Access control system for buildings

Abstract

Access control system (1) for buildings (2) with a stationary unit (20) and a mobile unit (10), wherein the mobile unit (10) has a mobile transceiver (11) which is designed to transmit wirelessly and encrypted signals (S) for authentication and authorization of the mobile unit (10) with respect to the stationary unit (20) and for control of the stationary unit (20) by the mobile unit (10) to a stationary transceiver (21) of the stationary unit (20), wherein the stationary unit (20) comprises a control device (22) which is designed to determine a respective position (51 - 57) of the mobile unit (10) relative to the stationary unit (20) from the signals (S) transmitted from the mobile transceiver (11) to the stationary transceiver (21) at predetermined time intervals, to determine a movement path (50) of the mobile unit (10) from the chronologically successively determined positions (51 - 57) of the mobile unit (10) and to determine from the movement path (50) and a predetermined target position a probability with which a function is to be triggered when the mobile unit (10) approaches the target position, wherein the control device (22) is further configured to compare the probability with a predetermined threshold value and to trigger the function if the probability exceeds the threshold value.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to an access control system for buildings.

[0002] An access control system within the meaning of the invention refers to systems that have a stationary or fixed unit and a mobile unit that can be carried by a user, and in which said units communicate wirelessly with each other for the authentication and authorization of the mobile unit, and thus of the user, vis-à-vis the stationary unit. Based on the authentication and authorization, the stationary unit controls various functions and, in particular, the release or locking of an associated access, for example, a door or gate. Going beyond most conventional access systems, the access system according to the invention also provides for position determination, as explained in more detail below.

[0003] Wireless access control systems are state of the art and are known, for example, from the documents WO 2023 / 222462 A1 and DE 10 2020 114 403 A1.

[0004] However, such systems can be further optimized.

[0005] The invention is therefore based on the object of overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages and providing an access control system with improved security and increased convenience.

[0006] This problem is solved by the combination of features according to claim 1.

[0007] According to the invention, an access control system for buildings or a building access control system is therefore proposed, which accordingly has a stationary unit, i.e. a fixed unit that is preferably connected to the building in a fixed manner, and a mobile unit, i.e. a non-stationary unit that can be carried by a user. The mobile unit is essentially an electronic key, which can be designed, for example, in the form of a smart FOB or a smartphone. Basically, both the stationary unit and the mobile unit have a respective transceiver, wherein a transceiver is to be understood as a transmitting / receiving unit. The transceiver of the mobile unit, referred to as the mobile transceiver, preferably has at least one antenna and an evaluation unit for transmitting signals via the at least one antenna and for evaluating the signals received via the at least one antenna.The transceiver of the stationary unit, referred to as the stationary transceiver, preferably has at least two antennas and an evaluation unit for transmitting signals via at least one of the two antennas and for evaluating the signals received via both antennas. The mobile transceiver is designed to transmit wirelessly, in particular via radio, and encrypted signals for authentication and authorization of the mobile unit to the stationary unit, as well as optionally for control of the stationary unit by the mobile unit, to the transceiver of the stationary unit, referred to as the stationary transceiver.

[0008] Fundamentally, it should be noted that authentication is understood as the verification of whether the mobile unit or its identity is known to the stationary unit, in particular, whether a unique identification number of the mobile unit is stored in the stationary unit. Authorization, on the other hand, is understood as the verification of whether the authenticated mobile unit has access authorization for the access controlled by the access control system. Authentication and authorization can be carried out integrally or separately.

[0009] It is essential to the invention that the stationary unit has a control device which is designed to determine a respective position of the mobile unit relative to the stationary unit from the signals transmitted from the mobile transceiver to the stationary transceiver at predetermined time intervals, i.e. at fixed intervals or periodically. From the chronologically determined positions of the mobile unit, the control device determines a movement path of the mobile unit, which consequently corresponds to a movement path of a user carrying the mobile unit. From the movement path and a predetermined target position, a probability is then determined with which a function is to be triggered when the mobile unit approaches the target position. The target position can be the position of the access controlled by the access control system or an operating unit of the access.Based on this, the control device is further designed to compare the probability with a predetermined threshold value and to trigger the function if the probability exceeds the threshold value or is at least equal to the threshold value.

[0010] It is essential to note that the function, e.g. unlocking the access, should not only be executed when the user approaches the access with the mobile unit, but only when there is a high probability that the user wants to unlock the access.

[0011] Furthermore, it can be provided that the control device is designed to trigger the function only if a control command for triggering the function is additionally transmitted to the stationary unit by the mobile unit authenticated and authorized by the stationary unit and / or the position of the mobile unit is within a predetermined access area that can be learned or changed by a user or an authenticated and further preferably authorized user.

[0012] The access area is understood to be a two-dimensional and horizontally extending area on or around the stationary unit and, accordingly, for example and in abstract terms, an area on a floor in the area of the stationary unit or of an access controllable by the access control system, as could be represented, for example, in a view from above or a plan view.

[0013] The functions that can be controlled by corresponding control commands include, in particular, comfort functions, so that lighting elements, for example, can also be controlled by a corresponding control command.

[0014] However, basic functions of the access control system and thus in particular unlocking and locking of an access controlled by the access control system preferably do not require the transmission of a control command, but are carried out automatically by the control device if the probability exceeds the threshold and optionally an authenticated and authorized mobile unit, i.e. its position, is located within the access area.

[0015] The transceivers are preferably combined Bluetooth or Bluetooth Low Energy, BLE for short, and ultra-wideband transceivers, UWB transceivers for short, although other radio methods or radio transceivers can also be used as long as they enable the position to be determined according to the invention.

[0016] It is generally known that position determination is possible using such transceivers.

[0017] For example, the stationary transceiver may have several offset antennas and, for a signal received by the mobile transceiver, may have the time differences (TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival)) between the reception at the antennas, so that the time differences and the relative position of the antennas enable triangulation of the position of the mobile transceiver or the mobile unit.

[0018] Furthermore, for example, a method is used in which the stationary transceiver has at least two antennas or an antenna array comprising at least two antennas spaced apart by a known distance, wherein for a signal received by the mobile transceiver, for example by means of the phase difference between the signal received at the antennas (Phase Difference of Arrival (PDoA)) and the known distance between the antennas, an angle of incidence of the signal at the antennas (AoA (Angle of Arrival)) is determined and a distance of the mobile transceiver is determined, so that the position of the mobile transceiver or the mobile unit results from the angle of incidence and the distance.

[0019] To increase accuracy, more than two antennas, for example four antennas, or several antenna arrays with at least two antennas each could be used.

[0020] The distance can in turn be determined using different methods, in particular the signal strength of the received signal (Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI for short) or the transmission time (Time of Flight, ToF for short) of the signal from the mobile transceiver to the stationary transceiver or a signal from the stationary transceiver to the stationary transceiver via the mobile transceiver.

[0021] Although the detection accuracy of the angle of incidence can be increased by more antennas and although a possible horizontal difference between mobile transceivers and stationary transceivers, ie their height difference to each other or the distance of the transceivers in the vertical, can be determined in three-dimensional space, exactly two antennas are preferably provided.

[0022] Possible height differences between the mobile unit and the stationary unit, which can lead to an inaccurate or erroneous determination of the distance in the horizontal plane relevant in the present case, particularly when using exactly two antennas, are preferably neglected according to the present application, since it is assumed that these are automatically compensated for by the learning of the access area or are negligibly small.

[0023] An advantageous further development of the invention accordingly provides that the control device is designed to determine an angle from which the signals were received from the signals transmitted from the mobile transceiver to the stationary transceiver, and to determine a distance from which the signals were received, so that the position of the mobile unit can be specified as polar coordinates of a correspondingly two-dimensional polar coordinate system, which can also be referred to as a circular coordinate system, in whose coordinate origin, referred to as the pole, the stationary transceiver is arranged.

[0024] Accordingly, the polar coordinate system preferably lies in a horizontal plane relative to the earth or the ground.

[0025] Based on this, it can further be provided that the polar coordinate system is divided or segmented by a distance grid and an angle grid, and that virtual, i.e., imaginary, nodes are formed at the intersection points of the distance grid and the angle grid. The control device is designed to normalize the position of the mobile unit to the nearest node or to the node determined according to a predetermined rule, i.e., to store the coordinates or position of the nearest node as the coordinates or position of the mobile unit. Instead of normalizing to the nearest node, for example, normalization could be provided to the one of two nodes that is further away from the stationary unit in the radial direction.

[0026] Based on a necessary and expected accuracy of the position determination by means of the stationary transceiver, the distance grid can provide a step size or subdivision between 2 cm and 50 cm, in particular 5 cm and 30 cm, preferably between 10 cm and 20 cm and further preferably approximately 15 cm or even approximately 30 cm.

[0027] Analogously, the angle grid can provide a step size or subdivision between 1° and 30°, in particular between 2° and 20°, preferably between 5° and 15°, and more preferably approximately 10° or even approximately 20°. Due to better and simpler implementation and, at the same time, sufficient resolution, 5° is preferably used as the lower limit.

[0028] Furthermore, it is preferably provided that polar coordinates to the right of the stationary transceiver are located in the positive angular direction of the polar coordinate system, and polar coordinates to the left of the stationary transceiver are located in the negative angular direction of the polar coordinate system. Left and right are to be understood as pointing away from a top view and from the perspective of the stationary transceiver, as well as from the building. Accordingly, angles from -90° to +90°, and thus 180°, are preferably detected using two antennas. A total coverage of 360° can also be achieved with more antennas.

[0029] A further advantageous development of the access control system is one in which the predetermined access area is stored as the nodes located within the access area or as a set of nodes located within the access area. In this case, the control device is configured to compare the position normalized to the nearest node with the nodes located within the access area, so that, based on a match and thus without further calculations, it can be determined that the position of the mobile unit is within a predetermined access area.

[0030] To increase convenience, a user or authorized user can define the aforementioned access area during the initial setup of the access control system or at any time. However, this definition of the access area should be as user-friendly as possible.

[0031] An advantageous development provides that the control device is configured to determine a respective approach speed to the target position from two immediately consecutively determined positions of the mobile unit and their detection times. Based on this, the probability or a first partial probability for determining the probability is determined from the respective approach speed, with the probability being higher the higher the approach speed.

[0032] Specifically, the control device can determine a first direct distance from the first determined position to the target position from a position determined first of the two positions determined immediately one after the other, and a second direct distance from the subsequently determined position to the target position from a position determined subsequently of the two positions determined immediately one after the other. An approach distance is then determined from a difference between the first direct distance and the second direct distance, and the respective approach speed is determined from the approach distance and a time difference between the detection times of the two positions of the mobile unit determined immediately one after the other. This is expressly not, or not necessarily, a movement speed, but the speed at which the mobile unit orthe user approaches the target point, even if he or she is not moving directly to the target point.

[0033] The approach speed can be determined, for example, using the following formula: vA=D1−D2t2−t1=ΔDΔt with v A Approach speed D1 first direct distance D2 second direct distance ΔD difference of distances t2 Time of recording of the subsequently determined position t1 Time of detection of the first determined position Δt difference between the recording times

[0034] With regard to the above formula, as well as all subsequent formulas, the units are ignored. The probability or partial probabilities are determined in % and all values can be assumed to be converted to the respective SI base units. Therefore, distances in meters, times in seconds, and speeds in m / s would be entered into the formulas. Other units may be used, but the respective weighting factors must be converted to these units accordingly.

[0035] Based on this, but also independently of this, the following formula can be used to determine the probability or the first partial probability: P1=A+B∗vA with P1 first partial probability A base value of the first partial probability of e.g. 50 B Weighting factor for the approach speed of e.g. 25 v A Approach speed

[0036] Preferably, the approach speed is only taken into account in a range of, for example, ±2 m / s, whereby smaller values are understood as -2 m / s and larger values as +2 m / s and, based on the above formula, a first partial probability between 0% and 100% results.

[0037] Furthermore, it can be provided that the control device is designed to determine a respective second direct distance from the position determined subsequently in time to the target position from a position determined subsequently in time from each of two positions determined immediately following one another, and to determine the probability or a second partial probability for determining the probability from the respective second direct distance, wherein the probability is higher the smaller the second direct distance is.

[0038] Based on this, but also independently of this, the following formula can be used to determine the probability or the second partial probability: P2=C−D2D with P2 second partial probability C Base value of the second partial probability of e.g. 100 D Weighting factor for the second direct distance of e.g. 0.05 D2 second direct distance

[0039] Preferably, the second distance is only considered up to a maximum of 5 m, whereby the maximum considered distance may also depend, for example, on the maximum range of the access control system, up to which the position of the mobile unit can be determined. Based on the above formula, the second partial probability results in a value between 0% and 100%.

[0040] Furthermore, the control device is preferably designed to determine a respective movement path to the target position from two directly successively determined positions of the mobile unit and to determine the probability or a third partial probability for determining the probability from the respective movement path.

[0041] For this purpose, it can be provided, for example, that the control device is designed to determine a first direct approach path from the first determined position to the target position from a position determined first in time of the two immediately successive determined positions and to determine an approach angle between the first direct approach path and the movement path and to determine the probability or the third partial probability for determining the probability from the approach angle, wherein the probability is higher the smaller the approach angle is.

[0042] Using the known positions and paths or direct distances, the angle of approach can be determined, for example, using the cosine theorem.

[0043] Based on this, but also independently of this, the following formula can be used to determine the probability or the third partial probability: P3=EγF with P3 third partial probability E Base value of the third partial probability of e.g. 100 F Weighting factor for the approach angle of e.g. 1.8 γ approach angle

[0044] Preferably, values between 0° and 180° are considered for the approach angle, where 0° corresponds to a movement directly in the direction of the target position and 180° corresponds to a movement in the opposite direction. Based on the above formula, the third partial probability results in a value between 0% and 100%.

[0045] In particular, the control device is designed to determine an overall probability as a probability from the first partial probability and / or the second partial probability and / or the third partial probability.

[0046] Consequently, the following applies: PG=P1100∗P2100∗P3100 with P G Probability or total probability P1 first partial probability P2 second partial probability P3 third partial probability

[0047] The threshold value against which one of the partial probabilities is compared as a probability or total probability, or a probability or total probability determined from several partial probabilities, is preferably between 70% and 90%, in particular 80%. Starting from 80% and based on the aforementioned formula for determining the total probability from all partial probabilities, each partial probability must be approximately 90%, for example.

[0048] In order to further improve the correct determination of the probability, it can further be provided that the control device is designed to store the respective position of the mobile unit in an orderly manner by means of a unique identification number and / or a time stamp with regard to its determination sequence, so that the history or the course of the probabilities determined therefrom can also be taken into account.

[0049] Thus, it can be provided that the control device is configured to determine, starting from at least three stored positions and for all stored positions from two directly consecutively determined positions of the mobile unit, the respective first partial probability and / or the respective second partial probability and / or the respective third partial probability and / or the respective probability, as well as whether the successive probabilities increase or decrease. In this case, the control device is configured to determine a correction value for correcting the probability, which is higher the more the successive probabilities increase.

[0050] If the probability determined by means of two subsequently evaluated position pairs increases, this is a further indicator that the function should be triggered, which can be taken into account when determining a new overall probability.

[0051] According to a further aspect of the invention, an access control system according to the invention and in particular the control device for carrying out a method for triggering a function depending on a probability determined from a movement path of a mobile unit is designed with an access control system according to the invention. In this case, a respective position of the mobile unit relative to the stationary unit is determined from the signals transmitted from the mobile transceiver to the stationary transceiver at predetermined time intervals. From the sequentially determined positions of the mobile unit, a movement path of the mobile unit is determined, and from the movement path and a predetermined target position, a probability is determined with which a function is to be triggered when the mobile unit approaches the target position.The probability is then compared with a predetermined threshold and the function is triggered if the probability exceeds the threshold or is at least equal to the threshold.

[0052] What has been said regarding the access control system applies analogously to the procedure and is directly transferable to it.

[0053] The features disclosed above can be combined as desired, as long as this is technically possible and they do not contradict each other.

[0054] Other advantageous developments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims or are presented in more detail below, together with the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention, with reference to the figures. They show: Fig. 1 an access control system; Fig. 2 an access control system with a stationary unit located at the origin of a polar coordinate system; Fig. 3 Polar coordinate system with motion path recorded therein; Fig. 4 a process for triggering a function depending on a probability determined from a movement path.

[0055] The figures are schematic examples. Identical reference numerals in the figures indicate identical functional and / or structural features.

[0056] In Fig. 1, the essential components of an access control system 1 on a building 2 according to the invention are shown schematically.

[0057] Such an access control system 1 basically comprises a stationary unit 20 and a mobile unit 10, wherein the stationary unit 20 is stationary or connected to the building 2 and is designed to control the access 3, for example a door, of the building 2 and accordingly, in particular, to lock or unlock the access 3 or the door 3 depending on the position of the mobile unit 10, wherein the stationary unit 20 receives signals S from the mobile unit 10 to determine the position and to authenticate and authorize the mobile unit 10. The mobile unit 10 has a mobile BLE-UWB transceiver 11, which is designed to wirelessly and encryptedly transmit signals S for authentication and authorization of the mobile unit 10 to the stationary unit 20 and, if necessary, for control of the stationary unit 20 by the mobile unit 10 to a stationary BLE-UWB transceiver 21 of the stationary unit 20.

[0058] In general, identification and authentication preferably take place via BLE, whereas localization and positioning preferably takes place via cryptologically secured communication via UWB.

[0059] It is essential that the control of the stationary unit 20 should not be based, or preferably at least not exclusively, on control commands received from the mobile unit 10, but rather partial probabilities or an overall probability should be determined as to whether a user carrying the mobile unit 10 wants to trigger a function.

[0060] For this purpose, the control device 22 is designed to determine a respective position of the mobile unit 10 relative to the stationary unit 20 from the signals S transmitted from the mobile transceiver 11 to the stationary transceiver 21 at predetermined time intervals and to determine a movement path 50 of the mobile unit 10 from the positions 51 to 57 of the mobile unit 10 determined successively in time, as shown in Fig. 3. From the movement path 50 and a predetermined target position, which in this case corresponds to the position of an operating unit 4 of the access 3, for example, a door handle, a probability is determined with which the user wishes to trigger a function by approaching the mobile unit 10 to the target position. The probability thus determined is compared with a predetermined threshold, and the function is triggered if the probability exceeds the threshold.

[0061] The triggering of the function may depend on further boundary conditions. In particular, it may be provided that the function is only triggered if, in addition to a probability exceeding the threshold, the last determined position lies within a predetermined access area 30.

[0062] Optionally, it may also be necessary for a mobile unit 10 authenticated and authorized by the stationary unit 20 to transmit a control command to trigger the function to the stationary unit 20.

[0063] To determine the position of the mobile unit 10, the control device 22 determines an angle Φ from which the signals S were received from the signals S transmitted by the mobile transceiver 11 to the stationary transceiver 21, and a distance r from which the signals S were received, so that the respective position of the mobile unit 10 can be specified as polar coordinates of a polar coordinate system. It follows that the stationary transceiver 21 is located at the coordinate origin of this two-dimensional polar coordinate system.

[0064] In order to simplify and thus accelerate calculations and comparisons, it is provided that the polar coordinate system is divided or segmented by a distance grid 41 and an angle grid 42, so that virtual, i.e. imaginary nodes 43 are formed at the intersection points of the distance grid 41 with the angle grid 42, as shown in the Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is shown.

[0065] Based on this, the control device 22 is designed to normalize the previously determined position of the mobile unit 10 to the nearest node 43.

[0066] As exemplified in Fig. 1 and Fig. As shown in Figure 2, the predetermined access area can be a delimited area or a delimited region within a polar coordinate system, in the center of which the stationary unit 20 is located. However, the predetermined access area 30 can be a predetermined angular range, distance range, a combination of angular and distance range, or the entire area of the stationary unit that can be detected by the polar coordinate system, so that in the latter case, the access area 30 would be determined solely by a maximum transmission or reception power of the two transceivers 11, 21.

[0067] Also with reference to Fig. 2 shows that the access area 30 can be determined, for example, by boundary points 31 normalized to the node points 43.

[0068] Starting from Fig. 3 and the Fig. The procedure shown in Figure 4 as an example and based on a flow chart is intended to clarify the determination of the probability and the control of the function based on it.

[0069] With reference to Fig.3, it should be noted that the chronologically recorded positions 51 to 57 of the mobile unit 10 or of the user carrying the mobile unit 10 are shown, who enters the detection area and approaches the target position 4 or the control unit 4 of the access 3. The two immediately consecutively recorded positions result in a respective partial movement path or movement path 50, from which a probability is determined. The probability is determined from several partial probabilities, as explained below.

[0070] It is essential, however, that the partial probabilities or the probability are determined for each two positions recorded immediately one after the other, whereby for the purpose of explanation, reference is made below to the two first recorded positions 51, 52, but what has been said also applies to all subsequent positions or pairs of positions.

[0071] To determine the probability, the direct distance from the respective position 51 - 57 to the target position 4 as well as a direct approach path 58, 59 from the respective position 51 - 57 to the target position 4 and from this also an approach angle γ is determined, which indicates the deviation of the respective movement path 50 from the direct approach path 58.

[0072] Consequently, the control device 22 is suitable or designed to carry out the following method steps: Step A A mobile unit 10 or a user carrying the mobile unit 10 enters the detection area of the stationary unit 20. Step B The stationary unit 20 periodically determines the position of the mobile unit 10 relative to the stationary unit 20 and specifies it by normalized polar coordinates. Step C The positions are stored in an orderly manner with regard to their recording sequence and are provided with an associated time stamp. Step D As soon as at least two positions are available, partial probabilities 51, 52 are determined from two immediately consecutive positions, which can be done serially or in parallel. Step E From the two immediately consecutively determined positions 51, 52, a first direct distance D1 is determined from the first determined position 51 to the target position 4, from a temporally subsequently determined position 52 of the two immediately consecutively determined positions 51, 52, a second direct distance D2 is determined from the temporally subsequently determined position 52 to the target position 4. From the two direct distances D1, D2 and the recording times or time stamps t1, t2 of the consecutively determined positions 51, 52, the approach speed VA determined by: vA=D1−D2t2−t1=ΔDΔt Then and only approach speeds VA Taking into account up to a maximum of ±2 m / s, a first partial probability P1 is determined by: P1=50+25∗vA Step F From the second direct distance D2, which indicates the distance at the end of the movement path 50 and thus the distance from the current position of the user to the target position, a second partial probability is determined as follows: P2=100−D20.05 Distances D2 of 5 m and above are taken into account, or for distances D2 of more than 5 m a second partial probability of 0% is assumed. Step G: From the first determined position 51 of the two consecutively determined positions 51, 52, a first direct approach path 58 is determined from the first determined position 51 to the target position 4. Subsequently, an approach angle γ is determined between the first direct approach path 58 and the movement path 50 between the two consecutively determined positions 51, 52, for example, using the cosine theorem. This angle γ accordingly indicates the deviation of the current movement from a direct movement toward the target position. A third partial probability is then determined from the approach angle γ as follows: P3=100−γ1.8 Approach angles γ between 0° (direct movement to target position 4) and 180° (movement in an opposite direction) are taken into account. Step H From the three partial probabilities, the probability with which the user wants to trigger the function, e.g. use the access, is determined as follows: PG=P1100∗P2100∗P3100 Step J If the probability P G Has the probability increased compared to the last determined probability or the first time an initially predetermined probability was determined? If no, return to step B or wait for the next position determination and then step D. If yes, continue to step K. Step K If the determined probability P G above a threshold of 80? If yes, go to step N. If no, go to step L. Step L: Can the position of mobile unit 10 be determined by stationary unit 20, or is mobile unit 10 or a user carrying mobile unit 10 still within the detection range of stationary unit 20? If no, proceed to step M. If yes, return to step B or wait for the next position determination and then step D. Step M Determination of position and determination of probabilities are completed. Step N: Check whether the last determined position 52 is within the access area 30. If yes, continue to step O. If no, return to step B or wait for the next position determination and then step D. Step O The function is controlled or triggered.

[0073] After the function has been triggered, for example unlocking or unlocking access 3, a further function can be triggered in a time- or sensor-controlled manner and access 3 can be blocked or locked, for example, if access 3 has not been opened within a predetermined time or as soon as access 3 has been closed again by the user. QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] WO 2023 / 222462 A1

[0003] DE 10 2020 114 403 A1

[0003]

Claims

[1] Access control system (1) for buildings (2) with a stationary unit (20) and a mobile unit (10), wherein the mobile unit (10) has a mobile transceiver (11) which is designed to transmit wirelessly and encrypted signals (S) for authentication and authorization of the mobile unit (10) with respect to the stationary unit (20) and for control of the stationary unit (20) by the mobile unit (10) to a stationary transceiver (21) of the stationary unit (20), wherein the stationary unit (20) comprises a control device (22) which is designed to determine a respective position (51 - 57) of the mobile unit (10) relative to the stationary unit (20) from the signals (S) transmitted from the mobile transceiver (11) to the stationary transceiver (21) at predetermined time intervals, to determine a movement path (50) of the mobile unit (10) from the chronologically successively determined positions (51 - 57) of the mobile unit (10) and to determine from the movement path (50) and a predetermined target position a probability with which a function is to be triggered when the mobile unit (10) approaches the target position, wherein the control device (22) is further configured to compare the probability with a predetermined threshold value and to trigger the function if the probability exceeds the threshold value. [2] Access control system according to claim 1, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a respective approach speed to the target position from two immediately successive positions (51, 52) of the mobile unit (10) and their detection times, and to determine the probability or a first partial probability for determining the probability from the respective approach speed, whereby the probability is higher the greater the approach speed. [3] Access control system according to the preceding claim, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a first direct distance from the first determined position (51) to the target position (4) from a position (51) determined first in time of the two immediately successive determined positions (51, 52), to determine a second direct distance from the subsequently determined position (52) to the target position (4) from a position (52) determined subsequently in time of the two immediately successive determined positions (51, 52), to determine an approach distance from a difference between the first direct distance and the second direct distance, to determine the respective approach speed from the approach distance and a time difference between the detection times of the two immediately consecutively determined positions (51, 52) of the mobile unit (10). [4] Access control system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a respective second direct distance from the subsequently determined position (52) to the target position (4) from a position (52) determined subsequently in time of two immediately successive determined positions (51, 52) and to determine the probability or a second partial probability to determine the probability from the respective second direct distance, whereby the probability is higher the smaller the second direct distance is. [5] Access control system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a respective movement path (50) to the target position (4) from two immediately successive positions (51, 52) of the mobile unit (10), and to determine the probability or a third partial probability for determining the probability from the respective movement path (50). [6] Access control system according to the preceding claim, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a first direct approach path (58) from the first determined position (51) to the target position (4) from a position (51) determined first in time of the two immediately successive determined positions (51, 52), and to determine an approach angle (γ) between the first direct approach path (58) and the movement path (50) and to determine the probability or the third partial probability to determine the probability from the angle of approach (γ), whereby the probability is higher the smaller the angle of approach (γ). [7] Access control system according to one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine an overall probability as a probability from the first partial probability and / or the second partial probability and / or the third partial probability. [8] Access control system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the threshold value is between 70% and 90%, in particular 80%. [9] Access control system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control device (22) is designed to store the respective position of the mobile unit (10) in an orderly manner using a unique identification number and / or a time stamp with respect to its destination sequence. [10] Access control system according to the preceding claim, wherein the control device (22) is designed from at least three stored positions (51 - 57) and for all stored positions (51 - 57) from two immediately consecutively determined positions (51, 52) of the mobile unit (10), the respective first partial probability and / or the respective second partial probability and / or the respective third partial probability and / or the respective probability and to determine whether the successive probabilities increase or decrease, wherein the control device (22) is designed to determine a correction value for correcting the probability, which is higher the more the successive probabilities increase. [11] Access control system according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control device (22) is designed to trigger the function only when a control command for triggering the function is transmitted to the stationary unit (20) by a mobile unit (10) authenticated and authorized by the stationary unit (20) and / or the last determined position of the mobile unit (10) is within a predetermined and / or user-changeable access area (30).

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