Aquaculture system with air filtering function

Abstract

An aquaculture system with an air filtering function comprises a machine shell, an air purifying module, an air pumping module and a cylinder body, the machine shell is provided with a partition plate, the partition plate divides the interior of the machine shell into an air purifying space and an air guiding space, the partition plate is provided with a through opening, the through opening is communicated with the air purifying space and the air guiding space, and the air purifying module is connected with the air pumping module. The air purifying module is arranged in the air purifying space, the air pumping module is arranged in the air guiding space, the air purifying module sucks external air and filters the external air into filtered air, the filtered air enters the air guiding space through the through opening, and the air pumping module comprises an air guiding machine and an air guiding pipe. And the air guide machine conveys the filtered air to the air refining body in the cylinder body through the air guide pipe so as to generate refined bubbles, so that a sufficient and clean oxygen source is provided for animals, plants and algae in the cylinder body.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the cultivation of aquatic animals, plants and algae, and in particular to an aquaculture system with air filtration. Background Art

[0002] As people's demand for recreational and aquatic farming increases, the breeding of aquatic plants and animals is becoming more and more common, ranging from small aquariums kept by individuals at home, where people can enjoy the fun of watching them, to large-scale aquaculture farms, in order to meet the market demand for farmed aquatic products.

[0003] Generally, when inflating an aquarium at home, an air pump and an air pipe are required first. One end of the air pipe is connected to the air pump, and the other end extends into the aquarium and is connected to the bubble stone inside the aquarium. After starting the air pump, the air pump power is adjusted according to the size of the aquarium and the required amount of bubbles. The air pump will send air into the bubble stone through the air pipe to generate bubbles to increase the oxygen content in the water. Large-scale farms use an air pump system to ensure that every area of ​​the farm can get enough bubbles, and according to the different breeding species and different breeding densities in each area, different bubble generation speeds are given according to the required oxygen content to provide the most suitable growth environment for aquatic plants and animals.

[0004] It is true that the above-mentioned air pump and air pump system can pump air into water to increase the oxygen content in the water. However, the air pumped into the water may contain pollution, which may lead to deterioration of water quality. The increase of harmful substances in the water will affect the growth and health of aquatic plants and animals, and may even cause irreversible damage to the aquatic environment. Therefore, developing an air pump device that will not pollute water quality or damage the environment is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Utility Model Content

[0005] In view of this, the purpose of the utility model is to provide an aquaculture system with air filtration, which can pump clean air into the water to avoid pollution to the ecological environment in the water.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the utility model provides an aquaculture system with air filtration, comprising a casing, a purified gas module, an air pumping module and a cylinder body, wherein the casing is provided with a partition plate inside, wherein the partition plate divides the inside of the casing into a clean air space and an air guide space, wherein the partition plate has a through hole connecting the clean air space and the air guide space; the purified gas module is arranged in the clean air space of the casing, wherein the purified gas module is used to draw in external air of the casing and purify it into filtered air, wherein the filtered air enters the air guide space through the through hole of the partition plate; the air pumping module comprises an air guide machine and an air guide pipe, wherein the air guide machine is arranged in the air guide space to receive the filtered air delivered from the purified gas module, wherein the air guide pipe is connected to the air guide machine, and wherein a portion of the air guide pipe extends out of the casing; the cylinder body is connected to the air pumping module, wherein a gas refiner is arranged inside the cylinder body, and wherein the gas refiner is connected to the air guide pipe.

[0007] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the casing has a coupling groove and an air inlet, the cylinder body is arranged in the coupling groove and is detachably coupled to the coupling groove, and the air inlet connects the clean air space with the outside of the casing; the purified gas module includes an exhaust fan and at least one filter, the exhaust fan is arranged between the air inlet and the passage, the exhaust fan is used to suck the external air so that the external air flows in from the air inlet, and the at least one filter thereby filters the external air.

[0008] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the casing has an upper shell, a side shell and a lower shell, one end of the side shell is connected to the upper shell, and the other end is connected to the lower shell, the upper shell, the side shell and the lower shell form the coupling groove, the upper shell is located above the cylinder body, the upper shell has an air guide hole, and the air guide pipe extends into the cylinder body from the air guide hole; the side shell has an inner shell part and an air cavity part inside, the partition is arranged between the inner shell part and the air cavity part, the air inlet is arranged in the inner shell part and away from the coupling groove, the inner shell has the clean air space, and the at least one filter is arranged between the exhaust fan and the air inlet; the air cavity part has the air guide space inside, the air guide fan is arranged on the partition and adjacent to the opening of the partition; the lower shell is located below the cylinder body.

[0009] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the air cavity portion has an air outlet and a wind shield, the air outlet is away from the combining groove and connects the air guide space with the outside of the side shell; the wind shield is located in the air guide space and above the passage, one side of the wind shield is connected to the inner wall of the side shell above the air outlet, and the other side is connected to the inner wall of the side shell away from the direction of the air outlet.

[0010] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the clean air space has a ventilation plate, and the ventilation plate divides the clean air space into a filter chamber and an exhaust chamber. The air inlet connects the filter chamber with the outside of the side shell, and the at least one filter is arranged in the filter chamber. The filtered air filtered by the at least one filter flows into the exhaust chamber through the ventilation plate; the exhaust chamber includes a main chamber and an air flow channel, and the exhaust fan is arranged in the main chamber, one end of the air flow channel is connected to the main chamber, and the other end is connected to the opening.

[0011] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the upper shell has a water injection part, which includes a water injection groove, a water injection pipe and a water injection cover. The water injection groove is recessed in the surface of the upper shell, and the water injection groove has a water injection port for water to flow in. One end of the water injection pipe is connected to the bottom of the water injection groove, and the other end passes through the bottom side of the upper shell and penetrates into the cylinder body. The water injection cover can open and close the water injection port.

[0012] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the lower shell has a first slide groove, the first slide groove is connected to the coupling groove, and the lower end of the cylinder body abuts against the first slide groove.

[0013] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the upper shell has a second slide groove, the second slide groove is arranged opposite to the first slide groove, the second slide groove is connected to the combining groove, and the upper end of the cylinder body abuts against the second slide groove.

[0014] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the casing includes a natural light lamp tube group and an ultraviolet light lamp tube group, the natural light lamp tube group is arranged in the air cavity portion, the natural light lamp tube group emits light toward the combining groove, and the ultraviolet light lamp tube group is arranged in the second sliding groove, and the ultraviolet light lamp tube group emits light toward the combining groove.

[0015] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the air guide tube has an insertion section and a plurality of air holes, the insertion section extends into the gas thinning body, and the plurality of air holes are evenly arranged on the insertion section.

[0016] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the gas refinement body has a plurality of wrinkles and a plurality of holes, a plurality of tortuous flow channels are formed between the plurality of wrinkles, and the plurality of tortuous flow channels are interconnected through the plurality of holes.

[0017] The effect of the utility model is that the external air is filtered into the filtered air through the purification gas module, and the filtered air is sent into the gas refinement body by the pumping module to be differentiated into small bubbles and enter the water. The filtered small bubbles can bring sufficient oxygen content to the water and also avoid pollution to the water. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of an aquaculture system with air filtration according to a preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0019] Figure 2 It is a three-dimensional diagram of an aquaculture system with air filtration according to the preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0020] Figure 3 It is a top view of the aquaculture system with air filtration according to the preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0021] Figure 4 It is a front view of the aquaculture system with air filtration according to the preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0022] Figure 5 It is a right side view of the aquaculture system with air filtration according to the preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0023] Figure 6 It is a left side view of the aquaculture system with air filtration according to the preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0024] Figure 7 for Figure 3 A cross-sectional view taken along direction 7-7.

[0025] Figure 8 for Figure 4 A cross-sectional view along the 8-8 direction.

[0026] Fig. 9 It is a top view of the gas refinement body of the above preferred embodiment of the utility model.

[0027] Fig. 10A for Fig. 9 Cross-sectional view in the AA direction.

[0028] Fig. 10B for Fig. 9 Cross-sectional view along the BB direction.

[0029] Description of reference numerals:

[0030] 100: Air filtration aquaculture system

[0031] 10: Casing

[0032] 11: Partition

[0033] 111: Passage

[0034] 12: Binding slot

[0035] 13: Air Inlet

[0036] 14: Upper shell

[0037] 141: Air duct

[0038] 142: Water injection department

[0039] 142a: Water filling tank

[0040] 142b: Water injection port

[0041] 142c: Water injection pipe

[0042] 142d: Water filling cap

[0043] 143: Second chute

[0044] 15: Side housing

[0045] 151: Inner shell

[0046] 151a: Ventilation plate

[0047] 152: Air cavity

[0048] 152a: Air outlet

[0049] 152b: Wind deflector

[0050] 16: Lower shell

[0051] 161: First chute

[0052] 17: Natural light tube set

[0053] 18: UV lamp set

[0054] 20: Purification gas module

[0055] 22: Exhaust fan

[0056] 24: Filter

[0057] 30: Pumping module

[0058] 32: Air Guide Machine

[0059] 34: Airway

[0060] 341: Insert segment

[0061] 342: Stoma

[0062] 40: Cylinder

[0063] 42: Gas refinement

[0064] 421: Wrinkles

[0065] 421a: zigzag flow path

[0066] 422: Holes

[0067] 44: Air outlet

[0068] A1: External air

[0069] A2: Filtered Air

[0070] S1: Clean air space

[0071] S11: Filtration Chamber

[0072] S12: Ventilation room

[0073] S121: Main Room

[0074] S122: Air duct

[0075] S2: Air guide space DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0076] In order to more clearly illustrate the present invention, a preferred embodiment is given below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 As shown, an aquaculture system 100 with air filtration according to a preferred embodiment of the utility model comprises a casing 10, a purified gas module 20, an air pumping module 30 and a cylinder body 40. The purified gas module 20 and the air pumping module 30 are arranged in the casing 10. The purified gas module 20 is used to draw external air A1 and filter it into filtered air A2, and the air pumping module 30 sends the filtered air A2 into a gas refiner 42 inside the cylinder body 40. The filtered air A2 forms clean bubbles through the gas refiner 42. The clean bubbles not only provide a sufficient source of oxygen for the liquid in the cylinder body 40, but also do not cause pollution, so that the animals, plants and algae in the cylinder body 40 have a better growth environment.

[0077] The housing 10 has a partition 11, an air inlet 13 and a coupling groove 12. The partition 11 divides the interior of the housing 10 into a clean air space S1 and an air guide space S2. The partition 11 has a through hole 111 connecting the clean air space S1 and the air guide space S2. The air inlet 13 connects the clean air space S1 and the outside of the housing 10. The cylinder 40 is disposed in the coupling groove 12 and is detachably coupled to the coupling groove 12. The purified gas module 20 is disposed in the clean air space S1. The purified gas module 20 includes an exhaust fan 22 and at least one filter 24. The exhaust fan 22 is disposed between the air inlet 13 and the through hole 111. In between, the exhaust fan 22 is used to suck the external air A1, so that the external air A1 flows in from the air inlet 13, and the at least one filter 24 filters the external air A1 into the filtered air A2, and the filtered air A2 enters the air guide space S2 through the opening 111 of the partition 11. The inflation module 30 includes an air guide machine 32 and an air guide pipe 34. The air guide machine 32 is arranged in the air guide space S2 to receive the filtered air A2 delivered from the purified gas module 20. One end of the air guide pipe 34 is connected to the air guide machine 32, and the other end extends out of the casing 10 and is connected to the gas refinement body 42 in the cylinder body 40.

[0078] like Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 7 As shown, in this embodiment, the housing 10 has an upper shell 14, a side shell 15, a lower shell 16, a natural light lamp tube group 17 and an ultraviolet light lamp tube group 18, one end of the side shell 15 is connected to the upper shell 14, and the other end is connected to the lower shell 16, and the upper shell 14, the side shell 15 and the lower shell 16 form the coupling groove 12.

[0079] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 6 and Figure 7As shown, the upper shell 14 is located above the cylinder body 40, and the upper shell 14 has an air guide hole 141, a water injection portion 142 and a second slide groove 143. The air guide pipe 34 extends from the air guide hole 141 into the cylinder body 40. The water injection portion 142 includes a water injection groove 142a, a water injection pipe 142c and a water injection cover 142d. The water injection groove 142a is recessed on the surface of the upper shell 14. The water injection groove 142a has a water injection port 142b for water to flow in. One end of the water injection pipe 142c is connected to the bottom of the water injection groove 142a, and the other end passes through the bottom side of the upper shell 14 and penetrates into the cylinder body 40. The water injection cover 142d 142d can open and close the water inlet 142b, and the user can increase the liquid in the cylinder 40 through the water injection part 142 to maintain the total liquid volume in the cylinder 40; the second slide groove 143 is connected to the combining groove 12, and the upper end of the cylinder 40 is against the second slide groove 143; the ultraviolet lamp tube group 18 is arranged in the second slide groove 143, and the ultraviolet lamp tube group 18 emits light toward the combining groove 12, so as to provide sufficient light source for the plants and algae in the cylinder 40, wherein the ultraviolet lamp tube group 18 shines from top to bottom and does not radiate to the surroundings, thereby greatly reducing the possibility of users being exposed to ultraviolet light.

[0080] like Figure 5 , Figure 7 and Figure 8As shown, the side shell 15 has an inner shell portion 151 and an air cavity portion 152, the partition 11 is arranged between the inner shell portion 151 and the air cavity portion 152, the air inlet 13 is arranged in the inner shell portion 151 and away from the coupling groove 12, the inner shell portion 151 has the clean air space S1 and a ventilation plate 151a, the ventilation plate 151a divides the clean air space S1 into a filter chamber S11 and an exhaust chamber S12, The air inlet 13 is connected to the filter chamber S11 and the outside of the side housing 15. The at least one filter 24 is arranged in the filter chamber S11. The filtered air A2 filtered by the at least one filter 24 flows into the exhaust chamber S12 through the air vent plate 151a. The exhaust chamber S12 includes a main chamber S121 and an air flow channel S122. The exhaust fan 22 is arranged in the main chamber S121 of the exhaust chamber S12. One end of the channel S122 is connected to the main chamber S121, and the other end is connected to the opening 111 of the partition 11, wherein the at least one filter 24 is located between the air inlet 13 and the exhaust fan 22, and the external air A1 will first contact the at least one filter 24 before contacting the exhaust fan 22. The at least one filter 24 will filter out impurities and dust in the external air A1 to prevent air dust from entering the exhaust fan 22 and causing damage, and also reduce the need for internal cleaning and maintenance. In other embodiments, the exhaust fan 22 may also be arranged between the at least one filter 24 and the air inlet 13. After entering the air inlet 13, the external air A1 will first contact the exhaust fan 22 before passing through the at least one filter 24. Without the resistance of the at least one filter 24, the exhaust fan 22 can more effectively extract a large amount of the external air A1, which is quite suitable for use in occasions requiring a large air volume.

[0081] The air cavity portion 152 has the air guide space S2, an air outlet 152a and a wind shield 152b. The air guide 32 is disposed on the partition 11 and is adjacent to the through hole 111 of the partition 11. The air outlet 152a is away from the coupling groove 12 and connects the air guide space S2 with the outside of the side shell 15. The wind shield 152b is located in the air guide space S2 and above the through hole 111. One side of the wind shield 152b is connected to the side shell 15 above the air outlet 152a. The inner wall has one side connected to the inner wall of the side shell 15 which is away from the air outlet 152a. In this way, the filtered air A2 flowing out from the through port 111 will be blocked by the wind shield 152b, and the part of the filtered air A2 that changes direction will flow out from the air outlet 152a to bring clean air to the room. The natural light lamp group 17 is arranged in the air cavity portion 152, and the natural light lamp group 17 emits light toward the combining groove 12 to provide sufficient light source for the plants and algae in the cylinder body 40.

[0082] like Figure 4 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, the lower shell 16 is located below the cylinder body 40 to support the cylinder body 40. The lower shell 16 has a first slide groove 161. The first slide groove 161 and the second slide groove 143 are arranged opposite to each other. The first slide groove 161 is connected to the coupling groove 12. The lower end of the cylinder body 40 abuts against the first slide groove 161. The cylinder body 40 can slide into the coupling groove 12 through the first slide groove 161 and the second slide groove 143. In other embodiments, only the first slide groove 161 can be set to achieve the same effect.

[0083] like Figure 6 and Figure 8 As shown, the top of the cylinder 40 has an air outlet 44, the gas refinement body 42 is disposed at the bottom of the cylinder 40, the air guide tube 34 has an insertion section 341 and a plurality of air holes 342, the insertion section 341 extends into the gas refinement body 42, and the plurality of air holes 342 are evenly arranged on the insertion section 341. Fig. 9 , Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B As shown, the gas refinement body 42 has a plurality of folds 421 and a plurality of holes 422. A plurality of tortuous channels 421a are formed between the plurality of folds 421, and the plurality of tortuous channels 421a are interconnected through the plurality of holes 422. After the filtered air A2 enters the gas refinement body 42, it needs to flow between the plurality of tortuous channels 421a. Due to the increase in the complexity and length of the flow path, the time for the filtered air A2 to leave the gas refinement body is delayed, so that the filtered air A2 can be slowly released into the water, which can achieve a better oxygen dissolving effect.

[0084] In other embodiments, the gas attenuator 42 may be replaced by a general air attenuator, which may also have a similar effect.

[0085] When the aquaculture system 100 with air filtration of the present invention is in use, the operating exhaust fan 22 will draw the external air A1 in from the air inlet 13, and the external air A1 will first enter the filter chamber S11, and the at least one filter 24 will filter the external air A1 into the filtered air A2, and the filtered air A2 will pass through the ventilation plate 151a and enter the main chamber S121 of the exhaust chamber S12, and then pass through the air flow channel S122 of the exhaust chamber S12 and flow into the air guide space S2 from the port 111, and the filtered air A2 flowing out from the port 111 will enter the main chamber S121 of the exhaust chamber S12. Under the obstruction of the wind shield 152b, the filtered air A2 will change its flow direction. A part of the filtered air A2 will flow out of the side shell 15 from the air outlet 152a, thereby bringing clean air into the room and providing users with better air quality; the other part of the filtered air A2 will be introduced into the air duct 34 by the air guide machine 32, and the filtered air A2 will enter the gas refinement body 42 through the multiple air holes 342 of the air duct 34. The filtered air A2 will be differentiated into tiny bubbles by the gas refinement body 42, and these clean tiny bubbles will bring sufficient oxygen content to the water.

[0086] The utility model not only has the function of purifying indoor air, but also brings clean air into the cylinder 40 , thereby avoiding pollution to the environment inside the cylinder 40 and providing a good growth environment for the animals, plants and algae inside the cylinder 40 .

[0087] In another preferred embodiment, a green algae aqueous solution is loaded in the cylinder 40. When the filtered air A2 is differentiated into tiny bubbles and enters the green algae aqueous solution, the green algae aqueous solution will take away the carbon dioxide in the bubbles and emit oxygen, and the oxygen will flow back into the room through the air outlet 44 of the cylinder 40, bringing fresh oxygen into the room.

[0088] Common air purifiers on the market can only filter impurities and dirt in the air, but cannot absorb carbon dioxide. As people stay indoors for longer, the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, making people feel sleepy and tired. The utility model absorbs carbon dioxide through the green algae aqueous solution and discharges fresh air, thereby changing the indoor air composition and providing people with better air quality.

[0089] The above description is only a preferred feasible embodiment of the present utility model. Any equivalent changes made by applying the specification and claims of the present utility model should be included in the patent scope of the present utility model.

Claims

1. An aquaculture system with air filtration, characterized in that: Include: A housing having a partition inside, wherein the partition divides the interior of the housing into a clean air space and an air guide space, and the partition has a through hole connecting the clean air space and the air guide space; a purified gas module, disposed in the clean air space of the housing, the purified gas module being used to draw air outside the housing and filter it into filtered air, the filtered air entering the air guide space through the opening of the partition; an air pumping module, comprising an air guide machine and an air guide pipe, wherein the air guide machine is disposed in the air guide space and is used to receive the filtered air delivered by the purified gas module, the air guide pipe is connected to the air guide machine, and a portion of the air guide pipe extends out of the housing; A cylinder body is connected to the pumping module, a gas thinning body is arranged inside the cylinder body, and the gas thinning body is connected to the air guide pipe.

2. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 1, characterized in that: The casing has a coupling groove and an air inlet, the cylinder body is arranged in the coupling groove and is detachably coupled to the coupling groove, and the air inlet connects the clean air space with the outside of the casing; the purified gas module includes an exhaust fan and at least one filter, the exhaust fan is arranged between the air inlet and the passage, the exhaust fan is used to suck the external air so that the external air flows in from the air inlet, and the at least one filter filters the external air.

3. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 2, characterized in that: The casing comprises an upper shell, a side shell and a lower shell, one end of the side shell is connected to the upper shell, and the other end is connected to the lower shell, the upper shell, the side shell and the lower shell form the coupling groove, the upper shell is located above the cylinder body, the upper shell has an air guide hole, and the air guide pipe extends into the cylinder body from the air guide hole; the side shell has an inner shell part and an air cavity part inside, the partition is arranged between the inner shell part and the air cavity part, the air inlet is arranged in the inner shell part and away from the coupling groove, the inner shell has the clean air space, and the at least one filter is arranged between the exhaust fan and the air inlet; the air cavity part has the air guide space inside, the air guide fan is arranged on the partition and adjacent to the opening of the partition; the lower shell is located below the cylinder body.

4. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 3, characterized in that: The air cavity portion has an air outlet and a wind shield, the air outlet is away from the combining groove and connects the air guide space with the outside of the side shell; the wind shield is located in the air guide space and above the through opening, one side of the wind shield is connected to the inner wall of the side shell above the air outlet, and the other side is connected to the inner wall of the side shell away from the air outlet.

5. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 3, characterized in that: The clean air space has a ventilation plate, which divides the clean air space into a filter chamber and an exhaust chamber. The air inlet connects the filter chamber with the outside of the side shell. The at least one filter is arranged in the filter chamber. The filtered air filtered by the at least one filter flows into the exhaust chamber through the ventilation plate. The exhaust chamber includes a main chamber and an air flow channel. The exhaust fan is arranged in the main chamber. One end of the air flow channel is connected to the main chamber, and the other end is connected to the opening.

6. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 3, characterized in that: The upper shell has a water injection part, which includes a water injection groove, a water injection pipe and a water injection cover. The water injection groove is recessed in the surface of the upper shell. The water injection groove has a water injection port for water to flow in. One end of the water injection pipe is connected to the bottom of the water injection groove, and the other end passes through the bottom side of the upper shell and penetrates into the cylinder body. The water injection cover can open and close to close the water injection port.

7. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 3, characterized in that: The lower shell has a first slide groove, the first slide groove is connected to the combining groove, and the lower end of the cylinder body abuts against the first slide groove.

8. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 7, characterized in that: The upper shell has a second slide groove, the second slide groove is arranged opposite to the first slide groove, the second slide groove is connected to the combining groove, and the upper end of the cylinder body abuts against the second slide groove.

9. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 8, characterized in that: The housing includes a natural light tube group and an ultraviolet light tube group. The natural light tube group is arranged in the air cavity portion and emits light toward the combining groove. The ultraviolet light tube group is arranged in the second sliding groove and emits light toward the combining groove.

10. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 1, characterized in that: The air guide tube has an insertion section and a plurality of air holes. The insertion section extends into the gas thinning body, and the plurality of air holes are evenly arranged on the insertion section.

11. The aquaculture system with air filtration according to claim 1, characterized in that: The gas refinement body has a plurality of wrinkles and a plurality of holes. A plurality of tortuous flow paths are formed between the plurality of wrinkles. The plurality of tortuous flow paths are interconnected through the plurality of holes.

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