A method of rearing poultry with reduced ammonia emissions

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of poultry and livestock breeding, and relates to a poultry and livestock breeding method for reducing ammonia emission; the method comprises the following steps: laying a three-layer composite bedding material composed of a biological activation layer, an acid-base buffer layer and a basic adsorption layer before poultry and livestock enter a house, and continuously and stably reducing ammonia emission through the synergistic effect of physical adsorption, chemical neutralization and biological degradation; daily feeding of special ammonia-reducing feed containing composite plant extract, polysaccharide enzyme preparation and urease inhibitor to reduce the excretion of nitrogen-containing substances in feces from the source; spraying of a composite ammonia-removing agent according to the ammonia concentration gradient in the house to achieve precise control; mixing of feces and bedding material after poultry and livestock defecate, and supplement of ammonia adsorbent, so that the old bedding material can be composted into organic fertilizer. The present application constructs a whole-chain ammonia emission reduction system of'source control-process blocking-end conversion', effectively realizes long-term and stable control of the ammonia concentration in the poultry house, and improves the breeding environment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of poultry and livestock breeding technology, and relates to a method for reducing ammonia emissions in poultry and livestock breeding. Background Technology

[0002] In livestock farming, ammonia emissions primarily originate from the decomposition of nitrogenous substances in feces and urine, especially the rapid hydrolysis of urea and uric acid by urease to produce ammonia. Ammonia not only deteriorates indoor air quality, affecting livestock health and production performance, but also leads to environmental pollution such as acid rain and eutrophication of water bodies. Current technologies for controlling ammonia emissions mainly employ three categories of methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical methods include improving ventilation and covering feces with absorbent materials to adsorb ammonia molecules through pores; chemical methods include spraying acidic substances to neutralize ammonia and generate stable salts; and biological methods involve adding microbial or enzyme preparations to degrade or inhibit ammonia production. In addition, feed regulation is also a common approach, such as reducing dietary crude protein levels and adding synthetic amino acids to reduce nitrogen excretion.

[0003] However, existing technologies have significant drawbacks. First, single methods have limited and unsustainable effects: for example, while physical adsorption materials can adsorb ammonia in the short term, they are easily saturated and require frequent replacement, increasing costs and labor intensity; chemical spraying can quickly neutralize ammonia, but its effect is short-lived, and excessive use may corrode equipment or affect the health of animal mucous membranes. Second, they lack a systematic approach: existing methods mostly focus on end-of-pipe treatment after excretion, neglecting to reduce ammonia production at the source (such as intestinal digestion), resulting in treating the symptoms but not the root cause. For example, feed adjustments often simply reduce protein content, which may affect animal growth performance; microbial preparations, if lacking a suitable environment (such as humidity and carbon source), will reproduce slowly and have low degradation efficiency. Third, they are complex and costly to operate: when multiple technologies are used in combination, there is often a problem of poor synergy, such as adsorbents competing with microorganisms for environmental resources, which reduces the overall effect. In addition, existing technologies rarely consider the resource utilization of waste; bedding and feces are mostly treated as waste, increasing the environmental burden. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming, specifically comprising the following steps:

[0005] Step 1: Before the poultry and livestock enter the shed, lay three layers of bedding material on the floor of the shed, from bottom to top: a 3-5cm bio-activation layer, a 4-6cm acid-base buffer layer, and an 8-12cm basic adsorption layer. After laying the bio-activation layer, spray water until the moisture content of the bio-activation layer is 35-45%. After laying the acid-base buffer layer, spray water until the moisture content of the acid-base buffer layer is 8-12%. Do not spray water after laying the basic adsorption layer.

[0006] Preferably, the bioactivation layer comprises a composite bacterial carrier, a composite bacterial powder, and a carbon source in a mass ratio of (7-9):(1-2):(0.5-1).

[0007] More preferably, the composite microbial carrier includes one or more of wheat bran, sawdust, corn cob, and rice husk; the composite microbial powder includes one or more of Bacillus subtilis powder, Bacillus licheniformis powder, Bacillus mucilaginosus powder, yeast powder, Lactobacillus powder, photosynthetic bacteria powder, and nitrifying bacteria powder; and the carbon source includes one or more of sucrose, starch, and molasses.

[0008] Most preferably, the composite microbial carrier is wheat bran and sawdust in a mass ratio of (1-3):(7-9); the composite microbial powder is composed of Bacillus subtilis powder, Lactobacillus powder, photosynthetic bacteria powder, and nitrifying bacteria powder in a mass ratio of (7-9):(4-6):(2-4):(2-4). The carbon source is sucrose.

[0009] Preferably, the acid-base buffer layer comprises plant straw, phosphate, sulfate, organic acid and humus in a mass ratio of (6-8):(2-4):(1-3):(3-5):(5-7).

[0010] Most preferably, the plant straw includes one or more of corn straw, soybean straw, rice straw, and wheat straw. The phosphate is superphosphate, the sulfate is ferrous sulfate, and the organic acid is citric acid and acetic acid in a mass ratio of (2-4):(1-3).

[0011] Preferably, the basic adsorption layer comprises diatomaceous earth, zeolite powder, vermiculite powder, montmorillonite powder, attapulgite, and activated carbon powder in a mass ratio of (13-17):(6-8):(5-7):(4-6):(6-8):(7-9).

[0012] Step 2: Feed the special ammonia-reducing feed at 7:00-8:00 AM and 5:00-6:00 PM daily, with the amount of feed being 4%-6% of the basal diet. When formally feeding the basal diet, add the special ammonia-reducing feed to the basal diet. The mass ratio of the basal diet to the special ammonia-reducing feed is (90-95):(5-10).

[0013] Preferably, the special ammonia-reducing feed includes corn flour, sweet potato, carrot, fish meal, limestone powder, compound plant extract, polysaccharide enzyme preparation, urease inhibitor and lactic acid bacteria powder, in a mass ratio of (10-20):(40-50):(20-30):(2-4):(1-2):(10-15):(2-4):(8-12):(1-3).

[0014] Most preferably, the compound plant extract comprises gallnut extract, rosemary extract, and seaweed extract in a mass ratio of (2-4):(4-6):(3-5). The polysaccharide enzyme preparation comprises xylanase and β-glucanase in a mass ratio of (4-6):(2-4). The urease inhibitor comprises tea polyphenols, thymol, and quercetin in a mass ratio of (7-9):(3-5):(4-6).

[0015] Step 3: During the breeding process, monitor the ammonia concentration in the shed daily. When the ammonia concentration is >20ppm, spray 100-200mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is ≥10ppm, spray 40-80mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is <10ppm, spray ≤10mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed.

[0016] Preferably, the composite ammonia remover comprises phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, a surfactant, and water in a mass ratio of (65-75):(15-25):(35-45):(8-12):(1-2):(1000-1200). Most preferably, the surfactant is polysorbate-80.

[0017] Step four: After the livestock defecates, mix the feces, acid-base buffer layer, and basic adsorption layer, and then reapply ammonia adsorbent to the bedding surface at a dosage of 100-200 g / m². 2 The ammonia adsorbent has the same composition as the basic adsorption layer. When the poultry and livestock leave the house, clean up the manure and bedding in the house and ventilate. Before the poultry and livestock return to the house, lay three layers of bedding again. The old bedding along with the manure can be composted and converted into high-quality organic fertilizer.

[0018] The working principle of this invention:

[0019] Physical adsorption (basic adsorption layer): Diatomaceous earth, montmorillonite powder, and attapulgite have loose structures and high porosity, which can quickly absorb moisture from feces and urine, reducing the basis for the volatilization of liquid ammonia. Zeolite powder, vermiculite powder, and activated carbon have huge specific surface areas and ion exchange capacity, and can preferentially adsorb ammonia molecules.

[0020] Chemical neutralization and fixation (acid-base neutralization layer): Superphosphate dissolves in water and becomes acidic. It then combines with citric acid and acetic acid, and reacts with ammonia to form stable ammonium phosphate. Ferrous ions in ferrous sulfate can form complexes with ammonia or hydrogen sulfide, thus fixing them in the bedding material.

[0021] Biodegradation (Bioactivation Layer): The complex microorganisms multiply rapidly under suitable humidity, temperature and carbon source conditions. Bacillus subtilis can decompose organic matter in feces, while nitrifying bacteria convert fixed ammonium salts into nitrates, realizing the biotransformation of nitrogen and fundamentally eliminating the substrate for ammonia production.

[0022] Polysaccharide enzyme preparations: decompose anti-nutritional factors polysaccharides in soybean meal, wheat bran and other diets, improve the digestibility and absorption of nutrients such as protein, thereby reducing the amount of undigested nitrogenous substances (urea, uric acid, etc.) excreted in feces from the source.

[0023] Compound plant extracts and urease inhibitors: Their active ingredients (rosmarinic acid, tannic acid and seaweed polysaccharides, etc.) can inhibit urease activity, slow down the rate at which urea decomposes into ammonia, and reduce ammonia production.

[0024] This invention is not a simple accumulation of technologies, but rather the construction of a complete chain from reducing ammonia production in the intestines (feed) → immediate fixation of excrement (chemical layer of bedding + spraying agent) → long-term biotransformation (biological layer of bedding), achieving full-coverage management of ammonia from generation to discharge.

[0025] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0026] (1) Multi-level synergistic effect to achieve comprehensive and sustainable ammonia emission reduction. This invention forms a synergistic network of physical adsorption, chemical fixation and biodegradation by organically combining a three-layer bedding system (basic adsorption layer, acid-base buffer layer, and bio-activation layer) with special feed and compound ammonia removal agent. The basic adsorption layer quickly locks in moisture and ammonia molecules through materials such as diatomaceous earth and zeolite powder to prevent volatilization; the acid-base buffer layer uses superphosphate, organic acids and other substances to react with ammonia to generate stable salts, achieving chemical fixation; the bio-activation layer uses compound microorganisms to continuously degrade nitrogen-containing substances under suitable humidity and carbon source conditions, fundamentally eliminating ammonia substrates. This design ensures that ammonia is controlled throughout the entire process from generation to conversion, and the effect is significantly better than the existing technology.

[0027] (2) By suppressing ammonia production at the source while considering both animal health and production performance, the special ammonia-reducing feed of this invention effectively inhibits urease activity in the intestines and feces by adding compound plant extracts (such as gallnut and rosemary extracts) and urease inhibitors (such as tea polyphenols and quercetin), thus delaying urea decomposition and reducing ammonia sources. At the same time, polysaccharide enzyme preparations (such as xylanase and β-glucanase) improve feed digestibility and reduce undigested nitrogen content in feces. This not only reduces ammonia production at the source but also avoids nutritional imbalance and ensures livestock and poultry growth efficiency.

[0028] (3) The operation is simple and the cost is controllable, which improves practicality and sustainability. This invention achieves precise drug use by monitoring the ammonia concentration daily and spraying the compound ammonia removal agent in a gradient, thus avoiding the overuse of chemical agents. The bedding system is reasonably designed. After the feces and bedding are mixed, they can be directly composted into high-quality organic fertilizer, turning waste into treasure and reducing the cost of waste treatment.

[0029] (4) Strong environmental adaptability, suitable for diverse breeding scenarios. The components of this invention (such as compound bacterial powder, plant straw, and mineral adsorbent) are all common agricultural by-products or industrial raw materials, which are easy to obtain and inexpensive. The thickness and moisture content parameters of the three-layer bedding have been optimized to adapt to different seasons and livestock housing environments, and have high stability. In contrast, existing microbial preparations often fail due to unsuitable environments (such as temperature and pH fluctuations). This invention provides ideal living conditions for microorganisms by layering and regulating humidity and nutrition, ensuring the continuity of biological activity. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] Raw material preparation:

[0033] Composite microbial carrier: wheat bran and sawdust, mass ratio 2:8.

[0034] The compound bacterial powder consists of Bacillus subtilis powder, Lactobacillus powder, photosynthetic bacteria powder, and nitrifying bacteria powder, in a mass ratio of 8:5:3:3. The Bacillus subtilis powder and Lactobacillus powder were purchased from Shandong Juping Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the photosynthetic bacteria powder from Shandong Borui Chemical Co., Ltd., and the nitrifying bacteria powder from Guangzhou Qingwo Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0035] Organic acids: citric acid and acetic acid, in a mass ratio of 3:2.

[0036] The compound plant extracts consist of gallnut extract, rosemary extract, and seaweed extract in a mass ratio of 3:5:4. The gallnut extract was purchased from Hebei Pengyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., the rosemary extract from Shaanxi Muyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and the seaweed extract from Xi'an Musen Bioengineering Co., Ltd.

[0037] Polysaccharide enzyme preparation: xylanase and β-glucanase, in a mass ratio of 5:3.

[0038] Urease inhibitors: tea polyphenols, thymol, and quercetin, in a mass ratio of 8:4:5.

[0039] Bio-activation layer: composite bacterial carrier, composite bacterial powder and sucrose, in a mass ratio of 8:1.5:0.75.

[0040] Acid-base buffer layer: corn stalks, superphosphate, ferrous sulfate, organic acids and humus, in a mass ratio of 7:3:2:5:6.

[0041] Basic adsorption layer: diatomaceous earth, zeolite powder, vermiculite powder, montmorillonite powder, attapulgite clay and activated carbon powder, in a mass ratio of 15:7:6:5:7:8.

[0042] Specialized ammonia-reducing feed: corn flour, sweet potato, carrot, fish meal, limestone powder, compound plant extracts, polysaccharide enzyme preparations, urease inhibitors, and lactic acid bacteria powder, with a mass ratio of 15:45:25:3:1.5:13:3:10:2.

[0043] Composite ammonia remover: phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, polysorbate-80 and water, in a mass ratio of 70:20:40:10:1:1200.

[0044] The specific method is as follows:

[0045] Step 1: Before the poultry and livestock enter the shed, lay three layers of bedding material on the floor of the shed, from bottom to top: a 4cm bio-activation layer, a 5cm acid-base buffer layer, and a 10cm basic adsorption layer. After laying the bio-activation layer, spray water until the moisture content of the bio-activation layer reaches 40%. After laying the acid-base buffer layer, spray water until the moisture content of the acid-base buffer layer reaches 10%. Do not spray water after laying the basic adsorption layer.

[0046] Step 2: Feed the special ammonia-reducing feed at 7:30 am and 5:30 pm daily, with the amount of feed being 5% of the basal diet mass. When formally feeding the basal diet, add the special ammonia-reducing feed to the basal diet. The mass ratio of the basal diet to the special ammonia-reducing feed is 93:7.

[0047] Step 3: During the breeding process, monitor the ammonia concentration in the shed daily. When the ammonia concentration is >20ppm, spray 150mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is ≥10ppm, spray 60mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is <10ppm, spray 3mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed.

[0048] Step four: After the livestock defecates, mix the feces, acid-base buffer layer, and basic adsorption layer, and then reapply ammonia adsorbent to the bedding surface at a dosage of 150g / m². 2The ammonia adsorbent has the same composition as the basic adsorption layer. When the poultry and livestock leave the house, clean up the manure and bedding in the house and ventilate. Before the poultry and livestock return to the house, lay three layers of bedding again. The old bedding along with the manure can be composted and converted into high-quality organic fertilizer.

[0049] Experimental Example 1

[0050] Laboratory animals and grouping

[0051] Laboratory animals: 60 healthy beef cattle (weighing approximately 300±20 kg)

[0052] Experimental group: 30 head. The method in Example 1 was used to reduce ammonia emissions. Other daily management and basic diet were based on "High-efficiency and healthy beef cattle breeding technology" edited by Luo Shengjin.

[0053] Control group: 30 head, whose daily management and basic diet were completely based on "High-efficiency and healthy beef cattle breeding technology", edited by Luo Shengjin.

[0054] Breeding cycle: 30 days.

[0055] The ammonia concentrations in the experimental and control groups were measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 30, and the emission reduction rates were calculated, as shown in Table 1.

[0056] Table 1

[0057]

[0058] Experimental Example 2

[0059] Laboratory animals and grouping

[0060] Laboratory animals: 200 healthy laying hens (120 days old)

[0061] Experimental group: 100 birds. The method in Example 1 was used to reduce ammonia emissions. Other daily management and basic diet were based on "Key Technologies of Modern Laying Hen Farming" edited by Xiong Jiajun and Yang Feifei.

[0062] Control group: 100 birds. Daily management and basic diet were completely based on "Key Technologies of Modern Laying Hen Farming" edited by Xiong Jiajun and Yang Feifei.

[0063] Breeding cycle: 28 days.

[0064] The ammonia concentrations in the experimental and control groups were measured on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, and the emission reduction rates were calculated, as shown in Table 2.

[0065] Table 2

[0066]

[0067] As shown in Tables 1-2, the integrated farming method of three-layer bedding material + special ammonia-reducing feed + compound ammonia-removing agent provided by this invention can significantly reduce the ammonia concentration in poultry and livestock houses, with a stable emission reduction effect between 55% and 78%, and the effect becomes more significant over time. This method is simple to operate, cost-controllable, and applicable to various poultry and livestock farming scenarios, and has good promotional value.

[0068] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in poultry and livestock farming, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Before the poultry and livestock enter the shed, lay three layers of bedding material on the floor of the shed, from bottom to top: a 3-5cm bio-activation layer, a 4-6cm acid-base buffer layer, and an 8-12cm basic adsorption layer. After laying the bio-activation layer, spray water until the moisture content of the bio-activation layer is 35-45%. After laying the acid-base buffer layer, spray water until the moisture content of the acid-base buffer layer is 8-12%. Do not spray water after laying the basic adsorption layer. The bio-activation layer comprises a composite bacterial carrier, composite bacterial powder, and carbon source in a mass ratio of (7-9):(1-2):(0.5-1); the acid-base buffer layer comprises plant straw, phosphate, sulfate, organic acid, and humus in a mass ratio of (6-8):(2-4):(1-3):(3-5):(5-7); the basic adsorption layer comprises diatomaceous earth, zeolite powder, vermiculite powder, montmorillonite powder, attapulgite, and activated carbon powder in a mass ratio of (13-17):(6-8):(5-7):(4-6):(6-8):(7-9); Step 2: Feed the special ammonia-reducing feed in the early morning and evening each day, with the amount of feed being 4%-6% of the basal diet. When formally feeding the basal diet, add the special ammonia-reducing feed to the basal diet. The mass ratio of the basal diet to the special ammonia-reducing feed is (90-95):(5-10). The special ammonia-reducing feed includes corn flour, sweet potato, carrot, fish meal, limestone powder, compound plant extract, polysaccharide enzyme preparation, urease inhibitor and lactic acid bacteria powder, with a mass ratio of (10-20):(40-50):(20-30):(2-4):(1-2):(10-15):(2-4):(8-12):(1-3); Step 3: During the breeding process, monitor the ammonia concentration in the shed daily. When the ammonia concentration is >20ppm, spray 100-200mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is ≥10ppm, spray 40-80mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed; when the ammonia concentration is <10ppm, spray ≤10mL of compound ammonia remover per square meter of the breeding shed. Step four: After the livestock defecates, mix the feces, acid-base buffer layer, and basic adsorption layer, and then reapply ammonia adsorbent to the bedding surface at a dosage of 100-200 g / m². 2 The ammonia adsorbent has the same composition as the basic adsorption layer. When the poultry and livestock leave the house, clean up the manure and bedding in the house and ventilate. Before the poultry and livestock return to the house, lay three layers of bedding again. The old bedding, along with the manure, is composted and converted into high-quality organic fertilizer.

2. The method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The composite microbial carrier mentioned in step one includes one or more of wheat bran, sawdust, corn cob, and rice husk.

3. The method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound bacterial powder mentioned in step one includes one or more of the following: Bacillus subtilis powder, Bacillus licheniformis powder, Bacillus mucilaginosus powder, yeast powder, Lactobacillus powder, photosynthetic bacteria powder, and nitrifying bacteria powder.

4. The method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carbon source mentioned in step one includes one or more of sucrose, starch, and molasses.

5. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The plant straw mentioned in step one includes one or more of corn straw, soybean straw, rice straw, and wheat straw.

6. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phosphate mentioned in step one is superphosphate, the sulfate is ferrous sulfate, and the organic acid is citric acid and acetic acid, with a mass ratio of citric acid to acetic acid of (2-4):(1-3).

7. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The compound plant extracts mentioned in step two include gallnut extract, rosemary extract and seaweed extract, with a mass ratio of (2-4):(4-6):(3-5).

8. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The polysaccharide enzyme preparation mentioned in step two includes xylanase and β-glucanase in a mass ratio of (4-6):(2-4).

9. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The urease inhibitor mentioned in step two includes tea polyphenols, thymol, and quercetin in a mass ratio of (7-9):(3-5):(4-6).

10. A method for reducing ammonia emissions in livestock farming according to claim 1, characterized in that, The composite ammonia removal agent mentioned in step three includes phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, surfactant and water, with a mass ratio of (65-75):(15-25):(35-45):(8-12):(1-2):(1000-1200).

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