Electric motor, control method of electric motor, and electric motor system

Abstract

The invention relates to an electric motor, a control method of the electric motor, and an electric motor system. The electric motor includes: a stator; a sensor system comprising at least one NV center, the sensor system being in a fixed position relative to the stator; a rotor comprising a magnetic field generating device, the magnetic field generating device generating a magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center, the magnetic flux changing based on the position of the rotor relative to the stator; wherein: the sensor system outputs an output signal based on a value of the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of patent application No. 202080092118.5, filed on November 6, 2020, entitled "Method and apparatus for measuring magnetic flux density and other parameters by multiple NV centers and its application".

[0002] This international application claims German priority to German patent application DE 10 2019 130 114.9, filed on 7 November 2019. Technical Field

[0003] This invention relates to an NV-center-based sensor system, a method for operating the sensor system, and its applications. This system differs from existing technologies in that it does not require microwave frequencies. Preferably, multiple NV centers are used. Particularly preferably, multiple nanodiamonds with different crystal orientations and multiple NV centers are used. Background Technology

[0004] The term "sensor system (NVMS)" in this specification also includes systems that typically utilize the quantum properties of optical centers at room temperature. This is particularly relevant to systems that modify and / or evaluate and / or record and output the quantum states of paramagnetic centers. Preferably, these are systems having diamond as the substrate. For other substrates and perturbation points, please refer to the explanations in PCT / DE2020 / 100 827 and DE 10 2020 125 189.0, which have been mentioned but not yet disclosed. Preferably, the defect center is a defect center in diamond, and more preferably an NV center and / or a SiV center. Other suitable paramagnetic centers may be, for example, ST1 centers, GeV centers, TR1 centers, L2 centers, etc.

[0005] This table is merely an exemplary compilation of some possible paramagnetic centers. Clearly, other paramagnetic centers using other materials are possible in a functionally equivalent manner. The wavelengths of the excitation radiation are also exemplary. Other wavelengths are generally possible if they are shorter than the wavelength of the zero phonon line (ZPL) to be excited.

[0006]

[0007] The reference materials for the above-mentioned defect centers are as follows:

[0008] / 1 / C. Wang, C. Kurtsiefer, H. Weinfurter, B. Burchard, “Single photonemission from SiV centers in diamond produced by ion implantation”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39(37), 2006.

[0009] / 2 / Björn Tegetmeyer, “Luminescence properties of SiV-centers in Diamond diodes”, Doctoral dissertation, University of Freiburg, January 30, 2018.

[0010] / 3 / Carlo Bradac, Weibo Gao, Jacopo Forneris, Matt Trusheim, Igor Aharonovich, “Quantum Nanophotonics with Group IV defects in Diamond”, DOI: 10.1038 / s41467-020-14316-x, arXiv:1906.10992.

[0011] / 4 / Rasmus Høy Jensen, Erika Janitz, Yannik Fontana, Yi He, Olivier Gobron, Ilya P. Radko, Mihir Bhaskar, Ruffin Evans, Cesardaniel Rodrıguez Rosenblueth, Lilian Childress, Alexander Huck, Ulrik Lund Andersen, “Cavity-Enhanced Photon Emission from a Single Germanium-Vacancy Center in a Diamond Membrane”, arXiv:1912.05247v3[quant-ph], May 25, 2020.

[0012] / 5 / Takayuki Iwasaki, Yoshiyuki Miyamoto, Takashi Taniguchi, Petr Siyushev, Mathias H. Metsch, Fedor Jelezko, Mutsuko Hatano, “Tin-Vacancy Quantum Emitters in Diamond”, Physical Review Letters 119, 253601 (2017), dOI:10.1103 / PhysRevLett.119.253601, arXiv:1708.03576[quant-ph].

[0013] / 6 / Matthew E. Trusheim, Noel H. Wan, Kevin C. Chen, Christopher J. Ciccarino, Ravishankar Sundararaman, Girish Malladi, Eric Bersin, Michael Walsh, Benjamin Lienhard, Hassaram Bakhru, PrinehaNarang, Dirk Englund, “Lead-Related Quantum Emitters in Diamond”, Physical Review B99, 075430 (2019), dOI:10.1103 / PhysRevB.99.075430, arXiv:1805.12202 [quant-ph].

[0014] These sensor systems are part of the technical insights disclosed in this article.

[0015] The principles and features described in this disclosure can be combined and are part of the claims to the extent that the result is meaningful.

[0016] In addition to prior art that is publicly available at the time of application, prior art known to the applicant but not yet disclosed for patentability purposes also plays a role.

[0017] Such prior art, which is not disclosed at the time of filing this application, particularly the subject matter of document DE 10 2018 127 394A1, which is not disclosed at the time of filing the priority application of this application, and the subject matter of German patent applications DE 10 2019 120 076.8, DE 10 2019 121 137.9, DE 10 2019 121 028.3, DE 10 2018 127394.0 and DE 10 2020 119 414.5, which are not disclosed at the time of filing this application, as well as the subject matter of international patent applications PCT / DE2020 / 100648 and PCT / DE2020 / 100827, which are not disclosed at the time of filing this application. The undisclosed prior art in German patent applications DE 10 2019 120 076.8, DE 10 2019 121 137.9, DE 10 2019 121 028.3, DE 10 2018 127 394A1, and DE 10 2020 119414.5 and international patent application PCT / DE2020 / 100648 is entirely part of this disclosure. In particular, document DE 10 2020 119 414.5 contains a significant amount of prior art referenced herein. (The last sentence appears to be incomplete and possibly refers to a separate, unrelated statement.) Figures 1 to 4 This describes prior art that has not been disclosed at the time of submission of this article.

[0018] Specifically, when quantum dots are referred to herein, they can be a single paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a cluster of such paramagnetic centers (NV1) (in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)) and / or multiple such clusters. Preferably, NV centers in diamond are used as paramagnetic centers. Thus, when referring to quantum dots, they can be particularly described as a cluster of such NV centers and / or multiple such clusters in the form of a single NV center and / or multiple NV centers. Close clusters of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are particularly preferred, and therefore close clusters of NV centers are preferred.

[0019] Figure 1

[0020] Figure 1 A schematic simplified cross-section of an exemplary housing corresponding to an exemplary sensor system of DE 10 20201 194 14.5 or PCT / DE2020 / 100648 is shown. The housing includes a housing base (BO), housing walls (WA), and housing cover (DE). Figure 1In the example, the housing cover (DE) is attached to the top edge of the housing wall (WA) using an exemplary fourth adhesive (GL4). Preferably, the housing wall (WA) and the housing base (BO) form a so-called pre-molded open cavity housing with a cavity (CAV), in which electronic, magnetic, and optical functional elements of the sensor system can be mounted before closure by gluing the housing cover (DE). Preferably, the pre-molded open cavity housing is manufactured by injection molding using thermosetting materials and filler materials.

[0021] Typically, the so-called leadframe is cast into the base (BO) of a pre-molded open cavity housing. This is then structured to form different leadframe islands (LF1, LF2, LF3, LF4). After overmolding and separation of the leadframes, the leadframe islands are mechanically held in place by the injection molding of the housing base (BO), and they are electrically insulated from each other. This leadframe separation step (referred to as the trimming and shaping step) is also used to modify the shape of the terminals. Here, these terminals are the first leadframe island (LF1) and the fourth leadframe island (LF4).

[0022] In the exemplary system, the integrated circuit (IC) is attached to the second lead frame island (LF2) by a preferably conductive second adhesive (GL2), which serves as a so-called chip pad.

[0023] exist Figure 1 In the example, the integrated circuit (IC) includes a photosensitive first radiation receiver (PD1). It is also possible to consider mounting the photosensitive first radiation receiver (PD1) separately as a discrete component in a cavity (CAV) of the housing and connecting it to the integrated circuit (IC), for example, via bonding wires.

[0024] The first pump radiation source (PL1) is preferably attached to the third lead frame island (LF3) in a conductive manner by the third adhesive (GL3).

[0025] exist Figure 1 In the example, as an illustration, the third lead frame island (LF3) is connected to the integrated circuit (IC) via the first bonding line (BD1). Figure 1 In the example, this establishes an exemplary electrical connection between the back of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the integrated circuit (IC).

[0026] exist Figure 1 In the example, the second terminal of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is also connected to the integrated circuit (IC) via the second bonding line (BD2). Thus, the integrated circuit (IC) is able to power and control the first pump radiation source (PL1).

[0027] Under the control of an integrated circuit (IC), the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB1a). A reflector (RE) is located on the underside of the housing cover (DE). The reflector (RE) can also be part of the housing cover (DE). For example, the underside surface of the housing cover (DE) can have a suitable surface structure. For example, the reflector can be a roughened structure, a polished structure, a bevel, other optical functional elements, etc. For example, the cover (DE) can also be made of a material with particularly good reflective properties, such as a suitable molding compound. Particularly preferably, the housing cover (DE) is made of a white material. At least, the spectral properties of the material of the housing cover (DE) can reflect the radiation of the first pump radiation source (PL1) and / or the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dots well, particularly the fluorescence radiation (FL) of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or particularly the fluorescence radiation (FL) of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, if the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits green light, a green or white reflector (RE) is particularly advantageous. Pump radiation (LB1a) emitted by the first pump radiation source (PL1) is reflected at the reflector (RE) and directed as reflected pump radiation (LB1b) to at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0028] Preferably, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) are located within the sensor element; for simplicity, no separate reference numerals are provided herein. Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is a defect center in a crystal, which is the sensor element as defined herein. The sensor element itself may also comprise multiple sensor elements, for example, multiple crystals. As a possibility, multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1) are defect centers in one or more crystals, wherein these one or more crystals constitute the sensor element in the sense of this document. In the case of multiple crystals, it is advantageous that the multiple crystals are assembled together by an adhesive to form the sensor element. This adhesive can be an optically transparent plastic or glass, etc. The adhesive should have sufficient transparency for the pump radiation wavelengths (LB1a, LB1b) and the fluorescence wavelengths (FL). Preferably, one crystal is a diamond crystal, or multiple crystals are multiple diamond crystals. Preferably, the defect center is an NV center in the diamond crystal. Preferably, the defect center is an NV center. In this document, an NV center refers to a nitrogen defect center in diamond. Other defect centers, such as SiV centers, may be considered. In this regard, we refer to Alexander M. Zaitsev's standard work "Optical Properties of Diamond" published by Springer, which names many diamond defect centers. However, NV centers have been particularly well studied and are especially suitable due to their optical properties. For the purposes of this paper, a paramagnetic center (NV1) can also be a collection of multiple defect centers in a crystal and / or multiple crystals having multiple defect centers (i.e., multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)). Particularly preferably, the defect centers are arranged close to each other or have a high spatial density, such that these defect centers are coupled to each other. This coupling can occur, for example, through stimulated emission and by absorption and via the magnetic moment of the electronic configuration of the defect centers. Then, a collective effect is produced. Particularly preferably, the defect centers are arranged in a regular structure, particularly preferably in a periodic structure. This can be achieved by the fact that, for example, the defect centers or their precursor structures are charged during the manufacturing process, thus repelling each other and therefore arranging themselves into a superlattice form by electrostatic attraction, at least in a locally limited region. Of course, the superlattice structure can also be achieved by focused ion implantation.(Bernd Burchard et al., “NM Scale Resolution Single Ion Inplantation Into Diamond for Quantum Dot Production,” Riva del Garda, Diamond Conference 2004: Generation of asuperlattice without coupling between lattice points; and B. Burchard, J. Meijer, M. Domhan, C. Wittmann, T. Gaebel, I. Popa, F. Jelezko and J. Wrachtrup, “Generation of Single color centers by focused nitrogen implantation,” Applied Optics Physics Letters 87, 261909 (2005); https: / / doi.org / 10.1063 / 1.2103389).

[0029] For example, a paramagnetic center (NV1) can be a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), which take the form of a plurality of preferably coupled NV centers in a diamond crystal, and / or a plurality of diamonds having a plurality of NV centers that are also preferably coupled to each other. Preferably, the preferred coupling or interaction of the NV centers is achieved by stimulated emission and absorption and / or via magnetic coupling.

[0030] One or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) receive at least a portion of reflected pump radiation (LB1b) and thereby emit fluorescent radiation (FL), which, for better overview, is not shown in the figure. Figure 1 The light is drawn in the middle. Fluorescent radiation (FL), possible pump radiation (LB1a), and reflected pump radiation (LB1b) typically illuminate the first filter (F1). Preferably, the first filter (F1) only allows fluorescence wavelengths (λ) of the fluorescent radiation (FL) to pass through. fl The first filter (F1) is used for the pump radiation wavelength (λ) of the pump radiation (LB1a) and / or the reflected pump radiation (LB1b). pmpThe pump radiation wavelength is opaque and / or attenuated to such an extent that it can be considered substantially blocked for the intended purpose and can be neglected to a first-order approximation, preferably a linear approximation. Fluorescent radiation (FL) from one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) then irradiates a first radiation receiver (PD1), which is preferably part of an integrated circuit (IC). However, the first radiation receiver (PD1) may also be constructed separately from the integrated circuit (IC) and then suitably electrically connected to the integrated circuit (IC), for example, via other bonding wires.

[0031] exist Figure 1 In the example, the first filter (F1) is mechanically connected to the integrated circuit (IC) via a radiation-transparent first adhesive (GL1). In this case, the first adhesive (GL1) is substantially transparent to fluorescence radiation (FL). This means that even if the first adhesive (GL1) attenuates fluorescence radiation (FL), it is only to a negligible degree for the intended purpose of the device. Figure 1 In the example, the first filter (F1) is located in the radiation path between one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 1 In the example, the first adhesive (GL1) optically couples one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiating receiver (PD1). Figure 1 In this example, this coupling is for fluorescence radiation (FL). A first filter (F1) decouples the first radiation receiver (PD1) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the extent necessary for the intended use. Basic optical coupling may be desired for control reasons, but is not considered here.

[0032] exist Figure 1 In the example, a sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) is mechanically connected to a first filter (F1) via fasteners (GE).

[0033] Preferably, the fastener (GE) is transparent to the pump radiation (LB1a) or reflected pump radiation (LB1b) of the first pump radiation source (PL1), such that the pump radiation (LB1a) or reflected pump radiation (LB1b) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) can reach one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) of the sensor element.

[0034] The use of a compensation radiation source (PLK) for emitting compensation radiation (KS) and illuminating the first radiation receiver (PD1) will also be described below. If the compensation radiation (KS) is used to adjust the optical operating point of the first radiation receiver (PD1), preferably, the fastener (GE) is positioned relative to the compensation radiation wavelength (λ) of the compensation radiation (KS). ks The possible reflected compensation radiation (KS2) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) is transparent, such that the compensation radiation (KS) or reflected compensation radiation (KS2) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) can reach the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0035] Preferably, the fastener (GE) is transparent to the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the reflected fluorescent radiation (FL2) that may occur depending on the structure, such that the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) or the reflected fluorescent radiation (FL2) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can reach the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0036] As described above, the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element is preferably at least one NV center from at least one diamond crystal, wherein the at least one diamond crystal constitutes the sensor element. Multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are preferably multiple NV centers from one or more diamonds (especially nanodiamonds). Additional bonding wires (BD3) provide further electrical connections. Some electrical connections involve terminals of the exemplary package. Figure 1 In the example, the terminals of the exemplary package are represented by a first lead frame island (LF1) and a fourth lead frame island (LF4). For simplicity, not all necessary connection wires are shown.

[0037] Figure 2

[0038] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A simplified diagram. (And) Figure 1 In contrast, the first filter (F1) and the first adhesive (GL1) are missing. Instead, the sensor element, having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1), is directly connected mechanically and optically to the first radiation receiver (PD1) via fasteners (GE). There are two use cases for this:

[0039] a) The first pump radiation source (PL1) is activated at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a) during these first times (T1). This is caused by Figure 3 , 4Logic level 1 in 5, 6, and 7 is exemplified. The first pump radiation source (PL1) is not turned on during the second time (T2) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a) during these second times (T2). Figure 3 , 4 In this process, the first time point (T1) and the second time point (T2) alternate sequentially. Figure 5 , 6 In case 7, the first time point (T1), the second time point (T2), and the third time point (T3) alternate continuously. This is due to... Figure 3 , 4 Logic level 0 in 5, 6, and 7 is exemplified. Preferably, in this case, the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) is evaluated only at the second time (T2). This is possible because the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) has a phase shift of fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a). When using one NV center as a paramagnetic center (NV1) or using multiple NV centers as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) is typically about 1 ns. Figure 3 , 4 The exemplary measurement signal (MES) in a, 5, 6, and 7 illustrates the evaluation of the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiating receiver (PD1), and this measurement signal is for illustrative purposes only. Here, an exemplary logic level 1 of the measurement signal (MES) means, for example, that the signal received from the first radiating receiver (PD1) is being evaluated, and an exemplary logic level 0 means, for example, that the signal received from the first radiating receiver (PD1) is not being evaluated. Figure 4 In this example, the evaluation of the signal received by the first radiation receiver (PD1) is performed only at the second time (T2). At these second times (T2), the afterglow of the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) of only one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) in the sensor element (e.g., NV centers in one or more diamonds) is detected. If the phase is correct, no signal of pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is detected, and therefore this signal is separated from the fluorescence signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL).

[0040] (b) When the sensor element has multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) forming a high-density paramagnetic center (NV1) and a suitable, sufficient thickness, the sensor element itself can be used as a first filter (F1) because its absorption of pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) is sufficient to prevent the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1). For example, if the sensor element is diamond with multiple NV centers as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the diamond will appear red. For the application, if the density of the NV centers is sufficient and if the thickness of the diamond is sufficient, the diamond will transmit a sufficiently small amount of green pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) or no green pump radiation from the pump radiation source (PL1) (e.g., a green LED or a green laser).

[0041] Figure 3

[0042] Figure 3 a

[0043] Figure 3 The value 'a' indicates when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, a logic 1 in the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1), and a logic 0 in the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 3 The Measurement Signals (MES) plotted in section a are for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate from the intended approach if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0044] exist Figure 3 In example a, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is determined by... Figure 3 Let's illustrate this with an example logical value of 1 in 'a'.

[0045] exist Figure 3 In example a, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not turned on at the second time (T2) and emits virtually no pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is determined by... Figure 3 The example logical value 0 in 'a' is used to illustrate this.

[0046] Pump radiation (LB, LB1a, L1b) at least partially irradiates one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Therefore, one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed by a certain amount of time. For one NV center in the diamond (as the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element), or for multiple NV centers (as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the sensor element), this delay is approximately 1 ns. Therefore, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is time-phase shifted relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, L1b) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0047] Therefore, in Figure 3 In example a, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) (NVC) open with a certain time shift at the first time (T1) and emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is determined by... Figure 3 Any logical value 1 in a is represented by an example.

[0048] Therefore, in Figure 3 In example a, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) are not activated at the second time (T2) and do not emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of their fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is determined by... Figure 3 Any logical value 0 in a is represented by an example.

[0049] exist Figure 3 In example a, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at the first time (T1). The measurement signal (MES) used for illustration has an arbitrary logical value of 1 at these first times (T1). Therefore, in the case of Figure 3 In the measurement system of this timing scheme, the separation of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal from the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) signal can only be achieved by the first filter (F1) or by the filtering effect of the sensor element with multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0050] Figure 3 b

[0051] Figure 3b indicates when to evaluate the radioactivity of the first pump source (PL1) and the compensating source (PLK) on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) again means evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 3 The Measurement Signals (MES) plotted in section b are for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0052] exist Figure 3 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 3 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0053] exist Figure 3 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not activated at the second time (T2) and the third time (T3), and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 3 The example of logic value 0 is illustrated in b.

[0054] exist Figure 3 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is turned on at the second time (T2) and then emits compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 3 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0055] exist Figure 3 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is not activated at the first moment (T1) and then does not emit any compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 3 b is illustrated by the example logical value 0.

[0056] Pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) at least partially irradiates one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Therefore, one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed for a period of time. In the case where one NV center in the diamond serves as the paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element, or multiple NV centers in one or more diamonds serve as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. Therefore, the signal of the fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is time-shifted relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0057] Therefore, in Figure 3 In example b, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) open with a certain time shift at the first time (T1) and emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is determined by... Figure 3 Any logical value 1 in b is represented by an example.

[0058] Therefore, in Figure 3 In example b, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) do not turn on at a certain time shift at the second time (T2) and then do not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 3 b is represented by any logical value 0.

[0059] Preferably, the compensation radiation (KS) does not interact with one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1).

[0060] exist Figure 3 In example b, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated again at the first time (T1). The measurement signal (MES) used for illustration has an arbitrary logical value of 1 at these first times (T1). Therefore, in the case of... Figure 3 In the measurement system of this timing scheme of b, the separation of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal from the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) signal can only be achieved by the first filter (F1), or by the filtering effect of the sensor element having a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0061] Figure 4

[0062] Figure 4 a

[0063] Figure 4 The value 'a' indicates when the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, a logic 1 in the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1), and a logic 0 in the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 4 The Measurement Signals (MES) plotted in section a are for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate from the intended approach if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0064] exist Figure 4 In example a, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate 'a'.

[0065] exist Figure 4 In example a, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not turned on at the second time (T2) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 0 is used to illustrate 'a'.

[0066] Pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Therefore, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed for a period of time. For an NV1 in diamond that serves as a paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element, or for multiple NV1s in one or more diamonds that serve as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. Therefore, the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) is time-shifted relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0067] Therefore, in Figure 4 In example a, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) open at a certain time shift in the first time (T1) and emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) at a certain time shift in the first time (T1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 4 In 'a', any logical value 1 is used as an example.

[0068] Therefore, in Figure 4 In example a, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) are not activated at a second time (T2) by a certain time shift, and then do not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) at a second time (T2) by a certain time shift. The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 4 In 'a', any logical value 0 is used as an example.

[0069] However, with Figure 3 On the contrary, now, in Figure 4 In example a, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) is evaluated at a second time (T2). The measurement signal (MES) used for illustration has an arbitrary logical value of 1 at these second times (T2). Therefore, with Figure 3 Compared to a, in having Figure 4 In this timing-based measurement system, the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal can be separated from the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) signal without a first filter (F1) and without filtering effect from sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters of paramagnetic centers (NV1) (each cluster having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)). However, only the portion of the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) that falls within the second time interval (T2) is detected. This may lead to a decrease in sensitivity.

[0070] Figure 4 b

[0071] Figure 4 b indicates when the radioactivity of the first pump source (PL1) and the compensating source (PLK) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1), and logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 4 The Measurement Signals (MES) plotted in section b are again for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0072] exist Figure 4 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0073] exist Figure 4 In example b, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not turned on at the second time (T2) and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 0 is used to illustrate b.

[0074] exist Figure 4 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is turned on at the second time (T2) and then emits compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 1 is used to illustrate b.

[0075] exist Figure 4 In example b, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is not activated at the first moment (T1) and then does not emit any compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 4 The example logic value 0 is used to illustrate b.

[0076] Pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Therefore, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed for a period of time. In the case where one NV center in the diamond serves as the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor element, or multiple NV centers in one or more diamonds serve as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. Therefore, the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL) is time-shifted relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0077] Therefore, in Figure 4 In example b, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) open with a certain time shift at the first time (T1) and emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 4 b is represented by any logical value 1.

[0078] Therefore, in Figure 4 In example b, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) are not activated at the second time (T2) and do not emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 4 b is represented by any logical value 0.

[0079] Preferably, the compensation radiation (KS) does not interact with one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC).

[0080] and Figure 3 Compared to the timing scheme of b, now, in Figure 4 In example b, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiator (PD1) is evaluated at the second time (T2). Figure 3 Compared to the timing scheme of b, the measurement signal (MES) used for illustration has an arbitrary logical value of 1 at these second times (T2). Therefore, in the case of b... Figure 4 In the measurement system of this timing scheme of b, even without a first filter (F1) and without the filtering effect of sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or having multiple (NVC) clusters composed of paramagnetic centers (NV1), the signal of pump radiation (LB, LB1a) can be separated from the signal of fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1). Summary of the Invention

[0081] The present invention aims to propose an improved quantum technology that does not require microwave frequencies.

[0082] One aspect of the present invention relates to a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a quantum dot having a plurality of NV centers (NV1) and a control / evaluation device (AWV). Two or more of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to each other. The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a first pump radiation source (PL1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a first radiation receiver (PD1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) irradiates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) at least temporarily through the first pump radiation source (PL1). The pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV). The quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) when irradiated by the pump radiation (LB). The fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or physical parameters different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a signal component representing a measured value based on the fluorescence radiation (FL). The measured value depends on the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the value of the physical parameter that is different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter that is different from the magnetic flux density by a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC). The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot based on the first output signal (out) of the control / evaluation device (AWV) by the sub-device. A second multiplier (M2) multiplies the first output signal (out) with the transmission signal (S5), and thus reconstructs the amplified component of the transmission signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0) into a feedback signal (S6). A subtractor (A1) subtracts the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0), thereby forming a reduced receiver output signal (S1). The first multiplier (M1) multiplies the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the transmitted signal (S5) and generates a filter input signal (S3). The filter (TP) filters the filter input signal (S3) to obtain the first output signal (out). The controller (RG) derives an operating point control signal (S9) from the first output signal (out). The controller (RG) performs control with a first time constant τ1. The filter (TP) performs compensation control with a second time constant τ2. The first time constant τ1 of the controller (RG) is greater than the second time constant τ2 of the filter (TP).When the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the locations of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) changes or the value of the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density changes, the controller (RG) moves the total magnetic flux density (B) at the locations of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) toward the operating point by decreasing or increasing the coil current of the compensation coil (LC) provided by the controller (RG). The control / evaluation device (AWV) performs the readjustment in a compensatory manner through the feedback signal (S6) such that, apart from signal noise and control error, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) no longer contains any component of the transmitted signal (S5).

[0083] Another aspect of the invention relates to a sensor system (NVMS) comprising a quantum dot having a plurality of NV centers (NV1) and a control / evaluation device (AWV). Two or more of the plurality of paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled to each other. The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a first pump radiation source (PL1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a first radiation receiver (PD1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) irradiates the quantum dot with pump radiation (LB) at least temporarily through the first pump radiation source (PL1). The pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) depends on a transmission signal (S5) of the control / evaluation device (AWV). The quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) when irradiated by the pump radiation (LB). The fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot and / or physical parameters different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a signal component representing a measured value based on the fluorescence radiation (FL) via a correlator (CORR). The correlator determines the component of the transmitted signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (SO) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) and can be a synchronous demodulator (M1, TP), an optimal filter, or a matched filter. The measured value depends on the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the value of the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot to the magnetic flux density (B) and / or the physical parameter different from the magnetic flux density via a sub-device in the form of one or more compensation coils (LC). The current of the compensation coil (LC) depends on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) controls the sensitivity of the quantum dot. The control / evaluation device (AWV) readjusts the sensitivity of the quantum dot in a compensatory manner based on the control signal of the control / evaluation device (AWV) via a controller (RG) and by means of the sub-device. The intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) changes as the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the locations of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) changes or the value of the physical parameter other than the magnetic flux density changes. The compensation coil (LC) moves the total magnetic flux density (B) at the locations of the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) toward the operating point by decreasing or increasing the coil current.The control / evaluation device (AWV) performs the readjustment in a compensatory manner, such that, apart from signal noise and control errors, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiant receiver (PD1) no longer contains any component of the transmitted signal (S5). This compensation means that the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiant receiver (PD1) contains a component of the transmitted signal (S5) in the receiver output signal (S0) such that the amplitude of that component is less than a predetermined amplitude bandwidth. Attached Figure Description

[0084] Figure 1 An exemplary simplified cross-section of an exemplary sensor system according to the prior art is shown.

[0085] Figure 2 It shows Figure 1 A simplified diagram.

[0086] Figure 3 and 4 The timing sequence of each signal is shown in the prior art for assessing the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source.

[0087] Figures 5 to 7 The timing of each signal is shown according to the present invention when evaluating the radioactivity of the first pump radiation source and the radioactivity of the compensation radiation source.

[0088] Figures 8 to 14 An exemplary evaluation system according to the present invention is shown.

[0089] Figure 15 An exemplary correlation is shown between the intensity of fluorescence radiation from multiple NV centers in diamond according to the present invention and magnetic flux density in Tesla.

[0090] Figure 16 An exemplary evaluation system according to the present invention is shown.

[0091] Figure 17 The structure of an example microcomputer-based sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0092] Figure 18 The invention illustrates a combination of one of the sensor systems comprising at least one paramagnetic center with two or three exemplary Helmholtz coil pairs.

[0093] Figure 19 The invention is shown through Figure 18 The control of the Helmholtz coil pair to extend Figure 17 The system.

[0094] Figures 20 to 23 The sensor system according to the present invention is shown for the detection of an object.

[0095] Figure 24 A typical procedure for operating an ultrasonic measurement system with a sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0096] Figure 25 The corresponding invention is shown. Figure 1 A sensor system used as an RF receiver for electromagnetic RF radiation.

[0097] Figure 26 and 27 A measuring device for measuring current flowing through a conductor according to the present invention is shown.

[0098] Figure 28 An exemplary evaluation system according to the present invention is shown.

[0099] Figure 29 The illustration shows the placement of one or more sensor elements having one or more paramagnetic centers or having multiple paramagnetic centers in a fluid conduit according to the present invention.

[0100] Figure 30 It shows an invention similar to Figure 29 Electrochemical cells with the structure described in the text.

[0101] Figure 31 The invention is shown Figure 1 The device is supplemented with a second radiation receiver and a second sensor element having at least one other second paramagnetic center or having a second plurality of second paramagnetic centers.

[0102] Figure 32 The use of multiple sensor systems according to the present invention as magnetoencephalography (MEG) recording systems is illustrated.

[0103] Figure 33 The positioning of the sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0104] Figure 34 Applications according to the present invention are shown. Figure 32 and 33 An exemplary system of the technology described above.

[0105] Figure 35 It is shown that the invention can be used Figure 34 Methods and basis Figure 34 Examples of arrangements used to examine and / or classify other body parts of a person or animal, the whole human body, the whole animal body, and / or other objects.

[0106] Figure 36A simplified apparatus according to the invention for identifying patterns by means of paramagnetic centers or by means of clusters composed of paramagnetic centers is shown.

[0107] Figure 37 A simple apparatus according to the invention is shown for detecting the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field using a system of three sensors, each having one or more paramagnetic centers.

[0108] Figure 38 An exemplary slotted sensor according to the present invention is shown.

[0109] Figure 39 The invention is shown Figure 38 The slotted sensor.

[0110] Figure 40 It shows Figure 38 and 39 Further details of the slotted sensor and its magnetic circuit.

[0111] Figure 41 A slotted sensor with a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material, according to the present invention, is shown.

[0112] Figure 42 The invention illustrates the functional relationship between the magnetic flux density in the air gap at the location of the paramagnetic center of the sensor element in the sensor system and the distance between the axis of symmetry of the tooth portion of the toothed track and the symmetrical point of another exemplary symmetrically constructed slotted sensor.

[0113] Figure 43 A top view of an exemplary slotted sensor with a sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0114] Figure 44 The positioning of a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material within a slotted sensor having a sensor system, according to the present invention, is illustrated.

[0115] Figure 45 A rotationally symmetric toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material for a slotted sensor with a sensor system, according to the present invention, is shown.

[0116] Figure 46 A rotationally symmetric toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material for a slotted sensor with a sensor system, according to the present invention, is shown.

[0117] Figure 47 An exemplary current measuring device for very small currents according to the present invention is shown.

[0118] Figure 48 The use of the sensor system according to the invention in a micro switch is illustrated.

[0119] Figure 49 The invention is shown Figure 48 Exemplary use of a microswitch.

[0120] Figure 50 Another use case according to the present invention is shown.

[0121] Figure 51 The invention is shown Figure 50 The sensor system uses gears to measure rotational angles and / or rotational angular positions.

[0122] Figure 52 The use according to the present invention is shown. Figure 50 The sensor measures rotational position or rotational angle through teeth and grooves.

[0123] Figure 53 The invention is based on Figure 50 The sensor system uses a rotary angle encoder.

[0124] Figure 54 A magnetized encoder disk is shown in several systems, including encoder disks and sensor systems, according to the present invention.

[0125] Figure 55 and 56 The sensor system according to the present invention is shown for monitoring the position of a permanent magnet.

[0126] Figure 57 The invention is shown Figure 55 Application of the position measurement principle.

[0127] Figure 58 The corresponding invention is shown. Figures 37 to 42 One or more of the exemplary slotted sensors are used for measuring rotation angles.

[0128] Figure 59 The invention illustrates temperature and / or pressure measurement using an exemplary mechanical functional element whose dimensions depend on pressure and / or temperature.

[0129] Figure 60 An application of the proposed sensor system for flow measurement according to the present invention is shown.

[0130] Figure 61 Another application of the proposed sensor system for flow measurement according to the present invention is shown.

[0131] Figure 62 A schematic example of position control of a slider relative to a first sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0132] Figure 63 An exemplary method according to the present invention is shown for digitizing an exemplary analog first output signal of a sensor system having a paramagnetic center.

[0133] Figure 64 The invention is shown Figure 51 The position measurement principle is applied to an exemplary wheel hub with drum brakes in a motor vehicle.

[0134] Figures 65 to 67 The sensor system according to the present invention is shown in application to a locking system.

[0135] Figure 68 An exemplary rotary angle sensor with a permanent magnetized encoder disk and a sensor system according to the present invention is shown, and an exemplary rotary angle sensor with an encoder disk and a control / evaluation device is shown.

[0136] Figure 69 An exemplary tilt sensor according to the present invention is shown.

[0137] Figure 70 An exemplary application of the sensor system according to the present invention in determining the rotor position in an electric motor is shown.

[0138] Figure 71 Other encoding methods according to the present invention, which use permanent magnet encoder disks or rotating bodies for encoding for rotation angle measurement and / or rotation count, are shown.

[0139] Figure 72 An application of the sensor system according to the invention is shown for measuring the rotational speed of the conveyor rollers of a conveyor belt, and thus measuring speed.

[0140] Figure 73 The invention illustrates the use of the proposed sensor system to determine the position of the piston in a cylinder.

[0141] Figure 74 The typical operation of a measurement system for measuring electromagnetic waves using a sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0142] Figure 75 An exemplary simplified cross-section of an exemplary sensor system according to the present invention is shown.

[0143] Figure 76 A probe according to the present invention is shown for measuring the properties of a borehole or for measuring the fluid in a borehole. Detailed Implementation

[0144] The invention will now be described with reference to the exemplary accompanying drawings. Combinations of features and concepts in the drawings, as well as combinations with features in the feature list of the specification, can be considered, and protection can be claimed by features and combinations thereof. However, only the claims and combinations thereof are decisive for specific protection.

[0145] Further progress of undisclosed latest technologies

[0146] Figure 5

[0147] Figure 5 This illustrates when the radioactivity of the first pump source (PL1) and the compensating source (PLK) is evaluated on the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Here, logic 1 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1), and logic 0 of the exemplary measurement signal (MES) should again mean not evaluating the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 5 The measurement signal (MES) drawn in the diagram is again for illustrative purposes only. During the implementation of the proposal, the technical implementation may deviate from the intended approach if necessary, but the technical effect must not deviate from the content.

[0148] exist Figure 5 In the example, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is turned on at the first time (T1) and emits pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 5 The example is illustrated by the logical value 1.

[0149] exist Figure 5 In the example, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is not activated at the second time (T2) and the third time (T3), and does not emit pump radiation (LB, LB1a). The intensity of its pump radiation (LB, LB1a) is... Figure 5 The example is illustrated by the logical value 0.

[0150] exist Figure 5 In the example, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is activated at the third time (T3) and then emits compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 5 The example is illustrated by logical value 1.

[0151] exist Figure 5 In the example, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is not activated at the first time (T1) and the second time (T2), and then does not emit any compensating radiation (KS). The intensity of its compensating radiation (KS) is... Figure 5 The value 0 is used as an example.

[0152] Pump radiation (LB, LB1a) at least partially irradiates a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element. Therefore, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1). This is delayed for a period of time. For an NV center in diamond that serves as a paramagnetic center (NV1) in the sensor element, or for multiple NV centers in one or more diamonds that serve as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), this delay is approximately 1 ns. Therefore, the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) is time-shifted relative to the signal of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0153] Therefore, in Figure 5 In the example, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) open with a certain time shift at the first time (T1) and emit fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 5 It is represented by any logical value 1.

[0154] Therefore, in Figure 5 In the example, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) are not activated at the second time (T2) and the third time (T3) and do not emit any fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1). The intensity of its fluorescent radiation (FL, FL1) is... Figure 5 It is represented by any logical value 0.

[0155] Preferably, the compensation radiation (KS) does not interact with the paramagnetic center (NV1) or with multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0156] Now, in Figure 5 In the example, with Figure 3 Compared to the timing scheme of b, the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiating receiver (PD1) is evaluated at the second time (T2). With Figure 3 Compared to the timing scheme of b, the measurement signal (MES) used for illustration has an arbitrary logical value of 1 at these second times (T2).

[0157] However, now, the compensation radiation (KS) is compensated at a third time (T3) that is different from the second time (T2) and the first time (T1).

[0158] Therefore, in having Figure 5In this timing scheme measurement system, even without a first filter (F1) and where sensor elements with paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) lack filtering effect, separation of pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signals from fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) signals can be achieved. Specifically, this timing scheme avoids disturbances to the first radiation receiver (PD1) caused by compensation radiation (KS) during fluorescence radiation (FL, FL1) evaluation.

[0159] Figure 6

[0160] Figure 6 a

[0161] Figure 6 The timing scheme of 'a' corresponds to Figure 3 The timing scheme of a is different, but the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal offset by the measurement phase shift time (ΔTM). Therefore, Figure 6 'a' is Figure 3 a and Figure 4 A mixture of a.

[0162] Figure 6 b

[0163] Figure 6 The timing scheme of b corresponds to Figure 3 The timing scheme of b is different, but the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal offset by the measurement phase shift time (ΔTM). Therefore, Figure 6 b is Figure 3 b and Figure 4 The mixture of b.

[0164] Figure 7

[0165] Figure 7 The timing scheme corresponds to Figure 5 The timing scheme is the same, but the difference is that the measurement signal (MES) corresponds to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a) signal offset by the measurement phase shift time (ΔTM).

[0166] Figure 8

[0167] Figure 8This schematically simplifies the evaluation system for the fluorescence emission (FL) of a single paramagnetic center (NV1) of a sensor element or the fluorescence emission (FL) of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor system. Preferably, this addresses multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) and multiple sensor elements. In a particularly preferred variation, the sensor element is diamond, and the paramagnetic center (NV1) is an NV center. In another exemplary variation, the sensor element comprises one or more diamonds and multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), where the NV centers are also preferably paramagnetic centers (NV1). In yet another exemplary variation, the sensor element comprises multiple diamonds, which are preferably joined to form the sensor element, and the paramagnetic centers (NV1) comprise multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), in which case the NV centers are also preferably paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0168] In a typical variation, the system includes a first pump radiation source (PL1), at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) in at least one sensor element and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in at least one sensor element, and an evaluation circuit, which is in the form of an integrated circuit (IC). The first pump radiation source (PL1) is modulated and excited by a transmission signal (S5) from a signal generator (G). When using NV centers in diamond as paramagnetic centers (NV1), the first pump radiation source (PL1) is preferably a green light source that can cause the paramagnetic center (e.g., NV center (NV1)) to emit typically red fluorescent radiation (FL) through its pump radiation (LB). In this case, green laser diodes and LEDs are particularly suitable as pump radiation sources (PL1).

[0169] In the case of NV centers in one or more diamonds, the Osram PLT5520B laser diode is suitable, for example, as a laser diode with a pump radiation wavelength of 520 nm (λ). pmp The first pump radiation source (PL1) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) shall have a pump radiation (LB) in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, and / or more preferably 450 nm to 650 nm, and / or more preferably 500 nm to 550 nm, and / or more preferably 515 nm to 540 nm. pmp In this paper, the pump radiation (LB) of this function is referred to as "green" pump radiation (LB). Clearly, when using the NV center, the pump radiation wavelength (λ) of the pump radiation (LB) pmpThe preferred wavelength is 532nm. 520nm has also been successfully used. For cost reasons, the first pump source (PL1) is preferably a light-emitting diode or a laser, which will be referred to as LED in general and simplified terms below. Other light sources, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or electroluminescent devices, can be used as the pump source (PL1). However, using LEDs as the pump source (PL1) is currently clearly more advantageous.

[0170] The first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) according to the transmission signal (S5). When the NV center is the paramagnetic center (NV1), the pump radiation (LB) is preferably green light.

[0171] The pump radiation (LB) causes one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit fluorescent radiation (FL), depending on the pump radiation (LB) irradiated onto one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1), and generally depends on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the respective paramagnetic center (NV1) and other possible physical parameters.

[0172] The intensity (I) of fluorescence radiation (FL) that can pass through one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) in this manner, other than magnetic flux density (B). fl Other physical parameters measured include electric flux density D, acceleration a, gravitational field strength g, pressure P, and temperature. Rotation speed The oscillation frequency, position, and ionizing radiation intensity of mechanical parts (bars).

[0173] Therefore, by detecting the values ​​corresponding to the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL), the values ​​of the measurements that are values ​​of one or more of these physical quantities can be determined.

[0174] When multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) are used as a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), if the density of these multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the sensor element is very high, two or more of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can couple with each other. It has been shown that this can lead to coupling effects. If the intensity of the pump radiation (LB) at the location of the paramagnetic center (NV1) among the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) becomes very high, the interaction with the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) is amplified. This is particularly advantageous when using NV centers in diamond as paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, when using NV centers in diamond as paramagnetic centers (NV1), the sensor element is diamond with a high NV density, and more preferably diamond artificially manufactured under high pressure and high temperature. Preferably, the content of NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1) is between 0.1 ppm and 500 ppm, more preferably greater than 50 ppm, more preferably greater than 100 ppm, and even more preferably greater than 200 ppm. In this respect, fluorescence radiation (FL) does not necessarily depend linearly on the intensity of the incident pump radiation (LB). However, for small amplitudes, this dependence can be linear.

[0175] exist Figure 8 In the example, the thickness of the sensor element with paramagnetic centers (NV1) is selected, and the total number of paramagnetic centers (NV1) among the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pump radiation (LB) is selected such that, since the paramagnetic centers (NV1) among the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element absorb the pump radiation (LB), no actual pump radiation (LB) reaches the subsequent first radiation receiver (PD1) in the beam path. Therefore, in this example, the sensor element with paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pump radiation (LB) functions similarly to a first filter (F1) that separates the signal of the pump radiation (LB) from the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL). Therefore, in this example, if it is determined that there are a sufficient number of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the beam path of the pump radiation (LB), the first filter (F1) is no longer needed. Therefore, it is possible to apply Figure 3 The timing scheme of a.

[0176] The first radiation receiver (PD1) receives signals of fluorescence radiation (FL) from the paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the superimposed sensor elements, as well as signals of the unfiltered portion of pump radiation (LB) (if the arrangement in this respect is not perfect), and generates a receiver output signal (S0) from the total signal based on the intensity signals of the fluorescence radiation (FL) from the paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor elements and the intensity signals of the unfiltered portion of pump radiation (LB).

[0177] Preferably, regarding the filtering of pump radiation (LB), the filtering effect of sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed such that the intensity of the unfiltered portion of the pump radiation (LB) is negligible and can be assumed to be approximately zero.

[0178] Preferably, regarding the filtering of fluorescence radiation (FL), the filtering effect of sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed such that the intensity of the filtered portion of the fluorescence radiation (FL) is negligible and can be assumed to be approximately zero. Therefore, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is not filtered by the sensor elements in a manner substantially relevant to the system function.

[0179] The first radiation receiver (PD1) may include other amplifiers and / or filters and / or other signal conditioning devices, which will not be discussed further here for the sake of simplicity.

[0180] The correlator (CORR) correlates the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES). Figure 8 In the example, the subtractor (A1) subtracts the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0) to form a reduced receiver output signal (S1).

[0181] The output signal of the correlator (CORR) is the filter output signal (S4), which indicates how much of the measured signal (MES) is contained in the receiver output signal (S0) (here, the measured signal equals the transmitted signal (S5)). Figure 8 In the example, it is used as the output signal (out) of the sensor system.

[0182] exist Figure 8 In the example, as an illustration, the synchronous demodulator consisting of a first multiplier (M1) and a filter (TP) performs the actual correlation of the correlator (CORR). However, another processing block, such as a linear optimal filter, can also be used as the correlator (CORR), which is optimized for the transmitted signal (S5). Figure 8 In the example, the filter (TP) should be a low-pass filter. Preferably, the output of the filter (TP) is provided with a sample and hold circuit, which detects and freezes the output value of the filter at the end of the repetition time of the transmitted signal (S5) and passes it as the filter output signal (S4) to the subsequent stage in the signal path.

[0183] exist Figure 8 In the example, the first multiplier (M1) multiplies the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES) (which in this case is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)), and thus generates the filter input signal (S3). The filter (TP) (in...) Figure 8 In the example, a low-pass filter (S1) filters the input signal (S3) into an output signal (S4). Preferably, the filter should have essentially an integral characteristic. In practice, the integral effect of the filter (TP) is important, and this integral effect is integrated with the sample-and-hold output circuit of the filter (TP) (not shown but preferably used) to form the product of the measurement signal (MES) (here, equal to the transmitted signal (S5)) and the reduced receiver output signal (S1) over the duration of the transmission signal time of the transmitted signal (S5). This corresponds to the scalar product of the reduced receiver output signal (S1) and the measurement signal (MES) as a so-called L2 form. Thus, the first multiplier (M1) and the preferred integrating filter (TP) mathematically define the scalar product, thereby defining a Hilbert space or at least a Banach space. The vectors in this Banach space are the signals. Since only a finite set of measurement signals can be used, it is usually a Banach space. The second multiplier (M2) reconstructs the amplified portion of the measurement signal (MES) in the receiver output signal (S0) into a feedback signal (S6) by multiplying the filter output signal (S4) with the measurement signal (MES), which in this case is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)). If the gain of the filter (TP) is very large, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) almost no longer contains any part of the measurement signal (MES). Ideally, the reduced receiver output signal (S1) is typically approximated as a DC signal. Of course, the system will still include control errors and system noise, which are not considered here and are ignored.

[0184] Instead of the scalar product formation performed by the first multiplier (M1) and the integrator (TP), other scalar products can be formed using other scalar product forming devices. They only need to allow the use of the Banach space for the signal.

[0185] Therefore, the value of the filter output signal (S4) and thus the value of the output signal (out) represent the measured value of the current fluorescence radiation (FL) intensity.

[0186] Because fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on

[0187] • The intensity of pump radiation (LB), and / or

[0188] • Magnetic flux density (B) at the location of at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0189] • The distance from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0190] • The distance from at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) to the first radiating receiver (PD1), and / or

[0191] • Transmittance of the optical path between the first pump radiation source (PL1) and at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) for pump radiation (LB), and / or

[0192] • Transmittance of the optical path for fluorescence radiation (FL) between at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1), and / or

[0193] • In some cases, it also depends on the crystal orientation of the sensor element, such as the orientation of the diamond crystal relative to the magnetic flux density (B) when the NV center is the paramagnetic center (NV1), and / or

[0194] • If necessary, one or more other physical parameters, such as electric flux density D, acceleration a, gravitational field strength g, rotational speed Ω, and oscillation frequency. Modulation of electromagnetic radiation, intensity of ionizing radiation, temperature ,

[0195] Therefore, if other values ​​can remain constant, the filter output signal (S4) can be used as the sensor output signal (out), which, for example, represents the measured value of one of these values ​​through its amplitude.

[0196] The final timing scheme corresponds to Figure 3 The timing scheme of a.

[0197] Figure 9

[0198] Figure 9 Corresponding to Figure 8 In this configuration, the measurement phase shift unit (ΔTM) delays the transmitted signal (S5) relative to the measurement signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ΔTM). The final timing scheme corresponds to... Figure 6 The timing scheme is shown in figure a.

[0199] Figure 10

[0200] Figure 10 Corresponding to Figure 8 In this process, the inverting unit (INV) inverts the transmitted signal (S5) into a measurement signal (MES). The final timing scheme corresponds to... Figure 4 The timing scheme of a.

[0201] Figure 11

[0202] Figure 11 Corresponding to Figure 8 However, the difference lies in that sensor elements with paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) no longer include the function of the first filter (F1). Therefore, the first filter (F1) is here included in the optical path of the fluorescence radiation (FL) to prevent pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from falling on the first radiation receiver (PD1). Preferably, the first filter (F1) is for the fluorescence wavelength (λ) of the fluorescence radiation (FL). FL The radiation from the first pump radiation source (PL1) is essentially transparent, and the pump radiation (LB) of the first pump radiation source (PL1) has a pump radiation wavelength (λ). pmp The radiation from the source (PLK) is essentially opaque. If compensation radiation (KS) is used (discussed below), and the compensation radiation (KS) must pass through a first filter (F1) on its path to the first radiation receiver (PD1), the first filter (F1) is preferably configured for the compensation wavelength (λ) of the compensation radiation (KS) from the compensation radiation source (PLK). ks The radiation from ) is essentially transparent.

[0203] In the context of this paper, a characteristic is considered to exist "substantially" when the residual deviation relative to the characteristic of interest is irrelevant to the intended purpose and / or actual use, and / or negligible.

[0204] exist Figure 11 In the example, the exemplary second aperture (BA2) also prevents pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1) via a direct path.

[0205] Figure 11 Especially suitable for Figures 8 to 10 The system combination.

[0206] Figure 12

[0207] Figure 12 To a large extent with Figure 11 The same, except without the first subtractor (A1), which is used to subtract the feedback signal (S6) from the receiver output signal (S0) to form a reduced receiver output signal (S1). Figure 12 In this case, the compensation radiation source (PLK) radiates compensation radiation (KS) to the first radiation receiver (PD1). Therefore, in the first radiation receiver (PD1), the parasitic components of the fluorescence radiation (FL), compensation radiation (KS), and pump radiation (LB) that still transmit through the first filter (F1) are typically superimposed in a substantially additive manner. Generally, the portion of the pump radiation (LB) that transmits through the first filter (F1) can be neglected when considering system behavior.

[0208] Since the negative intensity of the compensation radiation (KS) will correspond to an impossible negative energy, the bias device (OF) adds the DC component to the feedback signal (S6), thereby generating a bias feedback signal (S7).

[0209] The DC component is converted into the spectrum of the measurement signal (MES) by subsequently multiplying the reduced receiver output signal (S1) with the measurement signal (MES) (which is equal to the transmitted signal (S5)) in the first multiplier (M1). If the filter (TP) is appropriately designed as a low-pass filter, for example, this low-pass filter filters out this signal component that is different from 0Hz from the filter input signal (S3) (i.e., the output signal of the first multiplier (M1)), or preferably attenuates this signal component to a degree that can be ignored here.

[0210] Preferably, the gain of the filter (TP) is selected to be very high and negative.

[0211] Due to the negative sign of the gain of the filter (TP) (by...) Figure 12 The small circle at the output of the intermediate filter (TP) indicates that the signal content of the feedback signal (S6) is subtracted again from the signal content of the fluorescence radiation (FL). Therefore, the receiver output signal (S0) in this configuration is equal to the reduced receiver output signal (S1). The advantage is that the first radiation receiver (PD1) can always operate at the same optical operating point.

[0212] An optional first barrier (BA1) prevents the compensating radiation source (PLK) from directly irradiating at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, a window may exist within an integral barrier comprising the first barrier (BA1) and the second barrier (BA2) between the first barrier (BA1) and the second barrier (BA2), the window being... Figure 12 The example shown is in the form of a first filter (F1). The preferred characteristics of the first filter (F1) have been discussed many times.

[0213] Preferably, the first transmission path of the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is known and its characteristics are constant.

[0214] Preferably, the second transmission path of fluorescence radiation (FL) from at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is known and its characteristics are constant.

[0215] Preferably, the third transmission path of the compensating radiation (KS) from the compensating radiation source (PLK) to the first radiation receiver (PD1) is known and its characteristics are constant.

[0216] Figure 13

[0217] Figure 13 Corresponding to Figure 12 However, the difference is that instead of controlling the compensation radiation source (PLK), the first pump radiation source (PL1) is now controlled.

[0218] Figure 14

[0219] Figure 14 Corresponding to Figure 12 However, the difference lies in that the compensation radiation (KS) also passes through the first filter (F1). For effective control, the first filter (F1) is configured to filter the compensation radiation (KS) at wavelengths (λ). ks It must be transparent.

[0220] When at least one diamond is used as a sensor element and at least one NV center in the at least one diamond is used as a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple NV centers are used as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the compensation radiation wavelength (λ) of the compensation radiation (KS) is... ks Preferably, the fluorescence wavelength (λ) is longer than the fluorescence radiation (FL). FLAnd preferably, the pump radiation wavelength (λ) is longer than the pump radiation (LB). pmp ).

[0221] When at least one diamond is used as a sensor element and at least one NV center in the at least one diamond is a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple NV centers are multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the fluorescence wavelength (λ) of the fluorescence radiation (FL) FL Preferably, the compensation radiation wavelength (λ) is shorter than the compensation radiation (KS). ks And preferably, the pump radiation wavelength (λ) is longer than the pump radiation (LB). pmp ).

[0222] Preferably, the compensating radiation is infrared electromagnetic radiation. Most preferably, the compensating radiation source (PLK) is an infrared diode or an infrared laser diode.

[0223] Figure 15

[0224] Figure 15 The intensity of fluorescence (FL) radiation from multiple NV centers (NVCs) in diamond is shown in an exemplary correlation with magnetic flux density (B) in Tesla (unit symbol T), where these NV centers are used as multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) in multiple sensor elements. The vertical axis shows the measured intensity of fluorescence (FL) radiation from this combination of multiple NV centers in multiple small nanodiamonds, and is arbitrarily normalized to values ​​of arbitrary intensity.

[0225] Horizontal variations within the range of less than 10 mT are due to limitations of the measurement setup used.

[0226] Importantly, because nanodiamonds with different orientations are used as multiple sensor elements with different orientations, the shape of this curve is non-directional. Therefore, the sensor described herein can be used without alignment. This is crucial for mass production and CMOS compatibility, as it eliminates the alignment steps required by other technologies.

[0227] Essentially, this curve can be approximated over a wide range by a descending exponential curve with an offset.

[0228] It is known that the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) decreases as the intensity of flux density (B) increases, which is related to the coupling of multiple NV centers.

[0229] This coupling of paramagnetic centers (NV1) (especially NV centers) also causes the intensity of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) to be sensitive to changes in magnetic flux density (B) during decalibration. Therefore, it is important to couple together a number of paramagnetic centers (NV1) (here, NV centers in diamond) to achieve this effect, wherein the number of paramagnetic centers is at least 2, preferably at least 4, more preferably at least 8, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 40, more preferably at least 100, more preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 400, more preferably at least 1000, more preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 400, more preferably at least 1000. Therefore, it is useful to take measures to couple together at least 2, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 20, preferably at least 40, preferably at least 100, preferably at least 200, more preferably at least 400, more preferably at least 1000 paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0230] This coupling can also be achieved through the optical and / or electronic functional elements of an integrated circuit (IC) and / or through the optical functional elements of a housing.

[0231] Figure 16

[0232] Another variation of the proposed sensor system relates to a sensor system and / or a quantum technology system (hereinafter also referred to as a sensor system), wherein the sensor system includes sensor elements and / or quantum technology device elements, and wherein the sensor system includes one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the material of the sensor elements and / or quantum technology device elements. Figure 16 sensor system and Figure 8 The sensor system is basically the same. And... Figure 8 Compared to sensor systems, Figure 16 The sensor system stabilizes the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the paramagnetic center (NV1) by using the magnetic field of the compensation coil (LC).

[0233] The sensor system again includes a first pump radiation source (PL1), particularly preferably in the form of an LED or laser, for pump radiation (LB), and a first radiation receiver (PD1). The pump radiation (LB) has a pump radiation wavelength (λ). pmp Pump radiation (LB) causes one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit fluorescence at wavelengths (λ). FL The fluorescence radiation (FL) of the light source. Preferably, the first radiation receiver (PD1) is sensitive to the fluorescence wavelength (λ). FLSensitive. A first pump radiation source (PL1) for pump radiation (LB) emits pump radiation (LB). In particular, the sensor system is designed with optical functional elements such that the pump radiation (LB) falls on one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC). Furthermore, the sensor system is preferably designed, particularly with optical functional elements, such that fluorescent radiation (FL) illuminates the first radiation receiver (PD1). A particular feature of the variations presented herein is that the sensor system includes, in particular, a modulator (RG) and / or, in particular, a compensating coil (LC) and / or possibly supplementary or alternative permanent magnets, to maximize the intensity variation of the fluorescent radiation (FL) for each application in the event of a change in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) or a change in the value of another of the aforementioned physical parameters. In other words, by subtracting or adding the quasi-static components of the magnetic flux (B), and by subtracting and / or adding the coil currents fed by the regulator (RG), the total magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) is... Figure 15 The curve is moved in the direction of the following operating point, which has an optimized distance to the point of maximum sensitivity. This takes advantage of the fact that multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) (in Figure 15 In this case, the paramagnetic centers (NV1) in diamond are coupled at multiple locations of paramagnetic centers (NV1) with a sufficiently high local density of paramagnetic centers (NV1), resulting in a collective effect of groups of paramagnetic centers (NV1). These lead to modulation of sensitivity.

[0234] If the operating point adjustment of the magnetic flux density (B) is performed via a compensation coil (LC), it is useful to energize it using a current derived from the measured value of the magnetic flux density (B) (i.e., the filter output signal (S4) of the filter (TP)). Preferably, the regulator (RG) derives a corresponding operating point control signal (S9) from the filter output signal (S4). Preferably, the regulator (RG) has a low-pass characteristic, or better yet, an integral characteristic. Therefore, preferably, it is a PI controller or a substantially functionally equivalent controller. Then, preferably, the control performed by the regulator (RG) has a first time constant. The compensation control performed by the filter (TP) has a second time constant. In other words, the first output signal (out) reproduces the short-term variation of the magnetic flux density (B) value in the alternating magnetic flux density field, while the second output signal (out'') reproduces the long-term variation or the current quasi-static operating point of the sensor system. Therefore, preferably, the first time constant of the regulator (RG) The second time constant of the filter (TP) is greater than Therefore, the preferred option is the effective one: > .

[0235] Figure 17

[0236] Figure 17 The structure of an example sensor system (NVMS) based on a microcomputer (µC) is shown. Figure 17 In the example shown, a microcomputer (µC) controls a first pump radiation source (PL1). This first pump radiation source generates pump radiation (LB). The pump radiation (LB) acts on a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is at least one NV1 from at least one or more sensor elements (preferably one or more diamonds), and more preferably multiple NV1s (i.e., multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)).

[0237] Depending on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the corresponding paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), and depending on the intensity of the pump radiation (LB) at the location of the corresponding paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the paramagnetic center (NV1) generates fluorescence radiation (FL) acting on the first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 17 In this example, the signal from the receiver is detected by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and fed to a microcomputer (µC). Then, preferably, the microcomputer (µC) controls the first pump source (PL1) based on the signal from the ADC. The signal from the first pump source (PL1) can also be static and / or quasi-static. Preferably, the microcomputer (µC) simulates... Figures 8 to 14 And the 16 system.

[0238] A microcomputer (µC) determines a measured value from the value provided to it by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Then, preferably, the microcomputer (µC) outputs the measured value via a first output signal (out). When using a microcomputer (µC), the first output signal (out) is preferably transmitted via... Figure 17 Signaling transmitted via the data bus (DB) connected to the microcomputer (μC), which is not shown separately.

[0239] This measurement may depend in particular on the following parameters:

[0240] • The intensity of the pump radiation (LB) reaching the paramagnetic center (NV1) and thus the transmission characteristics of the transmission path from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the paramagnetic center (NV1);

[0241] • Magnetic flux density (B) at the location of at least one paramagnetic center (NV1);

[0242] • Transmission characteristics of the transmission path from at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) to the first radiating receiver (PD1); and

[0243] In some cases, it also depends on the crystal orientation of the sensor element, such as the orientation of the diamond crystal relative to the magnetic flux density (B) when the NV center is the paramagnetic center (NV1); and

[0244] • If necessary, one or more other physical parameters, such as electric flux density D, acceleration a, gravitational field strength g, rotational speed Ω, and oscillation frequency. Modulation of electromagnetic radiation, intensity of ionizing radiation, temperature .

[0245] In other words, the measurements can reflect reflectivity, transmittance, distance, magnetic flux density, and other physical parameters that affect these transmission distances and one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC). Preferably, the corresponding sensor system (NVMS) is designed such that all other influencing variables, except for the parameter to be detected, remain substantially constant.

[0246] Figure 18

[0247] Figure 18 The diagram illustrates a combination of one of the above-described or derived sensor systems (NVMS) comprising at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) with two or three exemplary Helmholtz coil pairs. Preferably, the paramagnetic center (NV1) is again at least one NV center in at least one diamond. If it is multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the sensor system (NVMS) preferably again comprises one or more sensor elements, preferably again having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the sensor element is an collection of nanodiamonds having different orientations of the NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0248] Preferably, corresponding to Figure 17 The system forms the control basis for the Helmholtz coil pair.

[0249] When coils are mentioned here, this means a component that generates a magnetic field. For example, they can be inductors, typically designed as copper windings or conductive wire windings on a coil frame. For example, the coils (L2 to L7) mentioned below can also be permanent magnets (PM1, PM2) or include inductors and / or permanent magnets. For simplicity, details of the magnetic circuit, such as the magnetic core, are omitted. In this regard, refer to Küpfmüller and Kohn's book "Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Electronics," Springer, 1993, Chapter 3, with particular emphasis on Section 1.25 of Chapter 3. However, this disclosure includes typical elements of the magnetic circuit, such as air gaps, ferromagnetic yokes, ferrite cores, permanent magnets, etc. However, the device shown in the figure can also be considered as a pure air system without a magnetic yoke.

[0250] exist Figure 18 In example a, the seventh coil (L7) and the third coil (L3) form a first Helmholtz coil pair. Preferably, the seventh coil (L7) and the third coil (L3) are connected in series such that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the first axis (AS1) of the first Helmholtz coil, i.e., the seventh coil (L7), and the third axis (AS3) of the third Helmholtz coil, i.e., the third coil (L3), are aligned and preferably identical. However, in Figure 18 In the example, the two axes are drawn slightly off-center just for clarity.

[0251] exist Figure 18 In example a, the second coil (L2) and the fourth coil (L4) form a second Helmholtz coil pair. Preferably, the second coil (L2) and the fourth coil (L4) are connected in series such that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the second axis (AS2) of the second Helmholtz coil (L2) and the fourth axis (AS4) of the fourth Helmholtz coil (L4) are aligned, and preferably identical. However, in Figure 18 In the example, the two axes are drawn slightly off-center just for clarity.

[0252] Preferably, the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) are perpendicular to the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4). Figure 18 In the example, they are drawn slightly offset just for clarity.

[0253] exist Figure 18In example a, the fifth coil (L5) and the sixth coil (L6) form a third Helmholtz coil pair. Preferably, the fifth coil (L5) and the sixth coil (L6) are connected in series such that the same current flows through them. Preferably, the fifth axis (AS5) of the fifth Helmholtz coil (L5) and the sixth axis (AS6) of the sixth Helmholtz coil (L6) are aligned, and preferably identical. However, in Figure 18 In the example, they are drawn slightly offset just for clarity.

[0254] Preferably, the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) are perpendicular to the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6).

[0255] Preferably, the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4) are perpendicular to the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6).

[0256] Therefore, preferably, the fifth axis (AS5) and the sixth axis (AS6) are perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first axis (AS1) and the third axis (AS3) as well as the second axis (AS2) and the fourth axis (AS4).

[0257] The device may have only two pairs of coils or only one pair of coils instead of three pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]). Of course, additional coil pairs may be provided if necessary. Preferably, the axes of these additional coil pairs (not shown here) are tilted at an angle of 90° relative to the axes of one or more coil pairs.

[0258] Instead of pairs of coils, individual coils can also be used, in which case a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or quantum dots (NV1) are preferably located at or at least near a point on the coil axis in the coil plane. Thus, one, two, or three pairs of coils can each be replaced by a single coil.

[0259] Now, Figure 17 A microcomputer (µC) can be powered by changing three pairs of Helmholtz coils (here, for example, ...). Figure 18 Example) The current is used to compensate for the external magnetic field acting on the sensor system (NVMS) or paramagnetic center (NV1) from any direction. In principle, Figure 18 An exemplary pair of three Helmholtz coils has Figure 16 The function of the compensation coil (LC), wherein, in this example, the microcomputer (µC) has Figure 16 The function of the regulator (RG).

[0260] An exemplary method for controlling the magnetic flux (B) of the compensating magnetic field generated by the coil pair (L2 to L7) can be as follows:

[0261] In the first step, the microcomputer (µC) adjusts the first coil current of the first Helmholtz coil pair (L7, L3) so that the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches a first maximum value.

[0262] In the second step, the microcomputer (µC) adjusts the second coil current of the second Helmholtz coil pair (L2, L4) so ​​that the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches a second maximum value.

[0263] In the third step, the microcomputer (µC) adjusts the third coil current of the third Helmholtz coil pair (L5, L6) so that the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) reaches the third maximum value.

[0264] As mentioned above, if necessary, a single coil can be used instead of a pair of coils.

[0265] Essentially, after compensation is performed by the compensation coil system, the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the paramagnetic center (NV1) is preferably compensated to zero, or at least its amplitude is adjusted to a minimum.

[0266] The value of the first coil current of the first Helmholtz coil pair (L7, L3) represents the first value B1 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the first direction (here, the x direction).

[0267] The value of the second coil current in the second Helmholtz coil pair (L2, L4) represents the second value B2 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the second direction (here, the y direction).

[0268] The value of the third coil current in the third Helmholtz coil pair (L5, L6) represents the third value B3 of the magnetic flux density (B) in the third direction (here, the z direction).

[0269] A tuple consisting of the first value B1 of magnetic flux density (B), the second value B2 of magnetic flux density (B), and the third value B3 of magnetic flux density (B) represents a vector, which represents the vector of magnetic flux density (B).

[0270] In addition to the first value B1, the second value B2, and the third value B3 of the magnetic flux density (B), the measurement system can also transmit all or part of the vector as a measurement value.

[0271] exist Figure 18In part b, the third Helmholtz coil pair (L5, L6) is replaced by a pair of two permanent magnets (PM1, PM2). They are preferably designed to generate a uniform bias field in the region of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) within the sensor system (NVMS). This allows the optimal operating point of the magnetic flux density (B) to be determined with maximum sensitivity.

[0272] Figure 19

[0273] Figure 19 It shows that by... Figure 18 The control of the Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]) is extended. Figure 17 The system comprises a microcomputer (µC) controlling coil drivers, which are preferably part of a sensor system (NVMS) along with the microcomputer (µC). These coil drivers generate corresponding coil currents for Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]). The Helmholtz coil pairs form 1D, 2D, or 3D B-field generation. The sensor system can also be used for one-dimensional measurements of only one magnetic field component using only one Helmholtz coil pair (i.e., by 1D B-field generation), or two-dimensional measurements of only two magnetic field components using only two non-parallel and preferably perpendicular Helmholtz coil pairs (i.e., by 2D B-field generation), or three-dimensional measurements of three magnetic field components using three non-parallel and preferably perpendicular Helmholtz coil pairs (i.e., by 3D B-field generation). In the case of 1D or 2D B-field generation, the measurement process is also simplified accordingly by omitting the optimization of the coil currents for the missing Helmholtz coil pairs.

[0274] Then, the magnetic flux density (B) generated by the Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]) and permanent magnets (PM1, PM2) acts on one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). For example, a microcomputer (µC) detects this action via a measurement path and accordingly changes the control of the Helmholtz coil pairs ([L3, L7], [L4, L2], [L5, L6]). Of course, the system can also be constructed similarly based on one or more of the systems proposed above or based on existing technology systems.

[0275] The system discussed here can be simplified if necessary, but this may come at the cost of performance. For example, in some cases, a separate coil can be provided instead of a Helmholtz coil pair. The former will result in field inhomogeneities that may have an impact.

[0276] Figure 20

[0277] Figure 20 It shows Figure 1 The sensor system (NVMS) is used for the detection of ferromagnetic objects (FOB). Preferably, all components of the sensor system (NVMS) are non-ferromagnetic. Furthermore, the current within the sensor system should be as low as possible to avoid distorting the measurement results.

[0278] When a ferromagnetic object (FOB) approaches a sensor system (NVMS), the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) of the sensor system (NVMS) typically changes. Consequently, the intensity of the fluorescence radiation (FL) or the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) of one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) changes, and therefore the corresponding measurement detected by the sensor system (NVMS) changes. Therefore, the sensor system (NVMS) can be used to measure the distance (d) from the magnetized object (in this case, the ferromagnetic object (FOB)). FOB Furthermore, changes in the shape of the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can be detected. Furthermore, changes in the magnetization of the ferromagnetic object and / or changes in the magnetic flux (B) generated by the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can be detected. This can be achieved, for example, by exceeding the Curie point due to temperature increases. Similarly, when a device generating magnetic flux density (e.g., a permanent magnet and / or a current-carrying coil) generates magnetic flux (B) and this magnetic flux interacts with diamagnetic and / or paramagnetic materials located at the location of the ferromagnetic object (FOB), the material properties of the diamagnetic and / or paramagnetic materials at the location of the ferromagnetic object (FOB) can also be detected. Thus, the magnetic flux density (B) of the device generating magnetic flux density (B) should pass through the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0279] Figure 21

[0280] exist Figure 21 middle, Figure 1 The cover of the sensor system (NVMS) is designed as a ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME) that vibrates mechanically. The object (Obj) emits sound waves as acoustic waves (AW). For example, the sound waves can be one or more ultrasonic waves reflected by the object (Obj). Among them, the reflected ultrasonic waves are typically acoustic transmission waves (ASW) reflected by the object (Obj), which originate from an ultrasonic transmitter or ultrasonic transmission system (USS).

[0281] These sound waves caused Figure 21The example illustrates the mechanical vibration of a ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME). These mechanical oscillations alter the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1). These fluctuations in the value of the magnetic flux density (B) result in fluctuations in the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or the value of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL). These fluctuations are therefore detected by a sensor system (NVMS). Figure 21 The sensor system (NVMS) works like a microphone. In its simplest case, Figure 21 The time history of the first output signal (out) of the sensor system (NVMS) reflects the time history of the sound pressure level (AW) of the sound wave, which may have a phase shift. The diaphragm (ME) is preferably manufactured elastically. The measurement determined by the sensor system (NVMS) typically corresponds to the position or offset of the diaphragm (ME) at the time of measurement.

[0282] The action path is described as follows: In the first step, the acoustic oscillation of the sound wave (AW) is converted into the mechanical oscillation of the diaphragm (ME); in the second step, this mechanical oscillation is converted into fluctuations in magnetic flux density (B) by magnetization of the diaphragm (ME); and then in the third step, these fluctuations in magnetic flux density are converted into fluctuations in the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or fluctuations in fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) by one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC); and then in the fourth step, the first radiation receiver (PD1) converts these fluctuations into fluctuations in the value of the receiver output signal (S0). In an optional fifth step, further processing as described above can then be performed, which specifically produces... Figure 16 and 19 The measured value or the value of the first output signal (out).

[0283] Figure 22

[0284] Figure 22 It shows the use of the corresponding Figure 21 Consider the case of a microphone. As an example, an ultrasonic transmitter (USS) installed in the bumper of a vehicle (motor vehicle) emits an ultrasonic signal, which is an acoustic wave (ASW). After a propagation time of distance d2, the acoustic wave reaches the object (Obj) and is reflected there. A sensor system (NVMS) (e.g., corresponding to...) Figure 21The sensor system uses one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to detect sound signals (in this case, ultrasonic signals) as reflected sound waves (AW) by means of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC). It converts measurements of the diaphragm's (ME) position at different time points, or single or multiple time derivatives and / or integrals of the measurements at that position, into a data stream that may otherwise be filtered. This data stream preferably corresponds substantially to the corresponding sound pressure or otherwise to the extracted measurements. For example, distance d2 can be extracted, estimated, and output.

[0285] The data stream is then preferably compressed by a microcomputer (μC) or a corresponding device and transmitted to a higher-level computer system, where the compressed data stream is preferably decompressed and combined and / or converted with measurement data streams and measurements from other sensors (e.g., other ultrasonic sensors and / or lidar sensors and / or radar sensors and / or Halios sensors and / or electrostatic sensors) through sensor fusion to form new measurement values.

[0286] Preferably, the higher-level computer system executes an artificial intelligence program. Very preferably, the higher-level computer system executes a simulation of a neural network model. In this context, reference will be made to the unpublished international patent application PCT / EP2020 / 056727, the disclosure of which is entirely part of the disclosure presented herein.

[0287] Therefore, a higher-level computer system for executing a neural network model is proposed, wherein the neural network model includes network nodes organized in network layers, and wherein each network node of the neural network has input parameters and output parameters, and wherein at least one (preferably multiple) input parameters of the network node are input parameters of the neural network model or output parameters of another network node of the neural network model, and wherein at least one (preferably multiple) output parameters of the network node are output parameters of the neural network model or input parameters of another neural network node, and wherein a network node having output parameters as output parameters of the neural network model does not have input parameters as input parameters of the neural network model, and wherein a network node having input parameters as input parameters of the neural network model does not have output parameters as output parameters of the neural network model, and wherein any network node of the neural network having output parameters as output parameters of the neural network model does not have input parameters as output parameters of a network node whose input parameters are input parameters of the neural network model. The input parameters of the network nodes of the neural network model are linked to the output parameters of the neural network node within the network node through a link function of the neural network node. Preferably, the link function is strongly nonlinear. Therefore, the properties of the link function depend on the link function parameters preferably specific to the network node. The link functions may differ between different network nodes. The link function parameters are determined and trained during training. This specification describes at least a three-layer neural network with at least three network layers.

[0288] It is now proposed that at least one (preferably multiple) input parameters of the neural network model executed by the higher-level computing unit depend on parameters of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC). For example, such parameters may be the value of the fluorescence radiation (FL) intensity and / or the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0289] The use of such artificial intelligence methods and processes is particularly important for the operation of autonomous driving and / or complex systems and / or the operation of equipment in potentially complex environments.

[0290] For example, preferably, one of the systems proposed herein determines the distance (d2) between the vehicle (Kfz) and the object (Obj) in the direction of motion of the vehicle (Kfz). Preferably, this information is used by the driver or a fully automated system to change the direction of motion and / or speed and / or acceleration or other vehicle parameters. Therefore, the operating parameters of the vehicle (motor vehicle) depend on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of a quantum dot (NV1) or a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or one or more NV centers in the sensor system (NVMS). Here, exemplary operating parameters are the vehicle's speed and / or acceleration and / or rotation and / or direction.

[0291] Figure 23

[0292] Figure 23 It shows Figure 21 The sensor system is shown in a simplified configuration in the bumper of an exemplary vehicle (motor vehicle), which in this case is a motor vehicle, for example... Figure 22 Vehicles (motor vehicles). Vehicles (motor vehicles) can also be other mobile devices and / or robots, missiles or launchers, ships, floating bodies or submersibles.

[0293] Preferably, the sensor system is mounted (e.g., soldered) on a printed circuit board (PCB). Figure 23 In the example, the housing of the sensor system (NVMS) preferably has a non-magnetic cover (e.g., such as...). Figure 21 (As shown).

[0294] The ferromagnetic diaphragm (ME) is now located on the outside of the bumper. This has the advantage of allowing the bumper to be thoroughly coated without having to prevent sound from entering when the window is open, which offers significant aesthetic benefits. Preferably, the bumper is made of a non-magnetic material so as not to disturb the NVMS sensor system.

[0295] Figure 24

[0296] Figure 24 A typical procedure for operating an ultrasonic measurement system with a sensor system (NVMS) is shown. The sensor system has at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0297] In the first step (1), the ultrasonic transmitter (USS) emits ultrasonic waves as acoustic transmission waves (ASW). In the second step (2), one or more objects (Obj) reflect the acoustic transmission waves (ASW) as reflected ultrasonic waves in the form of reflected sound waves (AW). In the third step (3), the reflected ultrasonic waves (i.e., the reflected waves (AW)) cause a diaphragm (ME) with ferromagnetic devices to vibrate. In the fourth step (4), the vibrating diaphragm (ME) with ferromagnetic devices causes modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). In the fifth step (5), the modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) alters the fluorescence radiation (FL) of at least one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). In the sixth step (6), the first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS) detects this modulation of fluorescence radiation (FL), specifically the modulation of the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or the modulation of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL), as the receiver output signal (S0). In the seventh step (7), the evaluation circuit generates one or more measurements (preferably time series of measurements) accordingly, and then transmits these measurements, preferably in whole or in part or after compression, to, for example, a higher-level computer system, and, if necessary, decompresses them for other uses by the higher-level computer system or the sensor system (NVMS) itself.

[0298] This method can also be used for normal sound and infrasound.

[0299] Figure 25

[0300] Figure 25 It shows the corresponding Figure 1 It serves as a sensor system for RF receivers of electromagnetic RF radiation. Its use as a receiver is conceivable, particularly in radar systems within vehicles and stationary equipment. Furthermore, its use as a broadband receiver is conceivable.

[0301] An object (Obj) emits electromagnetic waves (HFW). The object (Obj) can either reflect the HFW radiated onto it or act as a transmitter to emit them. These HFWs interact with one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). This modulates the fluorescence radiation (FL). This modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) can be modulation of the intensity of the fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or modulation of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0302] Because fluorescence radiation (FL) has a time constant Using this time constant Fluorescent radiation (FL) can follow changes in magnetic flux density (B), therefore the reception of electromagnetic waves (HFW) is limited to beyond this time constant. The time. Therefore, the maximum frequency (f) for non-attenuated reception of electromagnetic waves (HFW). HFmax )for .

[0303] To receive higher frequencies, for example, a first coil (L1) and / or resonator near one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be used to generate a very high frequency f. LC The magnetic field and / or electromagnetic alternating field are then superimposed on the alternating magnetic field of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). This results in two wave components.

[0304] The first wave component has a total frequency f. S This total frequency corresponds to the frequency f of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). HF and the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc. LC The sum of the first wave components. This first wave component cannot follow one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) because for this total frequency f S , If the first wave component does not correspond energetically to the transition of the paramagnetic center (NV1), it can be ignored. In this respect, the paramagnetic center (NV1) typically exhibits low-pass characteristics.

[0305] The second wave component has a difference frequency f D This difference frequency corresponds to the frequency f of the incident electromagnetic wave (HFW). HF and the frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc. LC The difference between them. The frequency f of the alternating magnetic field generated by the first coil (L1) and / or resonator, etc., is appropriately selected. LC In the case that the difference frequency f D The following conditions must be met: Then, one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) can follow the second wave component. This second wave component is converted from one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) using the difference frequency f. DThe modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) can be received by a first radiation receiver (PD1) and converted into a first output signal (out) by an integrated circuit (IC). The modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) can also be the modulation of the intensity of the fluorescence radiation (FL) and / or the modulation of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0306] Figure 26

[0307] Figure 26 The current (I) used to flow through the conductor (CON) is shown. m A measuring device. A ring-shaped or annular magnetic yoke (J1) detects the current (I) flowing through a conductor (CON). m The magnetic flux density (B) generated by the magnetic yoke (J1) is as follows: The yoke (J1) has a first air gap (LSP1) in which a sensor system (NVMS) with a paramagnetic center (NV1) is placed, or at least a paramagnetic center (NV1) is placed.

[0308] The yoke is a closed magnetic circuit with a first air gap (LSP1).

[0309] The sensor system (NVMS) generates a first measured value signal (MS1) based on a measured value of magnetic flux density (B) (e.g., based on a first output signal (out)). An exemplary amplifier (AMP), acting as a regulator (RG), amplifies this first measured value signal (MS1) into a first control signal on a control signal line (SS1). The amplifier (AMP) may be part of the sensor system (NVMS). Figure 26 In the example, the exemplary amplifier (AMP) is a push-pull stage, where the first transistor (TR1) and the second transistor (TR2) are connected between the operating voltage line (VDD) at the operating voltage potential and the reference potential line (GND) at the reference potential. In reality, more complex amplifiers will certainly be used.

[0310] Then, the current in the eighth coil (I) L8 The signal flows into the eighth coil (L8) through the control signal line (SS1). Therefore, the control signal line (SS1) typically corresponds to... Figure 16 The operation point control signal (S9). Then, functionally corresponding to Figure 16 The eighth coil (L8) of the compensation coil (LC) generates additional excitation in the form of magnetic field strength H in the first yoke (J1), which cancels out the detected current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON). m The magnetic excitation of the sensor system (NVMS). Therefore, if the transmission function of the control system is selected correctly, the magnetic flux (B) at the location of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) is adjusted back to almost zero (except for control error and noise).

[0311] For example, a sensor system may have a microcomputer (µC) and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and may, for example, transmit the value of a first measured value signal (MS1) or a control value via a data bus (DB) to a higher-level computer system as the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON). m The measured values ​​and / or magnitudes of ). For example, a sensor system (NVMS) may have all or part of the following: Figure 16 , 17 And / or the structure shown in 19. In principle, this sensor system has only one... Figure 18 A one-dimensional system of coils. Figure 26 The device is particularly suitable for sensing conductor currents in electric vehicle batteries and motors or other devices in electric vehicles and other vehicles, as well as in electrical engineering installations such as generators, transformers, and motors. Furthermore, Figure 26 The device is particularly suitable for sensing current in overhead power lines and current in wires leading to electrochemical devices such as electrolytic cells.

[0312] In the following Figure 28 In the case of the illustrated optical waveguide combination, the annular yoke (J1), having a sensor element and one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1), can be mounted, for example, around a current-carrying line at a high potential, while the control / evaluation device (AWV) is arranged in a low voltage range. Therefore, the sensor element, including one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1), in the first air gap (LSP1) of the yoke (J1) is coupled to the control / evaluation device (AWV) via one or more optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2). Very good electrical isolation can be achieved in this way. In this application, the optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2, see...) Figure 28 The fiber optic cable is preferably encased in an insulator, which preferably has circumferential ribs to extend the creepage distance and prevent moisture. The preferred installation configuration for these insulators is to mount the fiber optic cable (LWL1, LWL2) as vertically as possible.

[0313] Figure 27

[0314] Figure 27 Corresponding to Figure 26 However, the difference lies in the fact that a toroidal or circular magnetic yoke (J1) is no longer provided, because the field lines of the magnetic flux density (B) do not need to be perpendicular to the sensor system (NVMS), as the sensitivity curves of Hall and AMR sensors are different. Figure 15 The curve is non-directional, which is a significant advantage of this device.

[0315] Therefore, for a sensor system (NVMS) with a paramagnetic center (NV1), the yoke (J1) can be omitted. However, Figure 26 The magnetic yoke (J1) has the advantage of significantly improving the sensitivity of the sensor system (NVMS).

[0316] Figure 28

[0317] If the optical functional elements transmit pump radiation (LB) to a sensor element having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example, to at least one NV1 in at least one diamond or multiple NV1s in one or more diamonds preferably oriented differently, then the paramagnetic center (NV1) can be separated from the rest of the sensor system (NVMS). Preferably, instead, these or other optical functional elements transmit fluorescence radiation (FL) from one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) to a first radiation receiver (PD1). Preferably, these transmission paths do not experience significant attenuation.

[0318] exist Figure 28 In the example, the first optical waveguide (LW1) transmits pump radiation (LB) to a sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1), for example, to at least one NV1 in at least one diamond or multiple NV1s in one or more diamonds preferably oriented differently. The second optical fiber (LWL2) transmits fluorescence radiation (FL) from the one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to a first radiation receiver (PD1). Figure 28 In the example, a sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (i.e., having at least one NV center in at least one diamond or multiple NV centers in one or more diamonds preferably oriented differently) is mechanically and optically coupled to a first optical fiber (LWL1) and a second optical fiber (LWL2) using fasteners (GE). Preferably, the fasteners (GE) are for fluorescence wavelengths (λ) with fluorescence radiation (FL). fl The radiation is transparent, and for the pump radiation wavelength (λ) with pump radiation (LB) pmp The radiation is transparent. Preferably, the first optical fiber (LWL1) is transparent to the pump radiation wavelength (λ) with pump radiation (LB). pmp The radiation is transparent. Preferably, the second optical waveguide (LWL2) is transparent to the fluorescence wavelength (λ) exhibiting fluorescence radiation (FL). fl The radiation from ) is transparent.

[0319] The advantage of this sensor system (NVMS) setup is that the optical fibers (LWL1, LWL2) are generally non-conductive or poorly conductive, so they generate virtually no magnetic field or cause virtually no disturbance to the magnetic field.

[0320] Another advantage of this sensor system design (NVMS) is that the optical fibers (LWL1, LWL2) are typically non-thermally conductive or have poor thermal conductivity, thus virtually eliminating the introduction or extraction of any disturbance heat energy into or out of the measurement location. This allows for thermal decoupling of magnetic field measurement and evaluation electronics.

[0321] Because optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) can be made of chemically highly inert materials such as glass, sensor elements with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be introduced into environments with harsh operating conditions. These include, but are not limited to, high and low temperatures, radioactive radiation fields, radiation fields with X-rays or gamma radiation, regions with high electric field strength, corrosive environments with very high and / or low pH values, salt solutions, abrasive environments, etc.

[0322] For example, a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be placed near a superconducting magnet and / or superconducting leads in a cryogenic region to detect the generated magnetic flux density (B).

[0323] For example, a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can operate in high-temperature regions, such as in induction furnaces and / or induction heating plates, to measure the magnetic flux density (B) and / or current intensity there.

[0324] Another possibility is using this sensor element to measure the piston position in the ferromagnetic piston of an internal combustion engine.

[0325] It can also be used in rocket engines and turbines.

[0326] In particular, the use of measuring the magnetism of plasma and / or magnetic field generating elements and / or detecting the magnetic flux density (B) within these systems is conceivable in hypersonic engines, fusion reactors, or plasma chambers. Therefore, a fusion or plasma reactor or hypersonic engine is proposed, comprising a plasma chamber and a magnetic field generating device that generates the magnetic flux density (B) within the plasma chamber. A sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is arranged within the plasma chamber and located within the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device. The sensor element is coupled to an optical device having a control / evaluation device (AWV). The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a first pump radiation source (PL1) capable of generating pump radiation (LB). The pump radiation (LB) excites one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element within the plasma chamber to emit fluorescence radiation (FL) dependent on at least one physical parameter within the plasma chamber (particularly the magnetic flux density (B)). Therefore, the evaluation device specifically assesses the fluorescence radiation (FL) of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) via a first radiation receiver (PD1). Consequently, the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates one or more measurements based on the detected fluorescence radiation (FL). Preferably, one or more operating parameters of the hypersonic engine, fusion reactor, or plasma chamber depend on one or more of these measurements.

[0327] Furthermore, it is conceivable to melt one or more sensor elements (NV1) having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) (e.g., one or more nanodiamonds having one or more NV centers in one or more diamonds) into glass as a fastener (GE).

[0328] Therefore, the present invention also includes a glass body in which at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is molded.

[0329] Instead of glass, other equivalent materials can certainly be used for fasteners (GE). In particular, potting with transparent plastic is conceivable.

[0330] Furthermore, it is conceivable to place one or more sensor elements having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1) in an electrochemical cell, battery, or battery pack as a sensor for measuring current density. Therefore, an electrochemical cell, particularly a battery, battery pack, or electrolytic device, is proposed, having a cell chamber and a magnetic field generating device that generates magnetic flux density (B) within the cell chamber. Thus, a sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) (NV1) is arranged within the cell chamber and located within the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device. The sensor element is then coupled to an optical device having a control / evaluation device (AWV). The control / evaluation device (AWV) includes a pump radiation source (PL1) capable of generating pump radiation (LB). The pump radiation (LB) can excite one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) (NV1) of the sensor element within the cell chamber to emit fluorescence radiation (FL). The fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on at least one physical parameter, particularly on the magnetic flux density (B) within the cell chamber. Specifically, the control / evaluation device (AWV) evaluates the fluorescence radiation of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) via a first radiation receiver (PD1). The control / evaluation device (AWV) generates one or more measurements based on the detected fluorescence radiation (FL). Preferably, one or more operating parameters of the electrochemical cell or cell chamber of a battery, battery pack, or electrolytic device depend on one or more of these measurements. The cell chamber is typically completely or partially filled with an electrolyte or melt. The magnetic field generating device may also be the electrolyte or other fluid within the cell chamber, through which an electric current flows to generate a magnetic field.

[0331] Figure 29

[0332] Figure 29 The diagram illustrates the placement of one or more sensor elements (e.g., multiple nanodiamonds, preferably differently oriented, with multiple NV centers) in a fluidic flow path (RO). A fluid (FLU) typically moving in the flow direction is present in the RO. A DC or AC voltage is established between a first electrode (EL1) and a second electrode (EL2).

[0333] The first electrode (EL1) is separated from the fluid (FLU) in the fluid conduit (RO) through the first electrical insulator (IS1).

[0334] The second electrode (EL2) is separated from the fluid (FLU) in the fluid conduit (RO) by the second electrical insulator (IS2).

[0335] The electric field induces a displacement current (FLU) in the fluid, which can be measured by modulating the fluorescence radiation (FL) of one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1). The corresponding measuring device has been described above.

[0336] One problem is the emergence of double layers and space charge regions.

[0337] Figure 30

[0338] Figure 30 It shows something similar to Figure 29 In this electrochemical cell structure, only the first electrode (E1) and the second electrode (E2) are in electrical contact with a fluid (FLU). The fluid (FLU) can be a liquid and / or a gas or plasma. Mixtures may also be present. This is typical of plasma chambers, battery packs, accumulators, and electrolytic cells. Therefore, a sensor element with a paramagnetic center (NV1) can, for the first time, measure the current density inside such an electrochemical cell without affecting the field passing through the feed line. Furthermore, electrical isolation is possible.

[0339] exist Figure 30 In the example, a current source (SQ) generates a magnetic flux density (B) through a coil (L0). For example, such a quantum dot (NV1) star map to a coil (L0) can be found in fusion reactors, plasma reactors, and hypersonic engines.

[0340] Combinations with multiple coils, multiple electrodes, and multiple quantum dots are also possible.

[0341] Figure 31

[0342] Figure 31 It shows Figure 1The device is supplemented with a second radiation receiver (PD2) and a second sensor element having at least one other second paramagnetic center (NV2) or having a second plurality of second paramagnetic centers (NVC2). Preferably, the first sensor element having one or more first paramagnetic centers (NV1) is one or more first diamond crystals having one or more first NV centers. Preferably, these first NV centers are coupled to each other. Preferably, the second sensor element having one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2) is one or more second diamond crystals having one or more second NV centers. Preferably, these second NV centers are coupled to each other. The first sensor element having one or more first paramagnetic centers (NV1) is spaced apart from the second sensor element having one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2). Preferably, the first optical transmission path of the pump radiation (LB) from the pump radiation source (PL1) to the first sensor element having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is designed to have substantially the same optical transmission characteristics as the second optical transmission path from the pump radiation source (PL1) to the second sensor element having one or more (NVC2) second paramagnetic centers (NV2).

[0343] Therefore, the pump radiation source (PL1) irradiates a first sensor element comprising one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) with pump radiation (LB), thereby causing one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) to emit first fluorescent radiation (FL1). A first radiation receiver (PD1) receives this first fluorescent radiation (FL1). A barrier (BA) prevents a second paramagnetic center (NV2) or a second or more (NVC2) second paramagnetic centers (NV2) from directly radiating their emitted second fluorescent radiation (FL22) into the first radiation receiver (PD1).

[0344] Therefore, the pump radiation source (PL1) irradiates the second sensor element having one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2) with pump radiation (LB), thereby causing one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2) to emit second fluorescent radiation (FL22). The second radiation receiver (PD2) receives this second fluorescent radiation (FL22). The barrier (BA) prevents the first paramagnetic center (NV1) or the multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) from directly radiating their emitted first fluorescent radiation (FL1) into the second radiation receiver (PD2).

[0345] Based on the known spacing between a first sensor element comprising one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and a second sensor element comprising one or more second paramagnetic centers (NVC2), a microcomputer (μC), which may be part of an integrated circuit (IC), can, for example, determine the gradient of the magnetic flux density (B). For instance, the microcomputer (μC) determines the gradient of the magnetic flux density (B) by comparing the values ​​of two magnetic flux densities (B) measured by the first sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and the second sensor element having one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2). The microcomputer (µC) calculates the difference between two measurements and divides these differences by a known distance from a first sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) to a second paramagnetic center (NV2) having one or more second paramagnetic centers (NV2), thereby approximately obtaining the derivative of the magnetic flux density (B) along a straight line between the first and second sensor elements. The microcomputer (µC) can then transmit this measurement to a higher-level system, particularly a higher-level computer system, for example, via a data line or data bus (DB).

[0346] Figure 32

[0347] Figure 32 The use of multiple sensor systems (NVMS) as a magnetoencephalogram (MEG) recording system is illustrated, each sensor system comprising at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0348] Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) is evenly distributed on the cap (KP), which is preferably, but not necessarily, rigid. Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) is connected to a data bus (DB), which is preferably shared by the sensor systems (NVMS).

[0349] In the case of a rigid cap (KP) (e.g., a helmet), the relative positions of the systems to each other are known. Therefore, spatially resolved information about these currents, in the form of magnetic flux density values ​​(B), can be determined from the measured brain current magnetic field. This, of course, also applies to other body parts. For example, it is conceivable to uniformly distribute sensors on a lying surface using a pad, thereby enabling full-body measurements.

[0350] The control unit (STG) is connected to the data bus (DB). The STG, via the data bus (DB), causes one or more sensor systems (NVMS) to record the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) at specific times. The STG receives measurements of the flux density (B) at the location of the paramagnetic center (NV1) or the location of the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) from the sensor systems (NVMS). The STG processes these measurements.

[0351] Figure 33

[0352] Figure 33 The localization of the sensor system (NVMS) is shown again, with the paramagnetic center (NV1) opposite the brain, to further illustrate... Figure 32 The idea.

[0353] Figure 34

[0354] like Figure 32 and 33 As shown, brainwaves are recorded using a multi-sensor system (NVMS). These sensor systems can be analyzed, but they can also be used for identification. Figure 32 The cap (KP) in the image represents the wearer's expression of intent. In principle, whether the test is for medical purposes or to detect the wearer's expression of intent or the spatiotemporal structure of brain waves is not important.

[0355] Preferably, such a device includes a sensor system, or more preferably, multiple sensor systems (NVMS).

[0356] Therefore, each of these sensor systems (NVMS) includes one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1). Preferably, each sensor system (NVMS) includes a pump radiation source (PL1) that irradiates one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) (NV1) with pump radiation (LB), thereby causing the emission of fluorescent radiation (FL). This emission of pump radiation (LB) occurs in response to a transmission signal (S5). A first radiation receiver (PD1) converts the signal portion of the fluorescent radiation (FL) signal into a receiver output signal (S0). The evaluation circuit preferably generates the transmission signal (S5). Preferably, the evaluation circuit correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with the transmitted signal (S5) or a preceding signal of the transmitted signal (S5) (which can be used to generate the transmitted signal (S5)), or correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with a signal derived from the transmitted signal (S5), thereby generating a value reflecting, for example, the intensity of fluorescence radiation (FL) or the value of fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL). This value can be output via the first output signal (out) of the sensor system (NVMS). However, it is useful, for example, to transmit this value in digital form via a data bus (DB) by a microcomputer (µC) that may be part of the sensor system (NVMS).

[0357] Therefore, the device preferably also includes one or more data buses (DBs) for forwarding data acquired by the sensor system (NVMS) to the interface of the device's control / regulation unit (IF).

[0358] Preferably, the device includes a holding device that mechanically secures the sensor system (NVMS) to the biological object to be measured in a substantially stable manner. In the case of measuring a human brain, the holding device is preferably a cap (KP). If measuring an animal, other holding devices can be considered and used, which can be functionally adapted to the head shape of the corresponding animal.

[0359] For the pattern recognition, by means of a hat (KP) or a corresponding functional equivalent device having multiple sensor systems (NVMS), the measured values ​​of magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters are recorded at the corresponding positions of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the respective sensor system (NVMS). Each sensor system (NVMS) includes at least one sensor element (NVMS) having at least one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0360] Preferably, this is performed discretely in time at the synchronization measurement time point. For this purpose, the control / regulation unit (IF) of the device sends start or synchronization commands to all sensor systems (NVMS) of the cap (KP) via a preferred common data bus (DB), for example, through a so-called broadcast command. For this purpose, the sensor system (NVMS) preferably has its own microcomputer (μC) connected to the data bus (DB) and controls and, if necessary, monitors other devices belonging to that sensor system (NVMS). After these microcomputers (µC) of the relevant sensor systems (NVMS) receive the synchronization or start command via the data bus (DB), all sensor systems (NVMS) preferably simultaneously measure the corresponding magnetic flux density (B) or corresponding physical parameter at the location of their respective paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) of their respective sensor elements.

[0361] Then, the microcomputer (µC) of the sensor system (NVMS) transmits the measured values ​​of the magnetic flux density (B) or the separately detected physical parameters to the control / regulation unit (IF) via a preferred common data bus (DB). The acquisition of magnetic flux density (B) will now be explained as an example of the acquisition of physical parameters. In addition to magnetic flux density (B), the intensity (I) of fluorescence radiation (FL) from one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) can also be measured. fl Other physical parameters measured in the manner described herein include, for example, flux density D, acceleration a, gravitational field strength g, pressure P, and temperature. The fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) of fluorescence radiation (FL) from one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or paramagnetic centers (NVC) and / or one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) is also measured. Rotation speed The oscillation frequency, position, and ionizing radiation intensity of the mechanical components (rods) are considered. Therefore, by detecting the intensity (I) corresponding to the fluorescence radiation (FL),... flThe values ​​of the values ​​of magnetic flux density (B) and / or fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) can be used to obtain the measured values ​​of one or more of these physical quantities. The following description uses the detection of magnetic flux density (B) as an example of these physical parameters, but the description is not limited to this physical parameter. Technical teachings of PCT DE 2020 100 648 are explicitly referenced, which were not disclosed at the time of application. Therefore, in the case of n sensor systems (NVMS) and, for example, one recorded physical parameter, the n-dimensional measured value vector of the magnetic flux density (B) is transmitted by the sensor system (NVMS) of the cap (KP) at the corresponding measurement time. Therefore, by pre-setting the measurement time point time series by the control / regulation unit (IF), the sensor system (NVMS) of the cap (KP) transmits the time series of the measured value vector of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters detected by the paramagnetic center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) to the control / regulation unit (IF) at the measurement time points in the measurement time point time series. The control / conditioning unit (IF) typically processes the time series of the measured value vector. This can include integration, differentiation, and other more complex filtering known from signal theory, communication engineering, and artificial intelligence. These operations by the control / conditioning unit (IF) increase the dimensionality of the data subsequently transmitted to the pattern recognition unit. In this way, the control / conditioning unit (IF) generates a new data stream of processed, vector-like actual data from the time series of the measured value vector. These vectors are also referred to as feature vectors in pattern recognition literature. Therefore, feature vectors are generated from multiple measurement data obtained using one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of a sensor system (NVMS). The control / conditioning unit (IF) transmits this new data stream of processed, vector-like actual data in the form of a feature vector stream to the pattern recognizer (NN) via the control / conditioning unit's vector output data stream (VDS). The pattern recognizer (NN) may be part of a control computer (CTR).

[0362] A pattern recognizer (NN) can, for example, execute a neural network model on the computer system of the pattern recognizer (NN) to identify patterns in received feature vectors. The current data (i.e., feature vectors) of the vectors, which are preferably transmitted from the control / regulation unit (IF) to the pattern recognizer (NN) and processed in this manner, are associated with a pre-recorded or predetermined vector prototype dataset of prototypes from the pattern recognizer (NN)'s prototype database. The prototypes are preferably feature vectors obtained, for example, by classifying known manually evaluated cases using a classification procedure. In this regard, reference should be made to the book "Multilabel Classification: Problem Analysis, Metrics and Techniques" by Francisco Herrera, Francisco Charte, Antonio J. Rivera, and María J. del Jesus, Springer, April 22, 2018, ISBN-13: 978-3319822693. Preferably, the prototype database includes processed, vectorized, previously recorded data of prototype cases, where pre-recorded feature vectors in the prototype database represent prototypes. Each prototype (i.e., each prototype feature vector) is associated with a prototype-specific symbol in the prototype database. The control / regulation unit (IF) transmits the current feature vector as processed, vectorized current data. The processed, vectorized current data can be used as feature vectors. Prototypes are represented as previously recorded prototype vector data in the form of prototype feature vectors. If a prototype (i.e., prototype feature vector) is identified by the pattern recognizer (NN) from the processed, vectorized current data by comparing it with the previously recorded prototype, vectorized data, the pattern recognizer (NN) transmits the symbol for the identified prototype (i.e., the identified prototype vector and the previously recorded data vector) to the control computer (CTR). For example, the transmission to the control computer (CTR) is accomplished via the output data stream (MDS) of the prototype identified by the pattern recognizer (NN). The symbol for the identified prototype can also be used to transmit parameters such as the probability of occurrence of such a prototype.

[0363] Preferably, the pattern recognizer (NN) uses a computer system to execute a pattern recognition program. The program can be a neural network, an HMM recognizer, or a Petri network.

[0364] Preferably, the control computer (CTR) controls the control / regulation unit (IF) via a line and / or data bus (IFL) for controlling the control / regulation unit (IF), and, when necessary, receives status data and other data from the control / regulation unit (IF) via this path.

[0365] Preferably, the control computer (CTR) controls the pattern recognizer (NN) via a line and / or data bus (NNL) for controlling the pattern recognizer (NN), and, when necessary, receives status data and other data from the pattern recognizer (NN) via this path.

[0366] Based on the symbols representing the identified prototype, the Control Computer (CTR) can now output, for example, via a speaker (LS), display and screen (DSP), or can control actuators (AKTs) such as motors, heaters, etc., or devices such as vehicles, robots, missiles, floating and submersible bodies, weapon systems, computer interfaces, etc. The Control Computer (CTR) can, of course, be controlled via input devices such as a keyboard (not shown for simplicity). Furthermore, the Control Computer (CTR) can again have additional wired and / or wireless data interfaces. In particular, the Control Computer (CTR) can connect to the Internet or another data network or another computer, and, if necessary, via a quantum cryptographically encrypted data transmission path. This means that exemplary output units such as speakers (LS), displays (DSPs), and actuators (AKTs) or controlled devices can be located wholly or partially away from the wearer of the hat (KP).

[0367] For example, it is conceivable to control robots and / or other devices in this way at a location near or at a distance from the carrier of the hat (KP).

[0368] It is conceivable that multiple individuals would generate control commands for the device in this manner. Before the control commands are transmitted to the device, another higher-level computing unit can detect and evaluate these commands. One evaluation method could be averaging or blocking another control command while executing the first detected one. After evaluation, the higher-level computing unit transmits the control command, selected by any method, to the device to be controlled, which then executes the command.

[0369] therefore, Figure 34 In the broadest sense, a system represents a neural interface for controlling computer systems and devices and their outputs, thereby enabling the integration of computer systems into a network of computer systems with input and output devices, as well as actuators and sensors.

[0370] Instead of controlling a computer system, a system with the same topology can be used to record the brain responses of a cap (KP) wearer to typically given stimuli, which are acted upon the cap (KP) wearer, for example, via a speaker (LS), display screen (DSP), or other actuator (AKT), and, if necessary, display these responses on a second display screen, transmit them in processed form to other computers in a computer network, or classify them using a pattern recognizer (NN). Therefore, this system is also suitable for medical examinations. In principle, it is a magnetoencephalography (MEG) system, using a sensor system (NVMS) with one or more sensor elements instead of the conventional SQUID sensor in the prior art, each sensor element having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1). Preferably, the sensor elements and paramagnetic centers are one or more diamonds with one or more NV centers. If the sensor elements each include multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1), these paramagnetic centers (NV1) are preferably coupled to each other within the sensor element. It is conceivable that the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are coupled across the sensor elements.

[0371] Figure 35

[0372] exist Figure 35 In this example, the proposed sensor system (NVMS) is arranged on an exemplary surface, rather than on a hat (KP). The sensor system (NVMS) can be arranged inside, for example, a mat, stretcher, bed, sofa, or chair. Figure 35 The examples are intended only to show what can be used Figure 34 Methods and basis Figure 34 The arrangement is used to examine and / or classify other body parts of a person or animal, the whole human body, the whole animal body, and / or other objects.

[0373] When necessary, actuators (AKTs) can be designed to interact with animals, people, or other devices.

[0374] For example, it is conceivable to detect bioelectric currents within an animal, assess them, correlate them with the results of other sensors and other data if necessary, and take action on the animal via an actuator (AKT) to induce appropriate behavior. Thus, for example, with the aid of GPS data and mobile data communication (e.g., via a mobile phone), it is possible to induce an animal to walk a certain distance and / or remain at a specific location, thereby enabling the transport of an object from location A to location B. Similar interventions based on brain states are possible for humans, for example, to alert them to danger or for fully automated drug administration. Thus, it is conceivable to perform fully automated drug administration based on these magnetically induced bioelectric currents to, for example, prevent epileptic seizures.

[0375] Figure 36

[0376] Figure 36 A simplified apparatus is shown for identifying patterns by means of paramagnetic centers (NV1) or by means of clusters composed of paramagnetic centers (NV1), wherein multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are understood by means of clusters. Figure 36 In the example, six sensor systems (NVMS), each having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1), are coupled to a control / regulation unit (IF) via a data bus (DB) through their first output signal (out). Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) includes a microcomputer (μC) for this purpose, which is connected to the data bus (DB) via an interface. In this case, the first output signal (out) is preferably a digital signal. Figure 36 In the example, each sensor system (NVMS) includes a control / evaluation unit (AWV). The control / evaluation unit (AWV) generates pump radiation (LB), which it uses to irradiate one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple paramagnetic centers (NVC) (NV1). The one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) (NVC) (NV1) emit fluorescent radiation (FL), which the control / evaluation unit (AWV) detects and evaluates. During this process, the control / evaluation unit (AWV) generates a first output signal (out) with a value based on the fluorescent radiation (FL). This value is sent from the corresponding sensor system (NVMS) to the control / regulation unit (IF) via a data bus (DB). The control / regulation unit (IF) generates a vector output data stream (VDS) from the received multiple measurements. Figure 36 In the example, the vector data stream is only four-dimensional. Typically, data streams may have different dimensions, often with higher dimensions. Figure 36 In the example, the pattern recognizer (NN) runs a neural network model with three layers of neural network nodes. In practice, the number of layers and the number of nodes within each layer will vary. Preferably, the computer system within the pattern recognizer (NN) acts as a higher-level computer system executing artificial intelligence programs. Most preferably, the higher-level computer system of the pattern recognizer (NN) performs a simulation of the neural network model. In this regard, reference will again be made to the unpublished international patent application PCT / EP2020 / 056727, the disclosure of which is entirely part of the disclosure presented herein.

[0377] Therefore, a higher-level computer system for executing a neural network model is proposed. The neural network model comprises network nodes organized in network layers. Each network node of the neural network has input parameters and output parameters. At least one (preferably multiple) input parameters of a network node are either input parameters of the neural network model or output parameters of another network node in the neural network model. At least one (preferably multiple) output parameters of a network node are either output parameters of the neural network model or input parameters of another neural network node. A network node having output parameters as output parameters of a neural network model does not have input parameters as input parameters of the neural network model. A network node having input parameters as input parameters of a neural network model does not have output parameters as output parameters of the neural network model. Any network node in the neural network with output parameters as output parameters of the neural network model does not have input parameters as output parameters of another network node having input parameters as input parameters of the neural network model. The input parameters of a network node in the neural network model are linked to the output parameters of that neural network node within that network node through a link function of that neural network node. Preferably, the link function is strongly nonlinear. Therefore, the properties of the link function depend on the link function parameters, which are preferably specific to the corresponding network node. The link function may vary from network node to network node. The link function parameters are determined and trained during the training process. For example... Figure 36 Symbolically shown in the document, the specification describes a neural network with at least three network layers as a neural network model within a pattern recognizer (NN).

[0378] It has now been proposed that at least one (preferably multiple) input parameters of the neural network model executed by the higher-level computer unit of the pattern recognizer (NN) depend on parameters of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the corresponding sensor system (NVMS). For example, such parameters could be values ​​of fluorescence radiation (FL) intensity and / or fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0379] The use of such artificial intelligence methods and processes is particularly important for the operation of autonomous driving and / or complex systems and / or the operation of devices in potentially complex environments, or as... Figures 32 to 35 As shown, this is particularly important for implementing neural interfaces. The symbol generator (SMBG) can be part of a program executed by a computer system of a pattern recognizer (NN). This symbol generator generates a sequence of symbols in the form of an output data stream (MDS) of prototypes recognized by the pattern recognizer (NN) based on the output parameters of the neural network model. Here, the pattern recognizer (NN) preferably transmits only symbols representing the recognized prototype feature vectors in the prototype database.

[0380] To enable a pattern recognizer (NN) neural network to recognize these prototype feature vectors from a prototype database, these prototype feature vectors are used as input vectors to stimulate the neural network model during training. The output parameters of the neural network model are compared with default values, and the link parameters of the link functions of the neural network nodes are modified according to the learning algorithm until the recognition error score on the training dataset falls below a predetermined level. A neural network trained in this way can then be used for pattern recognition. Similarly, machine learning and deep learning methods can be used. Here, as an example, we refer to Charu C. Aggarwal's textbook "Neural Networks and Deep Learning: A Textbook," Springer, 1st edition, September 13, 2018. The methods described therein are entirely part of the public information provided herein.

[0381] Figure 37

[0382] Figure 37 A simple apparatus is shown for detecting the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field using a sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) with one paramagnetic center (NV1) or corresponding multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0383] Figure 37 The rotationally symmetric magnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) that serve as the core of the device are shown. They are preferably ferromagnetic yokes and have a rotational symmetry that is preferably odd in number. Figure 37 An example of rotational symmetry for triple numbers is shown.

[0384] The exemplary magnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) include annular partial magnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3). These annular partial magnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3) in... Figure 37 In the example, the three exemplary air gaps (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3) are subdivided into a first yoke segment (JK1), a second yoke segment (JK2), and a third yoke segment (JK3).

[0385] The first air gap (LSP1) is located between the first yoke segment (JK1) and the third yoke segment (JK3). The second air gap (LSP2) is located between the second yoke segment (JK2) and the first yoke segment (JK1). The third air gap (LSP3) is located between the third yoke segment (JK3) and the second yoke segment (JK2). Figure 37 In the example, the three air gaps (LSP1, LSP2, LSP3) result in triple rotational symmetry of the annular partial yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3).

[0386] The connecting yoke (JV) has the same rotational symmetry about the same axis of rotation as the partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3). Figure 37 In the example, the Y-shaped connecting yoke (JV) has the same triple rotational symmetry about the same axis of rotation as the triple rotationally symmetric partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3). Figure 37 In the example, the connecting yoke (JV) consists of three exemplary connecting plates that establish a magnetic connection between the exemplary three partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3), and thus the magnetic connection preferably extends at a position on a rotationally symmetric axis.

[0387] Each of the three partial yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3) is associated with a connecting plate. Preferably, the connecting plate establishes magnetic contact at the symmetrical point of each partial yoke (JK1, JK2, JK3), such that the magnetic circuit within the partial yoke is identical in two directions away from the contact point. Preferably, three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) comprising sensor elements having paramagnetic centers (NV1) are now inserted into each of the three connecting plates, such that the magnetic flux (B) within the corresponding connecting plate flows through the corresponding paramagnetic center (NV1), or through the corresponding cluster of paramagnetic centers (NV1) in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the corresponding sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3). For example, this can be ensured by air gaps in each of the three connecting plates, where each of the three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) and / or one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers of the respective sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) is inserted into the three connecting plates.

[0388] This enables the corresponding sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) to detect the magnetic flux (B) within the respective connecting plates of the three connecting plates. Then, the three exemplary sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) determine three measured values ​​of the corresponding magnetic flux density (B) at each measurement time.

[0389] Depending on the orientation of the device toward an external magnetic field (e.g., the Earth's magnetic field) with an external magnetic flux density (B), the final ferromagnetic spider formed by the rotationally symmetric ferromagnetic yokes (JK1, JK2, JK3, JV) is affected differently by the magnetic field (in the form of the external magnetic flux density (B)). Therefore, the three values ​​of the exemplary three-dimensional vector measurement signals from the three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) differ depending on the orientation of the device in the magnetic field. For example, such vector measurement signals can be used to control vehicles, robots, missiles, ships, etc., and for navigation.

[0390] Figure 38

[0391] Figure 38 An exemplary slotted sensor is shown. The exemplary slotted sensor includes a magnetic circuit having a first air gap (LSP1). As an example, a sensor system (NVMS) and a first permanent magnet (PM1) for exciting the magnetic circuit are inserted into the magnetic circuit. The sensor system (NVMS) has at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). The paramagnetic center (NV1) is preferably one or more NV centers in diamond.

[0392] The magnetic flux (B) generated by the first permanent magnet (PM1) also passes through the sensor system (NVMS), and thus through one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0393] If the material of an object or a component of an application device is now introduced into the first air gap (LSP1), a change in magnetic flux (B) occurs at the location of one paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS). The sensor system (NVMS) detects this change in magnetic flux due to the change in fluorescence radiation (FL) of the one or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and can report it to a higher-level computer system, for example, via a data bus (DB) or another first output signal (out). Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) therefore has only three terminals: a terminal connected to the operating voltage line (VDD) at the operating voltage potential, a terminal connected to the reference potential line (GND) at the reference potential, and a first output signal (out), which can be an analog or digital signal, or a unidirectional or bidirectional data bus terminal.

[0394] Figure 39

[0395] Figure 39 It shows Figure 38A slotted sensor, having a toothed rail preferably made of ferromagnetic material, serves as a device component inserted into a first air gap (LSP1). As the toothed rail moves forward or backward, the magnetic flux (B) at one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) of the slotted sensor's sensor system (NVMS) changes more or less periodically as the teeth of the toothed rail enter and leave the first air gap (LSP1). This periodic change is detected by the associated sensor system (NVMS) due to variations in fluorescence radiation (FL), and if necessary, transmitted to a higher-level computer system. In this way, the position can be determined, for example, by counting the teeth.

[0396] Figure 40

[0397] Figure 40 It shows Figure 38 and 39 Further details of the slotted sensor and its magnetic circuit, which has toothed rails made of ferromagnetic material.

[0398] Figure 41

[0399] Figure 41 Again, a slotted sensor with a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material is shown.

[0400] Figure 42

[0401] Figure 42The simplified representation illustrates the relationship between the magnetic flux density (B) in the air gap at one or more paramagnetic centers (NVC) of the sensor element in the NVMS and the distance (ab) between the axis of symmetry (ms) of the toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material and the symmetry point (m) of an exemplary other symmetrically constructed slotted sensor. In this example, the slotted sensor is intended to function as an exemplary switching element, enabling position detection based on the position of the toothed rail relative to the slotted sensor via a switching signal. For this purpose, preferably, the output signal of the NVMS is amplified or modified by a nonlinear function before output, thereby producing more or less digital switching functionality, and the first output signal (out) essentially has only a first state and a second state, the second state of which differs from the aforementioned first state of the first output signal (out). For example, the first state may be related to a first voltage level on the first output signal (out) relative to a reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential, while the second state of the first output signal (out) may be related to a second voltage level on the first output signal (out) relative to a reference potential line (GND) at a reference potential, which is different from the first potential.

[0402] Now assume that the toothed track is moved from left to right by a slotted sensor. Also assume that multiple output signals are generated through a non-linear switching function.

[0403] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed track is at point a, then the value is lower than the preferred adjustable second threshold (SW2), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary first switching signal, for example, on the first output signal (out).

[0404] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed track is at point b, then the value is lower than the preferred adjustable first threshold (SW1), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary second switching signal, for example, on the second output signal (out'').

[0405] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed track is at point c, it exceeds the preferred adjustable first threshold (SW1), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary third switching signal, for example, on the third output signal.

[0406] If the axis of symmetry (ms) of the tooth of the toothed track is at point d, it exceeds the preferred adjustable second threshold (SW2), and the sensor system (NVMS) outputs an exemplary fourth switching signal, for example, on the fourth output signal.

[0407] To distinguish the direction of motion, the sensor system (NVMS) preferably determines the time derivative of the magnetic flux density (B) and determines the direction and position of the toothed track based on the magnetic flux density (B) and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux density dB / dt, and preferably outputs it via a data bus (DB), the output signal also being transmitted via the data bus (DB) for example in a time-division multiplexed manner.

[0408] Figure 43

[0409] Figure 43 A top view of an exemplary slotted sensor with a sensor system (NVMS) is shown, the sensor system including sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). The pointed shape of the first permanent magnet (PM1) (possibly with a yoke) improves the resolution of the sensor.

[0410] Figure 44

[0411] Figure 44 The positioning of a toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material within a slotted sensor having a sensor system (NVMS) comprising sensor elements having one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0412] Figure 45

[0413] Figure 45 A rotationally symmetric toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material is shown for a slotted sensor with a sensor system (NVMS), comprising sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). In this toothed rail, the teeth are arranged perpendicular to the disk plane. The rotation angle of the rotationally symmetric toothed rail relative to the sensor system (NVMS) comprising sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be determined by means of this sensor system (NVMS).

[0414] Figure 46

[0415] Figure 46A rotationally symmetric toothed rail made of ferromagnetic material is shown for a slotted sensor with a sensor system (NVMS), comprising sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). In this toothed rail, teeth are arranged in a disk plane. The rotation angle of the rotationally symmetric toothed rail relative to the sensor system (NVMS) comprising sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be determined by means of this sensor system (NVMS).

[0416] Figure 47

[0417] Figure 47 An exemplary current measuring device for very small currents is shown.

[0418] An electromagnet is powered by the current to be detected via a relevant terminal, generating a magnetic excitation H that excites the magnetic circuit. In this example, the magnetic circuit includes an exemplary adjustable electromagnet core, a yoke, and an air gap. The yoke is used to close the magnetic circuit. A sensor system (NVMS) including sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) is inserted into the air gap. This sensor system provides an output signal whose value corresponds to the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor elements in the sensor system (NVMS). Instead of the sensor system (NVMS), only a sensor element having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be inserted into the air gap. In this case, one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are optically coupled to a control / evaluation device (AWV) at another location, for example, via optical functional components such as optical waveguides, mirrors, or lenses. This separation offers the advantages of better electrical isolation and potentially better thermal isolation. However, as an example, it is assumed here that the sensor system (NVMS) is completely encapsulated within an air gap. The terminals of the sensor system (NVMS) (NVMS terminals) provide power to the sensor system (NVMS) and enable communication between an undrawn upper-level computer system and the sensor system (NVMS), which includes sensor elements having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). Therefore, the sensor system (NVMS) can output a sensed value of the magnetic flux density (B) and / or a value derived therefrom, for example, the current flowing through the electromagnet winding calculated accordingly. Since the inductance of the electromagnet is known due to its known structure, the sensor system (NVMS) and / or the upper-level computer system can determine the current flowing through the electromagnet based on the detected value of the magnetic flux density (B). To eliminate disturbances, the housing is preferably sealed with a housing cover. Preferably, the housing and housing cover for magnetic field shielding are made of a soft magnetic material such as μ metal. An adjustable magnetic core designed as a screw allows for calibration of the energized electromagnet during manufacturing.

[0419] Figure 48

[0420] Figure 48The use of a sensor system (NVMS) in a microswitch is illustrated. As an example, a sensor element is mounted in housing portion A and housing portion B of the microswitch in a manner capable of rotatable about a rotational axis. Housing portion A and housing portion B together form a housing for accommodating the mechanism. After actuation, a spring returns the sensor element to its original or rest position. A lever with a lever bearing transmits mechanically sensed motion to the sensor element, causing it to perform a small-angle rotational motion about the rotational axis when actuated. A permanent magnet is contained within the sensor element. The sensor system (NVMS) detects the magnetic field of the permanent magnet in the sensor element. Preferably, the sensor system (NVMS) also has three terminals: a first terminal for a positive power supply voltage, a second terminal for a negative power supply voltage, and a terminal for a first output signal (out), or alternatively, a unidirectional or bidirectional data bus (DB) for outputting a measured value or a switching signal derived therefrom.

[0421] Figure 49

[0422] Figure 49 It shows according to Figure 48 Exemplary use of microswitches. Machines such as photocopiers, printing presses, and automatic packaging machines use microswitches. Figure 48 Miniature switches are used to monitor the presence of exemplary foil, sheets, rolls of paper, textile materials, etc., at predetermined locations within the machine. The absence of such material actuates the switch, initiating an error process such as shutting down or sending a signal.

[0423] Figure 50

[0424] Figure 50 Another application scenario is illustrated. The sensor system (NVMS) is encapsulated together with a bias permanent magnet in a cylinder, which is made of, for example, thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic. Auxiliary components such as support capacitors and filter components such as integrating capacitors are also encapsulated within the cylinder. Preferably, a flexible circuit board (not shown) (preferably a polyimide sheet with conductor tracks) is used to mount the sensor system (NVMS) and auxiliary components. Preferably, the housing is sealed to protect against moisture, etc. The ferromagnetic material near the sensor system thus formed distorts the magnetic field lines, causing a change in the magnetic flux density (B) passing through one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). This change can be detected by the sensor system (NVMS) and transmitted to a higher-level computer system via connection terminals.

[0425] Figure 51

[0426] Figure 51 It shows Figure 50The sensor system (NVMS) uses gears to measure rotational angles and / or rotational angular positions.

[0427] Figure 52

[0428] Figure 52 Explained the use of according to Figure 50 The sensor measures rotational position or rotational angle through teeth and grooves. Figure 52 In the example, it is assumed that the sensor system (NVMS) of the sensor performs nonlinear output signal shaping on the first output signal (out). If the measurement value of the sensor system (NVMS) exceeds a predetermined and / or programmable threshold, the sensor system (NVMS) switches its output signal between a first logic value (1) and a second logic value (0) different from the first logic value (1), and issues the switch via the first output signal (out) or via the data bus (DB).

[0429] Figure 53

[0430] Figure 53 It shows the basis Figure 50 The sensor system (NVMS) uses a rotary angle encoder, in which Figure 50 Permanent magnets are not absolutely necessary here.

[0431] A magnetized encoder disk is applied to the shaft of the electric motor to be monitored. Instead of mechanical encoding, the disk is magnetically encoded using a preferred segmented permanent magnetization. A sensor system (NVMS) detects changes in magnetic flux density (B) caused by variations in the motor's rotation angle and counts, if necessary, relative to an arbitrary point or otherwise determined zero point. In its simplest case, the NVMS outputs a counting pulse only when the direction of the magnetic flux (B) changes.

[0432] Figure 54

[0433] By using redundancy and different angular frequencies of permanent magnetization of the magnetized encoder disks in multiple systems such as encoder disks and sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3), angular resolution and operational reliability can be improved. This is as follows: Figure 54 As shown.

[0434] Figure 55 and 56

[0435] Translational motion, rather than rotational motion, can also be monitored. A set of permanent magnets is mounted on a preferred non-ferromagnetic substrate on which the direction of translation will be detected. Figure 55In the example, multiple sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4) monitor the position of these permanent magnets. Figure 56 In its simplest case, a permanent magnet and a sensor system (NVMS) (not shown in the figure) are sufficient for many applications. Because the range of quantum dot-based measurement methods for the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4) is very wide, far fewer permanent magnets and sensor systems are required compared to using Hall sensors instead of the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3, NVMS4).

[0436] Figure 57

[0437] Figure 57 It shows Figure 55 The application of the position measurement principle. Preferably, the periodicity of the position of the sensor system (NVMS1 to NVMS4) and thus of the position of a paramagnetic center (NV1) or the periodicity of a cluster consisting of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) have a first periodicity (P1) along a first straight line or a first uniform curve. Preferably, the permanent magnet on the slider whose position is to be determined has a second periodicity (P2) along a second straight line or a second uniform curve. Preferably, the first periodicity (P1) deviates slightly from the second periodicity (P2) (e.g., from 0.1% to 5%), thereby generating a moiré plot and thus improving the resolution of the system.

[0438] Therefore, it is a device for measuring the position along a line, which is largely remapped back to itself as the device moves along the line. The device comprises a first body (X1) and a second body (X2). On the first body (X1), paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are arranged along and parallel to the line having a first periodicity (P1). Preferably, these paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are sub-devices of associated sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4). On the second body (X2), permanent magnets (PM1 to PM4) are arranged along and parallel to the line having a second periodicity (P2). Because the second periodicity (P2) differs from the first periodicity (P1), at different locations of the paramagnetic center (NV1) or clusters composed of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters composed of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of different sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4) is affected in different ways by the displacement of the second body (X2) relative to the first body (X1) along the line, and the manner of this influence is predictable. This redundancy can then be used to calculate the exact position. An evaluation is then performed based on the measurements from the sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4) to determine the true displacement. Preferably, the translational motion is performed by an actuator along a third straight line or a third uniform curve. Preferably, the first straight line or first uniform curve is substantially parallel to the second straight line or second uniform curve and the third straight line or third uniform curve. Preferably, the first periodicity (P1) deviates from the second periodicity (P2), thereby producing a vernier effect. The evaluation unit evaluates the output signals of the sensor systems (NVMS1 to NVMS4). When necessary, it can be displayed or transmitted, for example, via a data bus (DB) to a higher-level data processing unit.

[0439] Figure 58

[0440] Figure 58 It shows the corresponding Figures 37 to 42 One or more of the exemplary slotted sensors are used for measuring rotation angles via encoder disks with different designs of windows and teeth having different angular widths and / or angular modulation.

[0441] Figure 59

[0442] Figure 59 This illustrates temperature and / or pressure measurement using an exemplary mechanical functional element whose size depends on pressure and / or temperature. Figure 59In the example, the bellows may be filled with a measuring gas, which expands or contracts with temperature changes. This expansion or contraction alters the dimensions of the bellows with temperature changes, thereby changing the magnetic flux (B) through one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). Similarly, changes in external and / or internal pressures of the bellows (e.g., via pressure lines not shown) cause changes in the dimensions of the bellows, resulting in changes in the magnetic flux (B) through one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). Changes in the magnetic flux (B) through one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) cause changes in the fluorescence radiation (FL) of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). This change is detected by the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS) and is preferably transmitted to a higher-level system, such as a computer system, for example, via a data bus (DB).

[0443] Figure 60

[0444] Figure 60 An application of the proposed sensor system (NVMS) for flow measurement is illustrated. An impeller with magnetic encoding is placed in a fluid delivery device. Preferably, the impeller is shaped such that fluid flow in the delivery device (e.g., a pipe) causes the impeller to rotate. As the impeller rotates, the magnetic encoding based on permanent magnets on the impeller generates an alternating magnetic field, which can be sensed by the sensor system (NVMS) and preferably transmitted to a higher-level system (e.g., a computer system).

[0445] Figure 61

[0446] Figure 61 Another application of the proposed sensor system (NVMS) for flow measurement is shown. A movable body having a paramagnetic center (NV1) moves in a magnetic field having a magnetic flux density (B). As the movable body moves, the magnetic flux density (B) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) decreases. If the paramagnetic center (NV1) is irradiated with pump radiation (LB) by a control / evaluation device (AWV), the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the paramagnetic center (NV1) changes due to the velocity of the movable body in the magnetic field. Preferably, the paramagnetic centers (NV1) are uniformly distributed along the direction of movement on the movable body, or the fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected by the control / evaluation device (AWV) with the same sensitivity during movement and the pump radiation (LB) reaches the paramagnetic center (NV1) with the same intensity during movement. Figure 61In the example, an impeller with a paramagnetic center (NV1) is shown as an example of this type of exemplary device. The impeller is placed in a fluid delivery device. Preferably, the impeller is shaped such that fluid flow in the delivery device (e.g., a pipe) causes the impeller, and therefore the paramagnetic center (NV1) on the impeller, to rotate about the impeller's axis of rotation. The rotation of the impeller reduces the magnetic flux density (B) of the permanent magnet's magnetic field. When the paramagnetic center (NV1) is irradiated by the pump radiation (LB) of the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS), the impeller provides pulse modulation of fluorescent radiation (FL). Figure 61 In the example, this always occurs whenever the airfoil passes the position of the control / evaluation device (AWV). Typically, the rotational speed modulates the amplitude of the intensity modulation of the fluorescent radiation (FL). This amplitude and its frequency can be detected by the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS) and are preferably transmitted to a higher-level system such as a computer system.

[0447] Figure 62

[0448] Figure 62 A schematic example of position control of a slider relative to a first sensor system (NVMS1) is shown. Depending on the slider's position, a first permanent magnet (PM1), preferably permanently connected to the slider, generates a position-dependent magnetic flux density (B) at the location of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the first sensor system (NVMS1). A first operational amplifier (OP1) compares the (preferably exemplary) analog voltage output signal of the first sensor system (NVMS1) with a reference voltage value, for example, generated by a potentiometer, and generates a drive signal for a linear servo motor, which then readjusts the slider as a control loop until the voltage difference at the input of the first operational amplifier (OP1) is zero.

[0449] Figure 63

[0450] Figure 63 An exemplary method is shown for digitizing an exemplary analog first output signal (out) of a sensor system (NVMS) having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, an exemplary microcomputer (μC) increases the input value of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) until the output signal value of a first operational amplifier (OP1) exceeds a threshold, which compares the DAC's output signal with the sensor system's (NVMS) output signal and acts as a comparator. Thus, the input value increased to this point corresponds substantially to a measurement value that the microcomputer (µC) can transmit at this crossover moment.

[0451] Figure 64

[0452] Figure 64 It shows Figure 51 The position measurement principle is applied to an exemplary wheel hub with drum brakes in a motor vehicle.

[0453] Figure 65 , 66 and 67

[0454] Figure 65 The application of a sensor system (NVMS) to a locking system is illustrated. The key can be spatially encoded by shaping and / or magnetization, and this spatial encoding is detected by the sensor system (NVMS) having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). If the speed at which the key is inserted into the device is detected at each time point, the spatial encoding can be converted into a temporal encoding. This can be achieved if the key has a carrier spatial frequency for actual locking information in addition to the basic spatial frequency. This is particularly advantageous because it cannot be immediately identified without knowing the magnetic encoding. Therefore, in Figure 66 The present invention provides a two-row sensor system for detecting spatial modulation of a permanent magnet-excited key. However, magnetic excitation can also be fed solely by a coil in the locking system. It is also conceivable to provide a more complex sensor system with quantum dots, where the quantum dots are multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple clusters, each in the form of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). For example, when diamond is used as the substrate material, a key can be inserted between two diamond plates having NV centers or clusters (in the form of corresponding multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1)) as paramagnetic centers (NV1). Magnetic and mechanical encoding then generates a scannable fluorescent image of the paramagnetic centers (NV1), which can be compared with a predetermined image. If the deviation is less than a predetermined threshold, the lock can be unlocked. This situation is as follows: Figure 67 As shown. In Figure 67 In one example, quantum dots, in the form of paramagnetic centers (NV arrays) or clusters (NVCs), are arranged in a diamond plate in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional lattice and excited and readout via optical fiber. An evaluation unit (control / evaluation device (AWV)) processes different fluorescence signals of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of different paramagnetic centers (NV1s) or different clusters (in the form of multiple corresponding (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1s)) and activates a latching mechanism if necessary.

[0455] Figure 68

[0456] Figure 68 A further example of a rotation angle sensor with a permanent magnetized encoder disk and a sensor system (NVMS) is shown. Figure 68 Figure b illustrates an exemplary rotation angle sensor with an encoding disk and an AWV (Automated Guided Vehicle) device, the encoding disk being encoded with paramagnetic centers (NV1) or clusters (NVCs) consisting of multiple paramagnetic centers (NV1). The AWV irradiates the paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the clusters consisting of the respective multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers. Preferably, the device includes a permanent magnet that generates a magnetic flux density of a defined size.

[0457] The intensity of both the pump radiation (LB) and the magnetic flux density depends on the rotation angle. By evaluating the fluorescence radiation (FL), the control / evaluation device (AWV) can estimate the rotation angle position.

[0458] Figure 69

[0459] Figure 69 An exemplary tilt sensor is shown, wherein a first permanent magnet (PM1) is attached to a preferred damped pendulum at the end of a pendulum and suspended above a sensor system (NVMS) having one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). Since the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the sensor system (NVMS) varies according to the tilt angle of the system (in this case, the exemplary suspension of the washing drum of an exemplary washing machine), a tilt angle sensor can thus be implemented.

[0460] Figure 70

[0461] Figure 70 An exemplary application of a sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) in an electric motor for determining rotor position is illustrated. The exemplary electric motor is shown in a generally simplified exploded view. As an example, a so-called brushless electric motor is shown. Commutation control of the exemplary stator coils for the exemplary electric motor is not shown. Figure 70In the example, three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVM3) are provided, each with a paramagnetic center (NV1) or a cluster of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), to detect the position of the permanent magnetized rotor of the exemplary BLDC motor. However, theoretically, if the starting position is known and the absolute value of the magnetic flux density (B) and its time derivative are recorded, the sensor system (NVMS) is sufficient for this purpose. A control device (not shown) processes the measurements from the exemplary three sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVM3) and generates commutation signals for the motor drivers (typically half-bridges) after comparing them with nominal values. These half-bridges (not shown) then supply power to the stator coils of the motor stator based on these commutation signals and thus on the magnetic flux at the position of one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) of the sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3). Importantly, the paramagnetic center (NV1) or a cluster of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) can be separated from the individual control / evaluation devices (AWVs) of the individual sensor systems (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) by optical functional components such as optical fibers, in order to provide electrical isolation between the individual sensor elements (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) having a single paramagnetic center (NV1) or a cluster of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1).

[0462] The drive system then includes an electric motor having a stator and a rotor, particularly a rotor mounted in a manner capable of moving relative to the stator along at least one degree of freedom. The stator has a first magnetic field generating device. The rotor has a second magnetic field generating device. At least the first or second magnetic field generating device generates a forward magnetic field having a direction of motion along the rotor's degree of freedom, according to a control signal. The machine includes one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). A control / evaluation device (AWV) irradiates the one and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) with pump radiation (LB). The one and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) emit fluorescent radiation (FL) based on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the one and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). The one and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) are located on the rotor or stator. The control / evaluation device (AWV) detects fluorescence radiation (FL). The AWV generates a control signal based on the detected fluorescence radiation (FL). Therefore, the AWV can consist of multiple evaluation devices. The evaluation devices can be coupled to one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) via optical functional components such as optical waveguides.

[0463] Figure 71

[0464] Figure 71 Other encoding methods are shown, which use permanent magnet encoder disks or rotating bodies for encoding to be used for rotation angle measurement and / or rotation count.

[0465] Figure 72

[0466] Figure 72 The application of a sensor system for measuring the rotational speed of the conveyor rollers of a conveyor belt and thus measuring speed is shown. Since the necessary encoder disk has been mentioned several times above, it is not explicitly drawn here.

[0467] Figure 73

[0468] Figure 73The proposed sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) is shown for determining the position of a piston in a cylinder. For this purpose, the piston may be permanently magnetically encoded, or magnetically excited externally, for example, by a permanent magnet, and the piston may be, for example, ferromagnetic. Depending on the piston's position in the cylinder, the magnetic flux transmitted through the sensor system (NVMS1, NVMS2, NVMS3) changes. These sensor systems transmit the measurements to an evaluation system, which determines the position and, if necessary, transmits or otherwise processes it.

[0469] Figure 74

[0470] Figure 74 A typical operating procedure for a measurement system for measuring electromagnetic waves (HFW) using a sensor system (NVMS) having at least one sensor element having at least one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or at least one cluster consisting of multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1). If the conversion to electromagnetic waves (HFW) is performed in a third step (not used here), the method can, in principle, also be used for other waves.

[0471] In the first step (1'), the transmitter emits an electromagnetic transmission wave. In the second step (2'), the electromagnetic transmission wave is reflected as an electromagnetic wave (HFW) by one or more objects (Obj), and / or the electromagnetic transmission wave is altered by one or more objects (Obj) or the transmission channel to form an electromagnetic wave (HFW). The third step of converting the ultrasonic signal into an electromagnetic signal is not necessary here and is therefore omitted. Here, as an example, reference will be made to... Figure 24And the third step (3). In the fourth step (4'), the electromagnetic wave (HFW) causes modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1) or one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the NV center of the sensor system (NVMS). In the fifth step (5'), the modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1) or one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the NV center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) modulates the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1) or one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or the NV center (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS). In the sixth step (6'), the first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS) detects this modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) as, for example, a receiver output signal (S0). In the seventh step (7'), the evaluation circuit and / or evaluation unit generates one or more measurement values ​​from the receiver output signal (S0), preferably a time series of the measurement values, and then preferably outputs these measurement values, for example, as a first output signal (out) or via a data bus (DB), and preferably uses all or part of these measurement values.

[0472] Figure 75

[0473] Figure 75 Basically corresponds to Figure 1 However, the difference lies in that the sensor element with quantum dots (NV1) is now directly attached to the first pump radiation source (PL1), which is, for example, a paramagnetic center (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) or preferably NV1 in the diamond serving as the sensor element. The advantage of this is that the pump radiation power is now maximized, thereby maximizing the contrast. The fluorescence radiation (FL) is now redirected to the first radiation receiver (PD1) via an optical functional component (in this case, a reflector (RE)). Experiments show that by maximizing the pump power density in the sensor element (e.g., diamond), it is possible to achieve... Figure 15 Maximize the contrast in the curve.

[0474] Figure 76

[0475] Figure 76A probe (SO) is shown for measuring the properties of a borehole (DH) or for measuring the properties of a fluid (if any) within a borehole (DH). For example, the probe (SO) may have one or more permanent magnets that generate a magnetic field, which is deformed by material in the borehole wall or by material in the fluid within the borehole near the probe (SO). The Earth's magnetic field may also be used for this purpose if necessary. A winch (WI) lowers the probe (SO) from a cable (KA) into the borehole (DH). The cable (KA) mechanically holds the probe (SO). The cable (KA) may include one or more optical fibers that connect sensor elements (e.g., diamond) having quantum dots (NV1), preferably including one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), to the remaining sensor system (in the form of a control / evaluation device (AWV)) preferably on the surface. Reference will be made at this point. Figures 27 to 30 Furthermore, the entire sensor system (NVMS) can be housed within the probe (SO). This sensor system (NVMS) then preferably communicates with a higher-level computer system on the ground via a line in a cable (KA) or wireless acoustically or radio. In this way, the physical parameters, particularly the magnetic flux density (B) in the borehole (DH), can be measured even in very high temperatures and / or corrosive environments.

[0476] Features of the scheme

[0477] The features of the solution reflect a variety of possible characteristics. These features can be combined with each other as long as they are meaningful. All claims are derived from the claim statement.

[0478] 1. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 3 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and the method includes the following steps:

[0479] - At the first time (T1), the quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers;

[0480] - At a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), the quantum dot is not pumped, the quantum dot being in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0481] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order and do not overlap, and

[0482] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0483] - Simultaneously modulate the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) using the first modulation, and

[0484] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) according to the magnetic flux density (B) and the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), and the quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0485] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is modulated using a second modulation, and

[0486] - Wherein, the second modulation includes the first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0487] - Wherein, the first modulation component is offset by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the first modulation;

[0488] - At the first time (T1), the fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0);

[0489] - At the first time (T1), the modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) synchronized with the first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value; and

[0490] - The relevant value is used and / or provided and / or transmitted as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0491] 2. Based on the method of feature 1,

[0492] - Wherein, a compensation signal (KS) with a third modulation is combined with the receiver output signal (S0) specifically by addition or specifically by basic summation before it is correlated with the first modulation, the third modulation being complementary to the first modulation and the scaling factor of the third modulation depending on the correlation value.

[0493] 3. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 4 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and the method includes the following steps:

[0494] - At the first time (T1), the quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers;

[0495] - At a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0496] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order and do not overlap, and

[0497] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0498] - Simultaneously modulate the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) using the first modulation, and

[0499] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) according to magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters and according to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), and

[0500] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is modulated using a second modulation, and

[0501] - Wherein, the second modulation includes the first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0502] - Wherein, the first modulation component is offset by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the first modulation;

[0503] - At the second time (T2), the fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0);

[0504] - At the second time (T2), the modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) that is synchronized with the modulation complementary to the first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value; and

[0505] - Use and / or provide and / or transmit the relevant value as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0506] 4. Based on the method of feature 3,

[0507] - Wherein, a compensation signal (KS) with a third modulation is combined with the receiver output signal (S0) specifically by addition and / or specifically by basic summation before it is correlated with the first modulation, the third modulation being complementary to the first modulation and the scaling factor of the third modulation depending on the correlation value.

[0508] 5. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 5 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0509] - At the first time (T1), the quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers;

[0510] - At a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0511] - At a third time (T3) different from the first time (T1) and the second time (T2), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0512] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) are closely consecutive according to the time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3), and

[0513] - Wherein, the first time (T1) immediately follows the third time (T3), and

[0514] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) can be time periods;

[0515] - Simultaneously modulate the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) using the first modulation, and

[0516] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) according to the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters and according to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0517] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is modulated using a second modulation, and

[0518] - Wherein, the second modulation includes the first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0519] - Wherein, the first modulation component is offset by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the first modulation;

[0520] - At the second time (T2), the fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0);

[0521] - At the second time (T2), the modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) that is synchronized with the modulation complementary to the first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value;

[0522] - Specifically, the receiver output signal (S0) is combined with a compensation signal having a third modulation by addition and / or specifically by basic summation, the third modulation being proportional at a third time (T3) to the first modulation at a first time (T1) preceding the corresponding third time (T3), and the scaling factor of the third time depends on the correlation value.

[0523] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) are closely consecutive according to the time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3), and

[0524] - Wherein, the first time (T1) immediately follows the third time (T3), and

[0525] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) do not overlap in their temporal order, and

[0526] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) can be time periods, and

[0527] - Wherein, the combination is performed before determining the correlation between the receiver output signal (S0) and the first modulation; and

[0528] - Use and / or provide and / or transmit the relevant value as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0529] 6. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 6 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and the method includes the following steps:

[0530] - At the first time (T1), the quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b);

[0531] - At a second time (T2) different from the first time (T1), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0532] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order and do not overlap, and

[0533] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0534] - Simultaneously modulate the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) using the first modulation, and

[0535] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) according to magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters and according to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0536] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is modulated using a second modulation, and

[0537] - Wherein, the second modulation includes the first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0538] - Wherein, the first modulation component is offset by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the first modulation;

[0539] - The fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0) at a time offset from the first time (T1) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0540] - Wherein, the second time (T2) is different from the first time (T1), and

[0541] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order and do not overlap, and

[0542] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0543] - At the offset first time (T1'), the modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) that is synchronized with the modulation complementary to the first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value; and

[0544] - Use and / or provide and / or transmit the relevant value as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0545] 7. Based on the method of feature 3,

[0546] - Wherein, the compensation signal (KS) with a third modulation is combined with the receiver output signal (S0) specifically by addition and / or specifically by basic summation before it is correlated with the first modulation, the third modulation being complementary to the first modulation and the scaling factor of the third modulation depending on the correlation value.

[0547] 8. A method for detecting magnetic field-dependent fluorescence of quantum dots as a form of fluorescence radiation (FL). Figure 7 The quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and the method includes the following steps:

[0548] - At the first time (T1), the quantum dot is pumped with pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers;

[0549] - At the second time (T2), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0550] - Wherein, the second time (T2) is different from the first time (T1), and

[0551] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) alternate in their temporal order, and

[0552] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) do not overlap, and

[0553] - Wherein, the first time (T1) and the second time (T2) can be time periods;

[0554] - At a third time (T3) different from the first time (T1) and the second time (T2), the quantum dots are not pumped, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0555] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) are closely consecutive according to the time sequence of the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3), and

[0556] - Wherein, the first time (T1) immediately follows the third time (T3), and

[0557] - Wherein, the first time (T1), the second time (T2), and the third time (T3) can be time periods;

[0558] - Simultaneously modulate the intensity of the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b) using the first modulation, and

[0559] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) according to magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters and according to the pump radiation (LB, LB1a, LB1b), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0560] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) is modulated using a second modulation, and

[0561] - Wherein, the second modulation includes the first modulation component of the first modulation, and

[0562] - Wherein, the first modulation component is offset by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) relative to the first modulation;

[0563] - The fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected in the form of a receiver output signal (S0) at a time offset from the first time (T1) by the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL).

[0564] - At the offset first time (T1'), the modulation component of the receiver output signal (S0) that is synchronized with the modulation complementary to the first modulation is detected in the form of a correlation value;

[0565] - The receiver output signal (S0) is combined with a compensation signal having a third modulation, wherein the third modulation at a third time (T3) is proportional to the first modulation at a first time (T1) preceding the corresponding third time (T3), and the scaling factor of the third modulation depends on the correlation value.

[0566] - Wherein, the combination is performed before determining the correlation between the receiver output signal (S0) and the first modulation; and

[0567] - Use and / or provide and / or transmit the relevant value as a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameter at the location of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0568] 9. A sensor system (NVMS), characterized in that,

[0569] - The sensor system includes means and / or device components set or configured to perform the method according to one or more of features 1 to 8.

[0570] 10. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 8 It has the following characteristics:

[0571] - Correlator (CORR);

[0572] - First pump radiation source (PL1);

[0573] - First radiation receiver (PD1); and

[0574] - At least one quantum dot, particularly in the form of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or multiple NV centers in at least one sensor element, and / or particularly in the form of at least one NV center (NV1) or multiple NV centers in at least one or more diamonds.

[0575] - Wherein, the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to the transmission signal (S5), and

[0576] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence (FL) according to the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot and according to the pump radiation (LB), particularly according to the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0577] - Wherein, the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (S0), and

[0578] - Wherein, the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with the transmission signal (S5), and as a result of the correlation, generates a measurement signal in the form of an output signal (out) having a measurement value of the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter.

[0579] 11. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 9 It has the following characteristics:

[0580] - Correlator (CORR);

[0581] - First pump radiation source (PL1);

[0582] - First radiation receiver (PD1);

[0583] - Measurement phase shift unit (ΔTm); and

[0584] - At least one quantum dot (NV1), particularly in the form of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or multiple NV centers in at least one sensor element, and / or particularly in the form of at least one NV center (NV1) or multiple NV centers in at least one or more diamonds.

[0585] - Wherein, the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to the transmission signal (S5), and

[0586] - Wherein, the measurement phase shift unit (ΔTm) delays the transmitted signal (S5) relative to the measured value signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ΔTM), and

[0587] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence (FL) according to the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot and according to the pump radiation (LB), particularly according to the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0588] - Wherein, the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (S0), and

[0589] - Wherein, the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with the transmission signal (S5), and as a result of the correlation, generates a measurement signal in the form of an output signal (out) having a measurement value, in particular, the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter.

[0590] 12. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 10 It has the following characteristics:

[0591] - Correlator (CORR);

[0592] - First pump radiation source (PL1);

[0593] - First radiation receiver (PD1);

[0594] - Measurement phase shift unit (ΔTm); and

[0595] - At least one quantum dot (NV1), particularly in the form of one or more paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or multiple NV centers in at least one sensor element, and / or particularly in the form of at least one or more NV centers in at least one or more diamonds.

[0596] - Wherein, the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits pump radiation (LB) in response to the transmission signal (S5), and

[0597] - Wherein, the measurement phase shift unit (ΔTm) delays the transmitted signal (S5) relative to the measured value signal (MES) by a measurement phase shift time (ΔTM) and inverts it, or wherein the measurement phase shift unit (ΔTm) generates a measured value signal (MES) complementary to the transmitted signal (S5) from the transmitted signal (S5), and

[0598] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence (FL) according to the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot and according to the pump radiation (LB), particularly according to the intensity of the pump radiation (LB), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0599] - Wherein, the first radiation receiver (PD1) receives the fluorescent radiation (FL) and converts it into a receiver output signal (S0), and

[0600] - Wherein, the correlator (CORR) correlates the receiver output signal (S0) with the measurement signal (MES) to form a first output signal (out), and as a result of the correlation, generates a measurement signal having a measurement value, in particular the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter, the measurement signal depending on the first output signal (out).

[0601] 13. A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 12 ( Figure 75 ),

[0602] - Wherein, the at least one quantum dot is part of a sensor element that divides the shortest optical path from the first pump radiation source (PL1) to the first radiation receiver (PD1) such that the at least one quantum dot is optically closer to the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the first radiation receiver (PD1), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0603] 14. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13,

[0604] - Wherein, the first filter (F1) prevents pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) from reaching the first radiation receiver (PD1), and

[0605] - Wherein, the first filter (F1) is transparent to the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0606] 15. The sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13,

[0607] - The sensor system has a compensated radiation source (PLK).

[0608] - The compensation radiation (KS) of the compensation radiation source (PLK) is also radiated to the first radiation receiver (PD1) in a summed manner, and

[0609] - The compensated radiation source (PLK) is controlled by a correlator (CORR) such that the receiver output signal (S0) no longer has a component of the transmitted signal (S5).

[0610] 16. The sensor system (NVMS) according to features 15 and 12 ( Figure 14 )

[0611] - Wherein, the first filter (F1) has a fluorescence wavelength (λ) for the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot. fl The radiation is transparent and is transmitted through the quantum dot, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0612] - Wherein, the first filter (F1) has a compensation radiation wavelength (λ) for the compensation radiation (KS) of the compensation radiation source (PLK). ks The radiation is transparent and is transmitted through it, and

[0613] - Wherein, the first filter (F1) is effective for the pump radiation (LB) from the first pump radiation source (PL1) having a pump radiation wavelength (λ). pmp The radiation is opaque and cannot be passed through by the radiation.

[0614] 17. A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 13 ( Figure 13 ),

[0615] - The sensor system has a compensated radiation source (PLK).

[0616] - The compensating radiation source also radiates into the first radiation receiver (PD1) in a summation manner, and

[0617] - Wherein, the illumination of the compensating radiation source (PLK) in the first radiation receiver (PD1) depends on the transmitted signal (S5), and

[0618] - Wherein, the emission of the pump radiation source (PL1) depends only indirectly on the transmitted signal (S5), and

[0619] - Here, indirectly, means that the emission of the first pump radiation source (PL1) is controlled by the correlator (CORR) such that the receiver output signal (S0) no longer has a component of the transmitted signal (S5).

[0620] 18. A sensor element,

[0621] - Wherein, the sensor element includes multiple crystals, including at least a first crystal and a second crystal, and

[0622] - Wherein, the sensor element comprises a plurality of quantum dots, including at least a first quantum dot and a second quantum dot, and

[0623] - Wherein, the first crystal comprises the first quantum dot, particularly a first paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a first plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a first NV center and / or particularly a first plurality of NV centers, and

[0624] - Wherein, the second crystal includes the second quantum dot, particularly a second paramagnetic center (NV2) and / or particularly a second plurality of paramagnetic centers (NVC2) and / or particularly a second NV center and / or particularly a second plurality of NV centers, and

[0625] - Wherein, the crystal axes of the first crystal and the second crystal of the sensor element are oriented differently ( Figure 15 ).

[0626] 19. According to the sensor element of feature 18,

[0627] - Wherein, the sensor element comprises more than 5 crystals having quantum dots and / or better more than 10 crystals and / or better more than 20 crystals and / or better more than 50 crystals and / or better more than 100 crystals and / or better more than 200 crystals and / or better more than 500 crystals and / or better more than 1000 crystals and / or better more than 2000 crystals and / or better more than 5000 crystals.

[0628] 20. Particularly in the sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 17 and / or in the method according to features 1 to 8, the use of multiple diamonds as sensor elements having multiple NV centers and / or having clusters of corresponding multiple NV centers as paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or as multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers, and / or as quantum dots,

[0629] - Wherein, the crystal axes of at least two diamonds and / or at least two crystals of the sensor element are oriented differently. Figure 15 ).

[0630] 21. A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 18 ( Figure 16 )

[0631] - Wherein, the sensor system (NVMS) includes at least one sub-device, particularly a compensation coil (LC), and

[0632] - Wherein, the sub-device is configured and / or set to generate a magnetic field in the form of magnetic flux density (B) according to a control signal, particularly according to an operating point control signal (S9) or a filter output signal (S4) or the first output signal (out) of the correlator (CORR), and

[0633] - The magnetic field acts on the quantum dot, which in particular has a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular multiple NV centers, and

[0634] - Wherein, the correlator (CORR) controls and thus readjusts the magnetic flux density (B) generated by the sub-device, particularly by the compensation coil (LC), at the position of the quantum dot via the control signal, particularly via the operating point control signal (S9) or the filter output signal (S4) or the first output signal (out), such that, apart from signal noise and control errors, the receiver output signal (S0) no longer has any component of the transmitted signal (S5), the quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers.

[0635] 22. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 17 It has the following characteristics:

[0636] - Microcomputer (µC);

[0637] - First pump radiation source (PL1);

[0638] - Quantum dots, particularly one or more (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or multiple NV centers in a sensor element, and / or particularly one or more NV centers in one or more diamonds;

[0639] - A first radiation receiver (PD1) that receives fluorescence radiation (FL) from the quantum dot (NV1) and substantially does not receive pump radiation (LB), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0640] - An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that converts the receiver output signal (S0) of the first radiation receiver (PD1) into a digital signal evaluated by the microcomputer (µC).

[0641] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence (FL) according to the pump radiation (LB) and according to the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0642] - Wherein, the first pump radiation source (PL1) is controlled by the microcomputer (μC), and

[0643] - Wherein, the first pump radiation source (PL1) emits the pump radiation (LB), and

[0644] - Wherein, the microcomputer (μC) determines and provides or transmits the measured value of the magnetic flux density (B) or the other physical parameter based on its control signal for the first pump radiation source (PL1) and the digitized signal of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

[0645] 23. A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 22 ( Figure 20 , Figure 16 It has the following characteristics:

[0646] - One, two, or three Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or coils (LC) and / or another magnetic field generating sub-device with corresponding axes (AS1 to AS6),

[0647] - Wherein, the quantum dot (NV1) of the sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 22 interacts with the magnetic flux density (B) of the magnetic field of the one, two, or three Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the other magnetic field generating sub-device, wherein the quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers; and

[0648] - A means for exciting one, two, or more Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or another magnetic field generating sub-device, particularly a 1D, 2D, or 3D field generator and / or one or more coil drivers,

[0649] - Wherein, the excitation of the Helmholtz coil pair ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the other magnetic field generating sub-device depends on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0650] 24. The sensor system (NVMS) according to feature 23 ( Figure 20 ),

[0651] - The sensor system has a microcomputer (µC) and / or a correlator (CORR), and

[0652] - Wherein, in response to one or more control signals from the microcomputer (µC) and / or the correlator (CORR), the device, particularly the 1D, 2D, or 3D B-field generator and / or the one or more coil drivers, excites the one, two, or more Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the other magnetic field generating sub-device, and

[0653] - Wherein, the excitation of the Helmholtz coil pair ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or the coil (LC) and / or the other magnetic field generating sub-device is controlled by the microcomputer (μC) and / or the correlator (CORR) through the control signal.

[0654] 25. The sensor system according to feature 24 ( Figure 19 and Figure 16 ),

[0655] - Wherein, the microcomputer (μC) and / or the correlator (CORR) controls the excitation of a pair of Helmholtz coils or coils (LC) in the Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) such that the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers, exhibits the following behavior: along the axis of the Helmholtz coil pair, the vector of the magnetic flux density (B) has no directional component in the direction of the axis (AS1 to AS6) of the Helmholtz coil pair or the coil (LC), which is different from the amount of magnetic flux density (B) at the zero point of the coil (LC), i.e., the magnetic field value.

[0656] 26. The sensor system according to one or more of features 23 to 25 ( Figure 19 ),

[0657] - The sensor system has a coil driver for exciting a 1D, 2D, or 3D B-field generator, which may specifically include Helmholtz coil pairs ((L7, L3); (L2, L4); (L5, L6)) and / or coils (LC), and / or may include another magnetic field generating sub-device.

[0658] - Wherein, the excitation of the 1D, 2D or 3D B-field generator performed by the coil driver is controlled by a microcomputer (μC) or the microcomputer (μC) according to its control signal for the first pump radiation source (PL1) and according to the digitized signal or another signal depending on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0659] 27. A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 26 Figure 18 b),

[0660] - Wherein, the permanent magnetic field of a permanent magnet (PM1, PM2) or at least a temporarily and permanently energized electromagnet acts on the quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0661] 28. A method for detecting ferromagnetic or magnetically altered objects (FOBs) and for generating relevant measurements. Figure 20 It includes the following steps:

[0662] - Provide a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27;

[0663] - Detects magnetic field or magnetic flux density (B) or magnetic field disturbance of the object (FOB) by quantum dots of a sensor system (NVMS) and generates a measurement signal (out) that at least temporarily represents the measured value, wherein the quantum dots are in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers;

[0664] - The measurement is formed based on the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0665] 29. Based on feature 28 ( Figure 20 The method includes the following steps:

[0666] - Based on the measured values ​​of the measurement signal (out), infer the position of the object (FOB) in the form of position information; and

[0667] - When necessary, the location information may be used specifically to control the device, particularly to control the mobile device.

[0668] 30. A position sensor,

[0669] - The position sensor has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27.

[0670] - Wherein, the position sensor includes the method according to one or more of features 28 to 29, and generates and / or maintains and / or outputs measured values ​​of position information.

[0671] 31. A position sensor,

[0672] - The position sensor has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots, the quantum dots being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0673] 32. A microphone ( Figure 21 ), which includes:

[0674] - Quantum dots, particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers;

[0675] - Specifically, devices for ferromagnetic diaphragms (ME) and / or magnetic field-changing diaphragms (ME) for coupling a signal of fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1) to an incident acoustic wave (AW), the quantum dot being particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly one (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly one NV center; and

[0676] - Specifically, a device for one or more sensor systems (NVMS) for detecting the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1) and transmitting the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1), particularly the value of the intensity (I) of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1). fl The time history of the fluorescence emission (FL) of the quantum dot and / or specifically the time history of the fluorescence phase shift time (ΔTFL) of the quantum dot is converted into a microphone output signal, or functionally equivalent signaling, specifically in the form of the first output signal (out).

[0677] - Wherein, in particular the microphone output signal in the form of the first output signal (out), or the functionally equivalent signaling depends on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot (NV1), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0678] 33. A microphone ( Figure 21 It has the following characteristics:

[0679] - Ferromagnetic or magnetically altered, displaceable, and vibrating diaphragms (MEs); and

[0680] - Position sensor according to feature 30 or 31

[0681] - Wherein, the diaphragm (ME) covers the object (FOB) of the position sensor according to feature 30 or 31, and

[0682] - Wherein, the position sensor generates and / or provides and / or outputs one or more measurements, particularly a time series of measurements, of positional information relating to the offset of the diaphragm (ME), and

[0683] - Wherein, the position information represents the time history of the offset of the diaphragm (ME), and therefore represents the acoustic signal of the received acoustic wave (AW).

[0684] 34. A microphone ( Figure 21 ),

[0685] - The microphone has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has a quantum dot (NV1), the quantum dot being in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0686] 35. A method for distance measurement or other measurement of an object (Obj). Figure 22 The method includes the following steps:

[0687] - Provide one or more microphones according to one or more of features 32 to 33;

[0688] - Provide one or more sound transmitters, particularly one or more ultrasonic transmitters (USS);

[0689] - Sound waves, particularly acoustic transmission waves (ASW), are emitted through one or more of the sound transmitters, or through one or more ultrasonic transmitters (USS).

[0690] - Through one or more objects (Obj) or through an acoustic transmission path between the sound transmitter and one of the possible multiple microphones, at the end of the acoustic transmission path, the sound wave, in particular the sound transmission wave (ASW), is transformed into a modified sound wave, especially an acoustic wave (AW).

[0691] - Receive the corresponding altered sound wave through at least one of the possible plurality of microphones, particularly the acoustic wave (AW);

[0692] - The microphone output signals of the microphone(s)(p) are processed at the end of the acoustic transmission path, and in particular, one or more characteristics of the object(s) and / or one or more characteristics of the plurality of objects and / or one or more characteristics of the transmission path are inferred by a signal evaluation device.

[0693] - Wherein, the inference of one or more properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects can specifically include any of the following properties of the one object and / or the plurality of objects:

[0694] • The distance between one or more objects (Obj) and the sound transmitter and / or microphone;

[0695] • The reflectivity of one or more objects (Obj);

[0696] • The object category of one or more objects (Obj);

[0697] • The integrity of one or more objects (Obj);

[0698] • The internal acoustic structure of one or more objects (Obj);

[0699] • The orientation of one or more objects (Obj);

[0700] • The direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj);

[0701] • The motion pattern of one or more objects (Obj);

[0702] • The flow velocity and / or flow direction of one or more objects (Obj);

[0703] • The density of one or more objects (Obj);

[0704] • The material of one or more objects (Obj);

[0705] • The temperature of one or more objects (Obj);

[0706] - And wherein, the inference of one or more characteristics of the transmission path can specifically include any of the following characteristics of the transmission path:

[0707] • The length of the transmission path between the sound transmitter and the microphone;

[0708] • Attenuation in the transmission path;

[0709] • Delay in the transmission path;

[0710] • The classification of the transmission paths;

[0711] • The integrity of the transmission path;

[0712] • The internal acoustic structure of the transmission path;

[0713] • The orientation of the main intensity of the transmitted sound wave in the transmission path;

[0714] • The direction of movement of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media in the transmission path;

[0715] • The motion patterns of one or more objects (Obj) and / or one or more media or fluids in the transmission path;

[0716] • The velocity and / or direction of flow of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0717] • The density of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0718] • The material of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path;

[0719] • The temperature of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media and / or fluids in the transmission path.

[0720] 36. A distance measurement system ( Figure 22 ),

[0721] - The distance measurement system has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has a quantum dot (NV1), the quantum dot being in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0722] 37. A vehicle or mobile device ( Figure 22 , 23 ),

[0723] - The vehicle or the mobile device has one or more means configured and / or designed to perform the method according to feature 35.

[0724] 38. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0725] - At least one quantum dot, particularly having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having one NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers, and

[0726] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0727] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0728] - Wherein, the quantum dot state of the quantum dot depends on at least one operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle), particularly on the distance between the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device and the object (Obj), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0729] 39. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0730] - At least one quantum dot, particularly having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having one NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers, and

[0731] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0732] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0733] - Wherein, the operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, in particular the speed of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device depends on the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers.

[0734] 40. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0735] - At least one quantum dot, particularly having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having one NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers, and

[0736] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0737] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0738] - Wherein, the quantum dot state depends on at least one parameter of the operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, particularly on the distance between the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device and the object (Obj), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0739] 41. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0740] - At least one quantum dot, particularly having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having one NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers, and

[0741] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0742] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0743] - Wherein, at least one parameter of the operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, in particular the speed of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, depends on the quantum dot state of the quantum dot, in particular the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the one NV center and / or in particular the plurality of NV centers.

[0744] 42. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0745] - A sensor system having at least one quantum dot, particularly having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having one NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers, and

[0746] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0747] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0748] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot depends on at least one parameter of the operating state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, particularly on the distance between the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device and the object (Obj), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0749] 43. The vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device according to feature 38 Figure 22 ),

[0750] - Wherein, particularly by means of a control device of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, at least one operating parameter of the mobile device or the vehicle (motor vehicle) is adjusted or controlled according to the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, particularly adjusting or controlling its speed or acceleration, wherein the quantum dot is particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0751] 44. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0752] - A sensor system (NVMS) having at least one quantum dot, particularly having a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having a single NV center and / or particularly having a plurality of NV centers.

[0753] 45. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0754] - At least one quantum dot, particularly having a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly having a single NV center and / or particularly having multiple NV centers.

[0755] 46. ​​A method for receiving sound waves ( Figure 24 ),

[0756] - First step (1): A sound transmission wave (ASW) is emitted by a sound transmitter, especially by an ultrasonic transmitter (US1);

[0757] - Second step (2): Reflect the acoustic transmission wave (ASW) into a sound wave (AW) through one or more objects (Obj) and / or change the acoustic transmission wave (ASW) into a sound wave (AW) through one or more objects (Obj) or a transmission channel;

[0758] - Third step (3): Vibrate the diaphragm (ME) with a ferromagnetic or magnetic field changing device by using the reflected sound wave (AW);

[0759] - Fourth step (4): Modulate the magnetic flux density (B) at the quantum dot location of the sensor system (NVMS) by means of the oscillating diaphragm (ME), the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers;

[0760] - Fifth step (5): The modulation of the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS) results in the modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS);

[0761] - Sixth step (6): Specifically, the modulation of the fluorescence radiation (FL) is detected by the first radiation receiver (PD1) of the sensor system (NVMS), specifically as the receiver output signal (S0);

[0762] - Step 7 (7): Specifically, by means of an evaluation circuit and / or an evaluation unit, generate one or more measurement values ​​and / or measurement value time series based on the receiver output signal (S0), and, if necessary, use these measurement values ​​specifically for controlling vehicles (motor vehicles) or other mobile devices.

[0763] 47. A receiver having:

[0764] - A sensor system according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or having quantum dots, wherein the quantum dots are particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0765] 48. A receiver ( Figure 25 It has the following characteristics:

[0766] - At least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers;

[0767] - Specifically, a device for an RF window, used to couple a signal of fluorescence radiation (FL) from the quantum dot to an incident electromagnetic wave (HFW), the quantum dot being particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly one (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly one NV center; and

[0768] - Specifically, a device for a sensor system (NVMS) or control / evaluation device (AWV) for detecting the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot and converting the signal of the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot into a receiver output signal (S0) or a first output signal (out), wherein the quantum dot is particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly one plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly one plurality of NV centers.

[0769] - Wherein, the receiver output signal (S0) and / or the first output signal (out) depends on the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0770] 49. A method for receiving electromagnetic waves (HFW), comprising the steps of:

[0771] - Specifically, the electromagnetic wave (HFW) is received by the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot via one or more receivers according to feature 48, and a receiver output signal (S0) or a first output signal (out) is generated based on the fluorescence radiation (FL), wherein the quantum dot is particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers;

[0772] - Processing, in particular, the receiver output signal (S0) and / or the first output signal (out) of one or more receivers according to feature 48, and in particular, inferring, by means of a signal evaluation device, one or more characteristics of the source of the received electromagnetic wave (HFW), or one or more characteristics of the electromagnetic wave (HFW) and / or one or more characteristics of the transmission channel between the source of the received electromagnetic wave and the quantum dot and / or possibly the receiver according to feature 48.

[0773] 50. A method for distance measurement or other measurement of an object (Obj) or a transmission path, comprising the following steps:

[0774] - Emit electromagnetic waves (HFW) through one or more transmitters or objects (Obj);

[0775] - The electromagnetic wave (HFW) is changed into a modified electromagnetic wave (HFW) by one or more objects (Obj);

[0776] - The altered electromagnetic wave (HFW) and / or the electromagnetic wave (HFW) are received by the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot via one or more receivers specifically according to feature 48. The quantum dot is in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0777] - Processing the fluorescence radiation (FL) or signals dependent on the fluorescence radiation (FL), particularly the possible output signals of the one or more receivers according to feature 48, and in particular inferring one or more characteristics of the transmission path between the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj) and / or the transmitter and the quantum dot by a signal evaluation device.

[0778] - Wherein, the inference of one or more properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj) may specifically include any one of the following properties of the one object (Obj) and / or the plurality of objects (Obj):

[0779] • The distance between one or more objects (Obj) and the transmitter, or the distance between one or more objects (Obj) and the transmitter of the electromagnetic wave (HFW) and / or the receiver according to feature 48;

[0780] • The reflectivity of one or more objects (Obj) to the electromagnetic wave (HFW);

[0781] • The object category (Obj) of one or more objects;

[0782] • The integrity of one or more objects (Obj);

[0783] • The internal dielectric and / or other electromagnetic structure of one or more objects (Obj);

[0784] • The orientation of one or more objects (Obj);

[0785] • The direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj);

[0786] • The motion pattern of one or more objects (Obj);

[0787] • The flow velocity and / or flow direction of one or more objects (Obj);

[0788] • The density of one or more objects (Obj);

[0789] • The material of one or more objects (Obj);

[0790] • The temperature of one or more objects (Obj);

[0791] - Wherein, the inference of one or more characteristics of the transmission path may specifically include any one of the following characteristics of the transmission path:

[0792] • The length of the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0793] • Transmission characteristics of the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0794] • Classification of the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot, particularly based on the category of predefined or determined prototype feature vectors, especially by the current feature vector determined from fluorescence radiation (FL), and especially by simulation of neural networks or other artificial intelligence methods such as Markov or Hidden Markov Models (HMM models), machine learning, deep learning, Viterbi decoders, etc.

[0795] • The integrity of the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0796] • The internal dielectric and / or other electromagnetic structure of the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0797] • The direction of motion of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media or fluids within the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0798] • The motion pattern of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media or fluids within the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0799] • The velocity and / or direction of flow of the medium or fluid within the transport path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0800] • The density of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media or fluids within the transport path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0801] • One or more objects (Obj) and / or media or fluids within the transport path between the transmitter and the quantum dot;

[0802] • The temperature of one or more objects (Obj) and / or media or fluids within the transmission path between the transmitter and the quantum dot.

[0803] 51. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device,

[0804] - It has one or more means configured and / or designed to perform the method according to features 49 and / or 50.

[0805] 52. A type of vehicle (motor vehicle) Figure 22 or mobile devices,

[0806] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots, said quantum dots particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0807] 53. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0808] - At least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0809] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0810] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0811] - Wherein, the quantum dot state depends on at least one operating state and / or parameter of the surrounding environment of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, particularly on electromagnetic radiation or fields acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device from the outside, and the quantum dot particularly is the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers.

[0812] - In particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or an unmanned aircraft or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a floating body or a floating device or a floating platform or a living organism having an electronic guidance device for controlling the organism or transmitting data to and / or receiving data from it, or other devices that can move at least temporarily (motor vehicle).

[0813] 54. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0814] - At least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0815] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0816] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0817] - Wherein, the quantum dot state is affected by at least one parameter of the environmental state and / or at least one operational state parameter of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, particularly by electromagnetic radiation acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, and / or electromagnetic fields generated in the vehicle and / or the mobile device, and / or currents generated in and / or near the vehicle (motor vehicle) and / or the mobile device, particularly, for example, induced currents and / or induced charging currents and / or similar currents.

[0818] - In particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or an unmanned aircraft or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a floating body or a floating device or a floating platform or a living organism having an electronic guidance device for controlling the organism or transmitting data to and / or receiving data from it, or other devices that can move at least temporarily (motor vehicle).

[0819] 55. A vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0820] - At least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0821] - Wherein, the quantum dot has a quantum dot state, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers; and

[0822] - Specifically, devices for sensor systems (NVMS) or control / evaluation devices (AWV) for detecting the quantum dot state, particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0823] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot depends on at least one parameter of the environmental state of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, particularly on the electromagnetic field or electromagnetic wave acting on the vehicle (motor vehicle) or the mobile device, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0824] - In particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or an unmanned aircraft or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a floating body or a floating device or a floating platform or a living being with an electronically guided device that controls the living being or transmits data to and / or receives data from the living being, or any other device (motor vehicle) that can move at least temporarily.

[0825] 56. A mobile device (motor vehicle) Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0826] - A sensor system (NVMS) having at least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0827] - In particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or an unmanned aircraft or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a floating body or a floating device or a floating platform or a living organism having an electronic guidance device for controlling the organism or transmitting data to and / or receiving data from it, or another device that can move at least temporarily (motor vehicle).

[0828] 57. A mobile device (motor vehicle) Figure 22 It has the following characteristics:

[0829] - At least one quantum dot, said quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and

[0830] - In particular, the vehicle (motor vehicle) can be a motor vehicle or a missile or an unmanned aircraft or a robot or an airship or a balloon or an aircraft or a rocket or a ship or a submarine or a submersible or a mine or a floating body or a floating device or a floating platform or a living organism having an electronic guidance device for controlling the organism or transmitting data to and / or receiving data from it, or another device that can move at least temporarily (motor vehicle).

[0831] 58. A component of a mobile device and / or vehicle (motor vehicle) Figure 23 Especially the bumpers,

[0832] - Wherein, the device includes quantum dots, and / or

[0833] - Wherein, the component includes a paramagnetic center (NV1), and / or

[0834] - Wherein, the component includes a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1), and / or

[0835] - Wherein, the component includes an NV center, and / or

[0836] - Wherein, the component includes multiple NV centers, and / or

[0837] - Wherein, the component is a sensor system (NVMS) or a control / evaluation device (AWV) for quantum dots according to one or more of features 9 to 27, wherein the quantum dots are particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers, and / or

[0838] - Wherein, the component includes a position sensor according to feature 30 and / or 31, and / or

[0839] - Wherein, the component is a microphone according to one or more of features 32 to 34, and / or

[0840] - Wherein, the component includes a receiver according to feature 47 or 48, and

[0841] - Wherein, the components are particularly position sensors or microphones or receivers or acoustic receivers or impedance spectrometers or distance measurement systems or current measuring devices or current density meters or magnetic compasses or monitoring devices, particularly medical monitoring devices, or switches or buttons or actuators or rotation angle sensors or pressure measuring devices or flow measuring devices or tilt sensors or rectifiers for electric motors or rectifiers for electric motors. The components may also include and / or nanoscale devices and / or one or more molecules, or components of the following devices: mobile devices (motor vehicles) or vehicles (motor vehicles) or motor vehicles or missiles or drones or robots or airships or balloons or aircraft or rockets or ships or submarines or submersibles or mines or buoys or floating devices or floating platforms or electronic guidance devices that control organisms or transmit data to and / or receive data from them or any other at least temporarily moving devices (motor vehicles).

[0842] 59. A component of a vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device ( Figure 23 ),

[0843] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots (NV1), wherein the quantum dots are particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0844] - In particular, the components are position sensors or microphones or receivers or acoustic receivers or impedance spectrometers or distance measurement systems or current measuring devices or current density meters or magnetic compasses or monitoring devices, especially medical monitoring devices, or switches or buttons or actuators or rotation angle sensors or pressure measuring devices or flow measuring devices or tilt sensors or rectifiers for electric motors or motors. The components may also include nanoscale devices and / or components and / or components of one or more molecules or the following devices: mobile devices (motor vehicles) or vehicles (motor vehicles) or motor vehicles or missiles or drones or robots or airships or balloons or aircraft or rockets or ships or submarines or submersibles or mines or buoys or floating devices or floating platforms or electronic guidance devices or any other at least temporarily moving devices, the electronic guidance devices controlling organisms and / or transmitting and / or receiving data from them, for example by means of electrical pulses through electrodes, for example by the microcomputer (μC) controlling the potential of the electrodes according to the state of one or more quantum dots, for example as part of a neural interface.

[0845] 60. A current measuring device ( Figure 26 It has the following characteristics:

[0846] - Conductor (CON);

[0847] - A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27;

[0848] - Compensation systems (L7, AMP, LC); and

[0849] - Magnetic circuit (J1);

[0850] - Wherein, the sensor system (NVMS) outputs a first measurement value signal (MS1), for example, a first output signal (out), and

[0851] - In addition to the air gap, the magnetic circuit (J1) also includes at least one opening, i.e., having a topological genus greater than 0, and

[0852] - Wherein, the conductor (CON) passes through the at least one opening, and

[0853] - Wherein, the sensor system (NVMS) and / or a sensor element having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or a sensor element having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or a sensor element having one NV center and / or a sensor element having multiple NV centers are inserted into the magnetic circuit (J1), specifically into the first air gap (LSP1) of the magnetic circuit (J1), and

[0854] - Wherein, the compensation system (L7, AMP) has means (L7) for readjusting the magnetic excitation H of the magnetic circuit (J1) according to the first measurement signal (MS1) of the sensor system (NVMS), the readjustment being such that the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dot in the sensor system (NVMS) is constant, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0855] - Wherein, the first measured value signal (MS1) represents the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON). m The measured value of ).

[0856] 61. A current measuring device ( Figure 26 It has the following characteristics:

[0857] - Conductor (CON);

[0858] - A sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27; and

[0859] - Compensation systems (L7, AMP, LC);

[0860] - Wherein, the sensor system (NVMS) outputs a first measurement value signal (MS1), for example, a first output signal (out), and

[0861] - Wherein, relative to the sensor system (NVMS) and / or relative to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having a single paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or relative to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or relative to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having a single NV center and / or relative to a sensor element of the sensor system (NVMS) having multiple NV centers, the conductor (CON) is arranged such that the current flowing through the conductor (CON) changes the magnetic flux (B) at the quantum dot location of the sensor system (NVMS), the quantum dot being particularly the single paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the single NV center and / or particularly the multiple NV centers, and

[0862] - Wherein, the compensation system (L7, AMP, LC) has means (L7) for adjusting the magnetic flux (B) at the quantum dot position of the sensor system (NVMS) according to the first measured value signal (MS1), the adjustment such that the magnetic flux is constant, the quantum dot being particularly the one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly the plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly the one NV center and / or particularly the plurality of NV centers, and

[0863] - Wherein, the first measured value signal (MS1) represents the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON). m The measured value of ).

[0864] 62. A current measuring device ( Figure 27 ),

[0865] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots, said quantum dots particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0866] 63. A current measuring device ( Figure 26 It has the following characteristics:

[0867] - Conductor (CON);

[0868] - Quantum dots, particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers;

[0869] - Compensation systems (L8, AMP, LC);

[0870] - A magnetic yoke (J1) made specifically of ferromagnetic material; and

[0871] - Control / Evaluation Vehicle (AWV)

[0872] - Wherein, the magnetic yoke (J1) has a first air gap (LSP1), and

[0873] - Wherein, the quantum dot is located in the first air gap (LSP1), and

[0874] - Wherein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) causes the quantum dot to emit fluorescence radiation (FL), and

[0875] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON).m ),and

[0876] - Wherein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) at least secondarily generates a first measurement signal (MS1), such as a first output signal (out), based on the fluorescence radiation (FL), and

[0877] - Wherein, relative to the quantum dot, the conductor (CON) is arranged such that the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON) m ) Change the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dot, and

[0878] - Wherein, ignoring the first air gap (LSP1), the magnetic yoke (J1) has a topological genus greater than 0 (i.e., has a hole or opening (OE), or for example, a ring), and

[0879] - Wherein, the conductor (CON) is placed in the opening (OE), and

[0880] - Wherein, the compensation system (L8, AMP, LC) has a device (L8) specifically for the compensation coils (L8, LC) for readjusting the magnetic flux (B) at the quantum dot position according to the first measurement signal (MS1), such that the magnetic flux is constant, and

[0881] Specifically, the device preferably includes a coil (L8) that generates a magnetic excitation in the yoke (J1) in the form of a magnetic field strength H, such that the magnetic flux (B) at the location of the quantum dot depends on the magnetic excitation in the form of a magnetic field strength H, and

[0882] - Wherein, the first measured value signal (MS1) represents the current (I) flowing through the conductor (CON). m The measured value of ).

[0883] 64. A current measuring device ( Figure 47 It has the following characteristics:

[0884] - Magnetic circuit;

[0885] - An excitation coil, which, when excited, injects magnetic excitation into the magnetic circuit in the form of a magnetic field strength H;

[0886] - Air gap, and

[0887] - A sensor system (NVMS) with quantum dots and an AWV (automated control / evaluation device) according to one or more of features 9 to 27, or a control / evaluation device (AWV) with quantum dots.

[0888] - Wherein, the sensor system (NVMS) is a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27, and

[0889] - Wherein, the quantum dot can be particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers, and

[0890] - Wherein, the quantum dot is in the air gap, and

[0891] - Wherein, the quantum dot emits fluorescence radiation (FL) at least twice, and

[0892] - Wherein, the fluorescence radiation (FL) depends on the magnetic flux density (B) and / or other physical parameters, and

[0893] - Wherein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) detects the fluorescence radiation (FL) of the quantum dot and generates and / or signals to notify and / or provide a measurement of the magnetic flux density (B) or one of the other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot in the air gap, and

[0894] - Wherein, the measured value is the measured value of the current flowing through the excitation coil.

[0895] 65. A sensor system (NVMS) Figure 28 ),

[0896] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27,

[0897] - The sensor system (NVMS) includes a housing (WA, DE; BO), in which all components of the sensor system (NVMS) except for the quantum dots are arranged. The quantum dots are capable of, in particular, a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a single NV center and / or in particular multiple NV centers.

[0898] - Wherein, the quantum dots of the sensor system (NVMS) are located outside the housing (WA, DE; BO), and

[0899] - Wherein, the quantum dot of the sensor system (NVMS) is coupled to the functional elements of the sensor system (NVMS) through an optical system composed of optical functional elements, wherein the optical system particularly preferably includes one or two optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2) or lenses or mirrors, etc.

[0900] 66. A measurement system ( Figure 29 and Figure 30 It has the following characteristics:

[0901] - A sensor system (NVMS), particularly a sensor system according to one or more of features 9 to 27, and optionally especially according to feature 65.

[0902] - The sensor system (NVMS) includes a control / evaluation device (AWV) and quantum dots, and

[0903] - Wherein, the quantum dot is particularly capable of having one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers; and

[0904] - Fluid functional elements, particularly pipes or fluid ducts (RO), or containers or reactors, plasma chambers, or combustion chambers, and

[0905] - Wherein, the quantum dots are arranged within the fluid functional element, i.e., arranged particularly within the tube or particularly the fluid duct (RO), and

[0906] Wherein, if necessary, the fluid (FLU) can be located within the fluid functional element, particularly within the tube or the fluid duct (RO), the fluid being particularly a liquid and / or particularly a liquid colloidal mixture and or particularly a gas and / or particularly an aerosol and / or particularly a gas-dust mixture and / or particularly a dust and particle cloud and / or particularly plasma and / or particularly a mixture of the like, and

[0907] - Wherein, the quantum dots of the sensor system (NVMS) are coupled to other functional elements of the sensor system (NVMS) through an optical system composed of optical functional elements, specifically through one or two optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2), and

[0908] - Wherein, apart from the quantum dot and the optical functional element for coupling the quantum dot, the remaining functional components of the sensor system (NVMS), particularly the control / evaluation device (AWV) of the sensor system (NVMS), are arranged outside the fluid functional element, particularly outside the tube or particularly outside the fluid duct (RO), and

[0909] - Wherein, the quantum dot is located in the electromagnetic field, particularly in the electric field and / or magnetic field, of a field generating device (EL1, EL2) of one or more charged electrodes (EL1, EL2) or a current-carrying coil or coil pair.

[0910] 67. A measurement system ( Figure 29 and Figure 30 It has the following characteristics:

[0911] - Control / evaluation devices (AWV) and quantum dots; and

[0912] - Fluid functional components, particularly pipes or fluid ducts (RO), or containers or reactors or plasma chambers or combustion chambers,

[0913] - Wherein, the quantum dot can be particularly one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly one NV center and / or particularly multiple NV centers, and

[0914] - Wherein, the quantum dot produces fluorescence radiation (FL) that depends on the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot or other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot, and

[0915] - Wherein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) generates a measurement value based on the fluorescence radiation (FL), the measurement value being either the magnetic flux density (B) at the location of the quantum dot or the value of other physical parameters at the location of the quantum dot, and

[0916] - Wherein, the quantum dots are arranged within the fluid functional element, particularly within the tube or particularly within the fluid duct (RO), and

[0917] Wherein, if necessary, the fluid (FLU) can be located within the fluid functional element, particularly within the tube or particularly within the fluid duct (RO), the fluid being particularly a liquid and / or particularly a liquid colloidal mixture and or particularly a gas and / or particularly an aerosol and / or particularly a gas-dust mixture and / or particularly a dust and particle cloud and / or particularly plasma and / or particularly a mixture of the like, and

[0918] - Wherein, the quantum dots of the sensor system (NVMS) are coupled to the control / evaluation device (AWV) through an optical system composed of optical functional elements, specifically through one or two optical waveguides (LWL1, LWL2), and

[0919] - Wherein, the control / evaluation device (AWV) is arranged outside the fluid functional element, particularly outside the pipe or particularly outside the fluid duct (RO), and

[0920] - wherein the quantum dot is located in the magnetic field of a field generating device (EL1, EL2) of one or more charged electrodes (EL1, EL2) or one or more current-carrying coils (L0) or coil pairs, particularly in an electric field and / or magnetic field.

[0921] 68. A measurement system ( Figure 31 and Figure 37 It has the following characteristics:

[0922] - The first sensor system (NVMS1) according to one or more of features 9 to 27; and

[0923] - The second sensor system (NVMS2) according to one or more of features 9 to 27,

[0924] - Wherein, the first sensor system (NVMS1) includes a first quantum dot, which in particular is a first paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a first plurality of (NVC) first paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular the first NV centers and / or in particular the first plurality of NV centers, and

[0925] - Wherein, the second sensor system (NVMS2) includes a second quantum dot, which in particular is a second paramagnetic center (NV2) and / or in particular a second plurality of (NVC2) second paramagnetic centers (NV2) and / or in particular a second NV center and / or in particular a second plurality of NV centers, and

[0926] - Wherein, the first quantum dot (NV1) and the second quantum dot (NV2) are spaced a certain distance apart, and

[0927] - Wherein, the measurement system determines a first measurement value through the first sensor system (NVMS1), and

[0928] - Wherein, the measurement system determines the second measurement value through the second sensor system (NVMS2), and

[0929] - Wherein, the measurement system determines a final measurement value based on the first measurement value and the second measurement value, and / or generates a final measurement signal representing the final measurement value, wherein the final measurement value is a measurement of the magnitude and / or direction and / or direction component and / or direction component magnitude of the average gradient of the magnetic flux density (B) or other physical parameters at the location of the measurement system.

[0930] 69. A magnetic compass ( Figure 37 ),

[0931] - It has the apparatus according to feature 68, and

[0932] - Wherein, the operating parameters of the vehicle (motor vehicle) or mobile device depend on the measured values, the operating parameters being particularly the direction of movement and / or particularly the display and / or particularly the representation of the measured values ​​(particularly the direction).

[0933] 70. A magnetic compass ( Figure 36 ),

[0934] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27 and / or has quantum dots, said quantum dots particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0935] 71. A medical examination and / or monitoring device ( Figures 32 to 35 ),

[0936] - It has a sensor system (NVMS) having at least one quantum dot, the quantum dot being particularly a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or particularly a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or particularly a single NV center and / or particularly a plurality of NV centers.

[0937] 72. A medical examination and / or monitoring device ( Figures 32 to 35 ),

[0938] - It has at least one quantum dot (NV1), said quantum dot in particular a paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular a plurality of (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular a NV center and / or in particular a plurality of NV centers.

[0939] 73. A medical examination and / or monitoring device ( Figures 32 to 35 ),

[0940] - It has multiple sensor systems (NVMS) all having quantum dots, particularly sensor systems according to one or more of features 9 to 27.

[0941] - In particular, each quantum dot can preferably have, in particular, one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or in particular multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or in particular one NV center and / or in particular multiple NV centers, and

[0942] - The sensor system (NVMS) is arranged, in particular, by means of a cap (KP) holding device, such that its position relative to the body part being examined and / or the patient's body and / or, in particular, the biological examination subject of an animal, is at least temporarily fixed, and

[0943] - The location of the sensor system (NVMS) is different.

[0944] 74. A medical examination and / or monitoring device ( Figures 32 to 35 ),

[0945] - It has multiple quantum dots, particularly multiple quantum dots in a sensor system (NVMS) according to one or more of features 9 to 27.

[0946] - Each quantum dot includes one paramagnetic center (NV1) and / or multiple (NVC) paramagnetic centers (NV1) and / or one NV center and / or multiple NV centers, and

[0947] - Wherein, the quantum dots are arranged by means of a holding device, particularly a cap (KP), such that their position relative to the body part being examined and / or the patient's body and / or, particularly, the biological examination subject of an animal, is at least temporarily ...

Claims

1. An electric motor comprising: stator; A sensor system, comprising at least one NV center, wherein the sensor system is in a fixed position relative to the stator; The rotor includes a magnetic field generating device that generates magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center, the magnetic flux varying based on the position of the rotor relative to the stator. in: The sensor system outputs an output signal based on the value of the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center.

2. The electric motor according to claim 1, wherein, The sensor system includes: Controller; The first pump radiation source produces pump radiation; First radiation receiver; and in: The controller controls the first pump radiation source; The pump radiation acts on at least one NV center; The at least one NV center generates fluorescent radiation based on the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center; The fluorescent radiation acts on the first radiation receiver and generates a received signal; and The controller outputs the output signal based on the received signal.

3. The electric motor according to claim 2, wherein, The sensor system further includes an analog-to-digital converter, wherein the analog-to-digital converter receives the received signal and outputs a digitized received signal to the controller based on the received signal.

4. The electric motor according to claim 2, wherein, The at least one NV center is electrically isolated from the sensor system, and the fluorescence radiation from the at least one NV center is transmitted to the first radiation receiver via optical fiber.

5. The electric motor according to claim 1, wherein, The electric motor is a brushless electric motor.

6. The electric motor according to claim 1, wherein, The sensor system is coupled to the stator of the electric motor.

7. The electric motor of claim 1 further comprises two additional sensor systems, each of the two additional sensor systems including at least one corresponding NV center; wherein: Each of the sensor system and the two additional sensor systems outputs a corresponding output signal based on the value of the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center associated with the corresponding sensor system in the sensor system and the two additional sensor systems.

8. A method for controlling an electric motor, comprising: A magnetic flux is generated by a first magnetic field generating device, the magnetic flux changing at a position based on the relative position of the rotor of the electric motor with respect to the stator of the electric motor. Fluorescent radiation is generated at the NV center based on the magnetic flux at the said location; The relative position of the rotor and the stator of the electric motor is determined based on the fluorescence radiation. as well as A second magnetic field is generated based on the determined relative position of the rotor and the stator.

9. The control method for an electric motor according to claim 8, wherein, Generating the second magnetic field includes: Generates excitation current for one or more coils; and The excitation current is applied to the one or more coils.

10. An electric motor system comprising: An electric motor, the electric motor comprising: stator; A sensor system, comprising at least one NV center, wherein the sensor system is in a fixed position relative to the stator; and The rotor includes a magnetic field generating device that generates magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center, the magnetic flux varying based on the position of the rotor relative to the stator. Commutation controller; and Motor drive circuit; in: The sensor system outputs an output signal to the commutation controller based on the value of the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center; The commutation controller outputs one or more control signals based on the output signal to control the motor drive circuit; and The motor drive circuit provides drive current to the electric motor based on one or more control signals.

11. The electric motor system according to claim 10, wherein, The sensor system includes: Controller; The first pump radiation source produces pump radiation; First radiation receiver; and in: The controller controls the first pump radiation source; The pump radiation acts on at least one NV center; The at least one NV center generates fluorescent radiation based on the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center; The fluorescent radiation acts on the first radiation receiver and generates a received signal; and The controller outputs the output signal to the commutation controller based on the received signal.

12. The electric motor system according to claim 11, wherein, The at least one NV center is electrically isolated from the sensor system, and the fluorescence radiation from the at least one NV center is transmitted to the first radiation receiver via optical fiber.

13. The electric motor system of claim 10, further comprising two additional sensor systems, each of the two additional sensor systems including at least one corresponding NV center; wherein: Each of the sensor system and the two additional sensor systems outputs a corresponding output signal to the commutation controller based on the value of the magnetic flux at the fixed position of the at least one NV center associated with the corresponding sensor system in the sensor system and the two additional sensor systems.

14. The electric motor system according to claim 10, wherein: The electric motor includes one or more stator coils; and The motor drive circuit includes one or more motor drivers, each of which is configured to drive a corresponding stator coil among the one or more stator coils.

15. The electric motor system according to claim 14, wherein, Each of the one or more motor drivers includes a corresponding half-bridge.

16. The electric motor system according to claim 10, wherein: The electric motor includes three stator coils; The motor drive circuit includes three motor drivers, each of which is configured to drive a corresponding stator coil among the three stator coils; and Each of the three motor drivers includes a corresponding half-bridge.

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