Three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnel

Abstract

The invention discloses a three-dimensional integrated environment treatment system for a highway tunnel, and relates to the field of tunnels, a high-voltage electrode is laid on a step surface, and a multi-layer staggered flow guide plate is arranged above the step surface; the multiple stages of step units are filled with negative ion mineral composite material layers. The UV-LED array is integrated above the multi-stage step unit and is used for emitting ultraviolet light with the wavelength of 254nm and / or 365nm; the multi-stage step unit is coated with the photocatalyst coating; the wall washing lamp is arranged at the side part or the bottom of the multi-stage step unit and is used for irradiating a gas-water mixture flowing through the step; the water circulation purification unit is arranged below the multi-stage step unit and used for collecting and purifying waterfall water flow, and purified water flows back to the first water outlet end to be recycled. According to the invention, light pollution, noise pollution and air pollution are treated as an integral system. And the integrity and the collaboration of the three-dimensional integrated environment treatment system are realized.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of tunnel environment management, in particular to a three-dimensional integrated environment management system for highway tunnels. BACKGROUND

[0002] With the rapid development of modern transportation networks, tunnels, as key passages connecting geographical barriers, their operation safety and environmental quality are directly related to public safety and traffic efficiency. However, as a closed linear space, tunnels naturally have the characteristics of easy accumulation and difficult diffusion of environmental pollutants, leading to the interweaving of light pollution, noise pollution and air pollution problems, forming a complex environmental management challenge. Traditional management techniques mostly use single pollutant management state, lack of systematic linkage mechanism, and are difficult to meet the comprehensive needs of tunnel safety, environmental protection and energy saving.

[0003] Traditional lighting design often causes disability glare and discomfort glare due to improper lamp layout density or uncontrolled brightness gradient, leading to driver reaction delay and more than 30% increase in accident risk. To reduce power consumption, some tunnels use the "interval lighting out" strategy, resulting in uneven brightness distribution, making the monitoring system ineffective in low-illumination areas, and reducing accident tracing ability by 40%.

[0004] The ventilation and lighting systems have been running independently for a long time, ignoring their synergistic relationship. Poor ventilation leads to the accumulation of smoke and dust, reducing light efficiency; while insufficient lighting further increases the load on the ventilation system, forming a vicious cycle.

[0005] The tunnel reverberation effect makes the noise intensity reach 85-100 dB, and long-term exposure causes hearing impairment, high blood pressure and neurasthenia, increasing the rate of driving errors by 25%. The low-frequency noise (20-200 Hz) of heavy vehicles coupled with the inherent frequency of the tunnel structure accelerates the fatigue cracking of the lining, increasing maintenance costs by 50%.

[0006] Noise spills out through the tunnel portal and ventilation shaft, causing continuous interference to the residential areas within a 200-meter radius, increasing the incidence of sleep disorders by 35%, and violating the limit requirements of the "Sound Environment Quality Standard" (GB 3096-2008).

[0007] In the narrow tunnel, motor vehicle exhaust emissions cannot be effectively dispersed, resulting in the accumulation of high concentrations of harmful gases and particulate matter. Mainly including carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases. In addition, the aerosol of motor vehicle exhaust and the dust generated by road friction form suspended particulate matter, which poses a threat to human health and the environment.

[0008] In summary, in the environmental management of highway tunnels, light pollution, noise pollution and air pollution are three major problems to be solved. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system is a comprehensive management method, which can comprehensively improve the environmental quality inside and outside the tunnel, and provide strong support for the sustainable development of highway tunnels. SUMMARY

[0009] The purpose of the present application is to overcome the defects of low efficiency, high energy consumption, easy secondary pollution and single function in the prior art tunnel air purification method, and to provide a tunnel environmental management system which can simultaneously purify light pollution, noise pollution and air pollution.

[0010] The purpose is achieved by the following technical solutions:

[0011] A three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels, comprising a stepped waterfall structure arranged on both sides of the tunnel, the stepped waterfall structure comprising: a multi-stage step unit, a photocatalytic purification unit, a light environment optimization unit and a water circulation purification unit, a first water outlet is arranged above the multi-stage step unit for introducing water flow;

[0012] The multi-stage step unit comprises a plurality of step units, each step unit comprising a step surface, a high-voltage electrode and a plurality of layers of staggered guide plates; the high-voltage electrode is laid on the step surface and electrically connected with a direct current negative high-voltage power supply; the plurality of layers of staggered guide plates are arranged above the step surface; a negative ion mineral composite material layer is filled in the multi-stage step unit, and the negative ion mineral composite material layer comprises tourmaline, sepiolite and montmorillonite.

[0013] The stepped design of the system enables the water flow to fall step by step, forming a landscape similar to a natural waterfall and a water flow state, but more importantly, this structure provides an ideal platform for subsequent purification technologies. The upper end of the multi-stage step unit is provided with a first water outlet for supplying water to the uppermost step to form a waterfall flow. The first water outlet can be connected to a water storage device at the top of the tunnel or directly connected to a circulating water system.

[0014] The direct current negative high-voltage power supply can apply a direct current negative high voltage of-10kV to-30kV to the high-voltage electrode. This specific high voltage range has been verified by a large number of experiments, which can effectively generate strong corona discharge phenomenon on or near the water flow surface of the step under the premise of safety. During the corona discharge process, oxygen molecules in the air are ionized and excited, thereby generating a high concentration of negative oxygen ions (O2 - ) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) with strong oxidizing properties. These active species can quickly oxidize and decompose part of the pollutants, and have a killing effect on bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms.

[0015] In order to further enhance the concentration and sustained effect of negative ions, the multi-stage stepped unit is filled with a negative ion mineral composite layer. These composites have a permanent polarity or mineral composition that can release negative ions under hydrothermal conditions, which can continuously release negative ions, forming a synergy with the negative ions generated by corona discharge, which can compensate for the possible local concentration unevenness of corona discharge and achieve long-term purification.

[0016] Furthermore, in order to make full use of the characteristics of the waterfall flow, the air pollutants are fully contacted with the water phase, negative ions, and subsequent photocatalysts. The system uses a multi-layer staggered guide plate, which can change the flow path of the water flow, making the water flow form more complex water film, water silk or water droplets on the steps, increasing the contact area with air. The negative ion mineral composite layer provides countless small channels for the air-water two-phase, and the water flow flows in the negative ion mineral composite layer, while the air can contact through the gaps between the channels or with the water flow. The contact time of the gas-water mixture on the steps is greatly prolonged and the contact area is significantly increased. This structure improves the mass transfer efficiency, making it easier for pollutants in the air to be absorbed by water and captured by negative ions. Preferably, the weight ratio of tourmaline, sepiolite and montmorillonite is 50-60%:20-30%:10-20%, and the calcination activation treatment is at 800-1000℃.

[0017] Further, UV-LED is selected as the light source, which has the advantages of low energy consumption, long service life, precise wavelength control, and small heat generation. The UV-LED array selected by the present application emits ultraviolet light with a wavelength of at least 254nm and / or 365nm. Ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 254nm has strong sterilization and disinfection ability, and can also excite certain photocatalysts; 365nm wavelength is the best excitation wavelength for many photocatalysts, such as TiO2-based catalysts.

[0018] In order to achieve photocatalytic degradation, the UV-LED array irradiation range covers the multi-stage stepped unit and the photocatalyst coating. Preferably, the photocatalyst coating includes N-doped TiO2 or / and g-C3N4. It can effectively utilize the light energy of UV-LED to generate electron-hole pairs with strong oxidation ability.

[0019] First, high concentration of negative ions can actively adsorb particulate matter and some gaseous pollutants in the air, trapping them and bringing them to the water curtain surface or the surface of the photocatalyst coating. Second, the UV-LED array emits ultraviolet light onto the photocatalyst coating, exciting the generation of electron-hole pairs, which react with the surface-adsorbed water and oxygen to also generate active species such as hydroxyl radicals. Pollutants adsorbed by negative ions onto the surface of the catalyst will directly face the attack of these strong oxidizing species, thereby being efficiently degraded into harmless small molecular substances such as CO2 and H2O. For NOx and SO2, part of them can be dissolved in water to form acid ions and be carried away by water, and the other part can be oxidized to higher valence soluble substances or directly decomposed under the action of photocatalysis.

[0020] Second, a large amount of air is mixed into the waterfall flow to form a gas-water mixture. This mixture will undergo diffuse reflection under the irradiation of UV-LED light, making the waterfall on the tunnel walls appear white. The waterfall flow forms many tiny bubbles on the surface when flowing at high speed, which makes the light scatter multiple times during propagation to achieve the effect of diffuse reflection, solving the problem of light pollution in the tunnel. The waterfall flow of the waterfall wall washing lamp on both sides of the tunnel continuously collides with the wall material and air during the high-speed falling process, generating a large number of tiny bubbles. These bubbles make the water flow surface rough, and the original mirror reflection changes to diffuse reflection. When the tunnel light irradiates the surface of these bubbles and water droplets, the light will scatter in all directions, forming a diffuse reflection effect.

[0021] The waterfall flow continues to fall due to gravity, and the surface is continuously disturbed by newly incoming bubbles and turbulent flow, forming an effect similar to "broken mirror". This dynamic process destroys the single reflection angle, causing the light to appear diffuse.

[0022] When the water flow speed exceeds several meters per second, the air dissolved in the water is squeezed out to form bubbles. These bubbles suspend in the water, changing the optical properties of the water. The tunnel light scatters when passing through the bubbles, making the entire wall surface on both sides of the tunnel appear white to form a diffuse reflection effect.

[0023] On the other hand, the side surface of the step unit is provided with a second water outlet end, and the straight line where the second water outlet end is located is the same as the direction of the tunnel. The first water outlet end and the second water outlet end have the same structure, both including a central air pipe and a plurality of blades, and the plurality of blades are uniformly arranged on the central air pipe. The liquid flows out through the gap between adjacent two blades, and the air is sucked in or out through the central air pipe. The lower end of the ultraviolet disinfection module is connected with one end of the circulating pipeline, and the other end of the circulating pipeline is connected with the first water outlet end.

[0024] The first water outlet end and the second water outlet end adopt an integrated gas-liquid mixing jet structure, the core structure of which includes a central air pipe and a plurality of blades arranged around the central air pipe. The blades are uniformly distributed on the periphery of the central air pipe to form radial or spiral flow channels. Liquid flows out through the gaps between adjacent blades, and air is drawn in or pressed out through the central air pipe to realize forced mixing and efficient dispersion of the gas-liquid two-phase at the outlet.

[0025] The purified circulating water is pumped into the first water outlet end and the second water outlet end through a pipeline. Under the guidance of the blade flow channels, a thin liquid film or liquid beam with a certain initial speed is formed.

[0026] The central air pipe inhales air in the tunnel or external fresh air through a fan or a Venturi effect and sprays high-speed airflow from the center. The high-speed airflow collides violently with the liquid film guided by the blades at the outlet, tearing the liquid film into micron-sized droplets, while the air is divided into a large number of small bubbles, forming a gas-liquid mixed fog flow.

[0027] The blades can be rotated by a motor to give the liquid flow a tangential speed and form a spiral jet trajectory. The spiral flow field not only prolongs the gas-liquid contact time, but also further breaks up the droplets and bubbles through centrifugal force, improving the dispersion uniformity.

[0028] Therefore, the high-speed airflow of the central air pipe actively tears the liquid film, producing micro-bubbles with a diameter of 10-100 μm. The specific surface area of the bubbles is 10-100 times higher than that of traditional waterfalls, greatly increasing the contact area of O2, pollutants and water phase.

[0029] The spiral flow field formed by the rotating blades causes strong turbulence in the gas-liquid mixture during the jetting process. The bubbles and droplets are further refined under the action of centrifugal force and shear force, and the uniformity of the flow field distribution is improved by more than 40%, avoiding local gas or liquid blockage.

[0030] Experimental data show that the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (KLa) of this structure can reach 0.15-0.3 s -1 , far exceeding the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of 0.02-0.05 s -1 of traditional waterfalls, providing an efficient reaction interface for subsequent generation of negative ions and photocatalytic degradation.

[0031] The fog flow jetted from the water outlet end directly covers the high-voltage electrode on the step surface. The micro-droplets are further atomized and ionized in the corona discharge area, increasing the concentration of negative oxygen ions (O2 - ) in the fog flow to 1×10 6 -5×10 6 ions / cm 3 .

[0032] The spiral mist flow entrains the micro-powder particles released by the negative ion mineral composite material layer, forming a negative ion-mineral particle-liquid drop composite system.

[0033] In the tunnel simulation experiment, the outlet end makes the negative ion concentration uniformly distributed within a range of 3 meters, the PM2.5 removal rate is increased by 25%, and the degradation rate of VOCs such as formaldehyde is increased by 30%, solving the problems of local high concentration and uneven overall distribution of traditional negative ion generators.

[0034] In addition, a single light source in the tunnel is easy to produce glare and stroboscopic effect of alternating light and dark, and when the wall surface is smooth, it is easy to form mirror reflection, affecting the visual comfort of the driver; direct washing of the wall lamp may cause excessive light or local darkness.

[0035] The large amount of micro-bubbles generated by the system form multiple Mie scattering of light, converting directional strong light into soft diffuse light. Experiments show that when the bubble density reaches 10 4 -10 5 / cm 3 , the light scattering efficiency is increased by 60%, and the wall surface brightness uniformity (UGR) is reduced to below 19.

[0036] The blade rotation speed and air flow can be controlled in real time through sensors. For example, when the traffic flow is large during the day, increase the air flow to increase the bubble density and enhance scattering to reduce the wall surface brightness; when the traffic flow is small at night, reduce the bubble density to make the light more concentrated to improve the road recognition.

[0037] When the UV-LED array irradiates the gas-water mixture, the scattering difference of micro-bubbles to light of different wavelengths makes the wall surface present a natural pearl white luster, rather than a monotonous white color, which not only eliminates glare, but also creates the visual beauty of a flowing water curtain, relieving the visual fatigue of drivers in the tunnel.

[0038] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

[0039] The present application is a three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels,

[0040] The present application manages light pollution, noise pollution and air pollution as a whole system that is interrelated and mutually influenced. The overall management effect is maximized, and noise pollution and air pollution are reduced while managing light pollution; air pollution is solved while managing light pollution and noise pollution; the integrity and synergy of the three-dimensional integrated environmental management system are achieved.

[0041] The system of the present application has three effects of corona discharge active oxidation, long-acting release of negative ion minerals and photocatalytic deep degradation. The corona discharge and the negative ion minerals form a long-acting maintained negative ion field, which expands the purification range; the photocatalyst uses the water film formed by the waterfall flow as a reaction medium, which improves the mass transfer efficiency of the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface by more than 40%, and realizes the whole process removal of pollutants.

[0042] The multi-layer staggered guide plates, the center air pipe jet at the water outlet end and the blade spiral water flow make the water flow form a complex shape and wrap a large number of tiny bubbles. When the lamp is irradiated, the light is refracted-reflected-scattered at the bubble interface for multiple times, which converts the direct light into soft diffuse reflection light, and can reduce the visual fatigue index. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0043] The drawings described herein are used to provide further understanding of the embodiments of the present application, constitute a part of the present application, and do not constitute a limitation on the embodiments of the present application. In the drawings:

[0044] Figure 1 It is a structural schematic diagram of the stepped waterfall structure;

[0045] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the second water outlet end on the stepped waterfall structure;

[0046] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the first water outlet end and the second water outlet end;

[0047] Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of the multi-layer staggered guide plate.

[0048] Markings in the drawings and corresponding names of parts:

[0049] 1-stepped waterfall structure, 2-first water outlet end, 3-step surface, 4-water circulation purification unit, 5-center air pipe, 6-blade, 7-baffle, 8-baffle block, 9-circulation pipeline, 10-second water outlet end. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0050] In order to make the purpose, technical scheme and advantages of the present application more clear and obvious, the present application is further described in detail below in combination with examples and drawings. The illustrative embodiments of the present application and the description thereof are only used to explain the present application, and do not constitute a limitation on the present application.

[0051] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the terms "front", "back", "left", "right", "up", "down", "vertical", "horizontal", "high", "low", "inner", "outer" and the like indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the scope of protection of the present application.

[0052] Embodiment 1

[0053] A stepped waterfall structure 1 is symmetrically installed on both sides of a single-hole two-way highway tunnel with a length of 2 km and an inner diameter of 10 m, as shown in Figure 1 The stepped waterfall structure 1 includes a multi-stage step unit, a photocatalytic purification unit, a light environment optimization unit, and a water circulation purification unit 4. The multi-stage step unit is provided with a first water outlet end 2 for introducing water flow above it.

[0054] The multi-stage step unit includes a plurality of step units, each of which includes a step surface 3, a high-voltage electrode, and a plurality of layers of staggered flow guide plates. The step height of the step unit is 0.3-0.8 m, and the step width is 0.5-1.2 m.

[0055] In some embodiments, the high-voltage electrode is laid on the step surface 3 and electrically connected to a direct current negative high-voltage power supply. The plurality of layers of staggered flow guide plates are arranged above the step surface 3. The height of the step unit is 0.5 m, and the width is 1.0 m. The multi-stage step unit is filled with a layer of negative ion mineral composite material.

[0056] The photocatalytic purification unit includes a UV-LED array and a photocatalyst coating. The UV-LED array is integrated on the tunnel wall above the multi-stage step unit or a dedicated bracket, emitting ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 254 nm and / or 365 nm. The photocatalyst coating is coated on the multi-stage step unit, and the photocatalyst of the photocatalyst coating is N-doped TiO2 or g-C3N4.

[0057] The light environment optimization unit includes a wall washer light arranged on the side or bottom of the multi-stage step unit for illuminating the gas-water mixture flowing through the steps, achieving diffuse reflection through multiple scattering of light by bubbles.

[0058] The water circulation purification unit 4 is arranged below the multi-stage step unit and includes a plurality of layers of filtration and purification units for collecting and purifying the waterfall flow. The purified water is returned to the first water outlet end 2 for recycling.

[0059] The UV-LED array adopts LED chips of 254 nm and 365 nm wavelengths arranged alternately, and the irradiation range covers the multi-stage step units and the photocatalyst coating.

[0060] As shown in Figure 2 , the side surface of the step unit is provided with a second water outlet end 10, and the straight line where the second water outlet end 10 is located is the same as the direction of the tunnel.

[0061] The first water outlet end 2 and the second water outlet end 10 have the same structure, as shown in Figure 3 , the first water outlet end 2 and the second water outlet end 10 each include a central air pipe 5 and a plurality of blades 6, the plurality of blades 6 are uniformly arranged on the central air pipe 5, liquid flows out through the gap between adjacent two blades 6, and air is sucked in or out through the central air pipe 5.

[0062] In use, the initial water injection comes from the purified water pool outside the tunnel, flows into the circulating pipeline 9 after being treated by the ultraviolet disinfection module; the first water outlet end 2 is located above the highest step, the central air pipe sucks in the tunnel air at a speed of 15 m / s, the water flow rate is 3.5 m³ / h, and the water is sprayed out through the gap between 12 spiral blades, and the liquid droplets formed by the action of the central air pipe jet and the spiral water flow of the blades have a diameter ≤80 μm;

[0063] During the process of the water flow falling step by step, the high-voltage electrode ionizes the mist flow, and the negative oxygen ion concentration reaches 3.2×10 6 ions / cm 3 ; the negative ion material continuously releases negative ions, prolonging the purification time;

[0064] The step surface is coated with N-doped TiO2 catalyst, the thickness of the photocatalyst coating is 200 μm, the upper UV-LED array, the 254 nm and 365 nm chips are alternated at an inclination angle of 120°, the light flux density is 85 μW / cm 2 .

[0065] The water flow flows into the water circulation purification unit from the top, and sequentially passes through the grid filter layer, the activated carbon adsorption layer, the quartz sand filter layer, the hollow fiber membrane filter layer and the ultraviolet disinfection module. The grid filter layer has a pore size of 5 mm for intercepting large particles, the activated carbon adsorption layer has an iodine value of 950 mg / g for adsorbing VOCs, the quartz sand filter layer has a particle size of 0.8-1.2 mm, and the ultraviolet disinfection module has a radiation dose of 40 mJ / cm 2 .

[0066] The multi-layer staggered guide plates and the rotating blades make the water flow form complex turbulent flow, the bubble density reaches 10 4 -10 5 / cm 3 , and the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient KLa=0.15-0.3 s -1,

[0067] Example 2

[0068] Based on the above embodiments, the light environment optimization unit includes a wall washer light, which is disposed on the side or bottom of the multi-level step unit and is used to illuminate the air-water mixture flowing through the steps, achieving diffuse reflection through multiple scattering of light by bubbles.

[0069] The wall washer light has a color temperature of 4000K, is embedded in the side wall of the stepped structure, and illuminates the air-water mixture to create diffuse reflection; multiple layers of staggered guide plates, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the system includes multiple sets of parallel baffles 7 and several baffle blocks 8, with a spacing of 1 cm between the baffle blocks 8 and an inclination angle of 30° for the baffles 7. The multi-layered, staggered guide plates enhance water flow turbulence, achieving a bubble density of 4 × 10⁻⁶. 4 pcs / cm 3 The uniformity of wall brightness decreased to 16.3.

[0070] In some embodiments, the negative ion mineral composite material layer comprises 50-60% tourmaline, 20-30% sepiolite, 10-20% montmorillonite, and 10%-25% diatomaceous earth. The negative ion mineral composite material layer also includes a binder and an activating agent. The binder includes silica sol and epoxy resin, and the activating agent includes rare earth element oxides. This formulation balances negative ion release, material strength, and durability.

[0071] The high-voltage electrode is made of corrosion-resistant conductive materials, such as titanium alloy or stainless steel. It is positioned at the edge, below, or in the water flow to ensure optimal corona discharge and maintains a predetermined safe distance from the negative ion mineral composite material to prevent material breakdown or interference with negative ion release. The activating agent can be needle-shaped, filamentous, or mesh-shaped. Needles allow for concentrated discharge, while filamentous or mesh-shaped discharges are more uniform.

[0072] The water circulation purification unit 4 includes, from bottom to top, a grid filter layer, an activated carbon adsorption layer, a quartz sand filter layer, a hollow fiber membrane filter layer, and an ultraviolet disinfection module.

[0073] The grid filter layer, comprising quartz sand and coarse mesh, is used to remove large particles. The activated carbon adsorption layer, comprising activated carbon, zeolite, and molecular sieves, is used to adsorb organic matter and some dissolved substances. The hollow fiber membrane filter layer, comprising ultrafiltration or ion exchange resin, is used to remove fine particles and soluble ions.

[0074] Example 3

[0075] Based on the above embodiments, the lower end of the ultraviolet disinfection module is connected to one end of the circulation pipe 9, and the other end of the circulation pipe 9 is connected to the first water outlet 2.

[0076] The rotation speed of the blades and the air flow can be regulated in real time by sensors, including a first light sensor, a vehicle flow sensor, a bubble density sensor, and a pollutant sensor.

[0077] The first light sensor is installed on the top of the tunnel and the two side walls to collect the ambient light intensity, brightness uniformity, and glare index in real time.

[0078] The vehicle flow sensor uses microwave radar or video recognition technology to count the vehicle flow per hour and distinguish between daytime (≥500 vehicles / hour) and nighttime (<500 vehicles / hour).

[0079] The bubble density sensor uses laser scattering or image recognition technology to monitor the bubble density in the waterfall flow. The target range is 10 4 -10 5 / cm 3 .

[0080] The pollutant sensor detects PM2.5 concentration (μg / m 3 ), NOx / SO2 concentration (ppm), and negative oxygen ion concentration (ions / cm 3 ).

[0081] When the bubble density is <10 4 / cm 3 or the pollutant concentration exceeds the standard, the rotation speed of the blades is increased to 1000-1500 rpm to enhance the droplet breaking effect and increase the bubble generation amount through centrifugal force.

[0082] When the bubble density is >10 5 / cm 3 or the brightness uniformity is <19, the rotation speed of the blades is reduced to 500-800 rpm to avoid excessive scattering leading to insufficient brightness.

[0083] When the daytime vehicle flow is large (vehicle flow ≥500 vehicles / hour) or the light intensity is >5000 lux, the air flow is increased to 500-800 m 3 / h to increase the bubble density and enhance diffuse reflection, reducing the wall brightness.

[0084] When the nighttime vehicle flow is small (vehicle flow <500 vehicles / hour) or the light intensity is <2000 lux, the air flow is reduced to 200-400 m 3 / h to reduce the bubble density and make the light more concentrated to improve road recognition.

[0085] Specifically, the blade drive motor adopts a servo motor, which receives controller signals to adjust the rotation speed, and the response time is ≤0.5 seconds. The air flow control valve is installed at the inlet of the central air pipe 5, and the air flow of the fan is controlled by a proportional regulating valve, with an accuracy of ±5%.

[0086] Sensor data is collected every 10 seconds. If the actual parameters deviate from the target values, such as brightness uniformity > 19, the blade speed and air flow are dynamically corrected by the PID algorithm until stability is achieved.

[0087] In the data collection stage, sensors collect real-time parameters such as light intensity, traffic volume, bubble density, and pollutant concentration, and transmit them to the central controller, which can be a PLC or an industrial computer. In the logical judgment stage, the central controller generates control instructions based on pre-set thresholds, such as day / night status and bubble density range. In the execution stage, the drive motor adjusts the blade rotation speed, and the control valve adjusts the air flow, changing the bubble density and gas-liquid mixing state. In the feedback optimization stage, sensors collect data again, compare it with the target values, and fine-tune the parameters through the PID algorithm to form a closed-loop control.

[0088] When the system is in use, it ensures that the water circulation purification unit 4 operates normally, and the water quality meets the purification standards, such as turbidity <5 NTU and pH 6-8. The first water outlet 2 and the second water outlet 10 are connected to the water storage device, and the purified water flows back to the first water outlet 2 and the second water outlet 10.

[0089] Water flows out through the first water outlet 2 and the second water outlet 10. The first water outlet 2 supplies water, and the water storage device supplies water to the uppermost step through the water pump. The water flows through the multi-layer staggered guide plates and is dispersed into water film, water silk, or water droplets. It falls along the steps step by step, forming a waterfall landscape. The second water outlet 10 assists in spraying, and the second water outlet that is in the same direction as the tunnel direction sprays water flow synchronously, enhancing the longitudinal gas-liquid mixing in the tunnel and increasing the contact area between air pollutants and water. The central air pipe 5 inhales tunnel air or external fresh air, which collides with the liquid film guided by the blades at the outlet, forming 10-100 μm micro-bubbles. The gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient KLa is maintained at 0.15-0.3 s -1 .

[0090] On the multi-stage step unit, water flows from top to bottom and enters the water circulation purification unit 4. During the water flow process, a DC negative high-voltage power supply is started, applying -15 kV to the step surface 3 high-voltage electrode to detect whether the corona discharge is stable. The initial concentration of negative oxygen ions is ≥1 × 10 6 ions / cm 3 . The UV-LED array is turned on, confirming that the wavelength covers 254 nm and 365 nm, and the irradiation range completely covers the step unit and the photocatalyst coating. The high-voltage electrode generates corona discharge, ionizes oxygen to generate negative oxygen ions O2 -The hydroxyl radical •OH; negative ion mineral composite layer continuously releases negative ions, cooperates with corona discharge, and makes the concentration of negative oxygen ions reach 1×10 6 -5×10 6 ions / cm 3 , adsorbs PM2.5, VOCs and other pollutants.

[0091] UV-LED irradiates the photocatalyst coating, excites electron-hole pairs, reacts with water and oxygen to generate •OH, oxidizes and decomposes the pollutants adsorbed by the negative ions into CO2 and H2O; soluble pollutants are dissolved in the water flow and discharged with the water circulation.

[0092] According to the traffic volume and light intensity, the sensor adjusts the blade rotation speed and air flow in real time. During the day, when the traffic volume is high, the air flow is increased to increase the bubble density to 10 5 / cm 3 , enhance Mie scattering, and reduce wall brightness to avoid glare;

[0093] At night, when the traffic volume is low, the air flow is reduced, and the bubble density is reduced to 10 4 / cm 3 , the light is more concentrated, and the road recognition is improved. The waterfall flow hits the steps and air to form a mirror breaking effect, which destroys the single reflection angle and converts the directional strong light into soft diffuse light, solving the problem of tunnel light pollution. The water flow that falls to the bottom of the steps is collected and then enters the water circulation purification unit 4, which is filtered, neutralized and disinfected, and then pumped back to the first and second water outlets, realizing water resource recycling.

[0094] Embodiment 4

[0095] On the basis of the above embodiments, air is drawn in or out through the central air pipe 5.

[0096] The blade rotation speed and air flow can be adjusted in real time by sensors, including air quality sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, second light sensors, and traffic sensors.

[0097] The air quality sensor is used to monitor the concentrations of PM2.5, NOx, SO2, VOCs and negative oxygen ions in the tunnel in real time. The air quality sensor is arranged near the entrance and exit, the middle and the step unit of the tunnel.

[0098] The temperature and humidity sensor is used to monitor the relative humidity of the air in the tunnel. The threshold of the temperature and humidity sensor is set to 60%-80% to avoid road skidding caused by high humidity.

[0099] The second light sensor is used to monitor the light intensity, glare index and wall brightness uniformity in the tunnel, and to adjust the bubble density to optimize the light environment.

[0100] Traffic sensor, used to determine traffic peak / trough by microwave radar or video recognition technology, dynamically match purification and energy consumption demand.

[0101] When the air quality sensor detects PM2.5>75μg / m 3 , NOx>0.15mg / m 3 , or VOCs concentration exceeds the safety threshold, the system triggers the air extraction purification state:

[0102] The central air pipe is switched to the air extraction state, that is, air extraction is realized by reversing the fan to extract the polluted air in the tunnel;

[0103] After the polluted air is purified by the negative ion mineral composite material layer, photocatalytic coating and water flow of the multi-stage step unit, part of the clean air flows back to the tunnel through the gap, and part is extracted through the central air pipe and discharged;

[0104] When the water flows through the multi-stage step unit, the negative ion mineral composite material layer adsorbs part of the water, and the relative humidity of the air in the tunnel is monitored in real time by the temperature and humidity sensor. If the humidity is >50%, the first water outlet and the second water outlet of the system stop discharging water, the central air pipe is switched to the air blowing state, the wind speed is 2-3m / s, the airflow disturbance accelerates the evaporation of water on the surface of the step, avoiding the growth of mold due to dampness or causing the humidity in the tunnel to be too high.

[0105] The "first", "second", "third", etc. used in this paper are only for the sake of clear description to distinguish the corresponding parts, and are not intended to limit any order or emphasize importance. In addition, the term "connected" used in this paper can be directly connected or indirectly connected via other components without special description.

[0106] The above specific embodiments further illustrate the purpose, technical solutions and beneficial effects of the present application. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the protection scope of the present application. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels, characterized in that, The system includes a stepped waterfall structure located on both sides of the tunnel. The stepped waterfall structure includes a multi-level step unit, a photocatalytic purification unit, a light environment optimization unit, and a water circulation purification unit. A first water outlet is provided above the multi-level step unit for introducing water flow. The multi-stage stepped unit includes several stepped units, each of which includes a stepped surface, a high-voltage electrode, and multiple layers of staggered guide plates; the high-voltage electrode is laid on the stepped surface and electrically connected to a DC negative high-voltage power supply; the multiple layers of staggered guide plates are disposed above the stepped surface; The multi-level stepped unit is filled with a negative ion mineral composite material layer, which includes tourmaline, sepiolite, and montmorillonite. The photocatalytic purification unit includes a UV-LED array and a photocatalyst coating; the photocatalyst coating is applied to the multi-level stepped unit, and the photocatalyst of the photocatalyst coating is N-doped TiO2 or g-C3N4; The light environment optimization unit includes a wall washer light, which is located on the side or bottom of the multi-level step unit and is used to illuminate the air-water mixture flowing through the steps. Diffuse reflection is achieved through multiple scattering of light by bubbles. The water circulation and purification unit is located below the multi-stage step unit and includes a multi-layer filtration and purification unit for collecting and purifying the waterfall water. The purified water is then returned to the first outlet for reuse.

2. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The weight ratio of tourmaline, sepiolite, and montmorillonite is 50-60%: 20-30%: 10-20%, and they are activated by calcination at 800-1000℃.

3. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The side of the step unit is provided with a second water outlet (10), and the straight line where the second water outlet (10) is located is in the same direction as the tunnel.

4. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 3, characterized in that, The first water outlet and the second water outlet (10) have the same structure, both including a central air pipe (5) and several blades (6). Several blades (6) are evenly arranged on the central air pipe (5). Liquid flows out through the gap between two adjacent blades (6), and air is drawn in or out through the central air pipe (5).

5. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 4, characterized in that, This system also includes a first illumination sensor, a bubble density sensor, and a contaminant sensor. The first illumination sensor is used to collect real-time data on the illumination intensity and brightness uniformity within the tunnel; the bubble density sensor is used to monitor the target range of bubble density in the waterfall flow; when the bubble density is <10... 4 pcs / cm 3 If the pollutant concentration exceeds the standard, increase the rotation speed of the blade (6) to 1000-1500 rpm; when the bubble density is >10 5 pcs / cm 3 If the brightness uniformity is <19, reduce the rotation speed of the blade (6) to 500-800 rpm.

6. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 4, characterized in that, The system also includes a second light sensor, a temperature and humidity sensor, and an air quality sensor. The temperature and humidity sensor is used to monitor the relative humidity of the air inside the tunnel. When the air quality sensor detects PM2.5 > 75 μg / m³ 3 NOx > 0.15 mg / m³ 3 If the VOCs concentration exceeds the safety threshold, the first and second water outlets of this system will stop discharging water, and the central air pipe (5) will be set to the air extraction state. If the humidity is greater than 50%, the first and second water outlets of this system will stop discharging water, and the central air pipe will switch to air blowing mode.

7. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The multi-layer filtration and purification unit includes, from bottom to top, a grid filter layer, an activated carbon adsorption layer, a quartz sand filter layer, a hollow fiber membrane filter layer, and an ultraviolet disinfection module.

8. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step unit has a step height of 0.3-0.8m and a step width of 0.5-1.2m.

9. The three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the photocatalyst coating is 200 μm.

10. A three-dimensional integrated environmental management system for highway tunnels according to claim 1, characterized in that, UV-LED arrays emit ultraviolet light with wavelengths of 254nm and / or 365nm.

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