Labeling device for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects, especially cylindrical objects
The labeling device addresses inefficiencies in cylindrical object labeling by using a movable vacuum transfer surface and synchronized conveyor belt system to enhance performance and accuracy, reducing downtime and complexity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- DE102024122385
- Authority / Receiving Office
- DE · DE
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
Smart Images

Figure 00000000_0000_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] The invention relates to a labeling device for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects, in particular cylindrical objects, according to the preamble of claim 1.
[0002] Furthermore, the invention includes such a labeling method.
[0003] Such labeling devices comprise a transport unit for moving objects in the machine direction from an object supply unit to a labeling unit. Furthermore, a labeling unit is provided, comprising a label supply unit and a label transfer unit, wherein the label supply unit transfers labels to the label transfer unit. The label supply unit is generally equipped with a carrier material, which is typically a roll-shaped carrier material, and on which the labels are already individually applied.
[0004] Such cylindrical objects are in particular those whose diameter or longer side edge is significantly larger than their height.
[0005] The objects to be labeled are primarily cylindrical, but also cuboid, such as snus cans. The labels are elongated and applied to the outer surface of the cylindrical or cuboid object. Due to the objects' relatively low height, a slight offset during labeling, particularly in the vertical direction, as well as a slight spiral offset, is desirable.
[0006] The labels are supplied on a backing material in roll form, with the backing material being fed by the label supply unit. In a known manner, a storage area can also be provided between the label supply unit and the label transfer device, in which the material is stored in loops. The label material itself is already die-cut, so that only the actual labels remain on the backing material, and the material surrounding the labels has already been removed.
[0007] The labels are intended to be supplied perpendicular to the transport direction of the transport device. This means that the labels are transported with the longer side leading, while the shorter side runs parallel to the transport direction of the labels in the label supply unit. This feeding method allows for wider rolls that can therefore hold more labels.
[0008] Feeders where the label is fed with the short side edge are inefficient because the label has to be fed over a greater distance and fewer labels can be provided by the label supply unit, resulting in more frequent roll changes and thus more frequent machine downtime.
[0009] However, if the labeling system, i.e. the labeling device, has to be stopped too frequently, the desired number of 300 or more labeled objects per minute cannot be achieved.
[0010] Furthermore, the label transfer unit features a vacuum unit that includes a vacuum transfer surface on which the labels lie completely flat. From this vacuum transfer surface, the labels are adhesively transferred to the object. The adhesive side of the label faces away from the vacuum surface.
[0011] A corresponding device and method are previously known from US 2019 / 0270534 A1.
[0012] US 2019 / 0270534 A1 describes a design for labeling cylindrical lateral surfaces of cylindrical objects according to the preamble of claim 1, wherein it is provided that the flat planar vacuum surface from which the labels are dispensed is held stationary, i.e. immobile, while the label is applied to the object with the cylindrical surface.
[0013] However, such a design has disadvantages, as the objects must be set in rotation to apply the labels to them, and therefore an additional drive for the object is necessary.
[0014] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a labeling device and a method that is capable of providing high labeling performance and is at the same time as simple in design as possible.
[0015] The invention solves this problem by means of a labeling device with the features of claim 1 and a method with the features of claim 14.
[0016] It is provided that the vacuum transfer surface is designed as part of a vacuum conveying device movable in the machine direction, wherein the vacuum conveying device transports the labels provided by the label supply unit to a labeling position and thereby accelerates them to a labeling speed.
[0017] According to the invention, the vacuum transfer surface is not held stationary, but moves in the same direction as the transport device, so that a relative speed between the label and the object can be set.
[0018] The transport equipment, in particular a conveyor belt and the vacuum transfer surface, thus move in the same direction, but are essentially arranged at right angles to each other. This direction of movement is referred to as the machine direction (MD) or, synonymously, the transport direction.
[0019] In this way, the cost of the device can be reduced while simultaneously increasing the cycle time, i.e., the number of labelable objects per minute.
[0020] In particular, the labeling tolerance can also be improved, i.e., the positioning of the label on the product and especially the spiral offset, i.e., the offset of the label ends to each other, especially with cylindrical products where the ends of the labels, i.e. their short side edges, overlap after labeling, this is an important criterion for high-quality labeling.
[0021] In a first preferred embodiment, the self-adhesive labels supplied by the label dispensing unit may have two long and two short edges, wherein the long and / or the short edges are preferably parallel to each other. In particular, the labels are rectangular, and the long edges extend in the transport direction of the conveying device. As already explained, such an arrangement is particularly advantageous for efficient feeding, since more labels can be provided on a wider backing roll, thus requiring fewer label roll changes.
[0022] Besides a rectangular shape, other corresponding shapes are of course conceivable, featuring two long and two shorter edges. Both the long and shorter edges can be curved, in particular concave or convex. An ellipsoidal shape for the label is also generally possible. All these shapes should be included. The essential point is that the label is designed so that it can be applied to the surface of the object to be labeled.
[0023] The labels are coated with a self-adhesive layer on one side, which can be applied partially or across the entire surface. In addition to the at least one adhesive layer, the label includes at least one visible side, on which the desired printed design can be displayed. The label rests with its non-adhesive visible side against the vacuum transfer surface, while the adhesive side faces the objects.
[0024] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vacuum conveying device can be a vacuum belt. Such a vacuum belt allows for a particularly simple implementation of the vacuum conveying device. The vacuum belt can be designed to run around the circumference, with a vacuum device located centrally within the belt and equipped with openings through which the vacuum is applied and acts upon the respective labels.
[0025] To ensure secure adhesion of the labels to the objects at the labeling position, the objects may be pressed against the labels, and in particular against the vacuum conveying device, especially the vacuum belt, at the corresponding labeling position via an application device. This application device may further comprise a labeling prism, a labeling star wheel, a counter-pressure plate, or a roller belt, or combinations thereof. All of the aforementioned devices are known in labeling equipment. A labeling prism, for example, is a device that grips the object at two points and then forms a triangular, i.e., prismatic, shape with the vacuum conveying device. Labeling star wheels are generally used to move several objects towards their respective labels via a rotating mechanism.Counter-pressure plates or roller belts are also known, which perform the same function of guiding the object towards the label and bringing it into contact with it. Roller belts are circumferential belts running perpendicular to the transport device, guiding the objects towards the label. The counter-pressure plate is positioned accordingly.
[0026] The application device is designed in such a way that, through its geometric configuration and / or its relative velocity to the object and / or relative to the vacuum conveying device, it provides a rotation or, alternatively, a linear movement of the object. When labeling both cylindrical and cuboid objects, it is desirable that the object, after or during initial contact with the label, rotates or moves linearly to wrap the label around the object and achieve multi-sided, and in particular, complete coverage of the object. Of course, it is also conceivable that the label does not cover the entire circumference of the object.
[0027] Through contact, particularly when a vacuum belt or other vacuum conveying device is used, with the object, and by pressing the object against the vacuum conveying device, the rotational movement of the object is either initiated or further promoted. It is also possible that the application device, in conjunction with the vacuum conveying device, sets the object in motion even before the vacuum conveying device is fully engaged. The rotation is then maintained at least until the desired wrap angle of the label around the object is achieved.
[0028] To assist in positioning the label and ensuring it adheres smoothly to the vacuum conveying device, an air nozzle unit can be provided, directed towards the vacuum conveying device, to apply the labels against it. The air nozzle unit preferably has a length in the machine direction that is shorter than the length of a label in the machine direction, particularly shorter than 50%, shorter than 40%, shorter than 30%, and shorter than 20% of the label length in the machine direction. Furthermore, it is particularly preferred if the air nozzle unit has a length in the machine direction that is at least 5%, at least 10%, and at least 15% of the label length in the machine direction.In particular, by positioning the air nozzle unit so that it is located in the front section of the label being dispensed (in the direction of the machine) during the transfer from the label supply unit to the label transfer unit, the labels are positioned and aligned particularly well on the vacuum conveying unit. With a suitable design, the air nozzle unit strengthens the connection between the label and the vacuum conveying unit at the front, as the airflow presses the labels against the unit. This results in the labels lying flat and wrinkle-free against the vacuum conveying unit, as it facilitates their transport by the unit.
[0029] It can be provided that, in the conventional manner, the labels are dispensed from the label supply unit to the label transfer unit via a release edge. This dispensing is achieved by pulling the backing material, i.e., the label, around the release edge, causing the labels to detach from the backing material and then be dispensed to the label transfer unit, where they are positioned and fixed by means of a vacuum and preferably an air nozzle unit.
[0030] As already explained, it is particularly preferred if the objects are cylindrical or cuboid and the objects have a height that is less than 60%, particularly less than 50%, of the diameter in the case of cylindrical objects or of the larger side length of the base in the case of cuboid objects.
[0031] It is particularly preferred that the height be in the range of 30% or less of the diameter for cylindrical objects or the greater side length of the base for cuboid objects.
[0032] The device is particularly well-suited for labeling flat containers, such as those used for snus in the tobacco industry. However, other flat objects are also conceivable, such as food cans (e.g., for tuna) or other food products like lozenges, as well as cosmetics or medical supplies.
[0033] Especially with these labels, which must be much longer than they are tall if they are to preferably completely enclose the objects, precise application of the labels with minimal spiral offset and adherence to tight labeling tolerances is necessary.
[0034] Furthermore, a singulation device may be provided after the object handling unit and before the labeling unit. This device may, in particular, be formed by a singulation belt on one or both sides that borders the transport device and is spaced so that it rests against the objects. A singulation belt is understood to be a design that has a circumferential band, the band itself running perpendicular to the surface of the transport device, with the direction of movement of the transport device and the singulation belt being identical. By bringing the objects into contact with the singulation belt, the object is decelerated relative to the speed of the transport device, so that the objects, which were originally located close together in the object handling unit, are slowed down by the singulation device, thus creating a gap between the individual objects.
[0035] Furthermore, it is particularly advantageous to provide a hold-down device for the objects after the singulation device. Such a hold-down device ensures, in particular, that the objects are pressed against the transport device, thereby achieving rapid acceleration to the speed of the transport device. Without such a hold-down device, the transport device would otherwise "slide" under the objects as they leave the singulation device until they are picked up and accelerated to the correct speed. A suitable hold-down device is provided to prevent this effect.For this purpose, a roller arrangement can be implemented in particular that ensures the lowest possible friction between the hold-down device and the object, in order to ensure that the objects are loaded in the direction of the transport device, but to keep the braking effect of the hold-down device as small as possible.
[0036] Furthermore, an additional hold-down device may be provided in the area of the labeling unit, which may in particular include a sliding coating against which the objects rest and which applies pressure to the objects in the direction of the transport device. This contributes to improved labeling quality and also promotes the rotation and / or linear movement of the object.
[0037] In an alternative embodiment, a hold-down device for the objects can also be provided in the area of the labeling unit. This hold-down device is preferably driven to position the objects relative to the labels and to apply pressure to the objects towards the transport device. In this case, a sensor is preferably provided to detect the position of the label relative to the object. This allows discrepancies in the feeding of the objects to the labeling position to be compensated for. In particular, it can be provided that the driven hold-down device accelerates or decelerates the label before it comes into contact with the object, in order to achieve correct positioning of the object relative to the label.This is particularly advantageous when the label is not intended to completely encircle the object, but only partially, with a specific positioning of the label relative to the object being desired. This is less important for cylindrical objects than for cuboid ones, where, for example, it is desirable to label one long and two short sides, or something similar. To achieve a high-quality appearance in such cases, it is necessary that the two label ends, which are then positioned, for example, on the short sides of the cuboid object, terminate at approximately the same point.
[0038] As is known in the prior art, it may also be provided that a sensor is included which detects the object and triggers the provision of a label.
[0039] It may also be provided that the hold-down device is designed in such a way that the two hold-down devices, namely in the area of the labeling unit and in the area immediately after the object provisioning unit, merge into one another.
[0040] Furthermore, the invention also relates to a method for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects, in particular cylindrical objects, comprising the steps a. Transporting the objects in the machine direction from an object supply unit to a labeling unit, b. Transfer of a label in the labeling unit from a label supply unit to a label transfer device, wherein the labels are supplied transversely to the transport direction of the transport device, wherein c. Holding the label on a vacuum transfer surface of a vacuum unit of the label transfer device by means of vacuum, wherein the labels lie completely on the vacuum transfer surface and are transferred from the vacuum transfer surface to the object in an adhesive manner, wherein the label with the vacuum transfer surface is conveyed in the machine direction to a labeling position and accelerated to labeling speed, while the object is brought in by the transport device, and the label is then brought into adhesive contact with the object.
[0041] Furthermore, it is particularly preferred that the object is rotated before, during or after the adhesive contact with the label, so that the label wraps around the object to a desired extent.
[0042] As a rule, the rotation of the object is initiated by the fact that the object is brought towards the vacuum conveying device by the application device and a contact is made that leads to a rotational movement of the object.
[0043] The method also includes the feature that, after the label is transferred to the label transfer device, the label is positioned and held on the vacuum transfer surface by an air nozzle unit. The air nozzle unit serves to assist or transport the label to the labeling position. The air nozzle unit can operate intermittently. Alternatively, and particularly preferably, a continuous airflow is used, which is adjusted to preferably strike the front area, more preferably the front half, more preferably the front third, and even more preferably the front quarter, of the label when it is transferred from the label supply unit to the label transfer device.
[0044] According to a further advantageous embodiment, it can be provided that, when the method is carried out with a label that has two long and two short side edges and is in particular rectangular, and is provided by the label supply unit in such a way that the long side runs in the machine direction.
[0045] The invention also includes the use of the device according to the invention for carrying out the method as well as a method according to the invention using the device.
[0046] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing.
[0047] This shows: Fig. 1 the labelling device according to the invention in a front view; Fig. 2 a top view of the labeling device according to Fig. 1; Fig. 3 an excerpt from Fig. 1 in a perspective view showing the labeling unit; and Fig. 4 the labeling unit according to Fig. 3 in a front view.
[0048] Fig. Figure 1 shows a labeling device according to the invention for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects, wherein the object is shown as a cylindrical object 12 shortly before reaching the labeling position.
[0049] In the present case, the cylindrical objects 12 are so-called "snus cans," a form of tobacco packaging. The cans have a diameter much larger than their height, and the cylindrical surface of the objects is to be labeled with a label bearing the reference numeral 14. The labeling device comprises a transport unit 16, which includes a conveyor belt for transporting the objects 12 in the machine direction MD from an object supply unit 18 to a labeling unit 20. The labeling unit includes a label supply unit (not shown) on which the labels 14 may be provided on a carrier material. The labels 14 are already die-cut as individual labels 14 on the carrier material, which is in roll form.The label 14 has a shape comprising two long sides 22 and two short side edges 24, the long side edges being significantly longer than the short side edges, resulting in a label 14 whose height is adapted to the height of the object 12 and whose length is preferably adapted to the circumference of the object 12. The labels 14 are fed transversely to the machine direction and also transversely to the surface of the conveyor belt. In this respect, the labels 14 are dispensed from above. Dispensing, i.e., separation from the backing material, is achieved via a release edge 26. For this purpose, the backing material is guided around the release edge, whereby the label 14 then detaches from the backing material in the area of the edge in a conventional manner. It is then transferred to a label transfer device 28, the label transfer device comprising a vacuum unit 30, which is particularly located in... Fig. Figure 3 shows that the vacuum unit 30 comprises a vacuum fan 32 (although vacuum pumps or similar devices are also possible) and a vacuum transfer surface 33, which is designed here as a vacuum belt 34. The vacuum belt 34 is a circumferential conveyor belt with openings 36, which runs parallel to the surface area of the labels 14. When the labels 14 are dispensed via the release edge 26, the vacuum presses the label 14 against the vacuum belt 34 and holds it there. The non-adhesive side of the label 14 rests against the vacuum belt 34.
[0050] To improve the fixation and wrinkle-free application of the label 14 to the vacuum belt 34, an air nozzle unit 40 is also provided, the connection of which is not shown here, and which blows a jet of air onto the label 14 through several small openings directed towards the label 14. In particular, Fig.4 can be seen that the air nozzle unit 40 is arranged in the machine direction in the front area of the label 14 when it is dispensed, in order to cleanly apply the label 14 in the front area against the vacuum belt 34 and to promote the carrying and thus the wrinkle-free nature of the label 14.
[0051] By feeding the labels 14 with the long side edge 22 in the direction of the transport device 16 and perpendicular to the transport direction, downtime for roll changes of the label material can be avoided, since more labels 14 can be provided on one carrier material to be fed.
[0052] In this way, the desired high quantities of objects to be labelled can be achieved.
[0053] In order to achieve the most uniform transport and the most uniform contact of the label 14 with the vacuum belt 34, in addition to positioning by the air nozzles 40, a plurality of vacuum fans 32 or vacuum pumps or similar are provided so that the entire vacuum area 33 is supplied with a uniform vacuum.
[0054] The objects 12 are then brought together with the label 14 at a labeling position and set into rotation by contact with the vacuum belt 34 and the label 14. This rotation is assisted by a counter-pressure plate, which serves here as an application device and is designated here by reference numeral 50. The counter-pressure plate assists in applying the object 12 to the vacuum belt 34 and, furthermore, promotes the rotation due to the existing friction between the counter-pressure plate 50 and the object 12. The rotation continues until the label 14 is completely wrapped around the object 12 and adhered to it.
[0055] To minimize the offset, particularly the spiral offset, between the beginning and end of the label in the machine direction, and to achieve precise vertical positioning of the label 14 on the object 12, a hold-down device 60 is provided. This device is equipped with a sliding coating facing the object 12 and prevents the object 12 from lifting off the transport device 16. Alternatively, a driven hold-down device is also conceivable, which can decelerate or accelerate the object 12 with respect to the position of the label 14 in order to align the object 12 and label 14 even more precisely. This is particularly useful for rectangular object shapes, especially if they are not to be completely covered with a label 14.
[0056] To ensure that the desired distance between the objects 12 is maintained, a singulation device 70 is provided in the area of the object supply unit 18. This device consists of singulation belts 71 arranged on both sides, which slow down the objects 12 due to their friction with the objects. Once an object 12 is released by the singulation device 70 in the machine direction, a hold-down device 80 follows immediately after the singulation device 70. This hold-down device includes, in particular, a roller arrangement to minimize the sliding friction between the objects 12 and the hold-down device 80. The function of the hold-down device 80 is to load the objects 12 in the direction of the transport device 16 in order to adapt the objects 12 to the speed of the transport device 16 as quickly as possible and thus prevent the transport device 16 from slipping under the objects 12 as much as possible.In this way, the positioning of objects 12 relative to label 14 can be improved.
[0057] The present invention provides a device and a method for labeling, which provides high performance, i.e. a high labeling rate, achieved firstly by the movable vacuum transport surface, which is able to provide simultaneous movement of the label alongside the intended movement of the object 12 over the transport device, thereby increasing the cycle times.
[0058] This is further supported by feeding the label 14 with its long longitudinal edge towards the transport device, whereby the positioning accuracy is increased by the two hold-down devices 60 and 80. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION
[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature
[0000] US 2019 / 0270534 A1 [0011, 0012]
Claims
[1] Labeling device (12) for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects (12), in particular cylindrical objects, comprising a. a transport device (16) for transporting the objects (12) in the machine direction (MD) from an object supply unit (18) to a labeling unit (20), b. a labeling unit (20) comprising a label supply unit and a label transfer unit, wherein the label supply unit transfers labels (14) to the label transfer unit and wherein c. the labeling unit (20) provides the labels (14) transversely to the transport direction (MD) of the transport device (16), wherein d. the label transfer device comprises a vacuum unit (30) which includes a vacuum transfer surface (33) designed such that the labels (14) lie on it over their entire surface and are transferred adhesively from the vacuum transfer surface (33) to the object,characterized by , that the vacuum transfer surface (33) is designed as part of a vacuum conveying device movable in the machine direction (MD), wherein the vacuum conveying device transports the labels (14) provided by the label supply unit to a labeling position and accelerates them to a labeling speed. [2] Labeling device according to claim 1, characterized by , that the labels (14) provided by the label supply unit have two long (22) and two short (24) side edges, wherein the long and / or the short side edges (22, 24) are preferably parallel to each other, and in particular the labels are rectangular, and the long side edges (22) extend in the transport direction (MD) of the transport device (16). [3] Labeling device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by , that the vacuum conveying device is a vacuum belt (34). [4] Labeling device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the objects (12) at the labeling position are pressed against the vacuum conveying device for the transfer of the labels (14) to the objects (12) via an application device (50). [5] Labeling device according to claim 4, characterized by , that the application device (50) comprises a labeling prism, a labeling rotary star, a counter-pressure plate or a roller belt, or combinations thereof, wherein the application device (50) is in particular designed such that, by its geometric design and / or its relative velocity relative to the object (12) and / or relative to the vacuum conveying device, it provides a rotation and / or a linear movement of the object (12). [6] Labeling device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by, that an air nozzle unit (40) is provided which is directed towards the vacuum conveying device, for applying the labels (12) against the vacuum conveying device. [7] Labeling device according to claim 6, characterized by , that the air nozzle unit (40) has an extension in the machine direction (MD) which is shorter than the extension of a label (14) in the machine direction (MD), in particular shorter than 50%, in particular shorter than 40%, in particular shorter than 30%, in particular shorter than 20% of the label length in the machine direction (MD), and in particular at least 5%, in particular at least 10%, in particular at least 15% of the label length in the machine direction (MD). [8] Labeling device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the labels (14) are dispensed from the label supply unit to the label transfer device via a release edge (26). [9] Labeling device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by that the objects (12) are cylindrical or cuboid, wherein the objects (12) in particular have a height which is less than 60%, in particular less than 50% of the diameter in the case of cylindrical objects (12) or of the greater side length of the base in the case of cuboid objects (12). [10] Labeling device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that a singulation device (70) is provided in the machine direction (MD) after the object provision unit (18) and before the labeling unit (20), which is formed in particular by a singulation belt (71) on one side or both sides limiting the transport device, which is spaced so that it rests against the objects (12). [11] Labeling device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by, that, in particular immediately after the singulation device (70) a hold-down device (80) for the objects (12) is provided, wherein this in particular includes a roller arrangement which loads the objects (12) in the direction of the transport device (16). [12] Labeling device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by , that in the area of the labeling unit (20) a hold-down device (60) for the objects (12) is provided, wherein this is in particular designed to position the objects (12) relative to the labels (14), and which loads the objects (12) in the direction of the transport device (MD), wherein a sensor is provided which detects the position of the label (14) relative to the object (12). [13] Labeling device according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 11, characterized by, that in the area of the labeling unit (20) a hold-down device (60) is provided for the objects (12), wherein this in particular comprises a sliding coating against which the objects (12) rest and which loads the objects (12) in the direction of the transport device (16). [14] Method for labeling the lateral surfaces of objects, in particular cylindrical objects, comprising the steps: a. Transporting the objects in the machine direction from an object supply unit to a labeling unit, b. Transfer of a label in the labeling unit from a label supply unit to a label transfer device, wherein the labels are supplied transversely to the transport direction of the transport device, wherein c. Holding the label on a vacuum transfer surface of a vacuum unit of the label transfer device by means of vacuum, wherein the labels lie completely on the vacuum transfer surface and are transferred from the vacuum transfer surface to the object in an adhesive manner, characterized by , that the label with the vacuum transfer surface is transported in the machine direction to a labeling position and accelerated to labeling speed while the object is brought in by the transport device, and the label is then brought into adhesive contact with the object. [15] Method according to claim 14, characterized by , that the object is rotated before, during or after being brought into contact with the label, so that the label wraps around the object to a desired extent. [16] Method according to claim 14 or 15, characterized bythat the label, in particular after being transferred to the label transfer device, especially the vacuum transfer surface, is blown on by an air nozzle unit and positioned and / or held on the vacuum transfer surface. [17] Method according to any one of claims 14 to 16, characterized by that the label has two long and two short side edges, and in particular is rectangular, and is provided by the label supply unit such that the long side edges run in the machine direction.
Citation Information
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