Baffle plate structure of drying box

Abstract

The utility model provides a baffle plate structure of a drying box. The baffle plate structure comprises an upper drying box module, wherein the upper drying box module is sequentially provided with a first air inlet chamber, a first flow equalizing chamber and a first air return chamber from top to bottom; the lower drying box module is sequentially provided with a second air inlet chamber, a second flow equalizing chamber and a second air return chamber from bottom to top; at least one baffle plate unit is arranged in each of a first flow equalizing chamber and a second flow equalizing chamber, and the baffle plate units enable hot air to be uniformly distributed in the chambers and form balanced dry airflow on the upper surfaces and the lower surfaces of materials in a refraction, rotational flow or segmentation mode; the baffle plate units are connected with the first flow equalizing cavity and the second flow equalizing cavity through the adjustable connecting mechanisms, so that the mounting inclination angles of the baffle plate units can be adjusted according to material characteristics and drying requirements, the baffle plate units can be quickly matched with materials of different thicknesses or shapes, and the drying efficiency is further improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the technical field of copper foil production equipment, and more specifically, to a baffle structure for a drying box. Background Technology

[0002] In the production of raw copper foil, the copper foil electrodeposited on the surface of the cathode roller needs to be immersed in an anti-oxidation solution for surface treatment after being peeled off to prevent oxidation in subsequent processes. However, a large amount of liquid anti-oxidant (such as benzotriazole solution) will adhere to the surface of the copper foil after immersion in the anti-oxidation solution. If the residual liquid is not removed efficiently, uneven crystals or spots will form on the surface of the copper foil. Furthermore, local liquid residue may cause oxidation and corrosion during the drying stage, seriously affecting the conductivity, surface smoothness, and subsequent coating, slitting, and other processing performance of the copper foil.

[0003] The oven closest to this application in the prior art is the one authorized by publication number CN21589314U, which describes an air inlet and outlet structure for an oven, including an air inlet chamber, a return air chamber, multiple air blowers, and multiple return air nozzles. Each of the air blowers is arranged side by side on one side of the air inlet chamber and is connected to the air inlet chamber. Each of the return air nozzles is arranged between two adjacent air blowers and is connected to the return air chamber.

[0004] Existing ovens can meet the basic drying needs of conventional materials, but they lack a structure for secondary airflow guidance and cannot be flexibly adjusted for different material shapes or thicknesses.

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides a baffle structure for a drying oven with adjustable flow diversion and high airflow uniformity. Utility Model Content

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to propose a baffle structure for a drying oven that allows for adjustable flow splitting and high airflow uniformity.

[0007] A baffle plate structure for a drying oven, characterized in that it comprises:

[0008] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 form a feeding chamber surface 3 for conveying materials.

[0009] The upper drying chamber module 1 is provided with a first air inlet chamber 11, a first flow equalization chamber 12, and a first return air chamber 13 from top to bottom; the lower drying chamber module 2 is provided with a second air inlet chamber 21, a second flow equalization chamber 22, and a second return air chamber 23 from bottom to top; wherein, at least one baffle plate unit 4 is provided in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 respectively. The baffle plate unit 4 makes the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and forms a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material by means of refraction, swirling or segmentation. The baffle plate unit 4 is connected to the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 by an adjustable connection mechanism, so that the installation angle of the baffle plate unit 4 can be adjusted according to the material characteristics and drying requirements to adapt to materials of different thicknesses or shapes and further improve drying efficiency.

[0010] In some embodiments, the tilt angle of each baffle unit 4 is 5°-30°. This angle range can ensure smooth airflow while providing appropriate airflow separation and rotation, resulting in uniform airflow distribution. This helps reduce turbulence in the airflow, optimizes the circulation of hot air within the chamber, and effectively improves heat exchange efficiency. At the same time, an excessively large angle may cause excessive airflow resistance, reducing efficiency; while an excessively small angle may not achieve effective airflow distribution.

[0011] In some implementations, adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered to ensure that the airflow is not partially blocked, thereby allowing the airflow to flow freely and evenly.

[0012] Furthermore, adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered and spaced at a fixed distance. The staggered arrangement of adjacent baffle units 4 forms airflow that continues to move, allowing the airflow to be evenly distributed in volume and temperature in the first equalization chamber 12 and the second equalization chamber 22. The fixed distance arrangement helps to ensure that the airflow can be fully mixed and evenly distributed in the equalization chamber, thereby making the temperature and pressure of the airflow evenly distributed and avoiding the problem of excessive local temperature difference. The combination of fixed distance and staggered arrangement further allows the hot air to act more evenly on the upper and lower surfaces of the material, which is beneficial to improving the circulation efficiency of the hot air and reducing uneven drying caused by uneven airflow during the drying process.

[0013] In some embodiments, the baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a straight plate. When the production objective is to reduce material vibration and surface damage, an arc-shaped plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate can make the airflow flow more smoothly, which helps to reduce local turbulence and impact of the airflow, thereby reducing material vibration and surface damage. It is suitable for mild drying and scenarios with high requirements for material surface. When the production objective is to improve the airflow impact effect or control the airflow intensity, a straight plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and can directly change the airflow, generating a strong airflow impact effect. It is suitable for drying processes that require high airflow intensity.

[0014] Furthermore, the baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a flat plate, and has several through holes or slits on its surface to further disperse the airflow, reduce the impact on the material surface, and reduce vibration and local overheating during material conveying.

[0015] In some embodiments, the internal pressure of the first return air chamber 13 and the second return air chamber 23 is lower than the external ambient pressure, so that external cold air can be naturally replenished into the corresponding return air chamber through the material inlet or material outlet, thereby achieving preliminary cooling of the return air and reducing the energy consumption of subsequent condensation and dehumidification.

[0016] In some embodiments, the upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 are also connected to a return air circulation module 5. The return air circulation module 5 includes a first transfer module 51, a condenser module 52, a heating unit control module 53, an energy storage module 54, and a second transfer module 55 connected sequentially along the return air path. The return air output from the upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 enters the condenser module 52 through the first transfer module 51 for dehumidification, then is heated by the heating unit control module 53 and enters the energy storage module 54, and finally is transported back to the air inlet of the upper drying box module 1 and / or the lower drying box module 2 by the second transfer module 55, forming a return air circulation.

[0017] The beneficial effects of this utility model are as follows: This utility model proposes a baffle structure for a drying oven, including an upper drying oven module 1 with a first air inlet chamber 11, a first flow equalization chamber 12, and a first return air chamber 13 arranged sequentially from top to bottom; and a lower drying oven module 2 with a second air inlet chamber 21, a second flow equalization chamber 22, and a second return air chamber 23 arranged sequentially from bottom to top; at least one baffle unit 4 is respectively arranged in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22, and the baffle unit 4 makes the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and forms a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material through refraction, swirling or segmentation; the baffle unit 4 is connected to the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 through an adjustable connection mechanism, so that the installation angle of the baffle unit 4 can be adjusted according to the material characteristics and drying requirements, so as to quickly adapt to materials of different thicknesses or shapes and further improve drying efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to Example 1.

[0019] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to Example 2.

[0020] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to Example 3.

[0021] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the return air flow of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this application.

[0022] Explanation of key component symbols:

[0023] Upper drying chamber module 1, first air inlet chamber 11, first flow equalization chamber 12, first return air chamber 13, lower drying chamber module 2, second air inlet chamber 21, second flow equalization chamber 22, second return air chamber 23, feed chamber surface 3, baffle plate unit 4, return air circulation module 5, first transfer module 51, condenser box module 52, heating unit control module 53, energy storage module 54, second transfer module 55.

[0024] The following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, will further illustrate this utility model. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The following embodiments are described to aid in understanding this application. These embodiments are not, and should not be, construed in any way as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0026] In the following description, those skilled in the art will recognize that throughout this discussion, components may be described as individual functional units, which may include subunits; however, those skilled in the art will recognize that various components or portions thereof may be divided into individual components or may be integrated together, including integration within a single system or component.

[0027] Furthermore, the connection between components or systems is not intended to be limited to a direct connection; on the contrary, data between these components may be modified, reformatted, or otherwise altered by intermediate components. Additionally, other or fewer connections may be used. It should also be noted that the terms "connection," "link," or "input" should be understood to include direct connections, indirect connections via one or more intermediate devices, and wireless connections.

[0028] Example 1:

[0029] like Figure 1 The diagram shown is a cross-sectional view of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to an embodiment; as shown... Figure 3 The diagram shown is a return air flow diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this application.

[0030] A baffle plate structure for a drying oven, characterized in that it comprises:

[0031] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 form a feeding chamber surface 3 for conveying materials.

[0032] The upper drying chamber module 1 is provided with a first air inlet chamber 11, a first flow equalization chamber 12, and a first return air chamber 13 from top to bottom; the lower drying chamber module 2 is provided with a second air inlet chamber 21, a second flow equalization chamber 22, and a second return air chamber 23 from bottom to top; wherein, a baffle plate unit 4 is provided in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 respectively. The baffle plate unit 4 makes the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and forms a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material by means of refraction, swirling or segmentation. The baffle plate unit 4 is connected to the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 by an adjustable connection mechanism, so that the installation angle of the baffle plate unit 4 can be adjusted according to the material characteristics and drying requirements to adapt to materials of different thicknesses or shapes and further improve drying efficiency.

[0033] Each of the baffle units 4 has a plate surface tilt angle of 5°-30°. This angle range ensures smooth airflow while providing appropriate airflow separation and rotation, resulting in uniform airflow distribution. This helps reduce turbulence in the airflow, optimizes the circulation of hot air within the chamber, and effectively improves heat exchange efficiency. However, an excessively large angle may cause excessive airflow resistance, reducing efficiency; while an excessively small angle may fail to achieve effective airflow distribution.

[0034] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a straight plate. When the production objective is to reduce material vibration and surface damage, an arc-shaped plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate can make the airflow flow more smoothly, which helps to reduce local turbulence and impact of the airflow, thereby reducing material vibration and surface damage. It is suitable for mild drying and scenarios with high requirements for material surface. When the production objective is to improve the airflow impact effect or control the airflow intensity, a straight plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and can directly change the airflow, generating a strong airflow impact effect. It is suitable for drying processes that require high airflow intensity.

[0035] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a flat plate, and has several through holes or slits on its surface to further disperse the airflow, reduce the impact on the material surface, and reduce vibration and local overheating during material conveying.

[0036] The internal pressure of both the first return air chamber 13 and the second return air chamber 23 is lower than the external ambient pressure, so that external cold air can be naturally replenished into the corresponding return air chamber through the material inlet or material outlet, thereby achieving initial cooling of the return air and reducing subsequent condensation and dehumidification energy consumption.

[0037] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 are also connected to a return air circulation module 5. The return air circulation module 5 includes a first transfer module 51, a condenser module 52, a heating unit control module 53, an energy storage module 54, and a second transfer module 55 connected sequentially along the return air path. The return air output from the upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 enters the condenser module 52 through the first transfer module 51 for dehumidification, then is heated by the heating unit control module 53 and enters the energy storage module 54, and finally is transported back to the air inlet of the upper drying box module 1 and / or the lower drying box module 2 by the second transfer module 55, forming a return air circulation.

[0038] Example 2:

[0039] like Figure 2 The image shown is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this embodiment; as shown... Figure 3 The diagram shown is a return air flow diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this embodiment.

[0040] A baffle plate structure for a drying oven, characterized in that it comprises:

[0041] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 form a feeding chamber surface 3 for conveying materials.

[0042] The upper drying chamber module 1 is provided with a first air inlet chamber 11, a first flow equalization chamber 12, and a first return air chamber 13 from top to bottom; the lower drying chamber module 2 is provided with a second air inlet chamber 21, a second flow equalization chamber 22, and a second return air chamber 23 from bottom to top; wherein, the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 are respectively provided with two baffle units 4. The baffle units 4 make the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and form a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material by means of refraction, swirling or segmentation. The baffle units 4 are connected to the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 by adjustable connection mechanisms, so that the installation angle of the baffle units 4 can be adjusted according to the material characteristics and drying requirements to adapt to materials of different thicknesses or shapes and further improve drying efficiency.

[0043] Each of the baffle units 4 has a plate surface tilt angle of 5°-30°. This angle range ensures smooth airflow while providing appropriate airflow separation and rotation, resulting in uniform airflow distribution. This helps reduce turbulence in the airflow, optimizes the circulation of hot air within the chamber, and effectively improves heat exchange efficiency. However, an excessively large angle may cause excessive airflow resistance, reducing efficiency; while an excessively small angle may fail to achieve effective airflow distribution.

[0044] The adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered, which ensures that the airflow is not partially blocked, so that the airflow can flow freely and evenly.

[0045] Adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered and spaced at a fixed distance. The staggered arrangement of adjacent baffle units 4 forms airflow that continues to move, so that the airflow is evenly distributed in volume and temperature in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22. The fixed distance arrangement helps to ensure that the airflow can be fully mixed and evenly distributed in the flow equalization chamber, thereby making the temperature and pressure of the airflow evenly distributed and avoiding the problem of excessive local temperature difference. The combination of fixed distance and staggered arrangement further enables the hot air to act more evenly on the upper and lower surfaces of the material, which is beneficial to improving the circulation efficiency of the hot air and reducing uneven drying caused by uneven airflow during the drying process.

[0046] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a straight plate. When the production objective is to reduce material vibration and surface damage, an arc-shaped plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate can make the airflow flow more smoothly, which helps to reduce local turbulence and impact of the airflow, thereby reducing material vibration and surface damage. It is suitable for mild drying and scenarios with high requirements for material surface. When the production objective is to improve the airflow impact effect or control the airflow intensity, a straight plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and can directly change the airflow, generating a strong airflow impact effect. It is suitable for drying processes that require high airflow intensity.

[0047] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a flat plate, and has several through holes or slits on its surface to further disperse the airflow, reduce the impact on the material surface, and reduce vibration and local overheating during material conveying.

[0048] The internal pressure of both the first return air chamber 13 and the second return air chamber 23 is lower than the external ambient pressure, so that external cold air can be naturally replenished into the corresponding return air chamber through the material inlet or material outlet, thereby achieving initial cooling of the return air and reducing subsequent condensation and dehumidification energy consumption.

[0049] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 are also connected to a return air circulation module 5. The return air circulation module 5 includes a first transfer module 51, a condenser module 52, a heating unit control module 53, an energy storage module 54, and a second transfer module 55 connected sequentially along the return air path. The return air output from the upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 enters the condenser module 52 through the first transfer module 51 for dehumidification, then is heated by the heating unit control module 53 and enters the energy storage module 54, and finally is transported back to the air inlet of the upper drying box module 1 and / or the lower drying box module 2 by the second transfer module 55, forming a return air circulation.

[0050] Example 3:

[0051] like Figure 3 The image shown is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this embodiment; as shown... Figure 4 The diagram shown is a return air flow diagram of a baffle structure for a drying oven according to this embodiment.

[0052] A baffle plate structure for a drying oven, characterized in that it comprises:

[0053] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 form a feeding chamber surface 3 for conveying materials.

[0054] The upper drying chamber module 1 is provided with a first air inlet chamber 11, a first flow equalization chamber 12, and a first return air chamber 13 from top to bottom; the lower drying chamber module 2 is provided with a second air inlet chamber 21, a second flow equalization chamber 22, and a second return air chamber 23 from bottom to top; wherein, at least one baffle plate unit 4 is provided in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 respectively. The baffle plate unit 4 makes the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and forms a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material by means of refraction, swirling or segmentation. The baffle plate unit 4 is connected to the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22 by an adjustable connection mechanism, so that the installation angle of the baffle plate unit 4 can be adjusted according to the material characteristics and drying requirements to adapt to materials of different thicknesses or shapes and further improve drying efficiency.

[0055] Each of the baffle units 4 has a plate surface tilt angle of 5°-30°. This angle range ensures smooth airflow while providing appropriate airflow separation and rotation, resulting in uniform airflow distribution. This helps reduce turbulence in the airflow, optimizes the circulation of hot air within the chamber, and effectively improves heat exchange efficiency. However, an excessively large angle may cause excessive airflow resistance, reducing efficiency; while an excessively small angle may fail to achieve effective airflow distribution.

[0056] The adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered, which ensures that the airflow is not partially blocked, so that the airflow can flow freely and evenly.

[0057] Adjacent baffle units 4 are staggered and spaced at a fixed distance. The staggered arrangement of adjacent baffle units 4 forms airflow that continues to move, so that the airflow is evenly distributed in volume and temperature in the first flow equalization chamber 12 and the second flow equalization chamber 22. The fixed distance arrangement helps to ensure that the airflow can be fully mixed and evenly distributed in the flow equalization chamber, thereby making the temperature and pressure of the airflow evenly distributed and avoiding the problem of excessive local temperature difference. The combination of fixed distance and staggered arrangement further enables the hot air to act more evenly on the upper and lower surfaces of the material, which is beneficial to improving the circulation efficiency of the hot air and reducing uneven drying caused by uneven airflow during the drying process.

[0058] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a straight plate. When the production objective is to reduce material vibration and surface damage, an arc-shaped plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate can make the airflow flow more smoothly, which helps to reduce local turbulence and impact of the airflow, thereby reducing material vibration and surface damage. It is suitable for mild drying and scenarios with high requirements for material surface. When the production objective is to improve the airflow impact effect or control the airflow intensity, a straight plate is preferred. The arc-shaped plate has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and can directly change the airflow, generating a strong airflow impact effect. It is suitable for drying processes that require high airflow intensity.

[0059] The baffle unit 4 includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a flat plate, and has several through holes or slits on its surface to further disperse the airflow, reduce the impact on the material surface, and reduce vibration and local overheating during material conveying.

[0060] The internal pressure of both the first return air chamber 13 and the second return air chamber 23 is lower than the external ambient pressure, so that external cold air can be naturally replenished into the corresponding return air chamber through the material inlet or material outlet, thereby achieving initial cooling of the return air and reducing subsequent condensation and dehumidification energy consumption.

[0061] The upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 are also connected to a return air circulation module 5. The return air circulation module 5 includes a first transfer module 51, a condenser module 52, a heating unit control module 53, an energy storage module 54, and a second transfer module 55 connected sequentially along the return air path. The return air output from the upper drying box module 1 and the lower drying box module 2 enters the condenser module 52 through the first transfer module 51 for dehumidification, then is heated by the heating unit control module 53 and enters the energy storage module 54, and finally is transported back to the air inlet of the upper drying box module 1 and / or the lower drying box module 2 by the second transfer module 55, forming a return air circulation.

[0062] Although this application discloses several aspects and embodiments, other aspects and embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the scope of protection of this application. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed in this application are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit this application. The actual scope of protection of this application is determined by the claims.

Claims

1. A baffle plate structure for a drying oven, characterized in that, include The upper drying box module (1) and the lower drying box module (2) form a feeding chamber surface (3) between them for conveying materials; The upper drying chamber module (1) is provided with a first air inlet chamber (11), a first flow equalization chamber (12) and a first return air chamber (13) from top to bottom; the lower drying chamber module (2) is provided with a second air inlet chamber (21), a second flow equalization chamber (22) and a second return air chamber (23) from bottom to top; wherein, at least one baffle plate unit (4) is provided in the first flow equalization chamber (12) and the second flow equalization chamber (22), and the baffle plate unit (4) makes the hot air evenly distributed in the chamber and forms a balanced drying airflow on the upper and lower surfaces of the material by means of refraction, swirling or segmentation. The baffle plate unit (4) is connected to the first flow equalization chamber (12) and the second flow equalization chamber (22) by an adjustable connection mechanism.

2. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The tilt angle of the plate surface of each of the baffle units (4) is 5°-30°.

3. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Adjacent baffle units (4) are staggered.

4. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 3, characterized in that: Adjacent baffle units (4) are staggered and spaced at a fixed distance.

5. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The baffle unit (4) includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a straight plate.

6. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 5, characterized in that: The baffle unit (4) includes at least one of an arc-shaped plate or a flat plate, and several through holes or slits are opened on the plate surface to further disperse the airflow, reduce the impact on the material surface, and reduce vibration and local overheating during material conveying.

7. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The internal pressure of the first return air chamber (13) and the second return air chamber (23) is lower than the external ambient pressure, so that external cold air can be naturally replenished into the corresponding return air chamber through the material inlet or material outlet, thereby achieving initial cooling of the return air and reducing subsequent condensation and dehumidification energy consumption.

8. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The upper drying box module (1) and the lower drying box module (2) are also connected to a return air circulation module (5).

9. The baffle plate structure of the drying oven as described in claim 8, characterized in that: The return air circulation module (5) includes a first transfer module (51), a condenser module (52), a heating unit control module (53), an energy storage module (54), and a second transfer module (55) connected sequentially along the return air path. The return air output from the upper drying box module (1) and the lower drying box module (2) enters the condenser module (52) through the first transfer module (51) for dehumidification, and then is heated by the heating unit control module (53) and enters the energy storage module (54). Finally, it is transported back to the air inlet of the upper drying box module (1) and / or the lower drying box module (2) by the second transfer module (55) to form a return air circulation.

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