Flow field plate based on three-dimensional sine curve flow channel and proton exchange membrane water electrolyser

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sine curve flow channel and a proton exchange membrane water electrolyser. The flow field plate comprises at least one flow channel, the runner comprises a plurality of runner sections which are arranged in sequence and are parallel to one another, and the adjacent runner sections are smoothly connected end to end alternately through arc sections; the runner section is formed by intersection of a first sine type curve runner and a second sine type curve runner, and the first sine type curve runner extends along a first sine type curve in the direction parallel to the surface of the flow field; in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the flow field, the second sine type curve flow channel extends along the second sine type curve and intersects on the bottom face of the first sine type curve flow channel to form pits distributed at intervals, and the side faces of the first sine type curve flow channel intersect to form side holes distributed at intervals. According to the embodiment of the invention, the fluid transmission efficiency can be improved, the bubble desorption and discharge are optimized, the temperature uniformity is improved, and the supply of reactants, the discharge of products and the stability of the system are greatly improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of water electrolysis for hydrogen production technology, and in particular to a flow field plate and proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and stable energy storage and conversion technologies to address their intermittent nature. Water electrolysis for hydrogen production can produce high-energy-density, zero-carbon-emission hydrogen, making it a key solution connecting renewable energy and sustainable energy systems. Among various electrolysis technologies, the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is considered one of the most promising water electrolysis technologies due to its high current density, rapid dynamic response, compact structure, and high hydrogen product purity.

[0003] In existing technologies, the design of the flow field plate directly affects the performance of the electrolyzer. Traditional flow field plate channel structures, such as parallel channels and serpentine channels, have optimized fluid transport and reactant supply to some extent. However, many problems still exist: Uneven fluid distribution: Although the serpentine flow channel increases flow disturbance through bending, the fluid distribution is still uneven in some areas, resulting in insufficient reactant supply in local areas, which affects the performance and durability of the electrolyzer.

[0004] Bubble retention problem: In traditional flow channels, the efficiency of bubble discharge in the electrolytic cell is low, especially under high current density, bubble retention is serious, which leads to a reduction in reaction area and an increase in overpotential, thus affecting the overall electrolysis efficiency.

[0005] Temperature uniformity issues: Although the existing flow channel design optimizes the fluid transmission efficiency, there are still certain flow resistance problems under high flow rate or high load conditions. Furthermore, the temperature distribution in the electrolytic cell is often uneven, leading to local overheating and a decrease in reaction efficiency.

[0006] Therefore, although traditional flow channel designs can provide relatively stable electrolysis results under certain conditions, their limitations become particularly prominent under high current density, long-term operation, and high-load operating conditions. Thus, there is an urgent need for a flow field plate and proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer that can improve fluid transport efficiency, optimize bubble desorption and discharge, and improve temperature uniformity. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address at least one of the problems mentioned in the background art, embodiments of this application provide a flow field plate and a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel. By introducing a sinusoidal serpentine three-dimensional flow channel structure, combined with the periodic fluctuations of a sinusoidal waveform, a relatively complex geometric shape and flow disturbance are formed, which can improve fluid transmission efficiency, optimize bubble desorption and discharge, improve temperature uniformity, and significantly improve the supply of reactants, the discharge of products, and the stability of the system.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the first aspect of this application provides a flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel, wherein a flow field is provided on at least one side of the flow field plate, and the flow field includes at least one flow channel; The flow channel includes several flow channel segments arranged sequentially and parallel to each other, with adjacent flow channel segments smoothly connected end to end by alternating arc segments. The flow channel segment is formed by the intersection of a first sinusoidal curve flow channel and a second sinusoidal curve flow channel. In the direction parallel to the flow field surface, the first sinusoidal curve flow channel extends along the first sinusoidal curve; in the direction perpendicular to the flow field surface, the second sinusoidal curve flow channel extends along the second sinusoidal curve, and they intersect at the bottom surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel to form intermittently distributed pits, and intersect at the side surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel to form intermittently distributed side holes.

[0009] In one possible implementation, both the first sinusoidal curve and the second sinusoidal curve include a sine curve or a cosine curve. The projections of the central axis of symmetry of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel and the central axis of symmetry of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel onto the flow field surface coincide.

[0010] In one feasible implementation, the amplitudes A1 of the first sinusoidal curve and A2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy: 0.5 mm ≤ A1 ≤ 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm ≤ A2 ≤ 1.0 mm; The wavelengths λ1 of the first sinusoidal curve and λ2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy the following: 3 mm ≤ λ1 ≤ 10 mm, 3 mm ≤ λ2 ≤ 10 mm.

[0011] In one feasible implementation, the width of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 0.5mm ≤ Wc ≤ 2mm.

[0012] In one feasible implementation, the height of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 0.8 mm ≤ Hc ≤ 1.5 mm, and the rib width between adjacent first sinusoidal curved flow channels is 0.8 mm ≤ Wr ≤ 1.5 mm.

[0013] In one feasible implementation, the phase angle corresponding to the recess within the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 90° ≤ ≤ 180°.

[0014] In one feasible implementation, the sum of the lengths of all said flow channel segments accounts for more than 70% of the total length of the flow channel.

[0015] The second aspect of this application provides a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, comprising an anode plate, an anode flow field plate, an anode porous transport layer, an anode catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a cathode catalyst layer, a cathode porous transport layer, a cathode flow field plate, and a cathode plate connected in sequence, wherein the anode plate and / or the cathode plate adopts the flow field plate as described above.

[0016] In one feasible implementation, when the anode flow field plate adopts the flow field plate as described above, the flow channel section at the first end is connected to the inlet, and the flow channel section at the last end is connected to the outlet, with the inlet and outlet located at opposite ends in the extension direction of the flow channel section.

[0017] In one feasible implementation, the anode flow field plate and the anode plate are integrally connected, and the cathode flow field plate and the cathode plate are integrally connected.

[0018] The flow field plate provided in this embodiment is mainly achieved by designing a three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel. The first sinusoidal curved flow channel is arranged along the horizontal direction of the flow field, causing the fluid to flow along a periodically changing path along the width of the channel. The arrangement of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel increases fluid mixing and enhances fluid turbulence within the channel, particularly the velocity changes in the crest and trough regions, which helps to enhance reactant transport. The second sinusoidal curved flow channel is arranged along the vertical direction of the flow field, forming a periodic alternation with the first sinusoidal curved flow channel; that is, the crests in the horizontal direction correspond to the troughs in the vertical direction, and vice versa. This alternating sinusoidal curve arrangement, through orthogonal turbulence, gives the flow channel a spiral, periodically changing geometric shape, further enhancing the fluid mixing effect and making the flow velocity and fluid turbulence within the channel more uniform. The geometric parameters of the flow channel, including wavelength and amplitude, can be adjusted according to the operating conditions of the electrolyzer, allowing the flow channel to be dynamically optimized according to different workloads and electrolyzer states, adapting to the needs of different operating conditions.

[0019] The flow field plate provided in this application significantly improves bubble desorption and discharge capabilities. The three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine design of the flow channel enhances secondary flow (Dean vortex), reducing bubble residence time and accelerating bubble desorption and discharge. Compared to traditional flow channel designs, this application effectively reduces the obstruction of reactant transport by bubbles at high current densities, optimizing electrolyzer performance. Improved bubble discharge and water management not only enhance electrolyzer efficiency but also effectively prevent localized overpotential or uneven current density caused by water accumulation.

[0020] The flow channel design of the flow field plate provided in this application embodiment also optimizes the temperature distribution by enhancing the thermal convection effect. Traditional flow channels are prone to temperature unevenness in certain areas, while the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel of this application embodiment can achieve uniform temperature distribution within the electrolyzer through periodic disturbance, reducing local overheating and thus avoiding membrane aging and electrolyzer performance degradation. The flow disturbance within the flow channel improves heat exchange efficiency, enabling the system to remain stable during long-term operation.

[0021] Although the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel provided in this embodiment increases the complexity of the flow, optimizing the geometry of the flow channel can effectively improve reaction efficiency and reduce energy loss to a certain extent, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the electrolyzer. Although the pressure drop problem still exists, the optimization of the flow channel design improves the stability of the flow and the efficiency of reactant transport, resulting in improved overall system performance. This makes the electrolyzer system more efficient and energy-saving, and is particularly suitable for high-load, high-current-density applications.

[0022] The flow field plate provided in this application embodiment not only improves the transport efficiency of reactants, reduces bubble retention, and improves bubble desorption, but also optimizes the temperature distribution inside the electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell using the aforementioned flow field plate in this application embodiment exhibits significantly improved performance and lifespan. The wavelength and amplitude of the flow channel in this application embodiment are adjustable to adapt to different electrolytic cell operating conditions. Especially under high current density, long-term operation, and high load conditions, it maintains high reaction efficiency and has broad application prospects. Attached Figure Description

[0023] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0024] Figure 1A schematic diagram of the structure of a flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 A front view of a flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 for Figure 2 AA view; Figure 4 A top-view structural diagram of the flow channel provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the bottom surface structure of the flow channel provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 A front view of the flow channel segment provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 7 A schematic diagram of mesh independence verification (a) and model verification (b) (polarization curve comparison) provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 8 A comparative structural schematic diagram provided for an embodiment of this application; Figure 9 A comparison diagram of polarization curves for different flow channel configurations in Comparative Experiment 1 provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 10 Comparison of velocity uniformity curves for different flow channel configurations in Comparative Experiment 1 provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 11 A comparison diagram of polarization curves for different flow channel configurations under high pressure in Comparative Experiment 2 provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 12 The pressure distribution comparison diagram of different flow channel configurations under high pressure in Comparative Experiment 2 provided for the embodiments of this application; Figure 13 A comparison diagram of pressure uniformity under high pressure in Comparative Experiment 2 provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 14 A comparison diagram of temperature uniformity under high pressure in Comparative Experiment 2 provided for embodiments of this application; Figure 15 A schematic diagram of a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, provided for an embodiment of this application.

[0025] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures: 100 - Flow field plate; 101 - Flow channel; 102 - Inlet; 103 - Outlet; 110 - Flow channel section; 111 - First sinusoidal curve flow channel; 112 - Second sinusoidal curve flow channel; 1121 - Pits; 1122 - Side openings; 120 - Circular arc segment; 200-Electrolytic cell; 210-Anode plate; 220-Anode flow field plate; 230-Anode porous transport layer; 240-Anode catalyst layer; 250-Proton exchange membrane; 260-Cathode catalyst layer; 270-Cathode porous transport layer; 280-Cathode flow field plate; 290-Cathode plate. Detailed Implementation

[0026] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is worth noting that the embodiments described in the accompanying drawings are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. That is, the embodiments described with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and intended to explain this application, and should not be construed as limiting this application.

[0027] The following will combine Figures 1-6 The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel provided in the embodiments of this application will be described.

[0028] This application provides a flow field plate 100 based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, such as... Figures 1-3 and combined Figures 4-6 As shown, a flow field is provided on at least one side of the flow field plate 100, and the flow field includes at least one flow channel 101.

[0029] The flow channel 101 includes several flow channel segments 110 arranged sequentially and parallel to each other, and adjacent flow channel segments 110 are smoothly connected end to end by alternating arc segments 120.

[0030] The flow channel section 110 is formed by the intersection of a first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 and a second sinusoidal curve flow channel 112. In the direction parallel to the flow field surface, the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 extends along the first sinusoidal curve. In the direction perpendicular to the flow field surface, the second sinusoidal curve flow channel 112 extends along the second sinusoidal curve, and the two channels converge on the bottom surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 to form spaced-apart pits 1121, and converge on the side surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 to form spaced-apart side holes 1122.

[0031] In this configuration, when the flow field plate 100 is applied to a single-electrode plate of the anode plate 210 or cathode plate 290, a flow field is provided on one side of the single-electrode plate. When the flow field plate 100 is applied to a bipolar plate integrating the anode plate 210 and cathode plate 290, a flow field is provided on both sides of the bipolar plate. The flow field plate 100 with the flow field can be separately formed from the single-electrode plate or the bipolar plate, or it can be integrally formed with the single-electrode plate or the bipolar plate.

[0032] The flow field can be distributed in the central area of ​​the flow field plate 100, and one or more flow channels 101 are set in the flow field to realize the directional transport, uniform distribution and efficient discharge of fluids (water, oxygen or coolant).

[0033] Regarding a single flow channel 101, its overall structure is a serpentine meandering structure, with an internal three-dimensional sinusoidal spiral structure. Taking the flow field plate 100 as a cuboid, with its length direction as the first direction x, its width direction as the second direction y, and its thickness direction as the third direction z, and the flow field corresponding to the side of the cuboid flow field plate 100 in the thickness direction, and the flow field being a rectangular region, this will be explained as an example.

[0034] The single flow channel 101 is a continuous, serpentine flow. Specifically, all flow channel segments 110 of the single flow channel 101 can extend along the length direction of the flow field (i.e., the first direction x), and all flow channel segments 110 are arranged sequentially and evenly along the width direction of the flow field (i.e., the second direction y), with the head and tail ends of each flow channel segment 110 aligned with each other. When the tail end of the first flow channel segment 110 located at the head end is selected as the inlet 102, the head end of the first flow channel segment 110 is smoothly connected to the head and tail ends of the second flow channel segment 110 through an arc segment 120, the tail end of the second flow channel segment 110 is smoothly connected to the end of the third flow channel segment 110 through an arc segment 120, and so on, with the flow channel segments 110 connected by multiple arc segments 120 to form a single flow channel 101. Conversely, when the head end of the first flow channel segment 110 located at the beginning is selected as the inlet 102, the tail end of the first flow channel segment 110 and the tail end of the second flow channel segment 110 are smoothly connected by the arc segment 120, and so on, without further explanation.

[0035] Each flow channel segment 110 extends in a three-dimensional sinusoidal spiral. Specifically, within the plane of the flow field, a first sinusoidal curve (Y(x)=A1sin(2πx / λ1)) with a first predetermined width (corresponding to the second direction y) extends along the surface of the flow field plate 100 and removes material from the flow field plate 100 at a predetermined depth (corresponding to the third direction z) to form a first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111. In the plane perpendicular to the flow field, a second sinusoidal curve (Z(x)=A2sin(2πx / λ2)) with a first predetermined width (corresponding to the third direction z) extends along the surface of the flow field plate 100 and removes material from the side of the flow field plate 100 corresponding to the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 at a predetermined depth (corresponding to the second direction y) to form a side hole 1122, and removes material from the bottom surface of the flow field plate 100 corresponding to the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 to form a pit 1121. Thus, the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 and the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 intersect each other to form a three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine structure with a planar top surface, a planar bottom surface and pits 1121 regularly alternating, and curved sides and side holes 1122 regularly alternating. The flow channel 101 has a spiral and periodically changing structure.

[0036] It is understandable that choosing a suitable width and depth for the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 ensures that each recess 1121 and side opening 1122 formed by the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 in the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 has only one opening, rather than a tunnel structure with two openings penetrating the bottom or side surfaces. This avoids fluid flow through the tunnel and compromises the overall spiral three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine design. In some cases, the recesses 1121 and side openings 1122 can be interconnected. Preferably, the projections of the width center of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 and the depth center of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 onto the flow field surface coincide. This facilitates the formation of symmetrical side openings 1122 within the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111, improving the uniform distribution of fluid flow.

[0037] The flow field plate 100 provided in this embodiment is mainly achieved by designing a three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel 101. A first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is arranged along the horizontal direction of the flow field, causing the fluid to have a periodically changing flow path along the width of the flow channel 101. The arrangement of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 can increase the mixing of the fluid and enhance the fluid disturbance within the flow channel 101, especially the velocity changes in the crest and trough regions, which helps to enhance the transport of reactants. A second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 is arranged along the vertical direction of the flow field, forming a periodic alternation with the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111, i.e., the crests in the horizontal direction correspond to the troughs in the vertical direction, and vice versa. This alternating sinusoidal curve arrangement, through orthogonal disturbances, makes the flow channel 101 exhibit a spiral, periodically changing geometric shape, further enhancing the fluid mixing effect and making the flow velocity and fluid disturbance within the flow channel 101 more uniform. The geometric parameters of the flow channel 101, including wavelength and amplitude, can be adjusted according to the working conditions of the electrolytic cell 200, so that the flow channel 101 can be dynamically optimized according to different workloads and the state of the electrolytic cell 200, and adapt to the needs under different working conditions.

[0038] The flow field plate 100 provided in this embodiment significantly improves bubble desorption and discharge capabilities. The three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine design of the flow channel 101 enhances secondary flow (Dean vortex), reduces bubble residence time, and accelerates bubble desorption and discharge. Compared with traditional flow channel designs, this embodiment effectively reduces the obstruction of reactant transport by bubbles at high current densities, optimizing the performance of the electrolyzer 200. Improved bubble discharge and water management not only enhance the efficiency of the electrolyzer 200 but also effectively avoid problems such as localized overpotential or uneven current density caused by water accumulation.

[0039] The flow channel design of the flow field plate 100 provided in this embodiment of the application also optimizes the temperature distribution by enhancing the thermal convection effect. Traditional flow channels are prone to uneven temperature in certain areas, while the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel of this embodiment of the application can achieve uniform temperature distribution within the electrolytic cell 200 through periodic disturbance, reducing local overheating and thus avoiding membrane aging and performance degradation of the electrolytic cell 200. The flow disturbance within the flow channel 101 improves heat exchange efficiency, enabling the system to remain stable during long-term operation.

[0040] Although the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel of the flow field plate 100 provided in this embodiment increases the complexity of the flow, optimizing the geometry of the flow channel can effectively improve the reaction efficiency and reduce energy loss to a certain extent, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the electrolyzer 200. Although the pressure drop problem still exists, the optimization of the flow channel design improves the stability of the flow and the efficiency of reactant transport, resulting in improved overall system performance. This makes the electrolyzer 200 system more efficient and energy-saving, and particularly suitable for high-load, high-current-density applications.

[0041] The flow field plate 100 provided in this embodiment not only improves the transport efficiency of reactants, reduces bubble retention, and improves bubble desorption, but also optimizes the temperature distribution inside the electrolytic cell 200. By applying the flow field plate 100, the performance and lifespan of the electrolytic cell 200 provided in this embodiment are significantly improved. The wavelength and amplitude of the flow channel 101 in this embodiment are adjustable to adapt to different operating conditions of the electrolytic cell 200. Especially under high current density, long-term operation, and high load conditions, it can maintain high reaction performance and has broad application prospects.

[0042] In one feasible implementation, both the first and second sinusoidal curves include a sine curve or a cosine curve.

[0043] The projections of the central axis of symmetry of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 and the central axis of symmetry of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 onto the flow field surface coincide.

[0044] Among them, the sine curve and the cosine curve are both sinusoidal curves with similar curve characteristics. Whether it is the same type of curve or a combination of different types of curves, they can form a spiral three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine structure and achieve the corresponding beneficial effects.

[0045] When the axis of symmetry of the sinusoidal curve located at the width center and depth center of the sinusoidal curve flow channel is called the central axis of symmetry, the projections of the central axis of symmetry of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 and the central axis of symmetry of the second sinusoidal curve flow channel 112 onto the flow field plane coincide with each other, which is conducive to forming a symmetrical and periodic spiral structure and enhancing the uniformity of disturbance.

[0046] In one feasible implementation, the amplitudes A1 of the first sinusoidal curve and A2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy: 0.5 mm ≤ A1 ≤ 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm ≤ A2 ≤ 1.0 mm.

[0047] The wavelengths λ1 of the first sinusoidal curve and λ2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy the following conditions: 3 mm ≤ λ1 ≤ 10 mm, 3 mm ≤ λ2 ≤ 10 mm.

[0048] The amplitude setting can prevent the disturbance effect from being too small and too large, thus ensuring a balanced disturbance intensity within the flow channel 101.

[0049] Setting wavelength similarity can maintain a stable flow pattern within the flow channel 101, effectively avoiding excessive flow resistance.

[0050] In one feasible implementation, the width of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is 0.5mm ≤ Wc ≤ 2mm.

[0051] The width of the flow channel 101 is designed to ensure that the fluid can pass through the flow channel 101 effectively, and that the flow channel 101 can provide the necessary disturbance effect. This range balances the flow velocity and flow disturbance, while avoiding pressure drop problems caused by an excessively large flow channel 101.

[0052] In this way, the combination of amplitude, wavelength, and width ensures that the flow channel 101 can improve reaction efficiency, optimize bubble discharge and mass transfer under moderate disturbance, while avoiding excessive energy loss. This optimized design achieves the expected technical results and helps the electrolyzer 200 operate stably and efficiently under high current density and high load conditions.

[0053] In one feasible implementation, the height of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is 0.8 mm ≤ Hc ≤ 1.5 mm, and the rib width between adjacent first sinusoidal curved flow channels 111 is 0.8 mm ≤ Wr ≤ 1.5 mm.

[0054] The appropriate flow channel height ensures sufficient fluid residence time, allowing the fluid to fully contact the catalyst layer and improve reaction efficiency. Simultaneously, a suitable flow channel height reduces energy loss.

[0055] The rib width setting ensures the turbulence effect of the flow channel while avoiding the pressure drop problem caused by excessive rib width.

[0056] In one feasible implementation, the phase angle corresponding to the recess 1121 within the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is 90° ≤ ≤ 180°.

[0057] The aforementioned phase angle can refer to the phase angle of the second sinusoidal curve corresponding to the bottom surface of the pit 1121 within the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111.

[0058] In this way, the size and shape of the pit 1121 conform to the periodic oscillating sinusoidal curve, so that the pit 1121 forms a periodic change in the flow channel 101, which works synergistically with the first sinusoidal curve flow channel 111 to enhance the turbulence effect of the fluid and optimize bubble desorption and mass transfer efficiency.

[0059] In one feasible implementation, the sum of the lengths of all flow channel segments 110 accounts for more than 70% of the total length of flow channel 101.

[0060] In this way, the effective active area can be increased by increasing the distribution area of ​​the flow channel section 110, thereby improving efficiency.

[0061] The following combination Figures 1-14 Comparative experiments were conducted on the embodiments and comparative examples of this application.

[0062] like Figure 7 As shown, when conducting flow field simulations or electrolyzer performance evaluations, mesh verification and model verification are performed before comparative experiments to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation results, and to ensure that the simulation analysis provides a scientific basis for subsequent design and optimization. Mesh verification focuses on computational accuracy, while model verification focuses on physical accuracy. Using both in combination can effectively improve the reliability of simulation results and ensure their accuracy and effectiveness in practical applications.

[0063] Comparative Experiment 1 This comparative experiment was used to analyze the synergistic effect of the "sine curve + serpentine layout" three-dimensional composite structure in improving bubble discharge and mass transfer efficiency.

[0064] 1. Structural Design 1.1 Example Flow Channel Structure Design like Figure 1 As shown, Embodiment 1 illustrates the structure of the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow field plate 100 provided in this application. The flow field plate 100 is rectangular in shape, with a length of 35 mm, a width of 30 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm. The flow channels 101 on the flow field plate 100 adopt a single-channel continuous serpentine layout, with the inlet 102 and outlet 103 located on the two short sides of the flow field plate 100 at opposite corners, as shown in the plan view below. Figure 8 It is simply referred to as a three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel.

[0065] The sinusoidal waveform parameters of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 and the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 are both set as follows: amplitude A1 = 0.3 mm, A2 = 0.7 mm, wavelength λ1 = 8 mm, λ2 = 4 mm. The key geometric parameters are: the width Wc of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is 1 mm, and the height Hc is 1 mm. The depth Hc of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 is 1 mm, the width Wc is 1 mm, and the rib width Wr between adjacent first sinusoidal curved flow channels 111 is 1 mm. The phase angle of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel 112 within the first sinusoidal curved flow channel 111 is... =180°.

[0066] 1.2 Comparative Flow Channel Structure Design like Figure 8 As shown, Comparative Example 1: Traditional parallel flow channel, width Wc = 1 mm, height Hc = 1 mm, rib width Wr = 1 mm.

[0067] Comparative Example 2: Traditional serpentine flow channel (channel without sinusoidal waveform), width Wc = 1 mm, height Hc = 1 mm, rib width Wr = 1 mm.

[0068] Comparative Example 3: Two-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel (each straight channel in the serpentine layout is independently converted into a sinusoidal waveform) Width Wc = 1 mm, Height Hc = 1 mm, Rib width Wr = 1 mm, Amplitude A1 = 0.3 mm, Wavelength λ1 = 8 mm.

[0069] To objectively evaluate the performance advantages of the flow field plate 100 of the present invention, the key parameters such as the cross-sectional dimensions (Wc, Hc, Wr) of the flow channel 101 and the active area of ​​all comparative flow field plates 100 are consistent with those of the embodiments of the present invention, so as to ensure the fairness of the comparison.

[0070] 2. Simulation conditions and methods Simulation conditions are strictly controlled as follows: Simulated temperature: 80°C (353.15 K), controlled by a jacketed heater.

[0071] Simulated pressure: The outlet pressures of both the anode and cathode are maintained at atmospheric pressure (1 atm).

[0072] Polarization curves were recorded from 1.2 V to 2.05 V. Simultaneously, a three-dimensional, two-phase, non-isothermal numerical model was established using Comsol Multiphysics software to conduct synchronous simulation analysis of the flow velocity, current density, oxygen concentration, pressure, and temperature distribution within the four flow fields.

[0073] 3. Results and Analysis Simulated polarization performance such as Figure 9 As shown, in the bulk reaction control region (<1.6 V), the performance of the four flow fields is similar. Upon entering the ohmic and mass transfer control region (>1.6 V), the advantage of Example 1 (three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow) increases dramatically. At 2.0 V, its current density reaches 10450 A / m², an improvement of 10.6% compared to Comparative Example 1 (conventional parallel, 9448 A / m²), an improvement of 8.4% compared to Comparative Example 2 (conventional serpentine flow, 9638 A / m²), and an improvement of 6.3% compared to Comparative Example 3 (sinusoidal serpentine flow, 9832 A / m²). This indicates that the present invention can effectively alleviate mass transfer limitations at high current densities.

[0074] Flow rate and mass transfer: The three-dimensional sinusoidal flow channel maintains a higher flow rate and better distribution uniformity in the central reaction region. This "washboard" sinusoidal structure effectively disrupts the laminar boundary layer of the fluid, generating vortices (secondary flow) perpendicular to the main flow direction. This powerfully sweeps the energy and reactants of the central fluid toward the wall near the catalyst layer, while simultaneously "entraining" bubbles attached to the wall into the main fluid and carrying them out, achieving a synergistic enhancement of reactant supply and product discharge.

[0075] Velocity uniformity: according to Figure 10 The velocity uniformity analysis of the four flow channel designs showed that the velocity uniformity changed with increasing voltage. Comparative Example 1, the traditional parallel flow channel exhibited poor velocity uniformity, especially at higher voltages, with significant velocity fluctuations, indicating a relatively uniform fluid flow and a tendency towards uneven velocity distribution. Comparative Example 2, the traditional serpentine flow channel improved velocity uniformity by adding a curved structure, but some fluctuations still existed, especially under high voltage conditions, where the velocity changes were significant, limiting fluid transport efficiency and bubble removal. Comparative Example 3, the two-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, further optimized velocity uniformity, especially at higher voltages, reducing velocity fluctuations, resulting in more stable flow and improved transport efficiency. In contrast, Example 1, the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, exhibited the best velocity uniformity, with minimal velocity changes across the entire voltage range, indicating a very uniform velocity distribution within the channel and excellent flow stability. This design improved fluid mixing through multidimensional perturbation, optimized reactant transport efficiency, enhanced bubble removal, and significantly improved the overall performance of the electrolyzer.

[0076] Current density distribution: The current density distribution in the flow field of Example 1 is the most uniform, avoiding the "edge effect" common in traditional parallel flow fields, where the edge channels react violently and the center channels react insufficiently. It also improves the problem of uneven reaction intensity in the inlet and outlet regions of traditional serpentine flow channels. This maximizes catalyst utilization and minimizes the risk of local overheating.

[0077] Comparative Experiment 2 This comparative experiment is used to highlight the advantages of the composite structure of this application compared with a single sinusoidal or serpentine flow channel under high pressure conditions, especially its unique effects on bubble desorption and pressure uniformity.

[0078] 1. Structural Design Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were compared using the same method as Comparative Experiment 1.

[0079] 2. Simulation conditions and methods Unlike Comparative Experiment 1, this comparative experiment evaluates performance under high-pressure operating conditions: Operating pressure: The outlet pressures of both the anode and cathode are increased to 3 atm.

[0080] Operating temperature: Maintain at 80°C.

[0081] Voltage scan range: 1.4 V – 2.05 V.

[0082] 3. Results and Analysis Under a high voltage of 3 atm, Example 1 exhibits a more significant advantage in electrochemical performance: Polarization properties: such as Figure 11 As shown, at a voltage of 2.0 V, the current density of the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine channel in Example 1 reaches 12282 A / m², which is about 6.6% higher than that of the two-dimensional serpentine channel in Comparative Example 3 (11512 A / m²), about 10.7% higher than that of the conventional serpentine channel in Comparative Example 2 (10928 A / m²), and about 17.8% higher than that of the conventional parallel channel in Comparative Example 1 (10087 A / m²).

[0083] Bubble removal capability: Under high pressure, oxygen bubbles are more likely to remain at the interface between the flow channel and the porous transport layer. The secondary flow induced by the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine structure effectively promotes bubble detachment and avoids loss of active area caused by gas coverage.

[0084] Pressure distribution: Pressure distribution in the anode flow field of the electrolytic cell Figure 12 Analysis shows that the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine structure of Example 1 exhibits higher anode pressure compared to other flow field designs. The single-channel structure of this flow field facilitates increased flow velocity, thereby increasing anode pressure. In practical applications, pressure loss leads to significant energy consumption; therefore, studying pressure distribution is crucial for optimizing PEMWE efficiency. At higher operating voltages, the pressures of the two-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow field in Comparative Example 3 and the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow field in Example 1 are significantly increased by 16.9% and 29.7% respectively compared to the conventional parallel flow field. This is mainly attributed to their single-channel design, which causes volume expansion of the liquid and gas phases under high pressure. As gas generation increases and channel depth increases, pressure gradually accumulates within the confined flow field, leading to a significant pressure rise. In the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine structure of Example 1, the extended channel length enhances pressure uniformity, but at the cost of a higher pressure differential. Water and oxygen, after passing through the porous transport layer, can be efficiently discharged from the typically straight outlet channel, minimizing local accumulation and mitigating excessive pressure buildup, thereby improving overall system performance.

[0085] Pressure uniformity: according to Figure 13The pressure uniformity analysis revealed significant differences in pressure distribution across the four flow channel designs under varying voltage conditions. Comparative Example 1, with its traditional parallel flow channel, exhibited poor pressure uniformity and significant pressure fluctuations, particularly under high voltage conditions, resulting in pronounced localized high-pressure regions, unstable flow, potential energy loss and bubble accumulation, and impacted reaction efficiency. Comparative Example 2, with its traditional serpentine flow channel, enhanced flow disturbance through a curved structure, improving pressure uniformity somewhat, but some fluctuations remained, especially in the curved sections where pressure changes due to fluid acceleration and deceleration were substantial. Comparative Example 3, with its two-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, demonstrated better pressure uniformity. In contrast, Example 1, with its three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, provided optimal pressure uniformity across all voltage ranges, minimizing pressure fluctuations and achieving a highly uniform pressure distribution within the channel, ensuring smooth fluid flow and efficient reaction. Although the flow field design of this invention increased the complexity of the flow within flow channel 101, optimizing the geometry of flow channel 101 significantly improved reaction efficiency and bubble removal efficiency. Although the pressure drop problem has not been completely solved, the optimized design has enabled the flow channel 101 to reduce fluid resistance to a certain extent and improve the overall energy efficiency of the electrolyzer 200.

[0086] Temperature uniformity: according to Figure 14 Temperature uniformity analysis revealed significant differences in temperature distribution across the four flow channel designs under varying voltage conditions. Comparative Example 1 showed poor temperature uniformity in the traditional parallel flow channel, particularly at higher voltages, with noticeable temperature fluctuations indicating localized overheating or temperature inhomogeneity, impacting reaction efficiency. Comparative Example 2, the traditional serpentine flow channel, improved temperature uniformity by increasing channel curvature, reducing temperature fluctuations compared to the parallel flow channel, but still exhibiting some degree of inhomogeneity. Comparative Example 3, the two-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, demonstrated better temperature uniformity, especially at higher voltages, with reduced temperature fluctuations, a smoother temperature distribution, and more uniform heat transfer within the channel. In contrast, Example 1, the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel, exhibited the best temperature uniformity, with almost stable temperature changes, indicating a sufficiently uniform temperature distribution within the channel, avoiding localized overheating, and ensuring the reaction efficiency and system stability of the electrolyzer. This design, through multidimensional perturbation effects, significantly optimized temperature management within the flow channel, improved reaction efficiency, and reduced energy loss.

[0087] This comparative experiment shows that the three-dimensional sinusoidal serpentine flow channel not only performs well under normal pressure conditions, but also effectively improves the electrochemical performance, bubble management capability and system stability of PEMWE under high pressure operating conditions, making it suitable for large-scale hydrogen production systems that require high output pressure.

[0088] The following will combine Figure 15 The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer 200 based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel provided in the embodiments of this application will be described.

[0089] A proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer 200 based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, such as Figure 15 As shown, the anode plate 210, anode flow field plate 220, anode porous transport layer 230, anode catalyst layer 240, proton exchange membrane 250, cathode catalyst layer 260, cathode porous transport layer 270, cathode flow field plate 280 and cathode plate 290 are connected in sequence, and the anode plate 210 and / or cathode plate 290 adopt the flow field plate 100 described above.

[0090] When the flow field plate 100 is applied to the electrode plates, the electrolyzer 200 exhibits the beneficial effects of the flow field plate 100. Through optimization of bubble desorption, reactant transport, and temperature distribution, the system maintains high efficiency and stability under high current density, high load, and long-term operation conditions. Improvements in bubble management, thermal management, and reactant transport enable the electrolyzer 200 to maintain efficient operation under various working conditions, significantly enhancing its overall performance. This comprehensive optimized design ensures the long lifespan and high performance of the electrolyzer 200, making it suitable for large-scale industrial applications.

[0091] In one feasible implementation, when the anode flow field plate 220 adopts the flow field plate 100 as described above, the flow channel section 110 at the first end is connected to the inlet 102 (water inlet), and the flow channel section 110 at the tail end is connected to the outlet 103 (water outlet), with the inlet 102 and the outlet 103 located at opposite ends in the extension direction of the flow channel section 110.

[0092] This facilitates the management of the inlet and outlet. When multiple flow channels 101 are set up, they can share the same inlet and outlet, or they can be set up with their own inlets and outlets by reasonable allocation.

[0093] In one feasible implementation, the anode flow field plate 220 and the anode plate 210 are integrally connected, and the cathode flow field plate 280 and the cathode plate 290 are integrally connected.

[0094] As mentioned above, the flow field plate 100 can be installed separately from or as part of the electrode plate, enhancing the flexibility of design and use.

[0095] It should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" in the description of this application should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or the internal communication between two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0096] The terms “upper,” “lower,” “front,” “back,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” “inner,” and “outer,” etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application.

[0097] The term "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise specified precisely.

[0098] The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” etc., (if applicable) are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of this application described herein can include implementations in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0099] The terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units that are explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not explicitly listed or that are inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus.

[0100] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, characterized in that, A flow field is provided on at least one side of the flow field plate, and the flow field includes at least one flow channel; The flow channel includes several flow channel segments arranged sequentially and parallel to each other, with adjacent flow channel segments smoothly connected end to end by alternating arc segments. The flow channel segment is formed by the intersection of a first sinusoidal curve flow channel and a second sinusoidal curve flow channel. In the direction parallel to the flow field surface, the first sinusoidal curve flow channel extends along the first sinusoidal curve; in the direction perpendicular to the flow field surface, the second sinusoidal curve flow channel extends along the second sinusoidal curve, and they intersect at the bottom surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel to form intermittently distributed pits, and intersect at the side surface of the first sinusoidal curve flow channel to form intermittently distributed side holes.

2. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel according to claim 1, characterized in that, Both the first sinusoidal curve and the second sinusoidal curve include a sine curve or a cosine curve; The projections of the central axis of symmetry of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel and the central axis of symmetry of the second sinusoidal curved flow channel onto the flow field surface coincide.

3. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The amplitudes A1 of the first sinusoidal curve and A2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy the following: 0.5 mm ≤ A1 ≤ 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm ≤ A2 ≤ 1.0 mm; The wavelengths λ1 of the first sinusoidal curve and λ2 of the second sinusoidal curve satisfy the following conditions: 3 mm ≤ λ1 ≤ 10 mm, 3 mm ≤ λ2 ≤ 10 mm.

4. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel according to claim 3, characterized in that, The width of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 0.5mm≤Wc≤2mm.

5. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel according to claim 4, characterized in that, The height of the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 0.8 mm ≤ Hc ≤ 1.5 mm, and the rib width between adjacent first sinusoidal curved flow channels is 0.8 mm ≤ Wr ≤ 1.5 mm.

6. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The phase angle corresponding to the dimple within the first sinusoidal curved flow channel is 90° ≤ ≤ 180°.

7. The flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel according to claim 1, characterized in that, The sum of the lengths of all the aforementioned flow channel segments accounts for more than 70% of the total length of the flow channel.

8. A proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel, characterized in that, It includes an anode plate, an anode flow field plate, an anode porous transport layer, an anode catalyst layer, a proton exchange membrane, a cathode catalyst layer, a cathode porous transport layer, a cathode flow field plate, and a cathode plate that are stacked in sequence. The anode plate and / or the cathode plate adopts a flow field plate based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel as described in any one of claims 1-6.

9. The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel according to claim 8, characterized in that, When the anode flow field plate adopts the flow field plate based on the three-dimensional sinusoidal curve flow channel as described in any one of claims 1-6, the flow channel segment at the first end is connected to the inlet, and the flow channel segment at the last end is connected to the outlet, with the inlet and outlet located at opposite ends in the extension direction of the flow channel segment.

10. The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer based on a three-dimensional sinusoidal curved flow channel according to claim 8, characterized in that, The anode flow field plate and the anode plate are integrally connected, and the cathode flow field plate and the cathode plate are integrally connected.

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