Glass unit including optical modulation and receiving radio frequency signals

Abstract

There is provided a glass unit (101) configured for receiving a radio frequency signal, the glass unit (101) having an optical layer (143) comprising electrophoretic charged particles and arranged between a first substrate (141) and a second substrate (142), electrodes (122, 123) on the substrates (141, 142) cooperating in electrophoretic modulation of the position of the charged particles, thus, modulation of the light passing through the glass unit (101) is caused. The glass unit (101) has at least one antenna (121) to receive radio frequency signals. The antenna (121) may be disposed on one side of a substrate (141, 142) or on one side of a panel (111, 112) (e.g., a glass panel).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The presently disclosed subject matter relates to glass units and substrates. Background Art

[0002] Optically active glass is known in the prior art. Typically, an optically active glass system comprises two parallel plates made of a transparent dielectric material, such as glass or a plastic material. The internal volume defined between the plates can be subdivided into a plurality of small independent volumes or individual cells filled with a dielectric fluid. The fluid contains a suspension of particles of a dielectric material, a charged material or a chargeable material. The faces of the two plates facing each other carry electrodes facing each other. The electrodes are connected to a power source associated with a control device.

[0003] The electrodes of each plate are formed by pairs of interlaced combs. The electrodes of the two interlaced combs can be subjected to voltages of the same or opposite polarity. When the appropriate voltage is applied to the electrodes, the particles can be concentrated at different locations between the electrodes, giving the system a transparent or opaque appearance.

[0004] A known system for optically active glass is described in WO 2022 / 029018 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. Summary of the invention

[0005] Improvements in optically active glasses would be advantageous. In particular, improvements in optically active glass units would be advantageous. Improvements in substrates for use with optical modulators and / or glass units, thereby improving the optical modulators and / or glass units, would be advantageous.

[0006] Existing optical glass units have several disadvantages. The first is that they require power to operate (specifically, to switch from one gray level to another). The second is that glass units can attenuate RF signals; for example, wireless signals carrying data do not pass well through glass units, so that sending or transmitting wireless signals between the interior and exterior of a building using glass units can be difficult. Other issues are discussed in the specification. Not all issues need to be addressed in every embodiment.

[0007] Both problems can be solved by incorporating the antenna into the glass unit.

[0008] For example, in one aspect, the glass unit may include an optical modulator (also referred to as a light modulator). For example, the glass unit may include a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein an optical layer is between the first substrate and the second substrate. Electrodes on the first substrate and the second substrate facing the optical layer can manipulate particles in the optical layer to produce an optical effect, typically a change in transparency. In one embodiment, at least two interdigitated electrodes are used for each substrate; although there can be more or fewer interdigitated electrodes. In one embodiment, an electrophoretic effect is used to manipulate charged particles in the optical layer.

[0009] On the other hand, the glass unit may include one or more panels, for example, panels of glass. Typically, at least two panels are used, with a thermal insulation layer arranged between them. There are many ways to arrange the panels and the optical modulator together. For example, the optical modulator can be arranged inside the panel of two glasses, or can be arranged outside the panel of two glasses. For example, the panel and the substrate can be combined to reduce the number of layers in the glass unit.

[0010] Typically, the panel is a glass panel. For example, an embodiment may include a first glass panel and a second glass panel. The panels may also be made of different materials, such as plastic. This will primarily refer to glass panels, with the understanding that other materials may be used.

[0011] Interestingly, in one embodiment, the glass unit includes at least one antenna for receiving a radio frequency signal, the antenna being arranged on one side of the first substrate or on one side of the first panel. Such an antenna can be used for different purposes, for example, the antenna can be used to harvest energy from the received radio frequency signal. The harvested energy can be stored in an energy storage (e.g., a battery, etc.). When a change in optical state is required, the stored energy can be used at least in part to cause the change.

[0012] The antenna may be used to receive an RF signal that encodes data. For example, the radio frequency signal may be modulated according to a wireless communication standard (e.g., 5G). This is advantageous because the antenna is located near the exterior of the building, so attenuation is less or non-existent. The received RF signal may be forwarded to the outside of the glass unit, or may be demodulated, e.g., decoded, in the glass unit. For example, the received information may be forwarded via a wire (e.g., an Ethernet system, an internal routing system, a local computer network, a LAN, or the like). The glass unit itself may also act based on the received information, for example, the received information may include control instructions such as instructing the glass unit to increase or decrease the transparency of the glass unit.

[0013] In one embodiment, the glass unit may include another antenna disposed near the inner side of the glass unit. The other antenna may be used to transmit information. The transmitted information may use the same standard (e.g., 5G) or a different wireless standard (e.g., Wi-Fi). Conventional modulation and antenna systems may be used for data transmission via wireless signals.

[0014] The glass panel may be made of glass, but may be any transparent layer, for example made of a transparent material, for example plastic, such as polyethylene. The substrate may be plastic or glass or other material.

[0015] In one embodiment, the glass unit may include one or more transparent conductive layers, such as ITO, FTO, nanowires. The transparent conductive layer may be used to shield the antenna from the optical modulator, thereby reducing interference between the two systems. The transparent conductive layer may be used as a ground plane to cooperate with the antenna electrode.

[0016] Interestingly, the interdigitated electrodes used for optical modulation can also be used as antennas. For example, a portion of the interdigitated electrodes can be used as a patch antenna. The portion used as a patch antenna can still carry a low-frequency DC signal, which is used to control the optical layer. There can be multiple patch antennas made from a single layer of interdigitated electrodes. For example, a low-pass filter can separate the patch from the rest of the interdigitated electrodes. One advantageous method of making a patch antenna is to use a stepper device. The stepper repeats a building block for most of the substrate, but uses a different block for the portion that is also used as an antenna. For example, different portions can be incorporated into filter connections.

[0017] Instead of reusing the interdigitated electrodes, a dedicated antenna can be used. The dedicated antenna can still be arranged on the same substrate, for example, on the first substrate. The dedicated antenna can also be elsewhere, for example, on the glass panel.

[0018] According to one embodiment, one aspect of the invention is a substrate. For example, the substrate may have a first side and a second side, wherein disposed on the first side of the first substrate are an ITO layer, a dielectric layer, and one or more antennas, and disposed on the second side of the first substrate are at least two interdigitated electrodes. A number of other substrates are described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Further details, aspects and embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. The elements in the drawings are illustrated for the sake of simplicity and clarity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings, elements corresponding to elements already described may have the same reference numerals. In the drawings:

[0020] Figure 1a schematically shows a front view of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0021] Figure 1b to Figure 1f schematically shows a cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0022] Figure 2 schematically shows a cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0023] Figure 3 Schematically shows an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0024] Figure 4 schematically shows an example of an embodiment of an antenna,

[0025] Figure 5 schematically shows a front view of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0026] Figures 6a to 6d schematically shows a cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit,

[0027] Figure 7a schematically showing a front view of an example of an embodiment of a building block,

[0028] Figure 7b to Figure 7c schematically showing a front view of an example of an embodiment of a base plate,

[0029] Figures 8a to 8f schematically showing a front view of an example of an embodiment of an interdigitated electrode,

[0030] Figure 9a to Figure 9b schematically showing a front view of an example of an embodiment of an interdigitated electrode,

[0031] Fig.10 An example of an embodiment of a vehicle is schematically shown,

[0032] Figures 11a to 11c A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown.

[0033] Reference numerals list

[0034] A, B virtual cross line

[0035] 100 glass units

[0036] 101 Building Exterior

[0037] 102 Building interior

[0038] 111 Glass Panel

[0039] 112 Glass Panel

[0040] 121 One or more antennas

[0041] 122 Interdigitated electrodes for light modulation

[0042] 123 Interdigitated electrodes for light modulation

[0043] 124 Internal Antenna

[0044] 130 Clamp

[0045] 131 Projection of a fixture for supporting a panel and a substrate

[0046] 141 First Substrate

[0047] 142 Second substrate

[0048] 143 Optical layer comprising charged particles for light modulation

[0049] 144 Isolation Layer

[0050] 150 Capacitor

[0051] 151 Connector from antenna

[0052] 152 Connections from capacitor to controller

[0053] 153 Connector for driving electrode 122

[0054] 154 Connector for driving electrode 123

[0055] 160 Controller

[0056] 251 Dielectric

[0057] 252 Connectors

[0058] 253 Ground Plane

[0059] 254 Conductive sheet

[0060] 255 Non-conductive sheet

[0061] 601 Glass Unit

[0062] 610 Contactor for RF signal

[0063] 630 Interdigital Electrode

[0064] 631 The first part of the interdigitated electrode

[0065] 632 The second part of the interdigitated electrode

[0066] 633,643 DC contactor for grayscale control

[0067] 640 Interdigital Electrode

[0068] 641 The first part of the interdigitated electrode

[0069] 642 The second part of the interdigitated electrode

[0070] 621,622 Substrate

[0071] 650 Glass Panel

[0072] 611 RF Ground

[0073] 651 Thermal Isolation

[0074] 653 Outside of glass unit

[0075] 654 Inside of glass unit

[0076] 700-701 base plate

[0077] 711-714 Main Line

[0078] 721-724 Main Line

[0079] 731-734 Interdigital Electrodes

[0080] 740 building blocks

[0081] 741-744 Building Blocks

[0082] 710,720 drive bus

[0083] 719,729 Connection Area

[0084] 760 Connectors

[0085] 791,792 Directions

[0086] 10. Optical Modulator

[0087] 11. First substrate

[0088] 12. Second substrate

[0089] 13,13a,13b Electrode

[0090] 14,14a,14b Electrode

[0091] 15 Fluid

[0092] 30 pcs

[0093] 20 Car

[0094] 21. Optical Modulator DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0095] While the presently disclosed subject matter is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, one or more specific embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and will be described in detail herein, with it being understood that this disclosure should be considered as an example of the principles of the presently disclosed subject matter and is not intended to limit the subject matter to the specific embodiments shown and described.

[0096] Hereinafter, for ease of understanding, the elements of the embodiments are described in operation. However, it will be apparent that the various elements are arranged to perform the functions described as being performed by them. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein is not limited to the embodiments, but also includes the combination of each other feature described herein or recited in the mutually different dependent claims.

[0097] Substrates are disclosed, for example, for use in light modulators.Substrates as described herein are advantageous because they enable the construction, manufacture, repair, etc. of glass units as described herein.

[0098] In the glass unit, an optical light modulator (e.g., as described in the known system in the background art) is beneficial. The optical properties of the glass unit, such as transparency, grayscale, etc., can be modulated using electrical control signals. This avoids or reduces the need for, for example, a sunscreen.

[0099] Interestingly, the optical modulating glass unit (also referred to as a smart glass unit) may include multiple electrodes, for example, multiple electrodes as further described herein. There is an insight that such electrodes may be additionally used for data reception and / or transmission, and / or energy harvesting. Instead of using the interdigitated electrodes of the optical modulator for these purposes, or in addition to using the interdigitated electrodes of the optical modulator for these purposes, one or more additional antennas may be added to the glass unit. The one or more antennas may be configured for one or more of data reception and / or transmission, and / or energy harvesting.

[0100] The glass unit including the optical modulator can also be further improved with respect to the electrical wireless signal acting upon it. In a first aspect, the wireless signal received at the optical modulating glass unit is used to charge a stored energy (e.g., a battery). In a second aspect, the wireless signal received at the optical modulating glass unit is received to retrieve the data transmitted in the wireless signal. In a third aspect, the wireless signal is transmitted from the optical modulating glass unit.

[0101] A glass unit is provided, the glass unit being configured to receive a radio frequency signal, the glass unit having an optical layer disposed between a first substrate and a second substrate, the electrodes on the substrates cooperating in electrophoretic modulation of particle positions, thereby causing modulation of light passing through the glass unit. The glass unit has at least one antenna to receive the radio frequency signal. The antenna may be disposed on one side of the substrate or on one side of the glass panel.

[0102] Figure 1a A front view of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit 100 is schematically shown. The glass unit 100 is seen in the direction of light passing through the glass unit from the exterior (e.g. of a building) to the interior. Typically, the glass unit comprises a plurality of glass panels (e.g. separated by insulating layers). Typically, the glass unit comprises a plurality of substrates (e.g. separated by optical modulation layers).

[0103] Each substrate may include a plurality of interdigitated drive electrodes applied to the substrate, each of the plurality of drive electrodes being arranged in a pattern across the substrate, and the plurality of interdigitated drive electrodes being arranged alternately relative to each other on the substrate. The pattern of the plurality of drive electrodes across the substrate may include a plurality of repeated building blocks. For example, a stepper may apply the building blocks to the substrate during manufacture. The lateral dimensions of the building blocks may be, for example, from 4 mm to 10 mm, or smaller, or larger. Typically, the building blocks are square, but may have other shapes, for example, rectangular.

[0104] For example, Figure 1a The glass unit shown in can be integrated in a building. Figure 1a The letters AB in FIG. 1 show a cross-section line, but the cross-section line can be used as Figure 1b to Figure 1f as well as Figure 2 The cross-section line.

[0105] Figure 1b to Figure 1f Schematically show cross sections of examples of embodiments of glass units. They schematically show Figure 1a A cross section of the glass unit 100 along line AB.

[0106] Figure 1b A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. For clarity, the side of the glass unit that would normally be used on the outside is located on the top at 101; the side of the glass unit that would normally be used on the inside is located on the bottom at 102. For example, 101 could be the outside of a building, and 102 could be the inside of a building.

[0107] The glass unit includes a first glass panel 111 and a second glass panel 112. The first glass panel and the second glass panel are parallel to each other, thereby forming a glass unit housing. The glass unit includes a first substrate 141 and a second substrate 142. The first substrate and the second substrate are arranged in the glass unit in parallel with the first glass panel and the second glass panel; in this case, the first substrate and the second substrate are between the first glass panel and the second glass panel.

[0108] The first side of the first substrate faces the first glass panel 111. The second side of the second substrate faces the second glass panel 112. In this embodiment, the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged inside the glass unit and between the two glass panels.

[0109] The first substrate and the second substrate form an optical modulator (also referred to as a light modulator). For example, in an electrophoretic optical modulator, electrophoretic forces are used to move charged particles. Typically, at least two interdigitated electrodes are arranged on the second side of the first substrate, the second side of the first substrate is opposite to the first side of the first substrate, and the second side of the first substrate faces the first side of the second substrate. At least two interdigitated electrodes are arranged on the first side of the second substrate, and the first side of the second substrate faces the first substrate. The optical layer 143 is arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the charged particles or charged particles are located in a fluid suspension of the optical layer. The particles and electrodes on the first substrate and the second substrate are configured to cooperate in the electrophoretic modulation of the particle position, thereby causing modulation of the light passing through the glass unit.

[0110] For example, known systems describe how the above-mentioned optical modulators may operate. Figures 11a to 11c An embodiment is also provided and discussed below.

[0111] The glass unit includes at least one antenna 121 for receiving radio frequency signals, and the antenna is arranged on one side of the first substrate or on one side of the first glass panel. In this embodiment, the antenna 121 is arranged on the outer side of the glass panel 111. The glass panel can be coated or uncoated. For example, in one embodiment, the glass panel 111 can be uncoated, while the glass panel 112 can be coated.

[0112] In this embodiment, the glass unit is an insulating glass unit including at least two glass panels. An insulating layer 144 is arranged between the two glass panels. In this embodiment, the insulating layer 144 is between the second substrate 142 and the second panel 112. The insulating layer 144 can be a vacuum, or can include an insulating gas, such as argon. The glass unit can have more than one insulating layer and can have more than two glass panels.

[0113] The glass unit may include a controller 160 connected to at least two interdigitated electrodes on the first substrate and / or at least two interdigitated electrodes on the second substrate to control the optical layer. The controller 160 may be configured to receive a control signal instructing control of the optical layer. For example, the controller 160 may receive an instruction from outside the glass unit to increase or decrease the transparency of the glass unit. In response to the instruction, the controller 160 may arrange the particles in the optical layer to follow the instruction. For example, the control signal of the interdigitated electrodes may include a DC signal of opposite phase or an out-of-phase DC signal on some electrode pairs, while other electrode pairs may receive the same signal or a signal in phase. The phase and the selected electrodes partially determine the optical effect.

[0114] The controller 160 is not necessary. For example, instead of performing control in the glass unit, the glass unit may directly receive a control signal from outside the glass unit (eg, from an external controller).

[0115] The glass unit includes an antenna 121 to interact with RF signals (e.g., radio signals, such as antenna signals, such as radio frequency signals). For example, the number and type of antennas depends on the type of interaction. The antenna can be an additional electrode, but the interdigitated electrodes can also be reused for another purpose.

[0116] For example, in one embodiment, at least one antenna may include a first antenna configured to capture power from a received RF signal. For example, the received signal may be down-converted to, for example, DC, and used to charge an energy storage (e.g., a capacitor, a battery, etc.) (not shown separately).

[0117] For example, the controller 160 (if present) may be arranged to derive power from the antenna signal to at least partially drive the interdigitated electrodes 122, 123 on the first substrate 141 and the second substrate 142. This has the advantage that no external power or less external power is required to increase or decrease the transparency of the glass unit. This is one embodiment of the first antenna.

[0118] The antenna 121 may be configured to retrieve RF modulated data from a received radio frequency signal (eg, a second antenna). The second antenna may be located on an outer side of the first glass panel.

[0119] The glass unit may include an antenna, such as a third antenna, configured to retransmit the reacquired RF modulated data after remodulation. For example, data acquired from an external antenna may be retransmitted to an internal side. This third antenna type is not included in the Figure 1b Shown in.

[0120] The combination of the second antenna and the third antenna has the advantage that RF signals (e.g., antenna signals) that do not easily pass through the glass unit, for example due to coating, can still be received on the inside of the building. Likewise, a receiving antenna located on the inside side and a transmitting antenna located on the outside side will facilitate a transmitting device on the inside (e.g., inside the building) to transmit to the outside (e.g., outside the building). For example, smartphone reception in a building with a glass unit according to an embodiment and / or smartphone transmission in a building with a glass unit according to an embodiment can be improved.

[0121] For example, the glass unit may include an RF demodulator and / or an RF modulator; for example, the controller 160 may be configured in this way, or additional circuitry may be added to the glass unit. Neither frequency modulation nor demodulation is required. For example, the received signal may be forwarded via a wired connection. The signal received via the wire may be forwarded via an antenna. The antenna signal may include a 5g signal. The transmission signal located on the inner side may be a Wi-Fi signal. For example, the received 5G data may be forwarded as Wi-Fi data.

[0122] Interestingly, the frequency of the RF antenna signal and the frequency of the DC signal used to control the interdigital electrodes in the optical modulator portion are completely different. For example, the interdigital electrodes on the first substrate and the second substrate can be controlled by an electrical signal with a frequency below 1kHz, preferably below 100Hz, while the antenna signal can be above 100MHz, or even 1GHz. As will also be discussed further herein, this difference allows the reuse of all or part of the interdigital electrodes.

[0123] The antenna 121 may include one or more patch elements configured as a patch antenna. The antenna 121 may be connected or communicated with a capacitor to tune the antenna.

[0124] exist Figure 1b , from the outside 101 of the building to the inside 102 of the building, it is shown that:

[0125] Glass panel 111; one or more antennas 121 for receiving external antenna signals; a first substrate 141; interdigitated electrodes 122 for light modulation; an optical layer 143 including charged particles for light modulation; interdigitated electrodes 123 for light modulation; a second substrate 142; an isolation layer 144; and a glass panel 112.

[0126] The glass panel can be glass and the substrate can be polyethylene, but this is not required. Both the panel and the substrate can be plastic, or both can be glass, or as required. Preferably, the substrate is a dielectric and glass, and both substrates are transparent. Preferably, transparent electrodes are also used. Instead of transparent materials, translucent materials can be used.

[0127] exist Figure 1b Also shown is a controller 160, connected to antenna 121 and interdigitated electrodes 122 and 123. An internal antenna is not shown, and is not required, depending on the implementation.

[0128] Figure 1c to Figure 1f are similar and are discussed briefly below.

[0129] Figure 1c A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Figure 1c In the embodiment, the glass panel 111 and the substrate 141 are combined. For example, either the glass panel or the substrate can be used. Electrodes and / or antennas can be applied to the side of the glass panel or the substrate as needed. For example, the glass panel and the substrate can be combined, for example, bonded together. Figure 1c An advantage of the arrangement in is that fewer layers are required and the antenna 121 is located on the outside of the glass unit, thereby improving reception. A protective coating may be applied on the electrodes, in particular, on the antenna 121, and / or on the interdigitated electrodes.

[0130] Figure 1d A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown.In this variant, the optical modulator is not arranged between the glass panels, but outside the glass panels.

[0131] exist Figure 1b , from the outside 101 of the building to the inside 102 of the building, it is shown that:

[0132] One or more antennas 121 for receiving external antenna signals; a first substrate 141; interdigitated electrodes 122 for light modulation; an optical layer 143 including charged particles for light modulation; interdigitated electrodes 123 for light modulation; a second substrate 142; a glass panel 111; an isolation layer 144; and a glass panel 112. Layers 142 and 111 may be combined as Figure 1c Same as in.

[0133] One advantage of this arrangement is that the antenna 121 is also outside the glass panel.

[0134] Figure 1eA cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. This embodiment combines interdigital electrodes 122 with antenna 121. For example, all or part of the interdigital electrodes can be used as antenna 121. The rest of the interdigital electrodes can be used for optical modulation. For example, a low pass filter or a high pass filter can be used to separate signals. If only a portion of the interdigital electrodes are used for antenna 121, they can be connected to a DC passing, RF blocking connector, such as an inductor. For example, the cutoff can be set to above 1 KHz, 1 MHz, 1 GHz, etc.

[0135] Figure 1f A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Figure 1f In the embodiment, layers 111 and 141 may be combined.

[0136] A ground plane for the antenna may be added as desired in these embodiments, for example, Figure 1b to Figure 1f In the embodiment of . For example, the ground plane can be added at one side of the substrate, glass panel, etc. Alternatively, the interdigitated electrodes on the second substrate can be used as the ground plane. Preferably, the ground plane is opposite to the antenna.

[0137] For example, the ground plane may be implemented as a conductive transparent layer, such as ITO or FTO, or any other transparent electrode, such as nanowires (like silver nanowires). The ground plane may be located on the glass. The ground plane is often referred to as a ground electrode.

[0138] The embodiments can be varied in many ways. For example, in one embodiment, a shielding layer can be added.

[0139] For example, in one embodiment, as seen from the outside of the building, there may be the following layers: first glass panel; one or more antennas; all dielectric layers; all ITO layers; first substrate; first modulator electrode pattern; optical layer; second modulator electrode pattern; second substrate. In this embodiment, the antenna (e.g., antenna 121) is shielded from the interdigitated electrodes. This has the benefit of reducing interference between the antenna and the interdigitated electrodes.

[0140] For example, in one embodiment, as seen from the outside of the building, there may be the following layers: antenna electrode; dielectric layer; full ITO on the outside side of the glass panel; glass panel acting as a full dielectric layer; first dielectric substrate; first modulator electrode pattern; optical layer; second modulator electrode pattern; second substrate. The first glass panel and substrate may be combined into one layer.

[0141] For example, in one embodiment, the following layers may be present as seen from the outside of the building: antenna electrode; a first glass panel acting as a full dielectric layer; full ITO on the side of the glass panel facing the first substrate; a first substrate; a first modulator electrode pattern; an optical layer; a second modulator electrode pattern; and a second substrate.

[0142] For example, in one embodiment, as seen from the outside of a building, there may be the following layers: glass panel; first substrate; first modulator electrode pattern in which the antenna patch is embedded; optical layer; second modulator electrode pattern; second substrate.

[0143] The antenna patch may include an additional antenna electrode, which may be isolated from the interdigitated electrodes. The antenna patch may be part of the interdigitated electrodes. Note that since the interdigitated electrodes are close to each other, they may act as an antenna patch.

[0144] The ground plane can be inserted as any suitable point, or one of the sets of interdigitated electrodes can be used as the ground plane. The ground plane can be a transparent and conductive layer, such as ITO, FTO, nanowires, etc.

[0145] The ITO layer can be, for example, a full ITO layer on the side of the glass substrate where the electrodes are located. Thus, the antenna electrodes are better isolated from the electrodes for the modulator. The substrate can be coated with full ITO, then coated everywhere with a dielectric, and then the optical modulator electrode pattern. The dielectric layer does not need to be a full dielectric layer; for example, the dielectric layer can only isolate the antenna from the ITO. In general, instead of ITO, another conductive transparent layer can be used, such as FTO. Similarly, an ITO layer can be used on the other side of the glass substrate, and then the glass substrate is used as a dielectric.

[0146] High frequency signals used for light modulation may be added or filtered out without disturbing the light modulation, as well as low frequency signals used for light modulation.

[0147] The antenna may be an antenna array. The antenna and ground plane may be embedded in the interdigitated electrodes. For example, the interdigitated electrodes may be easily manufactured using a stepper. The stepper may use antennas with different tilings, and / or different connectors.

[0148] The signal arriving at the antenna will be at the modulated frequency. In the case of embedded MIMO Tx / Rx antennas, the frequencies may be slightly different, but all frequencies are in the same bandwidth (e.g., GHz range). Each subcarrier can be steered with a beamforming algorithm.

[0149] For internal Tx / Rx, the signals arriving at the patch antenna will be at a similar frequency and the antenna beam can be fixed.

[0150] The optical modulator is controlled by a relatively low frequency DC signal. Therefore, the patch antenna and / or the RF ground can be isolated from the optical modulator.

[0151] An alternative to RF grounding is to lay a continuous ITO plane on the inner surface of the glass panel. An alternative is to use the second interdigitated electrode layer as the RF ground plane. For example, DC / low frequency AC can be applied to the electrodes to modulate the light, and the resulting average DC is used as the RF reference for the antenna. The RF reference can be obtained by feeding the optical modulator control signal through a bandpass filter.

[0152] For example, as shown in the embodiment, from the outside of the first glass panel, the glass unit may include: one or more antennas, a dielectric layer, an ITO layer, and a first substrate, in this order, the dielectric layer isolating the one or more antennas from the ITO layer. Added to these may be a second substrate, a second glass panel, etc. A coating may be applied to the glass panel or the substrate.

[0153] For example, in one embodiment, an ITO layer, a dielectric layer, and one or more antennas are disposed on a first side of a first substrate.

[0154] For example, in one embodiment, an ITO layer, a dielectric layer, and one or more antennas are arranged on the side of the first glass panel facing away from the first substrate.

[0155] For example, in one embodiment, one or more antennas are arranged on the side of the first glass panel facing away from the first substrate, and an ITO layer is arranged on the first side of the first substrate.

[0156] Figure 2 A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Figure 1b is similar to the arrangement shown in Figure 2 Additional details are shown. Similar embodiments may be based on Figure 1c to Figure 1f The arrangement shown in is constructed.

[0157] Figure 2 1 is a clamp 130. The clamp 130 surrounds the glass unit and serves as a frame on which a panel and / or substrate can be placed. For example, the clamp 130 can have a protrusion (e.g., protrusion 131) to support the panel and / or substrate. For example, the clamp 130 can be made of stainless steel, aluminum, or another metal. Other materials are also possible for the clamp 130.

[0158] For example, the clamp 130 may surround the glass unit, and the first glass panel and the second glass panel may be attached to the clamp to form the glass unit housing. The clamp may be arranged to separate the first glass panel and the second glass panel from each other. Separating the first substrate and the second substrate may be accomplished by a partition or spacer arranged in the optical layer. There may be other sealing layers, other spacers, etc. around the glass unit.

[0159] Capacitor 150 in Figure 2 , for example, to tune antenna 121, for example, to tune antenna 121 to 5g, etc. If tuning is not required, or tuning is achieved in another way, the capacitor can be omitted. Capacitors can be added to Figure 1b to Figure 1f of glass units.

[0160] Figure 2 Shown in FIG. 1 is an optional third antenna 124 that is configured to retransmit the reacquired RF modulated data after remodulation.

[0161] Figure 3 An example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Note that the antenna 121 is schematically drawn in a front view, while the capacitor 150 is in a cross-sectional view. The antenna 121 can be configured to retrieve RF modulated data from a received RF signal. The antenna 121 can be configured to harvest energy from a received RF signal.

[0162] In this embodiment, capacitor 150 includes a plurality of interdigitated dielectric sheets 255 and conductive sheets 254. Ground plane 253 is connected to the first outer dielectric sheet and connector 252 is connected to the second outer dielectric sheet. The first connector of antenna 121 is connected to the first outer dielectric sheet and the second connector of antenna 121 is connected to connector 252.

[0163] Figure 4 Examples of implementations of antennas are schematically shown. These antenna designs are effective, for example, for energy harvesting. For example, they can be used as a first antenna configured to capture power from a received radio frequency signal. For example, they can be used as antenna 121.

[0164] For example, these antennas can be used to capture RF energy. The captured signal can be down-converted to DC and used to charge an energy storage system, such as a battery (not shown separately). These antennas can be isolated from the optical electrodes. Advantageously, when a user passes near the outside of the glass unit, the user cannot see Figure 4 Antenna design.

[0165] Antenna design A may be arranged along one edge of a glass panel (e.g., first glass panel 111). Antenna design B may be arranged around all edges of a glass panel. Design C may be arranged around one edge, around two edges, etc. These designs may use multiple loops such as shown in antenna D. Antenna D has two loops to increase the amount of energy harvested.

[0166] Figure 5 A front view of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit 600 is schematically shown. Figure 5 The view shown in is from the outside looking into the glass unit. Note that Figure 5 Not all elements shown in the figure are in the same plane.

[0167] Figure 5 , patch antenna array A is a MIMO Rx array and patch antenna array B is a MIMO Tx array. In this embodiment, antenna array A and antenna array B are arranged at the outer side of the glass panel; this reduces the attenuation of the radio frequency signal (e.g., antenna signal) in patch array A and patch array B.

[0168] Figure 5 Also shown in FIG. 1 are patch antenna arrays C, which are beamforming Rx, and patch antenna arrays D, which are beamforming Tx. In this embodiment, both arrays, patch antenna arrays C and D, are arranged at the inner side of the glass panel of the glass unit; this reduces the attenuation of antenna signals transmitted and received from the interior (e.g., the interior of a building).

[0169] Figure 5 An embedded RF ground plane is also shown to cooperate with the patch antenna array.

[0170] The four patch antenna array can be controlled by MIMO and / or beamforming. Note that the patches have separate feed mechanisms. The length of the feed mechanisms is arranged so that they are the same length and have a resistance of 50 Ohms. The size of the antenna patches may depend on the frequency they are used. The antenna signal and data are shared across the four patches. In the case of beamforming, the frequency is the same, but the phase and amplitude may be different. The number of patches may be more or less. The size of the patches and feed mechanisms may be varied, for example, optimized in an antenna simulation program.

[0171] A variety of antenna designs (e.g., various antenna designs suitable for 5G communications) and how to design them are described in the paper “5G MIMO Conformal Microstrip Antenna Design” by Qian Want et al. (DOI: 10.1155 / 2017 / 7616825). The paper is incorporated herein by reference. For example, FIG1 shows a model of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. FIG6 Fig.10 14 shows an embodiment of an array. Although the patch antenna can be implemented with a single patch such as metal, this is not required. Interestingly, the patch antenna can be implemented with closely spaced line electrodes. For example, the same pattern electrode used for optical modulation with a low frequency DC signal can be used as a patch antenna when used with a high frequency RF signal.

[0172] For example, the width of the interdigitated electrodes may be in the range of, for example, 10 microns to 100 microns, and the width (line gap) between them may be in the same range. For example, the minimum line gap between electrodes may be, for example, 20 um, with an average line gap of, for example, 50 um.

[0173] Figure 5 Line AA is shown, which is a transverse line. Figures 6a to 6d A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown.

[0174] Figure 6a A cross section of an example of one embodiment of a glass unit 601 is schematically shown. Note that the cross-section line only extends through patch array A, however, the cross-section line for patch array C may be similarly extended.

[0175] Figure 6a Shown in FIG. 6 is a glass unit 601 configured to receive antenna signals. Specifically, the glass unit 601 can be used for 5G signals. Other wireless RF telecommunication standards can be used similarly.

[0176] Glass unit 601 includes a first substrate 621 and a second substrate 622. The outer side of the glass unit is indicated at 653 and the inner side is indicated at 654. At least two interdigitated electrodes 630 are arranged on the second side of the first substrate 621. At least two interdigitated electrodes 640 are arranged on the first side of the second substrate 622. Between substrates 630 and 640 is an optical layer. The charged particles in the optical layer can be modulated (e.g., moved) by an electric field generated by applying a DC signal to the interdigitated electrodes. Figure 6a Shown in FIG. 6 are DC contacts 633 and 643 for connecting the interdigitated electrodes to control signals. Spacers may be included in the optical layer to keep the two substrates at an appropriate distance, for example, a constant distance.

[0177] Glass unit 601 includes a first glass panel 650. Adjacent to the glass panel is a heat insulating layer 651 (e.g., a vacuum, a space filled with argon, etc.). Below the insulating layer 651, there may be a second glass panel, and below the second glass panel may be a patch array C. The second glass panel and the patch array C are not Figure 6a Shown in.

[0178] RF ground plane 611 is inserted between glass panel 650 and isolation layer 651. For example, ground plane 611 can be a full ITO layer. If necessary, another RF ground plane can be inserted between isolation layer 651 and the second glass panel. The other RF ground plane can be used for patch array C.

[0179] The interdigitated electrodes 630 on the first substrate are divided into two groups: electrodes 631 and electrodes 632. Both groups contain at least two electrodes that are interdigitated to allow optical control of the optical layer. Electrode 631 is connected to RF contactor 610. RF contactor 610 can be, for example Figure 5 The electrode 631 may be Figure 5 The patch shown in . Electrodes 631 and 632 are connected by a connector (e.g., an inductor) that only allows low frequency signals to pass. Therefore, the DC control signal received at contactor 633 can also modulate the optical layer below electrode 631. However, the low-pass, high-impedance connector allows the size of the patch antenna to be tuned to a specific frequency, such as 5G.

[0180] In one embodiment, the Rf contact 610 makes electrical contact with the patch of optical electrodes. The patch includes interdigitated electrodes. From an RF point of view, the patch is isolated from the rest of the optical electrodes, and the patch is connected to the rest of the optical interdigitated electrodes through an inductor. The RF ground plane can be small, for example, just below the antenna patch. A larger one is preferred to avoid edge problems.

[0181] Figure 6b A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Figure 6b and Figure 6a Similar, except the location of the RF ground plane is moved between the substrate 622 and the glass panel 650. Likewise, the RF ground plane is smaller so as to cover only the patch antenna portion of the interdigitated electrodes.

[0182] Figure 6c A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. Figure 6c and Figure 6bSimilar, except the location of the RF ground plane is moved to the middle of the substrate 622. For example, the RF ground plane is integrated into the substrate.

[0183] Figure 6d A cross section of an example of an embodiment of a glass unit is schematically shown. In this variant, the ground plane consists of parts of interdigitated electrodes. The electrodes are connected to the RF ground plane contact, for example, through a high-pass, low-impedance filter. In this case, the electrodes 640 can be divided into two groups: electrodes 641 and electrodes 642. The two groups can be connected with a connector that allows low frequency signals (DC signals) to pass, but blocks high frequencies.

[0184] Alternatively, the entire set of interdigitated electrodes on the second substrate may be used as an RF ground plane. For example, a high pass filter may be used at the RF ground plane connection, while a low pass filter may be used at 643. Other architectures are possible.

[0185] Figure 7a A front view of an example of one embodiment of a building block is schematically shown.

[0186] Figure 7b A front view of an example of one embodiment of a base plate is schematically shown.

[0187] Figure 7c A front view of an example of one embodiment of a base plate is schematically shown.

[0188] Figure 7b An example of an embodiment of a substrate is schematically shown. The substrate is particularly useful for use in a light modulator, such as the one described herein. A plurality of interdigitated drive electrodes are applied to the substrate across the substrate.

[0189] An exciting example use of the substrate is in an electrophoretic light modulator. Typically, an electrophoretic light modulator includes at least two substrates, each substrate having at least two drive electrodes; however, this is not required, for example, an electrophoretic light modulator may include a single substrate having 2 electrodes and an opposing substrate having 1 electrode. In any case, preferably, at least one substrate in the light modulator is according to an embodiment.

[0190] An embodiment of the light modulator includes a first substrate according to an embodiment and a second substrate. The first substrate and the second substrate are arranged with their inner sides facing each other. At least one drive electrode is applied to the inner side of the first substrate. The optical layer is arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate. The controller is configured to apply an electric potential to the at least one drive electrode, thereby causing modulation of the optical properties of the light modulator. One or both of the first substrate and the second substrate are transparent and / or translucent.

[0191] The optical layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate may include particles, for example particles suspended in a fluid. The controller may be configured to apply an electrical potential to the drive electrodes, thereby causing the particles to move, thereby modulating an optical property of the light modulator.

[0192] In one embodiment, the particles include charged particles or chargeable particles, and the controller is configured to apply an electric potential to the drive electrode to obtain an electromagnetic field, thereby providing electrophoretic movement of the particles. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic field is arranged between at least two drive electrodes, and the at least two drive electrodes are arranged on the same substrate or on different substrates.

[0193] In applications of light modulators for glass, both substrates are usually transparent.Light modulators are also called optical modulators.

[0194] Figure 7b Shown in FIG. 1 are two drive electrodes on the same surface. Figure 7b In the figure, two driving electrodes are indicated by two different dashed line styles. There can be more than two electrodes on the same side of the substrate, for example to facilitate more fine-grained control of the voltage difference across the substrate. The driving electrodes are applied to the same side of the substrate. Applying the electrodes to the substrate can be done, for example, by lithography using a mask representing the electrode pattern. The electrodes can also be applied by embedding them into the substrate.

[0195] The drive electrodes are electrically connected, for example, at the same potential everywhere. The drive electrodes may include a drive bus and a main line. At least, the main line interdigitates with the main line of another drive electrode. Typically, the drive electrodes extend across the substrate in a substantially straight line, while the main line is curved.

[0196] In one embodiment, the two substrates of the optical module each have two electrodes arranged at their inner surfaces. However, as mentioned above, multiple electrodes are not required on one or both substrates. For example, an embodiment of the optical modulator includes a first substrate and a second substrate. For example, the first substrate may include a drive electrode, and the second substrate may not include a drive electrode. For example, the first substrate may include two drive electrodes, and the second substrate may include one drive electrode. For example, the first substrate may include two drive electrodes, and the second substrate may include two drive electrodes. For example, the first substrate may include more than two drive electrodes, and the second substrate may include two or more drive electrodes.

[0197] However, an optical modulator in which each substrate includes two drive electrodes is used as an excitation embodiment. The design of a substrate featuring two drive electrodes can be adjusted to have a single drive electrode, for example, by connecting the two drive electrodes, or by removing one of the drive electrodes. Adjusting the substrate in this way can make it suitable for use with different technologies.

[0198] Each of the plurality of drive electrodes is arranged in a pattern across the substrate. The plurality of drive electrodes are arranged alternately relative to each other on the substrate. Typically, the drive electrodes include a plurality of main lines, each of which is elongated across the substrate. The main lines of the drive electrodes are alternate, for example, interdigitated with each other. For example, in Figure 7b In the embodiment, the first driving electrode includes main lines 711-714, and the second driving electrode includes main lines 721-724. Each driving electrode is driven by its driving bus. Figure 7b Two drive buses are shown: drive bus 710 and drive bus 720. The drive electrodes are also used to connect the main lines together. Figure 7b In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , drive bus 710 drives and connects main lines 711-714; drive bus 720 drives and connects main lines 721-724. There may be more main lines than the four shown in this embodiment. Using main lines is advantageous because it reduces the length of the electrode, but this is not necessary. It is not impossible to use only one main line per drive electrode, but it is advantageous to have multiple main lines.

[0199] A plurality of main lines of the first electrode and the second electrode are alternately arranged relative to each other on the substrate.

[0200] One motivating application of a substrate such as substrate 700 is in smart glass (e.g., light modulators), which can be applied to home homes, offices, greenhouses, cars, etc. The transparency level or reflectivity level of the smart glass can be adjusted electronically. For example, in smart glass, two substrates such as substrate 700 are stacked so that the sides with two electrodes applied face each other. A fluid with particles is enclosed between the two substrates. Smart glass embodiments are further discussed herein. In one embodiment, an electrode (e.g., two or more electrodes) is applied to one surface of each substrate. There can also be one, two, or more electrodes on another surface of substrate 700, for example, to facilitate stacking of three or more substrates.

[0201] Some embodiments herein show examples of modulating transparency levels or reflectivity levels. Light modulators can be adjusted for other optical effects. For example, if desired, the embodiment can be changed to different translucent levels instead of different transparency levels. If desired, the type of particles used in one embodiment can be changed, for example, to particles with different wavelengths of absorption or reflection and different diffuse specular degrees of reflection. For example, in one embodiment, light modulators can modulate different reflection levels. Particles can also emit light. Stacking multiple optical layers further increases the possibility.

[0202] Having two sets of alternating main lines is sufficient to provide an electrically adaptable glass; due to the alternation of the two sets, the electric field at any portion of the substrate can be controlled since two opposing electrodes adjoin that portion from two opposing sides.

[0203] Interestingly, the pattern used to drive the electrodes across the substrate is created from multiple repeating building blocks. Figure 7b As shown, the drive electrodes on substrate 700 show four blocks: blocks 741, 742, 743 and 744, which are all substantially the same. The number of building blocks can be greater than four. The building blocks are repeated in two directions across the substrate, for example, a first direction 791 (e.g., the x direction shown horizontally in the figure) and a second direction 792 (e.g., the y direction shown vertically in the figure).

[0204] For example, Figure 7a There is schematically shown an example of one implementation of a building block 740. The building block 740 comprises a plurality of interdigitated electrodes extending across the building block in at least two directions. Figure 7a Four electrodes are shown: electrodes 731-734. When the building block is repeated across the substrate in two directions, the electrodes in the building block will form drive electrodes, for example, multiple main lines that form drive electrodes. Note that the building blocks are typically connected using substrate electrode design tools. Typically, the building block includes more than four electrode lines. For example, in a series of embodiments, between 8 and 12 main lines are used. Although the number of electrode lines can be higher. For example, a building block may include many short electrode lines near the edge, and when the block is repeated, the short electrode lines near the edge are connected to the lines of other building blocks. Taking into account these short branches, the number of lines may increase to, for example, 50. Obviously, when using larger building blocks, the number of electrode lines may also increase. In one embodiment, the number of electrode lines in the building block is between 8 and 50, or between 8 and 25, etc.

[0205] The driving electrodes formed by the repeated building blocks are connected to the driving bus. Typically, the electrode lines in a building block are connected to the electrode lines in an adjacent block by merging the corresponding electrode lines; however, this is not necessary, and connection areas connecting the corresponding electrode lines can be inserted between the repeated building blocks.

[0206] This step fully connects multiple main lines together to form a single drive electrode. Figure 7b Two connection areas 719 and 729 are shown, in which main lines belonging to the same drive electrode are connected to the drive bus 710 and the drive bus 720, respectively.

[0207] right Figure 7a The electrodes shown in Figure 7b The same dashed line pattern is alternately drawn. In fact, in this embodiment, what happens is that Figure 7a A particular electrode of a building block will always end up at the first drive electrode or the second electrode, for example, as indicated in this case by the dashed line style. But this need not be the case. An electrode in a building block may end up as part of the first drive electrode, or as part of the second drive electrode. This may change the pattern used to repeat the building block, for example, due to the odd or even number of electrodes in the building block, etc.

[0208] For example, a specific pattern of repeated building blocks can be used for an optical modulator with two drive electrodes, in which alternating main lines can be assigned to the two drive electrodes. However, the same pattern of repeated building blocks can be used for an optical modulator with three drive electrodes, in which each next group of three main lines can be assigned to the three drive electrodes.

[0209] also, Figure 7a The building blocks shown in are squares, but this is not necessary. For example, the building blocks can be rectangular. In one embodiment, the building block shapes can form so-called subdivision surfaces. For example, the building blocks can be triangles, hexagons, or even combinations of plane-filled shapes.

[0210] As mentioned above, Figure 7a and Figure 7b This is particularly the case for depicting electrodes. Figure 7a The electrode shown in is straight and its length is equal to the length of one side of the building block. However, in one embodiment, the electrode on the building block is more curled, and for at least one electrode of the plurality of interdigitated electrodes in the building block, the maximum length between any two points on the electrode measured along the electrode in the building block is at least 2 times the length of the diagonal of the building block unit. A more curled electrode path reduces interference effects.

[0211] One advantage of using building blocks as electrode patterns on a substrate is that the electrode design can be applied using a stepper. For example, a stepper can be used Figure 7a design and apply it repeatedly to the substrate to obtain Figure 7b Interestingly, the building block can also be used as a patch antenna, such as the one used in the first substrate. Figure 7c An example of an embodiment of a substrate is schematically shown. For example, Figure 7c The interdigitated electrodes on the building blocks 741 can be connected to the RF contacts 610. For the connection between the building blocks, connectors 760 are used. And for electrodes used only for optical modulation, direct electrical connections can be used, and the blocks 741 are connected through inductors. Inductors allow DC signals to pass through, but not high frequencies. The cut-off point can be a frequency above 1KHz, even above 100Hz and below 1GHz, even 1MHz. For example, the cut-off frequency can be 1MHz, etc.

[0212] Figures 8a to 8f A front view of an example of one embodiment of an interdigitated electrode is schematically shown. Figure 9a to Figure 9b A front view of an example of one embodiment of an interdigitated electrode is schematically shown.

[0213] These figures show designs with two drive electrodes on the surface of the substrate. Each design can be modified to have only a single drive electrode on the surface of the substrate (e.g., by removing one of the two drive electrodes), or to have more than two electrodes. For example, such modified designs can be used in optical modulators using substrates with a single electrode or with more than 2 electrodes.

[0214] Figures 8a to 8f and Figure 9a to Figure 9b The designs shown in can be implemented in a single plane without having crossed electrodes. In particular, if these designs are connected to two drive buses, crossed electrodes are not required. When more than two drive electrodes are used, or if more complex electrode patterns are used, crossed electrodes can be used, and may even become necessary. However, such crossing is possible, for example, at the position where two electrode lines cross, a dielectric material can be arranged between the electrodes. For example, such an insulator can be deposited at the crossing position. For example, a first drive electrode is located in a first plane of the substrate, and a second drive electrode is located in a second plane of the substrate.

[0215] Smart glass can also be used in other glass applications, especially where the amount of incident light is variable, for example, buildings, offices, houses, greenhouses, skylights. Skylights are windows placed on the ceiling to allow sunlight to enter a room. One embodiment of a glass unit combines processing of electrical wireless signals (e.g., electrical wireless signals for communication and / or energy acquisition), thermal isolation, and optical control of the glass unit. Typically, such a glass unit will be used in a building, but this is not required; for example, Fig.10 Schematically shown is an example of an embodiment of a vehicle, in this case a car 20 having a smart glass window 21. This is a particularly advantageous embodiment because when driving, the level of incident light can change frequently and rapidly. The benefit of using smart glass in a car is that by adjusting the transparency of the window, the light level can be kept at a constant level. In addition, the reduced diffraction effect improves safety because it reduces driver distraction. The car 20 may include a controller configured to control the transparency or reflectivity of the window 21. Instead of a car as shown, the glass unit may be applied to a camper, a boat, etc.

[0216] Figures 11a to 11c An example of an embodiment of optical modulation is shown. Figures 11a to 11c The processing of g is shown in FIG. Figures 11a to 11c The electrodes shown in can also be used for processing of antenna signals. In another aspect, one or more additional antennas can be used, which are not shown separately.

[0217] The light modulator may have two optical states, such as a transparent state and a non-transparent state, or a reflective state and a non-reflective state. The light modulator (such as the light modulator 10 or the light modulator 40) may be configured as:

[0218] - switching to a second optical state (e.g. a non-transparent state) or a non-reflective state by generating an alternating voltage on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, applying an alternating current between at least the first electrode and the second electrode on the first substrate and / or between the first electrode and the second electrode on the second substrate, and

[0219] -Switching to a first optical state (e.g., a transparent state) or a reflective state by generating an alternating voltage between the first substrate and the second substrate, applying an alternating current between a first electrode on the first substrate and a first electrode on the second substrate, and / or between a second electrode on the first substrate and a second electrode on the second substrate.

[0220] The electrode pattern on the first substrate is at least partially arranged in the same pattern as the second electrode on the second substrate. Typically, the electrodes are opposite to each other, but the patterns of the first electrode and the second electrode may also be shifted relative to each other.

[0221] A protective coating may be provided on at least a portion of an inner surface area of ​​at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate.

[0222] The driving signal applied to the driving electrode typically has a varying voltage. For example, the power supply can be operated at an AC frequency for switching to a transparent state or a non-transparent state. Such a signal can have a frequency, for example, between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz. The balanced electrolysis current can be obtained by continuously switching the polarity of oppositely charged electrodes on the first substrate and the second substrate and / or between the first substrate and the second substrate.

[0223] Figure 11a to Figure 11b A side view of one embodiment of a light modulator in use is schematically shown. Applying an electric field to electrodes on a substrate causes the particles to be subjected to electric force. Using this effect, the particles can move around, so different states of transparency or reflectivity can be produced in the light modulator. The controller can control the electric field, for example, the amplitude, frequency and phase of the electric field. In one embodiment, the controller is connected to at least four electrodes: two for each substrate. However, more electrodes can be used and connected to the controller; for example, more than 2 electrodes can be used on a substrate to better fine-tune the grayscale and drive to a non-transparent state or a non-reflective state. Multiple electrodes can also be used to support multiple segments on a substrate.

[0224] Fig.11a shows an optical modulator with no electric field applied. Fig.11a In the present invention, no electric force is applied to the particles 30 suspended in the fluid 15.

[0225] exist Fig.11a In the configuration shown, the conductive electrode pattern arranged on the top substrate is completely or substantially aligned with the conductive electrode pattern on the bottom substrate.The conductive electrode pattern may be deposited on a transparent or (partially) reflective glass substrate, or may be embedded in a plastic substrate or the like.

[0226] Alignment between the top electrode pattern and the bottom electrode pattern contributes to a larger range of achievable transparency levels or reflectivity levels. However, alignment is not required, as similar effects can be achieved without alignment. In the case of non-alignment, a certain range of transparency or reflectivity can also be achieved.

[0227] Note that in these embodiments, reference is made to top and bottom substrates to refer to the substrates that are higher or lower on the page. The same substrates may also be referred to as front and back substrates, for example, because in glass applications, the substrates are aligned vertically rather than horizontally.

[0228] Fig.11bA light modulator is shown, wherein, for example, at instance P1, a potential +V1 is applied to each micro-wire electrode on the top substrate, and a negative voltage (such as -V1) is applied to each micro-wire electrode of the bottom substrate. Therefore, in this case, the same positive potential is applied to all electrodes 13, and the same negative potential is applied to electrode 14. The difference in potential causes negatively charged particles to flow to the vicinity of the electrode of the top substrate, where the particles will be substantially aligned with the top electrode. As a result, if both the top substrate and the bottom substrate are transparent, the transparency of the light modulator 10 will be improved. Similarly, if, for example, the top substrate is transparent and the bottom substrate is reflective, the reflectivity of the light modulator 10 will be improved. If the solution contains positively charged particles, they will flow to the vicinity of the electrode of the bottom substrate, where those particles will be substantially aligned with the bottom electrode.

[0229] In the second instance P2, when the voltages of the top and bottom electrodes are opposite to those of the instance P1, similar transparency or reflectivity can be achieved. In the instance P2, the voltage of each electrode of the top substrate is immediately provided with a negative potential -V1, while the voltage of the aligned electrodes of the bottom substrate is provided with a positive potential. This state is similar to Fig.11b , but in which the top substrate is reversed from the bottom substrate. Also in this configuration, the transparency or reflectivity of the light modulator 10 is high.

[0230] Interestingly, by electrodes at the top substrate (e.g. Fig.11b The positive potential at electrode 13 (and the negative potential at electrode 14) shown in FIG. 1 is related to the positive potential at electrode 13 (and the negative potential at electrode 14) at the bottom substrate (e.g., Fig.11b Switching between positive potentials at the electrodes 14 shown in the figure can maintain transparency or reflectivity while reducing corrosion damage to the electrodes. This alternating electric field can be achieved by applying alternating potentials to the top and bottom electrodes.

[0231] Applying a waveform is optional and is an effective measure to increase the life of the optical modulator by reducing corrosion. For example, when using copper electrodes, corrosion may form because copper ions dissolve in the ionic fluid at one substrate and flow to the electrode of the opposite substrate and deposit there. By applying a waveform, the direction of copper ion migration is frequently turned, thereby reducing corrosion damage. Between the two instances P1 and P2, the corrosion current between the two substrates is balanced, or substantially (e.g., >95%) balanced, for example, as the corrosion rate of the electrode in the top plane increases, there is a balanced copper deposition on the bottom electrode between each time instance (P1 and vice versa in instance P2). Therefore, particles are continuously converted or migrated between the top electrode and the bottom electrode, and the optical modulator or smart window is always in the on state, and the dynamic electrolysis current between the top electrode and the bottom electrode is constant, so there is no net loss or a negligible net loss of electrode material on the top substrate and the bottom substrate.

[0232] Fig.11c shows how a reduced transparency state or a reduced reflectivity state can be obtained. An alternating voltage is applied to the same substrate. For example, in one embodiment, a potential of +V2 is applied to the first electrode, and the next adjacent electrode has an opposite potential of -V2, etc., as in Fig.11c As shown. This can be obtained by applying a potential +V2 to electrode 13a and an opposite potential -V2 to electrode 13b. On the opposite substrate, a potential +V2 can be applied to electrode 14a, and an opposite potential -V2 can be applied to electrode 14b. For example, the electrodes can be arranged so that the electrodes on the substrates are aligned; the electrode on the top substrate has an opposite electrode on the bottom substrate, and vice versa. For example, to reduce transparency or reflectivity, the opposite electrodes can receive the same potential, while the adjacent electrodes receive opposite potentials. Fig.11c An embodiment is shown in FIG. 1 , in which four electrodes are indicated by reference numerals 13a, 13b, 14a and 14b, with the other electrodes continuing to alternate.

[0233] By using this AC drive cycle between the top and bottom substrates, diagonal and lateral electric fields are generated between the two substrates, resulting in random diffusion of particles, thereby producing the off state of the light modulator. As a result of this configuration, the particles migrate diagonally and laterally between the top and bottom substrates, and the diffusion of particles into the visible aperture of the light modulator contributes to the off, opaque state of the light modulator.

[0234] As for Fig.11b In the transparent state shown in FIG, a waveform may be applied to the electrode, for example, so that Fig.11b The electrode with positive potential shown in the figure becomes negative potential, and the electrode with negative potential becomes positive potential. Fig.11b In the embodiment of the present invention, applying a waveform, for example, between electrodes 13a and 13b and between electrodes 14a and 14b, can reduce corrosion damage to the electrodes.

[0235] The AC drive cycle can be combined by using Figure 5 , Figures 6a to 6d The top electrode configuration and the bottom electrode configuration shown in the plan view are implemented by an interdigitated line configuration. Fig.11b and Fig.11c The degree of increase or decrease in transparency or reflectivity depends on the voltage difference and the frequency difference. By changing the voltage difference, the amount of increase or decrease in transparency or reflectivity can be controlled. For example, a curve representing the change in transmittance relative to voltage can be determined (e.g., measured). In order to obtain a specific transmittance level (e.g., a specific transparency, a specific grayscale level), a corresponding voltage (e.g., an AC voltage) can be applied. By interpolating the transparent state signal or the non-transparent state signal, a level between transparent and non-transparent can be obtained. Similarly, a curve representing the change in light reflection relative to voltage can be determined (e.g., measured). In order to obtain a specific reflectivity level, a corresponding voltage (e.g., an AC voltage) can be applied. By interpolating the reflective state signal or the non-reflective state signal, a level between reflective and non-reflective can be obtained.

[0236] For the light modulator, different electrode patterns can be used. The electrode patterns can each provide a grayscale range that the light modulator can achieve, such as a transparency level or a reflectivity level. However, the specific grayscale range of any particular electrode pattern can be different from other electrode patterns. In other words, although different patterns give increased transparency or reflectivity or increased opacity, the exact response to the drive signal depends on many factors, including the specific pattern used. The change in the optical properties of the light modulator can have high resolution (e.g., a resolution of less than 1 mm). Note that different optical patterns (e.g., logos) visible in the light modulator can be achieved without the need for a pixelated light modulator.

[0237] This effect can be used to embed a visible image in a light modulator by locally changing the electrode pattern on the substrate of the light modulator. For example, due to different electrode patterns, it is possible to have local grayscales with grayscales that are permanently offset relative to each other. For example, by locally changing the electrode pattern or its pitch, the maximum transparency or the maximum reflectivity can be changed.

[0238] The result is that the regions on the light modulator have different grayscale intensities, for example, different grayscales, or colors. Although, the regions can have the same color point. In one embodiment, they can switch together with the rest of the window, although at different rates. For example, even if the same voltage is applied to electrodes in two different regions, they will cause different transparent states (for example, different transmission levels) due to different electrode patterns. For example, a curve representing the change in transmittance relative to voltage can be shifted. For example, if the voltage control is changed in the same way in two regions, then the light transmission can change in these two regions, but by different amounts. A region can also reduce the response to the drive signal by reducing the density of electrodes; in particular, a region can be completely not switched, for example by not applying electrodes in the region.

[0239] For example, the electrode material can be copper, aluminum, gold, indium tin oxide (ITO), etc. ITO is transparent, while Cu / Al is reflective, so using different electrode materials can achieve different appearances, regardless of the voltage drive. Similarly, different materials have different resistances and will produce different electric fields. For example, even if driven with the same voltage, ITO will have a smaller electric field.

[0240] One embodiment of the method of modulating light includes applying an electric potential to a plurality of drive electrodes applied to two opposing substrates to obtain an electromagnetic field between the plurality of drive electrodes to provide electrophoretic movement of particles toward or away from one of the plurality of drive electrodes, thereby causing modulation of light irradiated through the substrates, wherein the two opposing substrates are as in one embodiment.

[0241] Many different ways of performing the method are possible, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. For example, the order of the steps may be performed in the order shown, but the order of the steps may also be changed, or certain steps may be performed in parallel. In addition, other method steps may be inserted between steps. Inserted steps may represent improvements to a method such as described herein, or may be unrelated to the method. For example, certain steps may be performed at least partially in parallel. In addition, a given step may not be fully completed before the next step is started.

[0242] The electrodes may be driven using a signal having a selected maximum amplitude corresponding to one of a plurality of transparency levels or reflectivity levels of the light modulator. The signal may be an alternating current or an alternating voltage.

Claims

1. A glass unit (100), the glass unit (100) being configured to receive a radio frequency signal, the glass unit comprising: - a first panel (111; 650) and a second panel (112), said first panel and said second panel being parallel to each other, - a first substrate (141; 621) and a second substrate (142; 622), - the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged in parallel with the first panel and the second panel in the glass unit, - at least two interdigitated electrodes arranged on a second side of the first substrate, the second side of the first substrate being opposite to the first side of the first substrate and facing the first side of the second substrate, - at least two interdigitated electrodes arranged on a first side of the second substrate, the first side of the second substrate facing the first substrate, - at least one antenna (121), the at least one antenna (121) is used to receive radio frequency signals, the antenna is arranged on one side of the first substrate or on one side of the first panel, - an optical layer (143), the optical layer (143) being arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, the charged particles or chargeable particles being in fluid suspension in the optical layer (143), the particles and electrodes on the first substrate and the second substrate being configured to cooperate in electrophoretic modulation of the positions of the particles, thereby causing modulation of light passing through the glass unit.

2. The glass unit (100) according to claim 1, wherein: - a first side surface of the first substrate faces the first panel, a second side surface of the second substrate faces the second panel, and the first substrate and the second substrate are arranged inside the glass unit, or The second side of the second substrate faces the first panel, the first and second substrates being arranged at the outer side of the glass unit.

3. A glazing unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first panel is arranged to face the exterior of a building and the second panel is arranged to face the interior of the building, or wherein the first panel is arranged to face the exterior of a vehicle and the second panel is arranged to face the interior of the vehicle.

4. A glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising: - a clamp (130) surrounding the glass unit, the first and second panels being attached to the clamp, the clamp being arranged to space the first and second panels apart from each other.

5. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one antenna comprises one or more of the following: - a first antenna configured to capture power from a received radio frequency signal, - a second antenna configured to retrieve RF modulated data from the received radio frequency signal, - a third antenna configured to retransmit the reacquired RF modulated data after remodulation.

6. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, a capacitor (150) being connected to the antenna (121) to tune the antenna (121) to a frequency above 100 MHz.

7. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the interdigitated electrodes on the first and second substrates are controlled with an electrical signal having a frequency below 1 kHz, preferably below 100 Hz.

8. The glass unit of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one or more antennas comprise one or more patch elements configured as patch antennas.

9. A glazing unit according to any preceding claim, comprising a radio frequency demodulator and a radio frequency modulator.

10. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a controller connected to at least two interdigitated electrodes on the first substrate and / or at least two interdigitated electrodes on the second substrate to control the optical layer, the controller being configurable to receive a control signal indicative of control of the optical layer.

11. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the controller (160) is arranged to derive power from the antenna signal to at least partially drive electrodes (122, 123) on the first (141) and second (142) substrates.

12. A glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a controller (160) arranged to retrieve data from the antenna signal transmitted by the antenna signal and / or to remodulate the retrieved data and transmit the remodulated data via another antenna.

13. The glass unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein an insulating layer (144) is arranged between the first substrate (142) and the second panel (112), wherein the insulating layer (144) can be vacuum or comprise an insulating gas, such as argon.

14. The glass unit according to any of the preceding claims, comprising a capacitor, wherein the capacitor (150) comprises a plurality of interdigitated dielectric sheets (255) and conductive sheets (254), a ground plane (253) connected to a first outer dielectric sheet and a connector (252) connected to a second outer dielectric sheet, a first connection of an antenna (121) being connected to the first outer dielectric sheet and a second connection of the antenna (121) being connected to the connector (252).

15. A glazing unit as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising, from the exterior of the first panel: The one or more antennas, a dielectric layer, a transparent conductive layer, and the first substrate, in this order, the dielectric layer isolating the one or more antennas from the transparent conductive layer.

16. A glazing unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein: - an ITO layer, a dielectric layer and the one or more antennas are arranged on the first side of the first substrate, or - a transparent conductive layer, a dielectric layer and the one or more antennas are arranged on a side of the first panel facing away from the first substrate, or The one or more antennas are arranged on a side of the first panel facing away from the first substrate, and a transparent conductive layer is arranged on a first side of the first substrate.

17. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more antennas are arranged on the second side of the first substrate between at least two interdigitated electrodes.

18. The glass unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least two interdigitated electrodes on the first substrate, or a portion thereof, are configured as at least one antenna.

19. The glass unit of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least two of the interdigital antennas on the second side of the first substrate include one or more patches that are isolated from the remainder of the at least two interdigital antennas on the second side of the first substrate that are used for high frequency signals but not for low frequency signals.

20. A substrate according to any one of the preceding claims.

21. A first substrate, the first substrate having a first side surface and a second side surface, - a transparent conductive layer, a dielectric layer and one or more antennas are arranged on the first side of the first substrate, and At least two interdigital electrodes are arranged on the second side of the first substrate.

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