DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A COMPONENT BY MEANS OF 3D MULTI-MATTER PRINTING AND MANUFACTURED COMPONENT

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a device and a method for manufacturing a component from several materials using 3D multi-material printing and is particularly applicable for the manufacture of a printed electrical component, especially an electric motor.

[0002] From publication EP 1639871 B1, a method for producing an electrically conductive pattern by printing a layer comprising metal oxides is known. The layer is transferred as a reduced layer onto an application substrate. After printing, the conductive pattern is heated for metallization and sintering by infrared or microwave irradiation. The electrically conductive pattern is in the form of a paste layer and is produced by screen printing, pad printing, flexographic printing, gravure printing, lithographic printing, inkjet printing, or laser printing processes.

[0003] Document US 2016 / 0325498 A1 describes a 3D printer with a two-stage nozzle that deposits each layer in a grid pattern. Each nozzle has an individually controllable high-speed valve, and molten plastic is fed to multiple nozzles under constant pressure.

[0004] WO2016 / 115 095 A1 discloses that the materials used during the AM process can be metal alloy(s), photopolymer, thermoplastics, eutectic metals, edible materials, rubbers, modeling and / or metal clay, ceramic materials, powdered polymers, thermoplastic powder, ceramic powder, paper, metal foil, and plastic film. The AM process can build component 2 and / or one or more subsequent components based on one or more 3D computer models in one or more printable file formats, selected from, but not limited to, the STL, WRL, and VRML file formats. Other possible formats include 3MF, AMF, ZPR, FORM, and G-code.

[0005] The AM process can be used to build component 2 for one or more of the following applications: manufacturing applications; industrial applications; sociocultural applications; and / or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the manufacturing applications may be related to or targeted at distributed manufacturing, mass customization, rapid manufacturing, rapid prototyping, research, food, medical applications, custom medical castings, and / or any combination thereof.

[0006] It is further disclosed from this publication to provide a verification and adjustment procedure for correcting at least one build defect present in a component built by additive manufacturing, wherein the procedure comprises: extracting digital 3D geometry data of the component from collected digital data, wherein the collected digital data are based on the built component; a build platform of an additive manufacturing device, wherein the collected digital data comprise digital 2D images collected by a first imaging device associated with the additive manufacturing device and digital 3D images collected by a second imaging device associated with the additive manufacturing device;Detecting at least one build error in the component built on the build platform by comparing the extracted digital 3D geometry data with a first digital 3D model of the component, wherein a first digital 3D printable file of the component includes the first digital 3D model of the component; generating a second digital 3D model of the component based on the detected at least one build error present in the component, wherein the second digital 3D model accommodates or corrects the detected at least one build error present in the component; and providing a second digital printable 3D file that accommodates or corrects the detected at least one build error by modifying the line-by-line code of the first digital printable 3D file to integrate the generated second digital 3D model of the component.

[0007] With this state-of-the-art solution, printing errors are detected, but only corrected in the subsequent printing process / layer.

[0008] Document WO 2016 / 170030 A1 describes a method for manufacturing 3D objects. The outer surface comprises at least one surface section, which is produced on a flat base plate using at least one additive manufacturing process. First, a surface section is produced in two dimensions on the base plate. At least one curable polymer or curable reactive resin is applied using a layer-by-layer forming process to create a first layer. Subsequently, a second layer is applied to the first layer using the same layer-by-layer forming process. After the application of each layer, curing takes place. Following curing, the cured surface section is removed from the base plate, where the surface sections are three-dimensionally shaped and subsequently fixed.

[0009] From publication WO 2016 / 075802 A1, a device with a motion system is known that is configured to move a build platform with a surface, the movement being monitored by a measuring system with respect to the position information of the build platform. The device has a nozzle for a powder material that is melted by means of an irradiation unit. Monitoring is preferably carried out by means of a condenser system.

[0010] US patent 2016 / 0009 029 A1 discloses a device that melts various thermoplastic materials, and thus exclusively plastics, through a nozzle. The material can be dispensed by means of a piston. In other embodiments, material can be advanced into the MMC when the piston is lifted. Lifting the piston creates a vacuum. This vacuum is to be reduced to minimize the force required to lift the piston and to reduce any risk of potential deformation of the opening.

[0011] Furthermore, it is known from this publication that composite materials with a matrix of a polymer and with a filler of metal or ceramic can be used.

[0012] 3D printing for the production of a component from both metallic and ceramic pastes in a single printing process is not known from this.

[0013] GB 2 521 913 A1 further discloses a heat exchanger comprising several lines in the form of capillary tubes with a common inlet and outlet. This heat exchanger does not have a grid structure through which a fluid can flow and was not manufactured using a 3D printing process.

[0014] The current state of the art presents several problems when carrying out printing using 3D multi-material printing.

[0015] Before printing begins, the extrusion rate must be set. Due to tolerances in the printing and metering unit, precise adherence to the prescribed extrusion rate is not feasible according to current best practices. This inevitably results in the printed layers tending to become overfilled with printing material as the component height increases. Conversely, if too little material is injected, the frequency of defects increases proportionally to the print height.

[0016] Despite optimized paste mixing processes, defects can occur during extrusion printing. The likelihood of such occurrences increases with large and complex printed objects. According to current technology, this necessitates an interruption of the printing process followed by manual correction. In unfavorable cases, this can even lead to the cancellation of the printing process. If manual correction is possible, it creates several problems when resuming the printing process. For example, altered drying parameters and the reconfiguration of the printing press can cause errors in the subsequent printing process.

[0017] Another problem with extrusion printing is the temporary clogging of the extrusion nozzle. Clogging cannot be completely ruled out due to statistical variations in particle size and shape. If a blockage occurs, the printing process must be interrupted and the printed part cannot be completed. Manual cleaning of the nozzle is necessary to resume printing.

[0018] According to the current state of the art, the dimensional stability of conventional binders during the printing process, their flowability, segregation behavior, curability, and compatibility with a sintering process are not guaranteed, as the binder is required to possess partially conflicting physical and chemical properties. Binders that meet all the requirements of 3D multi-material printing are not known from conventional methods. Furthermore, it is necessary to adapt the binder properties depending on the size and shape of the particles in the paste.

[0019] According to current technology, pasty and granular materials are conveyed using compressed air or mechanically applied pressure. A disadvantage is that pastes subjected to pressure for very long periods, as is necessary in the 3D printing of large components, tend to separate. This is especially true for pastes containing particles of high-density materials such as metal.

[0020] Especially with large to very large print bodies, a defined curing process must be ensured during printing, otherwise deformation of the print body under its own load is to be expected. In previously used methods, this is achieved through photo- or heat-curing polymers in the binder. However, this is not possible due to the specific requirements for binders in 3D multi-material printing.

[0021] Regarding the sintering of a component, the current state of the art has disadvantages, such as the fact that base metals like copper or iron must be sintered under a protective gas atmosphere or in the presence of active gases, and especially in the absence of oxygen, because otherwise oxidation processes occur that counteract an optimal sintering result. Under these conditions, however, not all binder components can be removed from the printed body, which negatively affects the desired properties of the printed part.

[0022] Copper and other metals cannot usually be permanently joined on a macroscopic scale due to their very different coefficients of thermal expansion. Enamel is an exception, but it is not suitable for manufacturing solid printed objects. Low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCCs), known from other processes, do possess the required coefficients of thermal expansion, but due to anisotropies in these coefficients, they are not suitable for 3D multi-material printing.

[0023] The object of the invention is to develop a device and a method for manufacturing a component using 3D multi-material printing, which has a simple structural design and eliminates the aforementioned deficiencies of the prior art.

[0024] This problem is solved using the characterizing features of claims 1 and 7.

[0025] Advantageous embodiments result from the dependent claims.

[0026] The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a component by means of 3D multi-material printing, in particular for manufacturing an electrical component, wherein metallic and ceramic pastes are applied layer by layer using an extrusion die and shaped. Several parameters are monitored during the printing process by means of a monitoring device.

[0027] Using a monitoring device in the form of a camera, defects in the print are detected, located and compared with the measurements of a continuous monitoring system, whereby new extrusion paths are automatically created based on detected defects, which correct the defects fully automatically.

[0028] Furthermore, the same or another camera is used to monitor over- or underfilling of each printed layer in relation to the extrusion quantity, whereby imaging techniques are used to record and evaluate the fill level of each printed layer during the printing process.

[0029] In a third monitoring process, temporary blockages in the extrusion nozzle are advantageously detected by monitoring the pressure in the extrusion nozzle area. Preferably, the blockage is cleared outside the printed body by increasing the pressure, and the printing process is then continued. An advantageous possible measure is to interrupt the printing process and then move the print head to an area outside the printed body. In this area, a defined quantity of extrusion material is extruded under increased pressure until the blockage clears. This process is advantageously carried out fully automatically.

[0030] To monitor defects in the print, the invention uses a camera and image recognition and evaluation methods to assess a bead deposited on the print body during the printing process. If defects are detected, they are corrected before the next layer and / or material is printed. Printing of the next material or layer only proceeds once the defects have been corrected. When a defect is detected, its location and extent are identified and stored. Based on the detected defects, new extrusion paths are automatically created, thereby correcting the defects fully automatically.

[0031] Furthermore, after the completion of a material in a layer, the corresponding area is recorded using imaging techniques and the course of the extrusion paths is determined using an image recognition method.

[0032] To monitor over- / underfilling of the extrusion quantity, in an advantageous embodiment, over- or underfilling is counteracted by means of the dynamic adjustment of a scaling factor in the form of a control loop to the printing process.

[0033] The blockage in the extrusion nozzle is preferably detected by a drop in the measured pressure, after which the printing process is automatically resumed. If the blockage cannot be cleared by increasing the pressure, the user is notified by an error message. The nozzle must then be cleaned manually, after which the printhead is automatically set up and the printing process resumes.

[0034] The process utilizes a special binder in the form of a multi-component emulsion, whereby the emulsion allows for targeted adjustment of the binder parameters. The binder preferably consists of polymers of varying chain lengths, cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, isoparaffins, olefins, n-paraffins, emulsifiers, surfactants, or defoamers, or a combination of at least two of these components.

[0035] After the component has been printed, a sintering process is advantageously carried out. The temperature and sintering atmosphere are selected such that the binder components are driven out of the component by oxidation in the oxygen-containing atmosphere. Subsequently, the temperature is increased to 900–1500 °C, thereby reducing the oxidized metallic components of the printed component with the aid of active gases. Sintering can be carried out using either active gas or a protective gas, with the oxide layers being removed under active gas.

[0036] The procedure involves the use of an automatic mixing and feeding device, whereby the metallic or ceramic paste is mixed under vacuum in the mixing and feeding device and fed to the printhead by means of gravity and vibration.

[0037] The vibration changes the viscosity of the paste, allowing it to leave the mixing container, following gravity, downwards through a conical shape containing an opening and into a transport tube.

[0038] The powder is conveyed into the mixing container by gravity and vibration. Portioning is achieved through a variable inlet opening. The quantity supplied for mixing can be calculated, preferably using motion models, from the amplitude, frequency, powder properties, and diameter of the inlet opening.

[0039] The binder added is in liquid form with a defined viscosity and can be metered and conveyed into the mixing container using conventional equipment. A vacuum is preferably maintained in the mixing container to ensure continuous degassing of the paste.

[0040] In an advantageous embodiment, the shrinkage values ​​during the drying and sintering process, as well as the physical properties of the pressure body, are adjusted by adding additives to the ceramic paste.

[0041] Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for manufacturing a component by means of 3D multi-material printing, wherein metallic and ceramic pastes are applied layer by layer via an extrusion die and shaped using an extrusion process. The device comprises a mixing and feeding unit and / or a build platform, wherein the mixing and feeding unit includes a mixing container under vacuum and is connected to a vibration device such that the mixing container can be set into vibration, the paste being transported towards the extrusion die by means of the vibrations. A vacuum preferably prevails in the mixing container to allow for continuous venting of the paste.

[0042] The mixing vessel contains an agitator and has a conical shape at its lower end. The ceramic and metallic pastes are mixed in the vessel by means of the agitator, which has a variable inlet opening for adding a powder and another for adding a binder.

[0043] The mixing container is preferably mechanically connected to a vibration device in such a way that it can be set into vibration at a variably adjustable frequency.

[0044] The vibration changes the viscosity of the paste, allowing it to leave the mixing container, following gravity, downwards through the conical shape which contains an opening, into a transport tube.

[0045] The transport hose is preferably flexible to ensure a mechanical connection to the printhead.

[0046] To ensure the transport of the paste caused by vibration, the transport hose is preferably equipped with further smaller vibration devices at defined intervals.

[0047] Furthermore, the device features a ceramic build platform with a porous structure that allows moisture to be selectively added to or removed from the component. This enables precise control over the curing process during printing.

[0048] The construction platform has an intrinsic structure through which air and / or solvent can flow.

[0049] The ceramic paste used preferably consists of silicate ceramics. Alternatively, glass powder is added to the silicate ceramics.

[0050] Furthermore, a component is described which is produced using the inventive method and device, wherein the component has a lattice structure. In an advantageous embodiment, the component is designed in the form of a heat exchanger. With the solution according to the invention, it is possible to print metallic pastes and ceramic pastes successively in a 3D printing process and thereby produce a component made of metallic and ceramic areas / components.

[0051] This ensures high component quality because the monitoring system detects defects during layer printing and corrects them in that layer; and / or detects over- or underfilling in a layer by measuring the fill level during printing; and / or monitors the pressure in the extrusion nozzle area, detecting blockages in the extrusion nozzle and resolving them by increasing the pressure. Each of these monitoring measures leads to greater reliability of the 3D printing process and improved component quality.

[0052] Mixing the pastes and binder in a vacuum mixing vessel deaerates the paste, which improves print quality and thus the quality of the component, as air inclusions in the printed ceramic and metal pastes are avoided. The additional vibration of the mixing vessel facilitates the transport of the paste to the extrusion die.

[0053] Preferably, the metallic paste and the ceramic paste are mixed in separate mixing containers from the respective powder and binder and fed to the respective extruder. Thus, preferably a separate mixing container and a separate extruder are used for each material to be printed.

[0054] If the device uses a build platform with a porous structure, moisture can be selectively added to or removed from the component, thereby influencing the drying of the component.

[0055] The caterpillars arranged one above the other in a heat exchanger are laid at a defined distance from each other. This allows the respective fluid to flow through the grid structure.

[0056] The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment and accompanying drawings.

[0057] They show: Figure 1 a mixing and feeding device according to the invention, Figure 2 a porous ceramic building platform according to the invention, Figure 3 a heat exchanger produced by 3D multi-material printing in a sectional view, Figure 4 a heat exchanger produced by means of 3D printing, Figure 5 a heat exchanger with a "tube in tube" arrangement. Figure 1 Figure 1 shows an automatic and continuous mixing and feeding device for pastes used in 3D multi-material printing. A powder 2 made of metal or ceramic, arranged in a storage container 1, is fed into a mixing container 3 containing a concentrically arranged agitator 4. The mixing container 3 has a conical shape at its lower end, to which a transport hose 5 connects to the print head. The transport hose 5 is flexible and features vibration units 6 at defined intervals, which convey the mixed paste 7 towards the print head by means of vibrations and the action of gravity.

[0058] The mixing vessel 3 has a drive motor 8 for the agitator 4 located in the mixing vessel 3. Since the mixing vessel is under vacuum, a connecting hose 9 is attached, which is connected to a vacuum pump. The vacuum thus created causes continuous venting of the paste located in the mixing vessel 3.

[0059] A dosing and conveying unit 10, containing the binder or its individual components, is connected to the mixing container 3 via a further feed. The dosing and conveying unit has a further connection for a connecting hose 11, which leads to a storage container for the binder. The dosing and conveying unit 10 is connected to the mixing container 3 by means of a connecting hose 12. The binder is fed into the mixing container 3 via this connection.

[0060] The pastes are conveyed by means of vibration and gravity. The mixing container is preferably connected to a vibration device 14 by means of a mechanical connection 13 such that it can be set into vibration at a variably adjustable frequency.

[0061] The vibration changes the viscosity of the paste, allowing it to leave the mixing container 3, following gravity, downwards through the conical shape which contains an opening, into the transport tube 5.

[0062] For 3D multi-material printing, the device preferably has a separate mixing container 3 for mixing each paste to be printed. At least one ceramic and at least one metallic paste are mixed from powder and binder in separate mixing containers 3 and fed from there via the transport tube 5 and an extruder 7.1 to the extrusion nozzle 7.1 (not separately designated), thus producing the component in a single printing process.

[0063] Figure 2 Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a porous ceramic build platform, which is used in the device according to the invention. The build platform 15 has a porous intrinsic structure 16 such that moisture can be selectively added to or removed from the component. This allows the curing process during printing to be selectively influenced.

[0064] The build platform 15 has connections 17 through which air and / or solvent can flow through the build platform 15. Air and / or solvent can be supplied or removed via the connections 17.

[0065] In the Figures 3 to 5 Various design forms of a heat exchanger manufactured using 3D multi-material printing are shown.

[0066] In principle, the ones in the Figures 3 to 5 The heat exchangers shown are comparable in their external form to standard heat exchangers.

[0067] The heat exchanger is entirely 3D printed, allowing for the creation of its internal structure and the use of different materials. The heat exchanger consists of a housing 18, which can be equipped with mounting devices for components such as power electronics, as needed. Furthermore, the heat exchanger has at least two connections on its end face: an inlet 19 and an outlet 20. Inside the housing 18, an internal structure in the form of a grid 21 is arranged to transfer heat from the housing 18 to the cooling fluid.

[0068] According to Figure 3An additional insulating layer 22 is arranged between the grid structure 21 and the housing 18 of the heat exchanger, wherein the insulating layer 22 can be made of a different material. This material can, for example, be stainless steel, with chemical insulation from the housing (e.g., copper) against the flowing fluid or ceramic as electrical insulation of the flowing fluid against the housing. The inlet and outlet connections can also have an additional insulating layer 23.

[0069] According to Figure 4 The heating elements 25 of the heat exchanger have a ceramic insulation 24 separating them from the inner grid structure 21. This enables, for example, the operation of a flow heater with a high power density. The heating elements 25 are arranged such that they are insulated from each other and from the fluid by the ceramic insulation layer 24.

[0070] A heat exchanger with an intrinsic lattice structure, manufactured using 3D multi-material printing, is in Figure 5 The diagram shows a second fluid-carrying structure 26 inside. This second structure 26 has a second inlet 27 and a second outlet 28, with the inlet and outlet 27 and 28 serving as inlet and outlet openings for the internal fluid circuit. This allows for heat exchangers with high power density for hermetically sealed systems, as well as the use of multiple internal tubes to increase the surface area.

[0071] Figure 6 shows a detailed view of a lattice structure 21 arranged in a housing 18, which was printed entirely with housing 18.

[0072] After printing, heat treatment is carried out to harden the material in the form of sintering, whereby the binder is completely driven out.

[0073] The internal structure for transferring heat from the housing to the cooling fluid differs fundamentally from the known state of the art.

[0074] The state of the art consists of tube-like structures whose cross-section can also deviate from a round shape.

[0075] The internal grid structure of the printed heat exchanger is created by extruding ceramic or metallic pastes, whereby beads are deposited in the respective plane at a defined distance from each other.

[0076] In the layer above, caterpillars are also deposited by extrusion, differing in their orientation relative to the caterpillars below and maintaining a defined distance from their neighboring caterpillars in the same layer. The angle between the orientation axes of superimposed caterpillars can vary. The orientation of the caterpillars alternates from layer to layer, creating a lattice-like structure as in Figure 6depicted.

[0077] Since the grid and housing are made of the same material, e.g., copper, and manufactured using the same process (3D multi-material printing), a metallurgical bond is created between the grid structure, which transfers heat to the cooling fluid and the housing. The housing absorbs the heat from, for example, power electronics. This results in improved heat transfer due to significantly lower thermal resistance.

[0078] This leads to a significant increase in power density. Furthermore, in cases of geometric constraints, the heat exchanger or cooling element can be made smaller while maintaining the same power dissipation capacity.

[0079] The lattice structure produced by the inventive method can only be manufactured using 3D multi-material printing (extrusion printing), since above a certain degree of structural fineness, depending on the remaining opening, the remaining powder can no longer be removed using prior art methods (powder bed fusion, laser melting and laser sintering).

[0080] The lattice structure allows for an optimal ratio between the surface area for heat exchange and the volume through which fluid flows. Simultaneously, housings can be designed to save material. Therefore, lattice structures can be manufactured very easily, quickly, and efficiently using 3D multi-material printing.

[0081] A particular advantage of the printed heat exchanger is its virtually unlimited external and internal structure. This allows for integration into environments with limited space.

[0082] Another advantage of using multi-material 3D printing is the ability to use more than one material. The use of multiple materials thus results in a wide range of applications.

[0083] According to the procedure, the housing of the grid structure, the grid structure itself, and the outer housing do not have to be made of the same material. For example, the grid can be made of copper and the grid housing of ceramic. The outer housing can be made of stainless steel, for example.

[0084] Advantageously, the inner grid structure can contain printed ceramic-insulated electrical conductors that serve as a heating element, as in Figure 4As shown. Furthermore, the inner lattice structure can contain a structure that can also hold a fluid. This structure also contains a lattice structure within it. Such a "pipe-in-pipe" variant is shown in Figure 5 It is also a combination of the various embodiments from the Figures 3 to 5 conceivable. Reference symbol list

[0085] 1 Storage container 2 Powder 3 Mixing container 4 Agitator 5 Transport hose 6 Vibration unit 7 Ready-mixed paste 7.1 Extruder 8 Drive motor 9 Connection hose 10 Metering and conveying unit for the binder 11 Connection hose to the binder storage container 12 Connection hose from the binder metering and mixing unit 13 Mechanical connection between the vibration unit and the mixing container 14 Vibration unit for the mixing container 15 Build platform 16 Intrinsic structure 17 Connections for solvent and / or air 18 Housing 19 Inlet 20 Outlet 21 Internal grid structure 22 Insulation layer 23 Inlet / outlet insulation layer 24 Ceramic insulation layer 25 Heating element 26 Second grid structure 27 Second inlet 28 Second outlet

Claims

1. Method for manufacturing a component using 3D multi-material printing, in particular for manufacturing an electrical component, wherein mixed metallic and ceramic pastes (7) are applied in layers by means of an extrusion nozzle from powder (2) and binder using an extrusion process and are brought into shape, and after the component has been printed, a sintering process takes place, wherein the printing process is monitored by means of a monitoring device in such a way that defects in the print are detected and localized by means of a camera and compared with the measurements of continuous monitoring, wherein new extrusion paths are automatically created based on detected defects, which automatically correct the defects and the overfilling or underfilling of each printed layer is monitored in relation to the extrusion quantity by means of a camera, wherein the filling degree of each printed layer is recorded and evaluated during the printing process with the aid of imaging methods, and a bead deposited on the printed body during the printing process is assessed with the aid of the camera and image recognition and evaluation methods, characterized in that, in the event of defects, these are corrected before the next layer is applied and in that printing of the following layer is only continued after the defects have been corrected, and when a defect is detected, its location and extent are identified and stored, and based on the detected defects, new extrusion paths are automatically created, thereby correcting the defects in a fully automatic manner.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the binder consists of an emulsion of several components, wherein the binder consists of polymers of different chain lengths, ring-shaped hydrocarbon compounds, iso-paraffins, olefins, n-paraffins, polysaccharides, surface-active substances or defoamers, or a combination of at least two of these components, and the binder parameters are adjusted by means of the emulsion.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that after the component has been printed, a sintering process of the printed parts is carried out, wherein the temperature level and the sintering atmosphere are selected such that the binder components are expelled from the component by means of oxidation, wherein the temperature is subsequently increased to 900-1500°C, whereby the oxidized metallic components of the printed component are reduced with the aid of active gases.

4. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the metallic and ceramic paste (7) is mixed under vacuum by means of an automatic mixing and feeding device and fed to the print head by means of gravity and vibration.

5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that the mixing and feeding device has an inlet opening, wherein the quantity provided for mixing is determined from the amplitude, frequency, powder properties, and diameter of the inlet opening.

6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the shrinkage value during drying and the sintering process, as well as the physical properties of the printed body, are adjusted by adding additives to the ceramic paste.

7. Device for manufacturing a component by means of 3D multi-material printing, wherein mixed metallic and ceramic pastes (7) are applied in layers by means of an extrusion nozzle from powder (2) and binder using an extrusion process and can be brought into shape, comprising a monitoring device for carrying out the method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the monitoring device o comprises a camera that detects and localizes defects in the print and compares them with the measurements of continuous monitoring, and o comprises a camera that monitors overfilling or underfilling of each printed layer in relation to the extrusion quantity, and the degree of filling of each printed layer can be detected and evaluated during the printing process using an imaging method.

8. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that the device has a build platform (15) and the build platform (15) is designed in the form of a ceramic build platform, wherein the build platform (15) has a porous structure such that moisture can be specifically supplied to or extracted from the component.

9. Device according to claim 7, characterized in that the monitoring device has means for monitoring a pressure for detecting temporary blockages in the area of the extrusion nozzle and in that the blockage outside the printed body can be removed by increasing the pressure and the printing process can be continued.

10. Device according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the build platform (15) has an intrinsic structure (16) through which air and / or solvent can flow.

11. Device according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the ceramic paste (7) preferably consists of silicate ceramics and / or in that glass powder and / or technical ceramics are added to the silicate ceramics.