plastic tray is 28-30℃.

[0070] Specifically, in step S4, during the land preparation process, the tillage depth is ≥150 mm. After land preparation, there is no debris including film, weeds, crop residues and stones visible to the naked eye on the ground surface, the land is flat, the surface flatness is ≤50 mm, and the soil particles are finely broken.

[0071] Specifically, in step S5, the planting row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 1.2 m, the width of the furrow is 80 mm-120 mm, and the depth is 100 mm.

[0072] Specifically, in step S8, the pit-type transplanting method includes: placing the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings upright and vertically into the pit-well, so that the top of the leaves of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 20 mm-30 mm lower than the pit-well opening.

[0073] Specifically, in step S10, the topping method includes: oblique topping, the topping section is 1 cm away from the base of the top leaf, the number of effective leaves of the tobacco plant is controlled at 18-22 after topping, and at the same time, the top of the main stem and the flower axis, inflorescence and flower leaves smaller than 150 mm are removed.

[0074] Specifically, in step S11, the harvesting method includes manual harvesting. Harvesting can be done all day long when the weather is cloudy or overcast. Harvesting under the scorching sun is avoided when the weather is sunny. The best time period for harvesting is in the morning. The harvesting operation is to pick 3 to 4 leaves for the first to third time, and 5 to 6 leaves for the fourth time. If picking on a sunny day, it is necessary to cover the leaves with a covering to avoid direct sunlight. If a short period of rainfall occurs after the tobacco leaves are mature, they must be harvested immediately after the rain stops. If the tobacco leaves turn green again due to long-term rainfall, they must be harvested when they show mature characteristics again.

[0075] Specifically, in step S12, the tobacco weaving method includes weaving the classified fresh tobacco leaves into special comb-type tobacco clips by leaf base alignment method, and the weight of each special comb-type tobacco clip is controlled at 8-10 kg; the furnace loading method includes installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for under-ripe leaves in the lower shed of the airflow descending curing room, installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for mature leaves in the middle shed of the airflow descending curing room, and installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for over-ripe leaves in the upper shed of the airflow descending curing room, 300-320 tobacco clips are loaded in each room, and the spacing between the tobacco clips is 100mm-150mm; the three-stage, five-step, ten-point intensive baking method includes three stages: yellowing stage, color fixing stage and tendon drying stage, wherein the yellowing stage is to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow under high temperature and high humidity environment, the color fixing stage is to make the tobacco leaves fix the color under low temperature and low humidity environment, and the tendon drying stage is to make the main vein of the tobacco leaves dry in an environment with gradually rising temperature, and the five steps include leaf changing temperature, continued yellowing, tendon changing temperature, color fixing stage Heating and temperature-limited drying, among which, the leaf changing temperature and continued yellowing correspond to the yellowing stage. During the leaf changing temperature, the airflow descending curing room starts to ignite, and the temperature in the furnace is raised to 36°C and maintained to make the tobacco leaves yellow. During the continued yellowing, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 38°C and maintain stability to make the tobacco leaves further yellow. The color fixing temperature rise corresponds to the color fixing stage. During the color fixing temperature rise, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 46°C to fix the color of the tobacco leaves. The rib changing temperature and temperature-limited drying correspond to the rib drying stage. During the rib changing temperature, the airflow descending curing room heats up to 44°C to soften the main veins of the tobacco leaves. During the temperature-limited drying period, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 65°C and maintain stability to completely dry the main veins of the tobacco leaves. The ten points include timely ignition, controlling the heating rate, maintaining the wet-bulb temperature, proper moisture removal, uniform loading of tobacco, regular inspection, reasonable use of fans, controlling fire, paying attention to safety and recording data.

[0076] Experimental proof:

[0077] Four groups of experiments were conducted to prove the feasibility of the present invention. The specific data of the four groups of experiments are shown in the above steps and the following table:

[0078]

[0079] Among them, the ridge height of the T2 group was reduced by 10 cm, the fertilizer amount of the T3 group was reduced by 20%, and the fertilizer depth of the T4 group was deepened by 10 cm and the ridge height was reduced by 10 cm, which is the embodiment of the present application;

[0080] The yield and quality data of the four groups of experimental data are shown in the following table:

[0081]

[0082] It can be seen from the above table that the proportion of superior tobacco, the proportion of medium and superior tobacco, per mu yield, per mu yield value and yield of the T4 group are all the best, which means that lowering the ridge height and reducing the amount of deep fertilization can increase the yield and rate of return of flue-cured tobacco.

[0083] The quality characteristics of the four groups of experimental data are shown in the following table:

[0084]

[0085] It can be seen from the above table that the quality traits of group T4 are the best, which means that lowering the ridge height and reducing the amount of deep fertilization can improve the quality of the finished flue-cured tobacco products.

[0086] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1: Choose medium-high altitude areas with excellent light conditions, suitable soil types and good terrain conditions for flue-cured tobacco cultivation; S2: Deep winter plowing of selected mid- and high-altitude areas before December 20; S3: Before cultivation, select high-yield, high-quality, good-resistant and easy-to-cure flue-cured tobacco seedlings, and cultivate them through the wet seedling raising method; S4: land preparation before ridging; S5: After land preparation, draw lines according to the planting row spacing of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, dig furrows along the drawn lines, mix tobacco fertilizer, organic fertilizer, potassium sulfate and biological fertilizer in proportion, and apply them in the furrows; S6: When forming ridges, a single arc-shaped ridge is formed along the ditch. The ridge body of the arc-shaped single ridge is straight and the depth is consistent, compact and full, the ridge surface is flat and fine, the ridge height is 150mm, the ridge bottom width is 600mm, the ridge surface width is 350mm, and the ridge spacing is 1.2m; S7: After ridge formation, lay a 100 cm wide ground film with white in the middle and black on both sides on the ridge body, so that the film body is closely attached to the ridge body, the soil around the film is tightly covered without leakage, the width of the covering soil is 50 mm-80 mm, and the exposed area after the ground film is covered with soil is ≥80%. Drill holes on the ground film according to the plant spacing of 50 cm and make wells. The diameter of the well is 80 mm-100 mm, and the depth of the well is 160 mm-180 mm; S8: During transplanting, the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings are transplanted into the well pit by the well pit transplanting method between April 20 and April 30, and then 500 ml of rooting water containing 0.1% of flue-cured tobacco fertilizer and pest control drugs is applied into the well pit; S9: After transplanting, check the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings within 10 days, and timely supplement the seedlings according to the cultivation status of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings. Apply fertilizer once through drones within 35-40 days and remove weeds in the field; S10: After transplanting, when the growth point of the tobacco plant is 30mm-50mm higher than the well cellar mouth, fill the well cellar with fine soil at a position 50mm-100mm in the well cellar and around the well cellar mouth and cover it to 20mm-30mm above the ridge surface, complete the filling and sealing of the cellar, and top the flue-cured tobacco after 50% of the central flowers are open. After topping, apply the bud inhibitor from top to bottom so that the bud inhibitor is in contact with all the axillary buds; S11: During harvesting, the leaves are harvested from the second lower shed according to the position, age and maturity of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, with a harvesting interval of 7-10 days, and all harvesting is completed before September; S12: After harvesting, the fresh tobacco leaves are sorted and loaded into the furnace according to the quality and maturity of the fresh tobacco leaves, and are baked through a three-stage, five-step, ten-point intensive baking method to obtain the finished product.

2. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the excellent light conditions include 8-10 hours of light per day, the suitable soil types include mainly yellow-brown soil and brown soil, with a multi-granular structure, and soil with medium to high soil fertility, and the good terrain conditions include a slope of less than 25° and a single block area of ​​≥0.04hm 2 The terrain, medium and high altitude areas include areas of 800-1200m.

3. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S2, during the winter deep plowing process, if the medium-high altitude area is the first cultivation, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥250mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥400mm; if the medium-high altitude area is the continuous cultivation for more than three years, the plowing depth of the tractor is ≥350mm, and the plowing depth of the excavator is ≥500mm; after the winter deep plowing, the soil in the bottom layer of the plow is turned to the surface, the surface is flat after plowing, the plow bottom is stable, the horizontal plowing at the end of the field is neat, the soil blocks are fine and broken, the turning is good, the soil layer within 250mm of the plow layer for the first cultivation is moist, the soil layer within 350mm of the plow layer for more than three years of continuous cultivation is moist, the surface vegetation is evenly turned and buried, and there is no stubble on the surface.

4. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the wet seedling raising method comprises the following steps: S31: Spray the plastic tray with 0.1-0.5% potassium permanganate, cover it with film and fumigate for 1-2 days, then rinse it with clean water and test it until it is disinfected and qualified before use; S32: 10 days before sowing, weeds and debris inside and outside the seedling shed should be completely removed, and sewage accumulated around the seedling shed should be removed. Then, 10% chlorine dioxide disinfectant diluted 1000 times should be evenly sprayed on the ditch and the area within 3m of the seedling site, the seedling pool in the shed, the walkway and the shed film. The spraying amount is 200ml / m 2 , seal for 3-5 days, roll up the shed film and ventilate for 3-5 days; S33: From February 20 to 25, evenly fill the substrate into the plastic tray, with appropriate tightness, so that it does not fall when pressed by hand; S34: Press the acupoint in the middle of the plastic plate. The acupoint is cone-shaped with a larger top and a smaller bottom. The upper diameter of the acupoint is 4mm±1mm and the depth is 2mm-3mm. S35: Sow seeds in four weeks at a ratio of 70% single seeds and 30% double seeds per plastic tray, and press the coated seeds into the matrix holes; S36: During the seedling emergence stage, a nutrient solution is sprayed using a sprayer to moisten the plastic tray matrix so that the coated seeds are fully lysed for easy emergence; S37: When the seedlings enter the small cross leaf stage, thin out the seedlings immediately, remove the excess large and weak seedlings, keep the middle seedlings, and fill the plastic trays to ensure uniform growth. When entering the large cross stage, cut the leaves 1-3 times, cut off 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the largest leaves, do not damage the growth point, and the tobacco seedlings are neat and uniform after cutting the leaves. The maximum side length of the plastic tray cannot be more than 10mm. Use virus inhibitors to disinfect simultaneously when cutting the leaves to prevent virus infection; S38: Before the plastic tray is placed in the pond, water is added to the nursery pond to a depth of 1-2 cm and the water is adjusted to 0.75 kg / m 3 The special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied according to the standard, wherein the special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied by diluting the mother solution of the fertilizer for seedling cultivation, pouring it into the water of the seedbed at multiple points and mixing it evenly; S39: Put the plastic tray into the pool, keep the water depth at 1cm, when the water in the pool is almost dry and the surface of the substrate begins to dry, spray the nutrient solution with a watering can in time, and the amount of water and fertilizer sprayed will decrease with time; S40: Ten days before transplanting, water supply is intermittent, and no water layer is seen at the bottom of the pond. The water control level is such that the tobacco seedlings slightly wilt at noon and recover in the morning and evening. 7-10 days before transplanting, seedling hardening is carried out, ventilation frequency is increased and water control is combined with seedling hardening, alternating between dry and wet, so as to achieve moderate wilting of the tobacco seedlings at noon and recovery in the morning and evening. The humidity in the greenhouse is 60-70%, and the standard is no fog in the morning and evening and no dripping at noon. During dehumidification, ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than 10℃. 1-2 days before transplanting, add 1% seedling fertilizer solution to the seedling pond to make the pond deep to 1cm. Before transplanting the next day, the temperature of the plastic tray is 25-28℃, and when the seedlings emerge, the temperature of the plastic tray is 28-30℃.

5. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, during the land preparation process, the tillage depth is ≥150 mm. After land preparation, there is no debris including film, weeds, crop residues and stones visible to the naked eye on the ground surface, the land is flat, the surface flatness is ≤50 mm, and the soil particles are finely broken.

6. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S5, the planting row spacing of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 1.2 m, the width of the furrow is 80 mm-120 mm, and the depth is 100 mm.

7. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S8, the pit-type transplanting method includes: placing the cultivated flue-cured tobacco seedlings upright and vertically into the pit-well, so that the top of the leaves of the flue-cured tobacco seedlings is 20 mm to 30 mm lower than the pit-well opening.

8. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S10, the topping method includes: topping on an inclined surface, with the topping section being 1 cm away from the base of the top leaf, and the number of effective leaves of the tobacco plant being controlled at 18-22 after topping, while removing the top of the main stem, the flower axis, the inflorescence and the floral leaves smaller than 150 mm.

9. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S11, the harvesting method includes manual harvesting. Harvesting can be done all day long when the weather is cloudy or overcast. Harvesting under the scorching sun is avoided when the weather is sunny. The best time period for harvesting is in the morning. The harvesting operation is to pick 3 to 4 leaves for the first to third time, and 5 to 6 leaves for the fourth time. If picking on a sunny day, it is necessary to cover with a covering to avoid direct sunlight. If a short period of rainfall occurs after the tobacco leaves are mature, they must be harvested immediately after the rain stops. If the tobacco leaves turn green again due to long-term rainfall, they must be harvested when they show mature characteristics again.

10. The flue-cured tobacco cultivation method based on optimization of fertilization depth and ridge height according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step S12, the tobacco weaving method includes weaving the classified fresh tobacco leaves into special comb-type tobacco clips by leaf base alignment method, and the weight of each special comb-type tobacco clip is controlled at 8-10 kg; the furnace loading method includes installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for under-ripe leaves in the lower shed of the airflow descending curing room, installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for mature leaves in the middle shed of the airflow descending curing room, and installing the special comb-type tobacco clips for over-ripe leaves in the upper shed of the airflow descending curing room, 300-320 tobacco clips are loaded in each room, and the spacing between the tobacco clips is 100mm-150mm; the three-stage five-step ten-point intensive baking method includes the yellowing stage, the color fixing stage and the tendon drying stage, wherein the yellowing stage is to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow in a high temperature and high humidity environment, the color fixing stage is to make the tobacco leaves fix the color in a low temperature and low humidity environment, and the tendon drying stage is to make the main vein of the tobacco leaves dry in an environment where the temperature gradually increases, and the five steps include leaf changing temperature, continued yellowing, tendon changing temperature, color fixing temperature, and ten-point intensive baking method. Mild and limited temperature drying, among which, the leaf changing temperature and continued yellowing correspond to the yellowing stage, during the leaf changing temperature, the airflow descending curing room starts to ignite, raises the temperature in the furnace to 36°C, and maintains it to make the tobacco leaves turn yellow, during the continued yellowing, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 38°C, and keeps stable, so that the tobacco leaves turn yellow further, the color fixing temperature rise corresponds to the color fixing stage, during the color fixing temperature rise, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 46°C, so that the color of the tobacco leaves is fixed, the rib changing temperature and limited temperature drying correspond to the rib drying stage, during the rib changing temperature, the airflow descending curing room heats up to 44°C, so that the main veins of the tobacco leaves become soft, during the limited temperature drying, the airflow descending curing room continues to heat up to 65°C, and keeps stable, so that the main veins of the tobacco leaves are completely dried, the ten points include timely ignition, controlling the heating rate, maintaining the wet bulb temperature, proper moisture removal, uniform loading of tobacco, regular inspection, reasonable use of fans, controlling fire, paying attention to safety and recording data.

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