Porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum-based composite material and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum-based composite material, which is composed of 75-85 wt% of an aluminum alloy matrix and 15-25 wt% of a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton, the aluminum alloy comprises the following components: 5.5-6.5 wt% of Zn, 2.2-2.6 wt% of Mg, 1.5-2.0 wt% of Cu, 0.3-0.5 wt% of Zr, less than or equal to 0.2 wt% of Mn, less than or equal to 0.3 wt% of Fe, and the balance of Al; the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton is prepared from the following components: 20 to 30 mol percent of TiC, 20 to 30 mol percent of VC, 10 to 20 mol percent of ZrC, 10 to 20 mol percent of NbC, 5 to 15 mol percent of SiC and 5 to 15 mol percent of B4C. The aluminum alloy matrix has low density and high specific strength, and the high-entropy carbide ceramic has high strength and hardness and good heat resistance and oxidation resistance, so that the hardness and heat resistance of the material can be effectively improved when the high-entropy carbide ceramic serves as a reinforcement of the aluminum-based composite material, the aluminum material has excellent comprehensive performance, and the application range of the aluminum material is widened.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of alloy technology, and in particular to a porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite material. Background Technology

[0002] The application of materials has always accompanied and driven the development of human society, becoming an indispensable part of social progress. With social development and technological advancements, humanity has placed increasingly stringent demands on materials. Single-material systems can no longer meet these needs, and the emergence of composite materials offers hope for future development. Composite materials are multiphase materials made from metals, ceramics, or polymers through specific methods. They can complement the properties of various materials, and the proportions of each phase can be artificially adjusted to obtain material properties that cannot be achieved with single materials. Classified by matrix material, composite materials can be divided into metal-based composites, polymer-based composites, and inorganic non-metallic-based composites. The application and research of metal-based composites are mainly based on lightweight alloy composites, such as aluminum-based, magnesium-based, and titanium-based composites. Among them, aluminum, as the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, has advantages such as low specific gravity, ease of forming, and low cost. Its alloys possess excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, and good plasticity, making aluminum-based composites widely attracting attention. However, aluminum matrix has low hardness and poor heat resistance. Its mechanical properties decrease significantly in environments exceeding 500°C, affecting its application range. Adding suitable reinforcements to the aluminum matrix can improve the heat resistance of the matrix and enhance its comprehensive mechanical properties, enabling the material to be used in the automotive industry, electronic packaging, aerospace, and other chemical fields with harsh operating environments. Ceramics are commonly used reinforcements in aluminum-based composites, possessing advantages such as high melting point, low density, oxidation resistance, high temperature resistance, and wear resistance. They can complement the properties of metallic materials, thus improving the wear resistance, heat resistance, strength, and hardness of the aluminum matrix. From a reinforcement perspective, ceramic reinforcements can be divided into zero-dimensional ceramic particles, one-dimensional ceramic fibers, and two-dimensional ceramic laminations. Compared to particles, fiber and lamination structures provide better reinforcement to the matrix; however, they exhibit anisotropy, which can easily lead to unstable composite material properties. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new reinforcement structures to address this anisotropy challenge. Furthermore, when using ceramics as reinforcements for aluminum materials, the wettability and interfacial reactions between ceramics and metals during the preparation process also require further research and solutions. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Technical problem to be solved: The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material.

[0004] Technical solution: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material, consisting of 75-85 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 15-25 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. Preferably, the preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent and stir until foaming occurs. Add the gelling agent, heat in a water bath and stir. Then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is complete and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. Preferably, the aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.5–6.5 wt%, Mg: 2.2–2.6 wt%, Cu: 1.5–2.0 wt%, Zr: 0.3–0.5 wt%, Mn: ≤0.2 wt%, Fe: ≤0.3 wt%, with the balance being Al. Preferably, the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 20–30 mol%, VC: 20–30 mol%, ZrC: 10–20 mol%, NbC: 10–20 mol%, SiC: 5–15 mol%, B4C: 5–15 mol%. Preferably, the ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Preferably, in step S2, the foaming agent is tetrafluorodichloroethane and the gelling agent is gelatin. Preferably, the water bath heating temperature in step S2 is 40-50°C. Preferably, the heating temperature for removing organic matter in step S3 is 1400–1600°C, and the sintering temperature is 1800–2100°C. Preferably, the preheating temperature for the porous skeleton in step S4 is 400–450°C, and the heating temperature for the molten aluminum alloy is 740–780°C. Beneficial effects: Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following characteristics: The aluminum-based composite material of the present invention uses 7-series high-strength aluminum alloy as the matrix and a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton as the reinforcement. The high-entropy carbide ceramic has good heat resistance and oxidation resistance, which enables the material to maintain high strength at high temperatures. At the same time, the three-dimensional porous skeleton has continuity and isotropy, and its reinforcement effect on the matrix is ​​better than that of particulate reinforcement and fiber reinforcement. Therefore, the composite material has excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. Ceramic / aluminum matrix composites are among the most widely used composite materials, combining the high hardness, high wear resistance, and excellent high-temperature performance of ceramics with the lightweight, high thermal conductivity, and good processing properties of aluminum. This makes them a hot research area in materials science. High-entropy ceramics, following high-entropy alloys, are a new type of high-entropy material successfully developed. They typically refer to multi-principal single-phase solid solutions with simple crystal structures, prepared using equimolar or near-equimolar ratios of five or more ceramic principal components. Due to their unique composition, microstructure, tunability, and novel "high-entropy effect," they possess advantages such as higher strength, better heat resistance, and better corrosion resistance than traditional ceramic materials. Transition metal carbide ceramics, in particular, exhibit extremely high hardness and high-temperature resistance, and their oxidation resistance is significantly improved after high-entropy treatment. As a reinforcing phase in aluminum matrix composites, they can further enhance the heat resistance of the material. High-entropy ceramics were prepared into a porous three-dimensional framework and then composited with an aluminum alloy matrix to form a three-dimensional interpenetrating microstructure. This resulted in a uniform distribution of the two phases, maintaining the continuity and isotropy of the reinforcing phase, improving the structural stability of the material, and achieving efficient strengthening and toughening of aluminum-based composite materials. Composite materials, by combining matrices and reinforcements with different properties, can fully utilize the advantages of both materials. The main methods for preparing aluminum-based composites include pressureless infiltration and powder metallurgy. When using powder metallurgy, the alumina film formed in the air affects the wettability of the aluminum powder, resulting in poor interfacial bonding after sintering or hot pressing. Composites prepared by pressureless infiltration exhibit good strength and toughness, but the high forming temperature and interfacial reactions limit their industrial applications. Vacuum pressure infiltration is a technique for preparing near-net-shape complex products. It involves impregnating molten metal or alloys into a porous reinforcement preform under vacuum and pressure conditions, thereby shaping the material. Composites prepared by vacuum pressure infiltration have higher density than those prepared by pressureless infiltration, effectively avoid the oxidation of the aluminum matrix melt in air, and have lower production costs than powder metallurgy. It is a very promising process for preparing composites with light metals and their alloys as the matrix. Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and positive effects: This invention uses high-entropy carbide ceramics as reinforcement for aluminum-based composite materials, which have good heat resistance and oxidation resistance, as well as high high-temperature strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion, resulting in excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The high-entropy ceramic reinforcement of this invention has a three-dimensional porous framework with good continuity, which can maintain the isotropy of the material, resulting in good reinforcement effect. The preparation method is simple and controllable, and the porosity is high. This invention uses a vacuum pressure impregnation method to prepare composite materials, which can achieve near-net-shape forming of materials, good interfacial bonding, high material density, and low preparation cost. Detailed Implementation To further understand the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in conjunction with examples. Specific examples of preferred choices are as follows: Example 1: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 85 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 15 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.5wt%, Mg: 2.6wt%, Cu: 2.0wt%, Zr: 0.3wt%, Mn: 0.2wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 2: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 83 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 17 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.5wt%, Mg: 2.2wt%, Cu: 1.5wt%, Zr: 0.5wt%, Fe: 0.3wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 3: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.8 wt%, Mg: 2.4 wt%, Cu: 1.9 wt%, Zr: 0.37 wt%, Mn: 0.15 wt%, Fe: 0.11 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 4: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 78 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 22 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.3wt%, Mg: 2.2wt%, Cu: 1.8wt%, Zr: 0.44wt%, Mn: 0.08wt%, Fe: 0.25wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 5: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 75 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 25 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.0 wt%, Mg: 2.3 wt%, Cu: 1.6 wt%, Zr: 0.5 wt%, Mn: 0.18 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 6: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at 1800℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.3wt%, Mg: 2.5wt%, Cu: 2.0wt%, Zr: 0.33wt%, Fe: 0.19wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 7: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 1900℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.9 wt%, Mg: 2.4 wt%, Cu: 1.5 wt%, Zr: 0.48 wt%, Mn: 0.13 wt%, Fe: 0.06 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 8: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2100℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.0 wt%, Mg: 2.3 wt%, Cu: 1.8 wt%, Zr: 0.4 wt%, Mn: 0.1 wt%, Fe: 0.17 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 9: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.8 wt%, Mg: 2.6 wt%, Cu: 1.9 wt%, Zr: 0.32 wt%, Mn: 0.2 wt%, Fe: 0.3 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 10: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 780℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.5wt%, Mg: 2.4wt%, Cu: 1.7wt%, Zr: 0.42wt%, Mn: 0.15wt%, Fe: 0.15wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 11: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.4 wt%, Mg: 2.3 wt%, Cu: 1.5 wt%, Zr: 0.46 wt%, Mn: 0.11 wt%, Fe: 0.17 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 20 mol%, VC: 20 mol%, ZrC: 20 mol%, NbC: 20 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 12: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.0 wt%, Mg: 2.5 wt%, Cu: 1.7 wt%, Zr: 0.35 wt%, Mn: 0.16 wt%, Fe: 0.22 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 30 mol%, VC: 30 mol%, ZrC: 10 mol%, NbC: 10 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 13: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.8 wt%, Mg: 2.3 wt%, Cu: 2.0 wt%, Zr: 0.36 wt%, Mn: 0.05 wt%, Fe: 0.28 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 20 mol%, NbC: 20 mol%, SiC: 5 mol%, B4C: 5 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 14: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.2wt%, Mg: 2.5wt%, Cu: 1.9wt%, Zr: 0.47wt%, Mn: 0.07wt%, Fe: 0.09wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 10 mol%, NbC: 10 mol%, SiC: 15 mol%, B4C: 15 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Example 15: A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.4 wt%, Mg: 2.4 wt%, Cu: 1.8 wt%, Zr: 0.4 wt%, Mn: 0.1 wt%, Fe: 0.26 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 20 mol%, VC: 20 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 15 mol%, B4C: 15 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. To further illustrate the technical effects of the present invention, a comparative example is also provided, as follows: Comparative Example 1: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 90 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 10 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.1 wt%, Mg: 2.2 wt%, Cu: 1.6 wt%, Zr: 0.34 wt%, Mn: 0.03 wt%, Fe: 0.13 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 2: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 70 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 30 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.8 wt%, Mg: 2.4 wt%, Cu: 1.7 wt%, Zr: 0.42 wt%, Mn: 0.2 wt%, Fe: 0.18 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 3: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at 1600℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.9wt%, Mg: 2.5wt%, Cu: 1.9wt%, Zr: 0.5wt%, Mn: 0.12wt%, Fe: 0.23wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 4: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2300℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 740℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.2 wt%, Mg: 2.2 wt%, Cu: 2.0 wt%, Zr: 0.47 wt%, Mn: 0.14 wt%, Fe: 0.18 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 5: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 700℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.9 wt%, Mg: 2.4 wt%, Cu: 1.7 wt%, Zr: 0.34 wt%, Mn: 0.08 wt%, Fe: 0.11 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 6: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton. The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat in a 45°C water bath and stir, then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 820℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is completed and then solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 6.1 wt%, Mg: 2.5 wt%, Cu: 1.8 wt%, Zr: 0.37 wt%, Mn: 0.19 wt%, Fe: 0.24 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 25 mol%, VC: 25 mol%, ZrC: 15 mol%, NbC: 15 mol%, SiC: 10 mol%, B4C: 10 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. Comparative Example 7: An aluminum-based composite material is composed of 80 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 20 wt% porous ceramic three-dimensional skeleton; The preparation method of the aluminum-based composite material includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir evenly by ultrasonication. Add the foaming agent tetrafluorodichloroethane and stir until foaming. Add the gelling agent gelatin, heat and stir in a water bath at 45°C, and then freeze dry to obtain a porous ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to 1500℃ to remove organic matter. Then, sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace at a sintering temperature of 2000℃ to obtain a porous ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy at the top in a crucible, evacuate, heat to 420℃ to preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to 760℃ to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is complete and solidify to obtain the aluminum-based composite material. The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.9 wt%, Mg: 2.3 wt%, Cu: 1.5 wt%, Zr: 0.40 wt%, Mn: 0.14 wt%, Fe: 0.11 wt%, with the balance being Al; The porous ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 40 mol%, VC: 40 mol%, ZrC: 5 mol%, NbC: 5 mol%, SiC: 5 mol%, B4C: 5 mol%. The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm. The tensile strength of each embodiment and comparative example was tested using a universal testing machine. After being kept at 500℃ for 3 hours, the tensile strength was cooled to room temperature and tested. The tensile strength was compared with that before heat treatment, and the residual strength was used as the indicator of its heat resistance performance. The hardness of each embodiment and comparative example was tested using a microhardness tester. The test results are shown in the table. Table 1. Effects of different ceramic contents on the properties of aluminum matrix composites Table 2. Effect of different sintering temperatures on the properties of aluminum matrix composites using ceramic skeletons. Table 3. Effect of different melting temperatures of aluminum alloys on the properties of aluminum matrix composites Table 4. Effect of different molar ratios of high-entropy ceramics on the properties of aluminum matrix composites. In summary, all embodiments of the present invention possess high strength and hardness, and after high-temperature heat treatment at 500℃, they still maintain high tensile strength, high residual strength, good heat resistance, and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.

Claims

1. A porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite material, characterized in that: The aluminum-based composite material consists of 75-85 wt% aluminum alloy matrix and 15-25 wt% porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton.

2. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Mix the ceramic powders according to the molar ratio and add anhydrous ethanol. Ball mill the mixture until homogeneous and then dry it to obtain a homogeneous mixed powder. S2. Add the mixed powder to deionized water and stir ultrasonically until homogeneous. Add the foaming agent and stir until foaming occurs. Add the gelling agent, heat in a water bath and stir. Then freeze dry to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic green body. S3. Place the green body in a tube furnace and fill it with argon gas. Heat it to remove organic matter. Then sinter it at high temperature and pressure in a vacuum carbon tube furnace to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework. S4. Place the porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional skeleton at the bottom and the aluminum alloy on top in a crucible, evacuate, preheat the porous skeleton, then heat to melt the aluminum alloy and fill with argon gas for pressurization. Keep the temperature and pressure until the infiltration is complete and then solidify to obtain a porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material.

3. The porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The aluminum alloy matrix is ​​composed of the following weight percentages: Zn: 5.5-6.5 wt%, Mg: 2.2-2.6 wt%, Cu: 1.5-2.0 wt%, Zr: 0.3-0.5 wt%, Mn: ≤0.2 wt%, Fe: ≤0.3 wt%, with the balance being Al.

4. The porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The porous high-entropy ceramic three-dimensional framework is composed of the following molar percentages: TiC: 20-30 mol%, VC: 20-30 mol%, ZrC: 10-20 mol%, NbC: 10-20 mol%, SiC: 5-15 mol%, B4C: 5-15 mol%.

5. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 2, characterized in that: The ceramic powder particle size range in step S1 is 1–5 μm.

6. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step S2, the foaming agent is tetrafluorodichloroethane and the gelling agent is gelatin.

7. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 2, characterized in that: The water bath heating temperature in step S2 is 40-50℃.

8. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 2, characterized in that: The heating temperature for removing organic matter in step S3 is 1400–1600℃, and the sintering temperature is 1800–2100℃.

9. The method for preparing porous high-entropy ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials according to claim 2, characterized in that: The preheating temperature of the porous skeleton in step S4 is 400-450℃, and the heating temperature of the molten aluminum alloy is 740-780℃.

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