Crude salt impurity removing and washing device

Abstract

The utility model discloses a crude salt impurity removal washing device, and relates to the technical field of crude salt impurity removal. The device comprises a washing part, the washing part comprises a salt dissolving tank, a reaction tank is installed on the right side of the salt dissolving tank, an adsorption tower is installed on the right side of the reaction tank, and the reaction tank is connected through a pipeline; the stirring part is mounted at the top of the salt dissolving tank, and the stirring part is used for stirring in the salt dissolving tank. According to the raw salt mixing device disclosed by the utility model, by arranging the stirring part and particularly by driving the turntable to slowly rotate, the stirring rods can rotate along with the turntable, the hydraulic cylinder is started to drive the lifting plate to move downwards, so that the stirring rods move to the top position of the filter plate, and the plurality of stirring rods are used for mixing and stirring, so that stacked raw salt can be scattered, and the mixing effect is improved; a motor II is started to drive a gear to rotate, so that a movable frame moves forwards or backwards, the crude salt at different positions can be scattered, and the mixing efficiency is improved again.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model belongs to the field of raw salt impurity removal technology, and in particular relates to a raw salt impurity removal and washing device. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, due to cost considerations, the use of lower-priced, inferior salt is prioritized in the production process. Most of this inferior recycled salt has a high weighted iodine content, which hinders daily production. When iodine levels are abnormally high, it has a detrimental effect on the voltage and current efficiency of the electrolyzer. Firstly, during electrolysis, iodide ions react with other ions in the brine (such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions) to form iodate or periodate precipitates. These precipitates deposit on the ion-exchange membrane surface, causing membrane blockage, shortening its lifespan, and increasing the electrolyzer voltage. Simultaneously, the deposition of iodide ions hinders normal electrolyte conduction, increasing the electrolyzer's energy consumption, thus reducing its current efficiency and impacting the overall economic efficiency of the production process. Furthermore, the presence of iodide ions may accelerate the corrosive effect of chlorine gas, further damaging the structure and performance of the electrolyzer.

[0003] When processing raw salt, it is usually placed in a salt-processing tank and mixed with water to form a saturated salt solution. The solution is then transported to a reaction tank for further processing. However, when raw salt is mixed with water, it is usually done by natural mixing. This method makes it difficult for the stacked raw salt to mix quickly, requiring a lot of time to mix, resulting in low mixing efficiency. Utility Model Content

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a raw salt cleaning and washing device. By setting up an agitator, specifically by driving a turntable to rotate slowly, the agitator rods will rotate along with it. The hydraulic cylinder is activated to drive the lifting plate downwards, so that the agitator rods move to the top position of the filter plate. Through the mixing and stirring of several agitator rods, the stacked raw salt can be scattered, thereby improving the mixing effect. The second motor drives the gear to rotate, so that the moving frame moves forward or backward, which can scatter the raw salt in different positions, further improving the mixing efficiency. This solves the problem that in the existing salt-making tank, the raw salt and water are mixed naturally during the salt-making process. This method makes it difficult for the stacked raw salt to mix quickly, which requires a lot of time.

[0005] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this utility model is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0006] This utility model is a raw salt impurity removal and washing device, including a washing section, the washing section including a salt dissolving tank, a reaction tank installed on the right side of the salt dissolving tank, an adsorption tower installed on the right side of the reaction tank, and the reaction tank being connected by a pipeline;

[0007] An agitator, installed at the top of the brine tank, is used to stir the contents of the brine tank; and:

[0008] A lifting unit is installed on the back of the brine tank, and the lifting unit is used to move the filtered impurities to the top of the brine tank for easy cleaning;

[0009] After the salt has been fully dissolved in the salt-dissolving tank, the salt solution is transferred to the reaction tank. Once the pH is adjusted to 1.5–2.5, 7.5% hydrogen peroxide is added to neutralize the salt solution. － It is oxidized to I2 and then transported to the adsorption tower where it is adsorbed by activated carbon.

[0010] Furthermore, two slide rails are fixedly connected to the top of the salt bath, and a rack is fixedly connected to the side of the two slide rails that are far apart from each other. A conveying assembly is provided on the top front of the washing section.

[0011] The conveying assembly is used to transport the saturated salt solution in the salt bath to the reaction tank.

[0012] Furthermore, the agitation unit includes a movable frame, a hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to the top of the movable frame, and sliding seats are fixedly connected to the left and right sides of the bottom of the movable frame. A filter plate is slidably connected inside the salt treatment tank.

[0013] A lifting assembly is installed inside the movable frame and is used to adjust the position of the agitation.

[0014] A movable component is mounted on the right side of the movable frame and is used to drive the movable frame to move.

[0015] The bottom of the slide block slides on the slide rail, and the hydraulic cylinder is used to connect with the lifting assembly to drive the lifting assembly to move up and down.

[0016] Furthermore, the lifting assembly includes a lifting plate, with two limiting rods fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate, and two turntables arranged below the lifting plate. Several agitating rods are fixedly connected to the bottom of each of the two turntables, and a rotating shaft is fixedly connected to the top of each of the two turntables. A pulley is fixedly connected to the top of each of the two rotating shafts. A fixing frame is fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate, and a motor is fixedly connected to the top of the fixing frame. A pulley is installed at the output end of the motor. The agitating rods are welded onto the turntables, and two protruding rings are provided on the rotating shaft, distributed at the top and bottom of the lifting plate, thereby limiting the rotation of the shaft.

[0017] The two pulleys are connected by belt drive. The pulley on the left is connected to the second pulley by belt drive. The limiting rod slides through the moving frame and extends to the outside to limit the lifting plate. The rotating shaft passes through the lifting plate and is rotatably connected to the lifting plate. When the turntable rotates, it will drive several stirring rods to rotate together, scattering the salt in the salt tank.

[0018] Furthermore, the filter plate has sliding limit rods at all four corners, and the bottom of the limit rods is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inner wall of the salt tank. The conveying assembly includes a water pump fixedly connected to the top of the salt tank, and a conveying pipe is fixedly connected to the liquid outlet on the back of the water pump. The right side of the conveying pipe is connected to the left side of the reaction tank. The water pump is installed on the top of the salt tank by bolts, and the water pump pipe extends to the bottom of the salt tank.

[0019] The water pump has a water inlet fixedly connected to a water pump pipe on its back. The water pump pipe slides through the filter plate and extends to the bottom of the filter plate. The limiting vertical rod is used to limit the position of the filter plate.

[0020] Furthermore, the movable component includes a second fixed frame fixedly connected to the right side of the movable frame, a second motor fixedly connected to the right side of the second fixed frame, and a gear fixedly connected to the left output end of the second motor, the gear meshing with a rack; the second fixed frame is installed on the movable frame by welding.

[0021] The second motor drives the gear to rotate, and the gear will roll on the rack, thereby moving the movable frame through the second fixed frame.

[0022] Furthermore, the lifting unit includes an electric hoist installed on the back of the salt tank, a support frame is fixedly connected to the rear of the top of the salt tank, an auxiliary wheel is rotatably connected inside the support frame, and a traction rope is sleeved on the outside of the auxiliary wheel; the support frame is installed on the salt tank by welding, and the auxiliary wheel is used to support the traction rope.

[0023] One end of the traction rope is fixedly connected to the top of the filter plate, and the other end of the traction rope is wound around the electric hoist. The electric hoist is used to wind up or unwind the traction rope, thereby adjusting the position of the filter plate.

[0024] This utility model has the following beneficial effects:

[0025] 1. This utility model incorporates a stirring unit. Specifically, by slowly rotating a drive turntable, the stirring rods rotate along with it. This activates a hydraulic cylinder to move a lifting plate downwards, allowing the stirring rods to reach the top of the filter plate. Through the mixing and stirring of several stirring rods, the stacked raw salt can be scattered, thereby improving the mixing effect. Activating a second motor drives a gear to rotate, causing the moving frame to move forward or backward, which can scatter the raw salt at different locations, further improving the mixing efficiency.

[0026] 2. This utility model features a lifting mechanism. Specifically, when the filter plate needs cleaning, the hydraulic cylinder is first activated to move the lifting plate upwards away from the filter plate. Then, the electric hoist is activated to reel in the traction rope, which slides on the auxiliary wheel. The auxiliary wheel makes the traction rope move more smoothly and stably. At the same time, the traction rope pulls the filter plate upwards, moving it to the top of the salt tank. This makes it easier for workers to clean the impurities on the filter plate and prevents excessive impurities from affecting the filtration effect.

[0027] Of course, any product implementing this utility model does not necessarily need to achieve all of the advantages described above at the same time. Attached Figure Description

[0028] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this utility model, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of this utility model;

[0030] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the salt-treating tank of this utility model;

[0031] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the lifting plate of this utility model;

[0032] Figure 4 This utility model Figure 3 A magnified structural diagram of A in the middle;

[0033] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the back structure of the salt bath of this utility model.

[0034] The attached diagram lists the components represented by each number as follows:

[0035] 1. Washing section; 11. Salt bath; 12. Reaction tank; 13. Adsorption tower; 14. Slide rail; 141. Rack; 15. Conveying assembly; 151. Water pump; 152. Conveying pipe; 2. Agitating section; 21. Moving frame; 211. Hydraulic cylinder; 212. Slide seat; 22. Lifting assembly; 221. Lifting plate; 222. Limiting rod; 223. Turntable; 224. Agitating rod; 225. Rotating shaft; 226. Pulley; 227. Fixed frame one; 228. Motor one; 23. Filter plate; 231. Limiting vertical rod; 24. Moving assembly; 241. Fixed frame two; 242. Motor two; 243. Gear; 3. Lifting section; 31. Electric hoist; 32. Support frame; 33. Auxiliary wheel; 34. Traction rope. Detailed Implementation

[0036] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present utility model.

[0037] Please see Figures 1-5 As shown, this utility model is a raw salt impurity removal and washing device, including a washing section 1, the washing section 1 including a salt dissolving tank 11, a reaction tank 12 installed on the right side of the salt dissolving tank 11, an adsorption tower 13 installed on the right side of the reaction tank 12, and the reaction tank 12 is connected by a pipeline.

[0038] Agitator 2 is installed on top of the brine tank 11 and is used to stir the contents of the brine tank 11; and:

[0039] Lifting part 3 is installed on the back of the brine tank 11. The lifting part 3 is used to move the filtered impurities to the top of the brine tank 11 for easy cleaning.

[0040] After the salt has been fully dissolved in the salt bath 11, the salt solution in the salt bath 11 is transported to the reaction tank 12. After the pH is adjusted to 1.5-2.5, 7.5% hydrogen peroxide is added to neutralize the salt solution. － It is oxidized to I2 and then transported to adsorption tower 13 to be adsorbed by activated carbon.

[0041] Two slide rails 14 are fixedly connected to the top of the salt tank 11. A rack 141 is fixedly connected to the side of the two slide rails 14 that is far apart from each other. A conveying assembly 15 is provided on the top front of the washing section 1.

[0042] The conveying component 15 is used to convey the saturated salt solution in the salt bath 11 to the reaction tank 12.

[0043] The stirring part 2 includes a movable frame 21, a hydraulic cylinder 211 is fixedly connected to the top of the movable frame 21, and sliding blocks 212 are fixedly connected to the left and right sides of the bottom of the movable frame 21. A filter plate 23 is slidably connected inside the salt tank 11.

[0044] Lifting component 22 is installed inside the movable frame 21 and is used to adjust the position of the agitation.

[0045] The movable component 24 is installed on the right side of the movable frame 21 and is used to drive the movable frame 21 to move.

[0046] The bottom of the slide block 212 slides on the slide rail 14, and the hydraulic cylinder 211 is used to connect with the lifting assembly 22 to drive the lifting assembly 22 to lift.

[0047] The lifting assembly 22 includes a lifting plate 221. Two limit rods 222 are fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate 221. Two turntables 223 are arranged below the lifting plate 221. Several agitator rods 224 are fixedly connected to the bottom of each turntable 223. A rotating shaft 225 is fixedly connected to the top of each turntable 223, and a pulley 226 is fixedly connected to the top of each rotating shaft 225. A fixing frame 227 is fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate 221. A motor 228 is fixedly connected to the top of the fixing frame 227. The output end of the motor 228... Equipped with a second pulley; by driving the turntable 223 to rotate slowly, the stirring rod 224 will rotate along with it, and the hydraulic cylinder 211 will be activated to drive the lifting plate 221 to move downward, so that the stirring rod 224 moves to the top position of the filter plate 23. Through the mixing and stirring of several stirring rods 224, the stacked raw salt can be scattered, thereby improving the mixing effect. The second motor 242 is activated to drive the gear 243 to rotate, so that the moving frame 21 moves forward or backward, which can scatter the raw salt at different positions, further improving the mixing efficiency.

[0048] Two pulleys 226 are connected by belt drive. The pulley 226 on the left is connected to the second pulley by belt drive. The limiting rod 222 slides through the moving frame 21 and extends to the outside to limit the lifting plate 221. The rotating shaft 225 passes through the lifting plate 221 and is rotatably connected to the lifting plate 221. When the turntable 223 rotates, it will drive several stirring rods 224 to rotate together, scattering the salt in the salt tank 11.

[0049] The filter plate 23 has sliding limiters at its four corners, and limiters 231 are fixedly connected to the bottom of the inner wall of the salt tank 11. The conveying assembly 15 includes a water pump 151 fixedly connected to the top of the salt tank 11. A conveying pipe 152 is fixedly connected to the liquid outlet on the back of the water pump 151. The right side of the conveying pipe 152 is connected to the left side of the reaction tank 12.

[0050] The water pump 151 has a water inlet fixedly connected to a water pump pipe. The water pump pipe slides through the filter plate 23 and extends to the bottom of the filter plate 23. The limiting vertical rod 231 is used to limit the filter plate 23.

[0051] The moving component 24 includes a fixed frame 241 fixedly connected to the right side of the moving frame 21. A motor 242 is fixedly connected to the right side of the fixed frame 241. A gear 243 is fixedly connected to the left output end of the motor 242. The gear 243 meshes with the rack 141.

[0052] Among them, the second motor 242 drives the gear 243 to rotate, and the gear 243 will roll on the rack 141, thereby driving the movable frame 21 to move its position through the fixed frame 241.

[0053] The lifting unit 3 includes an electric hoist 31 installed on the back of the brine tank 11. A support frame 32 is fixedly connected to the rear of the top of the brine tank 11. An auxiliary wheel 33 is rotatably connected inside the support frame 32. A traction rope 34 is sleeved on the outside of the auxiliary wheel 33. When the filter plate 23 needs to be cleaned, the hydraulic cylinder 211 is first started to drive the lifting plate 221 to move upward away from the filter plate 23. Then, the electric hoist 31 is started to wind up the traction rope 34. The traction rope 34 will slide on the auxiliary wheel 33. The auxiliary wheel 33 can make the movement of the traction rope 34 smoother and more stable. At the same time, the traction rope 34 will pull the filter plate 23 upward, so that the filter plate 23 moves to the top of the brine tank 11, which makes it convenient for the staff to clean the impurities on the filter plate 23 and avoids excessive impurities from affecting the filtration effect.

[0054] One end of the traction rope 34 is fixedly connected to the top of the filter plate 23, and the other end of the traction rope 34 is wound around the electric hoist 31. The electric hoist 31 is used to wind up or unwind the traction rope 34, thereby adjusting the position of the filter plate 23.

[0055] One specific application of this embodiment is:

[0056] In use, raw salt is transported to salt-dissolving tank 11 for dissolving. After entering tank 11, the raw salt settles on filter plate 23. During the dissolving process, filter plate 23 separates insoluble impurities (such as mud, gypsum, organic matter, etc.) or soluble impurities (such as calcium and magnesium ions, iodine, etc.) from the salt. After sufficient dissolving, the salt solution in tank 11 is pumped by water pump 151 through conveying pipe 152 to reaction tank 12. Once the pH is adjusted to 1.5–2.5, 7.5% hydrogen peroxide is added to remove iodine from the salt water. － The iodine is oxidized to I2 and then transported to adsorption tower 13 where it is adsorbed by activated carbon, thus completing the iodine removal process. By removing iodine, the service life of the ion exchange membrane can be improved and the energy consumption of the electrolyzer can be reduced.

[0057] When salt is being dissolved in the salt tank 11, the motor 228 is started to drive the pulley 2 on the output end to rotate slowly, and the pulley 226 on the left side is driven by the belt. Both pulleys 226 are driven by the belt. At this time, both pulleys 226 drive the turntable 223 to rotate slowly through the rotating shaft 225. The stirring rod 224 will rotate together. Then, the hydraulic cylinder 211 is started to drive the lifting plate 221 to move downward, so that the stirring rod 224 moves to the top position of the filter plate 23. The mixing and stirring by several stirring rods 224 can scatter the stacked raw salt, thereby improving the mixing effect. The motor 242 is started to drive the gear 243 to rotate. Since the gear 243 is meshed with the rack 141, the gear 243 will roll on the rack 141 when it rotates, thereby driving the moving frame 21 to move forward or backward. The slide 212 slides on the slide rail 14. By moving the moving frame 21, the raw salt in different positions can be scattered, further improving the mixing efficiency.

[0058] When there are many impurities remaining on the filter plate 23 and it needs to be cleaned, the hydraulic cylinder 211 is started to drive the lifting plate 221 upward away from the filter plate 23. Then the electric hoist 31 is started to wind up the traction rope 34. The traction rope 34 will slide on the auxiliary wheel 33 and pull the filter plate 23 upward, so that the filter plate 23 is moved to the top position of the brine tank 11. This makes it convenient for the staff to clean the impurities on the filter plate 23 and avoid excessive impurities affecting the filtration effect. In addition, the filter plate 23 will slide on the four limit vertical rods 231 during movement, making the movement of the filter plate 23 more stable. The filter plate 23 is also slidably connected to the water pump 151, so it will not affect the use of the water pump 151. After the filter plate 23 is cleaned, the electric hoist 31 is started to unwind the traction rope 34. The filter plate 23 will move downward by its own gravity, so that the filter plate 23 is moved to the center position of the brine tank 11. Then the electric hoist 31 is stopped.

[0059] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "an embodiment," "example," "specific example," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0060] The preferred embodiments of this utility model disclosed above are merely illustrative of the present utility model. These preferred embodiments do not exhaustively describe all details, nor do they limit the present utility model to the specific implementations described. Clearly, many modifications and variations can be made based on the content of this specification. This specification selects and specifically describes these embodiments to better explain the principles and practical applications of the present utility model, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and utilize it. This utility model is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.

Claims

1. A raw salt impurity removal and washing device, characterized in that, include: Washing unit (1), the washing unit (1) includes a salt dissolving tank (11), a reaction tank (12) is installed on the right side of the salt dissolving tank (11), an adsorption tower (13) is installed on the right side of the reaction tank (12), and the reaction tank (12) is connected by a pipeline; A stirring part (2) is installed on the top of the salt bath (11) and is used to stir the salt bath (11). as well as: Lifting part (3) is installed on the back of the salt bath (11). The lifting part (3) is used to move the filtered impurities to the top of the salt bath (11) for easy cleaning. After the salting tank (11) has been fully desalinated, the salt solution in the salting tank (11) is transported to the reaction tank (12). After the pH is adjusted to 1.5-2.5, 7.5% hydrogen peroxide is added to remove I from the salt water. － It is oxidized to I2 and then transported to the adsorption tower (13) where it is adsorbed by activated carbon.

2. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The top of the salt tank (11) is fixedly connected to two slide rails (14), and a rack (141) is fixedly connected to the side of the two slide rails (14) that are far apart from each other. The washing part (1) is provided with a conveying assembly (15) on the top front. The conveying assembly (15) is used to convey the saturated salt solution in the salt bath (11) to the reaction tank (12).

3. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The stirring part (2) includes a movable frame (21), a hydraulic cylinder (211) is fixedly connected to the top of the movable frame (21), and a sliding seat (212) is fixedly connected to the left and right sides of the bottom of the movable frame (21). A filter plate (23) is slidably connected inside the salt tank (11). A lifting assembly (22) is installed inside the movable frame (21) and is used to adjust the position of the agitation. A movable component (24) is mounted on the right side of the movable frame (21) and is used to drive the movable frame (21) to move. The bottom of the slide block (212) slides on the slide rail (14), and the hydraulic cylinder (211) is used to connect with the lifting assembly (22) to drive the lifting assembly (22) to lift.

4. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The lifting assembly (22) includes a lifting plate (221), with two limiting rods (222) fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate (221), and two turntables (223) arranged below the lifting plate (221). Several stirring rods (224) are fixedly connected to the bottom of each of the two turntables (223), and a rotating shaft (225) is fixedly connected to the top of each of the two turntables (223). A pulley (226) is fixedly connected to the top of each of the two rotating shafts (225). A fixing frame (227) is fixedly connected to the top of the lifting plate (221), and a motor (228) is fixedly connected to the top of the fixing frame (227). A pulley (228) is installed at the output end of the motor (228). Among them, the two pulleys (226) are connected by belt drive. The pulley (226) on the left side is connected to the second pulley by belt drive. The limiting rod (222) slides through the moving frame (21) and extends to the outside to limit the lifting plate (221). The rotating shaft (225) passes through the lifting plate (221) and is rotatably connected to the lifting plate (221). When the turntable (223) rotates, it will drive several stirring rods (224) to rotate together and scatter the salt in the salt tank (11).

5. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The filter plate (23) has sliding limit rods (231) at all four corners inside. The bottom of the limit rods (231) is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inner wall of the salt tank (11). The conveying assembly (15) includes a water pump (151) fixedly connected to the top of the salt tank (11). The water pump (151) has a conveying pipe (152) fixedly connected to the liquid outlet on the back of the water pump (151). The right side of the conveying pipe (152) is connected to the left side of the reaction tank (12). The water pump (151) has a water inlet fixedly connected to a water pump pipe, which slides through the filter plate (23) and extends to the bottom of the filter plate (23). The limiting vertical rod (231) is used to limit the filter plate (23).

6. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The moving component (24) includes a fixed frame two (241) fixedly connected to the right side of the moving frame (21), a motor two (242) fixedly connected to the right side of the fixed frame two (241), a gear (243) fixedly connected to the left output end of the motor two (242), and the gear (243) meshing with the rack (141). The motor (242) drives the gear (243) to rotate, and the gear (243) will roll on the rack (141), thereby driving the movable frame (21) to move position through the fixed frame (241).

7. The raw salt impurity removal and washing device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The lifting unit (3) includes an electric hoist (31) installed on the back of the salt bath (11). A support frame (32) is fixedly connected to the rear of the top of the salt bath (11). An auxiliary wheel (33) is rotatably connected inside the support frame (32). A traction rope (34) is sleeved on the outside of the auxiliary wheel (33). One end of the traction rope (34) is fixedly connected to the top of the filter plate (23), and the other end of the traction rope (34) is wound around the electric hoist (31). The electric hoist (31) is used to wind up or unwind the traction rope (34) to adjust the position of the filter plate (23).

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