Thermally controlled electrical energy storage device and associated vehicle

Abstract

The invention relates to a thermally controlled electrical energy storage device comprising several electrical cells having at least three sides, a slice, a cathode, and an anode located on one or two sides. The device includes a first heat exchange device comprising a heat pipe in heat exchange with the cells and a cold source of at least a second heat exchange device. The heat pipe has a body incorporating channels containing a heat transfer fluid and having a vaporization portion of the heat transfer fluid, a condensation portion located higher than the vaporization portion, and a curved portion between the vaporization and condensation portions. The slice of each cell is located along the vaporization and condensation portions of the channels, with the cathode and / or anode of each cell located opposite the vaporization or condensation portion of the channels.Figure for the summary: Fig. 2.

Description

Title of the invention: Thermally controlled electrical energy storage device and associated vehicle

[0001] The technical field concerned is that of the control or thermal control of devices for storing electrical energy in chemical form for a vehicle, in other words electrical accumulators.

[0002] As is known, an electric battery is a set of electrical accumulators connected together so as to create an electrical generator of desired voltage and capacity. These accumulators are often called battery elements or cells. Such a battery, and therefore these accumulators or cells, allow(s) to store electrical energy in chemical form and to restore it in the form of direct current, in a controlled manner.

[0003] Thermally controlled devices are already known comprising an electric battery, itself comprising a plurality of electric cells arranged parallel to each other, along a line, each cell having a first side, a second side and a third side, the second side and the third side being parallel to each other and transverse to the first side.

[0004] Among the disadvantages of batteries, we can note: - their high costs, - their autonomy, - their charging time, - the difficulty in controlling the temperature they reach, particularly in the case of “(ultra)fast charge” (“(ultra)fast charge” in English).

[0005] Being able to cool, or more generally thermally control one or more cells, requires not only the presence of certain heat exchange means such as for example a heat pipe capable of heat exchange with the cells (forming a hot source) and a cold source, but the position of certain parts of these elements relative to certain parts of the cells is also important.

[0006] Indeed, not all areas or parts of a cell vary in temperature in the same way, particularly in (ultra) rapid charging situations.

[0007] It is also proposed that the thermally controlled device presented above comprises, in addition to the above, a first heat exchange device comprising a heat pipe capable of heat exchange with the cells and a cold source of at least one second heat exchange device, the heat pipe being defined by a single-piece body internally integrating a series of channels arranged next to each other, and containing a heat-transfer substance. The channels have at least at least one vaporization part where the heat transfer substance can be heated, until it is vaporized, by calories from at least one of the cells, and a condensation part where the heat transfer substance can be cooled, until it is condensed, by heat exchange with the cold source of the second heat exchange device. The body is bent, so that the channels each have at least one curved part located between said at least one vaporization part and the condensation part.

[0008] The heat pipe is arranged such that: - the edge of each cell is located along the vaporization part and the condensation part of the channels of the monoblock body, - the cathode terminal and / or the anode terminal of each cell are located opposite the vaporization part or the condensation part of the channels of the single-piece body; and - the condensation part is located at a higher elevation level than the vaporization part relative to gravity.

[0009] Preferably and advantageously, the heat pipe is gravity-fed, in the sense that the internal geometry of the channels ensures that the return of the heat-transfer substance from the condensation part to the vaporization part is by gravity, as opposed to capillary heat pipes where the fluid movements are by capillarity thanks to a porous material, or wick, present in the channels of the heat pipe.

[0010] The gravity heat pipes advantageously used in the invention can be of several types of operating modes: flooded, thermosyphon or pulsed. The preferred arrangement according to the invention has particularly efficient thermal performance with gravity heat pipes having a hybrid operating mode between thermosyphon and pulsed. This hybrid operation means that a succession of vapor pockets separated by liquid will circulate by gravity difference from the evaporation zone to the condensation zone. In pure thermosyphon, the bubbles gather in the center of the channel until only vapor rises to the condensation zone.

[0011] This succession of steam pockets allows for optimal heat exchange efficiency.

[0012] As a reminder, and as provided here, on a heat pipe, the vaporization of a liquid makes it possible to absorb a large quantity of energy efficiently. Heat pipes are, or contain, thermally conductive tubes or channels, often made of metal, used to transport heat using the principle of transfer by phase transitions (also called change). The channels are included in the "body", which forms a closed (watertight, hermetic) single-piece enclosure around them. The channels are arranged in parallel.

[0013] The heat pipe(s) concerned here do not require, in order to operate, a pumping element (porous body, pump, etc.). They are therefore closed, sealed devices, containing a heat-transfer substance, that is to say for the whole of the present description, a phase-change fluid, in liquid phase at the condensation temperature useful for the domain concerned, in equilibrium with its vapor phase at the vaporization temperature useful for the domain concerned, the movement of the heat-transfer substance being generated by a difference in state and not by a pumping element.

[0014] The two-phase heat transfer substance (also called working fluid), which can evaporate and condense, is chosen according to the application and in particular the operating temperatures. It can be water or, advantageously, for the automotive sector, R-1233ZD(E) (trans-l-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene), R290 (propane gas), or NOVEC™ 649 from the company 3M.

[0015] The loading of the heat transfer substance into the heat pipes is carried out in a conventional manner for those skilled in the art.

[0016] In a first part of the heat pipe, therefore channels (see the “vaporization part” or evaporator), the liquid is heated by an external source (“the cells”) in thermal contact with the evaporator. The liquid evaporates to a second part of the heat pipe (see the “condensation part” or condenser) in which the vapor is condensed. The condenser is in thermal contact with an element (the “cold source”) allowing the heat transported by the heat pipe from the evaporator to be evacuated. The condensate then joins the evaporator, by gravity. The liquid then undergoes new evaporation / condensation cycles allowing heat to be evacuated from the cells to the cold source.

[0017] At the communication junction between the vaporization part and the condensation part extends the adiabatic intermediate zone. For the heat pipe to operate by gravity, the channels, enclosed in the sealed body, stand up, with the condensation part located at a higher elevation level than that of the vaporization part relative to gravity.

[0018] Under these conditions, the expression "curved portion located between said at least one vaporization portion and the condensation portion" must be understood as "curved portion located between the respective (opposite) ends of the vaporization portions and the condensation portion", following the direction of main elongation (of the channels) of the heat pipe. The curved portion may be located in an adiabatic intermediate zone, where the heat-transfer substance is partly liquid, partly vapor.

[0019] The rounded angle (a below) of the curved part, that is to say of the elbow, will preferably be between 45° and 95°, favorably between 60° and 90° to within 5°.

[0020] Preferably, facing the cell(s) and successively, from one end to the other of the channels, the heat pipe has an upright portion, which can be substantially vertical, then is bent (the aforementioned bend), then has a flat portion, therefore substantially horizontal. The upright portion extends along the second or third side of the (each) cell concerned. The flat portion extends at least above the first side of the (each) cell concerned, that is to say it can be above the first side and / or below the fourth side opposite the first side. This covers L-shaped, U-shaped (inverted) and C-shaped forms. With an L-shaped or C-shaped form, this is considered from bottom to top. With a U-shaped (inverted), after the horizontal (flat) portion, the heat pipe continues with a second bend and then descends again, presenting a second upright portion, substantially vertical, similar to the first upright portion. The (each) upright portion includes the vaporization part. The portion extending flat includes the condensation part.In other words, we can consider that the heat pipe, and therefore the channels, is (are) bent in the adiabatic zone, between the vaporization and condensation parts which follow one another.

[0021] In this text, the expressions “vertical” and “following the Earth’s gravitational field” are equivalent, and “horizontal” and “perpendicular to the Earth’s gravitational field” are equivalent.

[0022] The channels, which therefore extend (each and together) between their ends, can communicate fluidically with each other, at one and / or the other of these ends, therefore at the lower end (43a below) of the vaporization part and at the upper end (45a below) of the condensation part.

[0023] The liquid phase of the heat transfer substance can then circulate from one channel to another, at the base of the heat pipe; the same applies to the vapor phase at the end of the condensation part.

[0024] In addition, it is emphasized here that it has proven important: - that the edge of each cell is arranged opposite, along, the vaporization part and the condensation part of the channels of the single-piece body, i.e. that the channels extend parallel to the edge of each cell, vertically then horizontally; and - that the cathode terminal and / or the anode terminal of each cell is located opposite the vaporization part or the condensation part of the channels of the monobloc body.

[0025] As explained below, the options open above will depend in particular on the type of cell chosen: in particular prismatic or pouch type cell.

[0026] In any case, it was decisive: - 1) that not only (the principle of) a heat pipe is used for its thermal performance, - 2) but that a maximum number of cells can be in thermal exchange with a minimum of heat pipes (in other words blocks, or bodies, each integrating several channels as mentioned above), thus avoiding a loss of thermal efficiency (variation in efficiency between the blocks), problems of installation in the industrial phase (positioning, maintenance, mechanical connection between them), of size, of pressure balancing and / or of fluid level (the "heat transfer substance" above) in the channels, - 3) but also that thermal control (ideally cooling; at least slowing down the temperature rise) and mechanical protection of certain critical areas of the cells are ensured as best as possible, via this(these) heat pipe(s).

[0027] Arranging the cathode terminal and / or the anode terminal of each cell opposite the vaporization part or the condensation part of the channels of the same single-piece body made it possible to best thermally control such a critical zone both in terms of temperature variation and mechanical protection, the bent shape of the heat pipe already favoring this; and, arranging the edge of each cell opposite the vaporization part and the condensation part of the channels of the single-piece body made it possible to play on the number of cells that can be located along the same single-piece heat pipe body, in a manner thermally adjacent to it.

[0028] Particularly in connection with this last point, providing that, on the thermally controlled device, the body, with the series of channels that it contains, faces - at the same time, therefore via the same single-piece body - several said cells all adjacent to each other, therefore successively arranged on said line, without a cell being bordered by this heat pipe body, is therefore easy to obtain, makes it possible to reduce the number of parts, and in particular to avoid disadvantages under 2) or 3) above.

[0029] It has also proved relevant to produce the cold source as follows; namely in such a way that it comprises: - a cold plate covering (i.e. arranged opposite, just above) the condensation part of the channels of the same single-block body and crossed internally by circulation conduits, - a heat exchanger located at a distance from the cold plate, the heat pipe and the cells, - a heat transfer fluid (liquid) in a quantity sufficient to allow its circulation in the circulation ducts of the cold plate and in the heat exchanger, - a circuit for the heat transfer fluid (liquid) allowing its circulation between said cold plate and the heat exchanger.

[0030] Such a solution is thermally efficient, easy to manufacture, and space-saving. In addition, it also contributes to the mechanical protection of the area of ​​the cells where the anode and cathode terminals are located, on a prismatic cell, erected with its so-called "first side" - provided with the terminals - located on the upper face.

[0031] As known, a cold plate, "cold plate" or "cooling plate" or "liquid cold plate" in English) is a metal plate in which a heat transfer fluid circulates. By heat exchange with a component to be cooled, the fluid (liquid) drains the heat from this component to the cold plate, to the outside of the component / cold plate system, to the heat exchanger located at a distance. In other words, a cold plate is typically a liquid / air heat exchanger with circulation of fluid (liquid or gas).

[0032] As noted, one option provides: - that each cell is a prismatic, parallelepiped cell, and - that said anode terminal and cathode terminal of each cell are located on the first side of the cell only.

[0033] The advantages of this have already been mentioned.

[0034] In this case, it will be preferred that said (at least one) vaporization part of the heat pipe is located closer: - on the first, second or third side of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite it, than is the condensation part of said heat pipe with respect to the cathode terminal or the anode terminal of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite it.

[0035] This is directly linked: - to the rounding of the elbow, or of each elbow of the heat pipe concerned, and - the interest of being able to create the best possible conditions for vaporization of the heat transfer substance, especially if it is water-based.

[0036] The radius of curvature of the elbow will thus be a compromise between: - fluid continuity in the channels at this location, - a first minimum distance (preferably zero to obtain support) from the vaporization part of the heat pipe opposite (or against in the event of contact) the first, second or third side of the cell (or of each cell) located opposite the vaporization part (side without cathode and anode terminals), - a second distance, strictly greater than the first distance (projection of the cathode and anode terminals on the first side which carries them) but relatively limited (to limit thermal loss) with the condensation part, sufficient to allow condensation in the condensation part despite the proximity of the first side (and possibly of the cathode and anode terminals and their connectors to the other cells which it carries in the case of prismatic cells).

[0037] This can be duplicated opposite, for the same cell, but with another heat pipe, with the following solution.

[0038] We can also retain the following solution, still in the prismatic cell case, namely: - that the aforementioned heat pipe defines a first heat pipe of which said vaporization part of the channels extends by standing up along: — on the (only) second side of the cell located opposite it, or — of the respective second sides of the cells located opposite it, and - that the controlled device further comprises a second heat pipe, conforming to said first heat pipe and of which said vaporization part of the channels extends along: — on the (only) third side of the cell located in front of it, or — only the respective third sides of cells located opposite it, so that the respective bodies of the first and second heat pipes are partly located on either side of the cells located opposite, with their respective condensation parts which are directed towards each other.

[0039] The advantages already cited for a single-block heat pipe placed opposite a slice (therefore the narrowest sides) of one, and preferably several successive aligned cells, are amplified with the above solution.

[0040] Furthermore, "compliant" does not impose necessarily identical shapes, while implying on the other hand that the heat pipe is defined by a single-piece body internally integrating a series of channels arranged next to each other, and containing a heat-transfer substance, as defined above.

[0041] Another performance aspect has been taken into account with the following consideration, according to which it is advisable that said condensation part of the channels of the first heat pipe extends opposite: - a) only one of the anode terminals and cathode terminal of the cell opposite it, or - b) one of the respective anode terminals and cathode terminals of the cells located opposite it, and that said condensation part of the channels of the second heat pipe extends opposite: - c) of the other among the anode terminals and cathode terminal of the cell located opposite it, in case a), or - d) of the other anode terminals or respective cathode terminals of the cells located opposite it, in case b).

[0042] Thus, said condensation part of the same heat pipe thermally controls, and mechanically protects only one of the two lateral zones close to the narrowest sides, of a cell or of an uninterrupted succession of aligned adjacent cells, this by limiting the overhangs.

[0043] Indeed, typically, on a prismatic cell, the anode terminal and the cathode terminal are, on said “first side”, therefore along the edge, located laterally, closer respectively to the aforementioned second and third narrow sides than from the central area of ​​this first side.

[0044] As a supplement or explanation to the above, we can specify: - that said vaporization portion of the channels of the first heat pipe will preferably extend by standing up along the respective second sides of the cells located opposite it - that said vaporization portion of the channels of the second heat pipe will preferably extend by standing up along the respective third sides of the cells located opposite it, and - that said respective condensation portions of the channels of the first and second heat pipes will preferably extend flat, only near the edges of the respective second and third sides of the cells facing them, respectively above only one of the respective series of anode terminals and cathode terminals of the cells located opposite.

[0045] As a substitute for a prismatic cell, it is proposed: - that each cell is a pouch cell, and - that said anode terminals and cathode terminal of each cell are located on only the second side and third side of the cell. In other words, if the second side carries the anode terminal, then the third side carries the cathode terminal and vice versa, the first side being free of any terminal.

[0046] In this case, it is then advisable that said at least one vaporization part of the heat pipe is located closer: - of the cathode terminal or the anode terminal of the cell, or of each cell, which faces it, than the condensation part of said heat pipe is with respect to: - from the first, second or third side of the cell, or of each cell, which faces it.

[0047] Adapted to the above context, what was previously specified in relation to the best vaporization conditions and the radius of curvature of the (each) heat pipe bend still applies here.

[0048] In this case, the cathode or anode terminal of a cell will usefully bear against the vaporization part opposite the heat pipe in question.

[0049] And this can be duplicated opposite, for the same cell, with the following solution.

[0050] We can also retain the following solution, still in the cell case "pouch", namely that the heat pipe initially presented above defines a first heat pipe of which said vaporization part of the channels will extend by standing up along: - on the (only) second side of the cell facing it, or - of the (only) second respective sides of the cells facing it, the controlled device then further comprising a second heat pipe, conforming to said first heat pipe and of which said vaporization part of the channels will extend along: - the (only) third side of the cell which faces it, or - of the respective third (only) sides of cells located opposite, so that the respective bodies of the first and second heat pipes are partly located on either side of the cells located opposite, said respective condensation parts of the channels of the first and second heat pipes extending opposite: - of the (only) first side of the cell of the which faces it, or - of the (only) first respective sides of the cells located opposite.

[0051] The aforementioned advantages relating to the “prismatic cell and first and second heat pipes facing each other” option will easily be adapted to this situation.

[0052] To secure the electrical aspect between cell and heat pipe, the latter being typically metallic, it is necessary that a layer of electrically insulating material be interposed between the heat pipe, or each heat pipe, and the cell(s) located opposite. This layer is not always illustrated in the figures so as not to overload them.

[0053] Electrical insulator means having a volume electrical resistivity of the layer greater than 1E+6 Ohms.cm (106 Ohms.cm).

[0054] A problem addressed other than the essentially thermal aspect concerns the essentially mechanical aspect of the subject, without altering the thermal performance. The way to mechanically protect or maintain the heat pipe(s), without risk to the cells, is also a problem taken into account, this with a reduced number of parts and in a manner compatible with large-scale production and therefore a simple installation process.

[0055] It is thus proposed: - that the aforementioned thermally controlled device further comprises a housing comprising: — a base on which the cells and the heat pipe(s) rest, and — erected walls, fixed to the bottom and completely surrounding the cells and the heat pipe(s), such that the or each heat pipe is clamped between: — the cell(s) located opposite and — that of the erected walls located opposite, the or each vaporization part being thus pressed against the cell(s) located opposite.

[0056] Although only two such parallel walls could be used, the advantages include: - that, otherwise, a protective and supporting peripheral belt will thus be fa- carefully created, - that with an induced support of the heat pipe(s), a favorable vaporization of the heat-transfer substance is obtained, in the channels, therefore a thermal / mechanical synergy, - that no additional part other than the walls erected on a base is required, such a simple wedging of the heat pipe(s) being quick to produce in large series, via practical access from above, with simple engagement in the same direction first of the cells, then of the heat pipes, - that any heat pipe tilting is avoided, despite the intrinsic instability of a heat pipe with an overhang, typically an L-shaped heat pipe, - that fixing the bottom and the walls together is simple, for example screwing, - that simple disassembly, for access to the cells and removal, remains possible.

[0057] Furthermore, the above makes it possible to provide, considering the existence of a plurality of heat pipes, each conforming to one of the above: - that the cold plate is: — single-piece and arranged flat or — in several parts arranged flat next to each other, - that the cold plate completely covers, as a whole, all the heat pipes and all the cells, the latter being in thermal contact with the said condensation parts, and - that the cold plate is in thermal contact with the said condensation parts and is fixed with the bottom or the erected walls, so: — that all cells and heat pipes, as a whole, are clamped between the bottom and the cold plate, and — that a sealed case is formed around the cells and heat pipes.

[0058] Thus, it will be possible to easily ensure blocking and mechanical protection in two directions (vertically and horizontally), with thermal synergy for both vaporization and condensation. The cold plate can simply be brought / fixed on top, after the heat pipes.

[0059] For example, the heat pipe(s), the cold plate, or even the cover, will be thermally conductive, at least on the side facing the heat pipe(s).

[0060] Thermally conductive has the usual meaning X> 50 W / mK.

[0061] The present solution also relates to an electric or hybrid vehicle comprising: - at least one electric motor to move it, and - the thermally controlled device presented above, the electric motor being powered by the electric battery to which it is connected.

[0062] Other features of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description. below, made with reference to the attached drawings, and in which, respectively:

[0063] [Fig.l] are illustrated components useful for the operation of an electric or hybrid vehicle

[0064] [Fig.2] is illustrated an exploded view of a single heat pipe facing the slices of a series of (prismatic) battery electric cells aligned along a single line

[0065] [Fig.3] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.2], but in operational situation, with the heat pipe (its vaporization part) pressed towards the edges of the cells, towards one of the second and third sides of these cells

[0066] [Fig.4] illustrates the same view as [Fig.2], but with 3 aligned, distinct heat pipes, defined by three independent bodies, each facing a series of prismatic cell slices

[0067] [Fig.5] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.4], but with two parallel rows of cells facing the edges of which are arranged two single heat pipes, located on either side of these rows

[0068] [Fig.6] illustrates a variant of Figs.2 and 4, but with 3 aligned, distinct heat pipes, defined by three independent bodies, each facing a series of prismatic cell slices,

[0069] [Fig.7] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.6], but in operational situation, like [Fig.3] or like [Fig.24],

[0070] [Fig.8] illustrates a variant like [Fig.6], but with 2 times 3 aligned heat pipes, distinct from each other and located on either side of the two rows of prismatic cells,

[0071] [Fig.9] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.8], but in operational situation,

[0072] [Fig. 10] illustrates the same view as [Fig.9], but with more prismatic cells and heat pipes distinct from each other;

[0073] [Fig. 11] illustrates the same view as [Fig.7], with a cold plate in operational situation, above the prismatic cells and heat pipes,

[0074] [Fig. 12] illustrates the same view as [Fig. 11], with a horizontal section of the cold plate, schematizing the interior of the latter and the conduits which pass through it,

[0075] [Fig. 13] is illustrated the same view as [Fig. 11], but with more prismatic cells and heat pipes distinct from each other and a cold plate not unique but modular, in several parts side by side,

[0076] [Fig. 14] is illustrated the same view as [Fig. 12], but applied to the situation of [Fig.13],

[0077] [Fig. 15] is illustrated the same view as [Fig. 13], but with a single cold plate above all the prismatic cells and heat pipes,

[0078] [Fig. 16] is illustrated the same view as [Fig. 15], with a horizontal section of the cold plate, like [Fig. 14],

[0079] [Fig. 17] a housing for the cells and heat pipes is illustrated, with erected walls surmounted by a closing cover comprising a cold plate,

[0080] [Fig. 18] is illustrated the same view as [Fig. 17], with the cells and the heat pipes, with a horizontal section of the cold plate, as [Fig. 14],

[0081] [Fig.19] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.18], with the cells and heat pipes in the case,

[0082] [Fig.20] illustrates a variant of [Fig.19], according to the solution of [Fig.13], with modular cold plates,

[0083] [Fig.21] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.20], schematizing all the cells contained in the case,

[0084] [Fig.22] illustrates all the elements allowing the cold source to be at a sufficiently suitable temperature to ensure condensation in the heat pipe(s),

[0085] [Fig.23] illustrates the same view as [Fig.22], detailing better the walls of the case, fixed to the bottom and, between them, to the angles,

[0086] [Fig.24] another configuration of cell and heat pipe arrangement is illustrated,

[0087] [Fig.25] an electrically insulating coating to be interposed between the cells is illustrated and any metal heat pipe, and the electrical connectors covering the terminals of the prismatic cells, here above them (facing the first sides of the cells),

[0088] [Fig.26] the electrical connectors covering the terminals of the pocket cells are illustrated, here laterally, on either side of them (facing the second and third sides of the cells),

[0089] [Fig.27] another configuration of arrangement of cells and heat pipes is illustrated: two parallel rows of cells and heat pipes in U (inverted) covering these cells,

[0090] [Fig.28] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.27], but with 3 U-shaped heat pipes (inverted) aligned around the two parallel rows of cells,

[0091] [Fig.29] a single cold plate view is illustrated, above the heat pipes and the cells they border,

[0092] [Fig.30] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.29], with a horizontal section of the cold plate, as [Fig. 14],

[0093] [Fig.31] is illustrated an exploded view of a single angled heat pipe facing the edges of a series of battery "pocket" electric cells aligned along a single line,

[0094] [Fig.32] illustrates the same view as [Fig.31], but in an operational situation, with the heat pipe (its vaporization part) pressed towards the edges of the cells, facing one of the two respective lateral series of terminals (cathode or anode) projecting on the second and third sides of the cells,

[0095] [Fig.33] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.31], but with two bent heat pipes located: - on either side of a series of aligned “pocket” electric cells, - facing the said slices, and therefore facing the second and third sides of the cells provided with terminals (cathode or anode),

[0096] [Fig.34] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.33], but in operational situation, with the heat pipes (their vaporization parts) plated towards the terminals equipping the cell slices,

[0097] [Fig.35] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.34], but with several series of elbowed pocket heat pipes in operational situation, the vaporization parts of which laterally border several rows of pocket cells, facing the respective lateral series of terminals projecting on the second and third sides of the cells,

[0098] [Fig.36] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.34], but with two heat pipes, still facing to face, but C-shaped, and not L-shaped as in Figs.33 to 35,

[0099] [Fig.37] a view of a modular cold plate (in several parts) is illustrated, au- top of heat pipes and pocket cells,

[0100] [Fig.38] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.37], with a horizontal section of the parts of the cold plate, such as [Fig. 14],

[0101] [Fig.39] is illustrated in side view, following arrow I of [Fig.2], a (body of) single longitudinally bent heat pipe,

[0102] [Fig.40] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.36], but with a (single) heat pipe in U(inverted), applied laterally towards the second and third sides of prismatic cells, with therefore a free space above the terminals each projecting on the first side of each cell,

[0103] [Fig.41] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.41], but with a line of cells pockets, the heat pipe being again applied laterally towards the second and third sides of the cells (therefore towards their terminals), with this free space still above the first side of each cell,

[0104] [Fig.42] another configuration is illustrated, with prismatic cells and a combination of L-shaped and U-shaped (inverted) heat pipes laterally bordering one or two rows of cells,

[0105] [Fig.43] another configuration is illustrated, with two (single) L-shaped heat pipes laterally bordering aligned cells, the two heat pipes being joined at the end of their respective condensation parts by a junction which connects them mechanically and makes them integral,

[0106] [Fig.44] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.36], but with two parallel rows of prismatic cells, the two C-shaped heat pipes facing each other laterally, in opposite directions,

[0107] [Fig.45] is illustrated the same view as [Fig.36], but with a row of cells taken matics bordered by two lateral heat pipes, respectively in L and in C (inverted) and which face each other laterally, by their vaporization and condensation ends,

[0108] [Fig.46] illustrates a set of cells and heat pipes to be placed and clamped in a housing closed by a seal, under a cover and a cold plate,

[0109] [Fig.47] is illustrated a setting of [Fig.24] in a manner similar to the [Fig.36], but with two parallel rows of prismatic cells, the two C-shaped heat pipes facing each other laterally, in opposite directions;

[0110] [Fig.48] is partially illustrated a cross-section to the direction of main elongation (of the channels) of a heat pipe, which can therefore be considered as corresponding to section II-II or III-III of [Fig.39], in the direction of the staggering of the channels;

[0111] [Fig.49] illustrates an assembly similar to that of [Fig.24], comprising two parallel rows of prismatic cells and three inverted L-shaped heat pipes, and comprising two clamping means for mounting it in a housing;

[0112] [Fig.50] illustrates a group of assemblies of [Fig.49] being assembled in a housing and above which are attached a thermal interface material (also known by the acronym TIM for "Thermal Interface Material"), a seal, a thermally conductive closure plate and a plurality of cold plates of one or more heat exchangers (not shown) intended to be in thermal contact with the condensation parts of the heat pipes via the closure plate and the thermal interface material; and

[0113] [Fig.51] a group similar to that of [Fig.50] is illustrated, but in which the closing plate incorporates within it the cold plates of one or more heat exchangers (not shown).

[0114] In Figures 1 to 51, there is illustrated, in whole or in part depending on the figures, a thermally controlled device 1 for storing electrical energy in chemical form for a vehicle 3.

[0115] What is described below refers to observations made in the position of use (functional) of the device.

[0116] The vehicle 3 is electric or hybrid. As shown diagrammatically [Fig.l], the vehicle 3 is driven by the electromotive force of one or more electric motors 11, powered by a storage battery 5 connected to the motor 11 and to an electric generator 13. In addition to the electric motor 11 and the battery 5, the vehicle 3 comprises a computer / inverter 19, a DC / DC converter 21, a transmission 23 and a differential 25.

[0117] The battery 5 provides electrical energy which is stored therein. It is rechargeable, via an electrical outlet 15 connected to it through the DC / DC converter 21.

[0118] The device 1 is a set of elements allowing the battery 5 to be controlled in temperature, or even to be mechanically protected, so that it does not overheat, at least when it is working; in particular when it is recharged with electrical energy.

[0119] The device 1 thus comprises the electric battery 5 which includes a plurality of electric cells 7, also called accumulators, arranged parallel to each other, along at least one line 9.

[0120] As shown diagrammatically in particular in figures 2, 3-7, 25, 26, 31-34, 36, 43, each cell 7 has a first side 7a, a second side 7b and a third side 7c. The second side 7b and third side 7c are parallel to each other and transverse to the first side 7a. Each cell, which may be of the prismatic type 17 or of the pocket or "pouch" type 27, has an edge 29 which goes all the way around the cell, where it is narrowest and thinnest. In both cases, any cell 7, 17, 27 is substantially parallelepipedal, with, along its edge, successively four sides, 7a, 7b, 7d, 7c, two by two adjacent and transverse. On the thinnest periphery or edge 29, the first and fourth sides 7a, 7d are the longest; These are the horizontal sides, respectively upper and lower.The second and third sides 7b,7c are the shortest; they are typically the vertical, lateral sides, respectively left and right, cell seen from the front, on one of its two largest opposite faces 7e. .

[0121] As known: - a prismatic cell 17 is a cell having externally an envelope or a body of rectangular parallelepiped 170 where the first side 7a, second side 7b and third side 7c are located, and - a pocket cell 27 has an external envelope or body 270 where the first side 7a, second side 7b and third side 7c are also located. A pocket cell 27 is so called because of its sachet or pocket format. Each cell 7, 17, 27 has a cathode terminal 30a and an anode terminal 30b which are, together or separately, located on at least one of the first, second and third sides 7a, 7b, 7c. Along the edge 29, on the prismatic cell 17, it is only on the first side 7a (upper side) that the cathode terminal 30a and the anode terminal 30b are present. On the pocket cell 27, the cathode terminals 30a and anode terminals 30b are, one on the second side 7b, the other on the third side 7c (lateral sides). Each terminal 30a 30b projects relative to the side 7a, 7b, 7c which carries it.

[0122] As shown diagrammatically for example in figures 11, 20-23, 29, 30, 37, 38, the device 1 further comprises a heat exchange device 31 comprising: - a cold source 33, and - at least one heat pipe 35 capable of heat exchange with the cells 7, meaning at least one / some of them, and the cold source 33.

[0123] As shown schematically in all figures 2 to 38 and 40 to 45, and for example figures 2, 3, 5-7, 33, 34, 36, 39, the heat pipe 35 and the cell(s) 7 are face to face.

[0124] The heat pipe 35 operates by gravity. A single heat pipe 35 is considered to be an element or plate 355 defined by a single, single-piece body 37, internally integrating a series of channels 39 arranged next to each other, and containing a heat-transfer substance 41. Thus, the heat pipe 35, and therefore the channels 39, are erected to be able to operate. The body 37 and therefore the channels 39 have longitudinally, as much together as each, at least one vaporization part 43 and one condensation part 45 in fluid connection where the heat-transfer substance can circulate. On the vaporization part 43, the heat transfer substance 41 can be heated, until it vaporizes, by calories from at least one of the cells 7. On the condensation part 45, the heat transfer substance 41 can be cooled by heat exchange with the cold source 33, until it condenses.

[0125] The “heat transfer substance (or fluid)” 41 defines a two-phase working fluid. It may be trans-l-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (known under the reference R1233ZDE).

[0126] The single-piece body 37 forms a sealed enclosure around the channels 39.

[0127] Advantageously, the channels 39 communicate fluidly with each other via one or more transverse volumes 38: - at their base - (lower) end 43a of (the part of) vaporization - and / or - at their apex end 45a or longitudinally opposite end - free end of (the part of) condensation 45. Thus, a balancing of fluid 41 (communicating vessel principle) and / or pressure (particularly in the vapor phase) is possible at these ends.

[0128] These communications 38 are transverse to the main elongation direction 351 of the heat pipe, or at least of its internal channels 39; see in particular figures 2, 6, 33, 39 (the communications 38 have not been systematically represented in the figures, so as not to overload them).

[0129] In the single-piece body 37, except at the location of these possible communications 38, the channels 39 are therefore separated by partitions 390.

[0130] As shown schematically in all figures 2 to 45, for example figures 2, 3, 33: To allow the top of the cells 7 considered to be covered, the body 37 is bent. The channels 39, therefore the body 37, each have a curved part 47 located between said vaporization end 43a 43 considered and the opposite end 45a of the condensation part 45.

[0131] Thus, the direction e of main elongation 351 is bent. In particular, it is possible to retain a shape of heat pipe 35, therefore of body 37 and of channels 39 with a single (and same) bend 49 - so-called L-shaped shape (L-shaped in English) or two bends 51, 53 - so-called arch or U-shaped shape. Longitudinally, each elbow 51, 53 is interposed between a central upper condensation part 45, which can be horizontal, and one of the two lower vaporization parts 43 which can each be vertical. The elbow 49, therefore common to all the channels 39, is, in an L-shape, intermediate between the upper condensation part 45, which is horizontal, and the lower vaporization part 43 which is vertical. Any elbow 49,51,53 is defined by a rounding, the elbow has a limiting radius of curvature which maintains for the channels preferably a constant section over their length(s) between their two opposite free ends 43a,45a, this especially since it will be possible to use a metallic heat pipe 35 and that it will be sought a priori for vaporization parts 43 and condensation parts 45, respectively vertical and horizontal (see for example figures 12,14,36,39).In the figures, the angles are sharp, because they are diagrams; [Fig.39] on the other hand is very illustrative (angle a).

[0132] By compromise between thermal and mechanical constraints and as shown diagrammatically in several figures, and almost all except [Fig.l], the single-piece body 37 can usefully be presented as a curved flat plate favoring the presence of a series of parallel internal channels 39, succeeding one another according to the dimension of the plate which extends along the line or the two lines 9, 90, of the cells.

[0133] As shown diagrammatically for example in figures 4, 31, 32, 34, the single-piece body 37 has externally: - along the vaporization part 43, surfaces, respectively internal 370a (concave side of the elbow) and external 370b (convex side of the elbow) and - along the vaporization part 45, surfaces, respectively internal 371a (concave side of the elbow) and external 371b (convex side of the elbow). The internal surface 370a is directed towards the cells and is pressed against them, precisely towards the second and / or third side, along their respective edges 29.

[0134] The respectively internal 370a and / or external 370b surfaces are preferably flat in the sense that in particular, over more than 30% of their surfaces: - the internal surface 370a can serve as a support surface to be pressed against the cells 7, 17, 27 located opposite, - the external surface 370b can serve as a support surface for one of the erected walls 69 located opposite (see below), for support towards said cells.

[0135] As shown schematically in almost all the figures, except figures 1 and 39, and for example figures 4, 6, 32, for optimized thermal efficiency, see a mechanical protection effect, and a solution with heat pipe(s) with also optimized positioning / sizing: - the slice 29 of each cell 7 is located along the vaporization part 43 and of the condensation part 45 of the channels of the monobloc body considered, and - the cathode terminal 30a and / or the anode terminal 30b of each cell is located opposite the vaporization part or the condensation part of the internal channels 45 of the monobloc body.

[0136] In other words, as can be seen in particular in figures 6, 7, considering a single heat pipe 35 and at least one prismatic cell 17, both in position or state of use, the aforementioned situation “facing” implies all or part of the following: - The two terminals, cathode 30a and anode 30b, of the cell protrude from the (only) first side 7a of the body 170. - Each cathode terminal 30a and anode terminal 30b extends (rises) from the first side 7a of the body 170 to an end face, called free face 300a or 300b. - The free face 300a of the cathode terminal and / or 300b of the anode terminal extends opposite the condensation part 45 of the body of the heat pipe which faces it. - The free face 300a of the cathode terminal and / or 300b of the anode terminal is covered, above it, by the condensation part 45 of the body of the heat pipe which faces it. - The free face 300a of the cathode terminal and / or 300b of the anode terminal extends above, plumb with, the condensation part 45 of the body of the heat pipe which faces it. - The direction 330 in which the cathode terminal 30a or the anode terminal 30b protrudes from the first side 7a of the body 170 and the condensation portion 45 of the heat pipe body facing it intersect; - The position of use is that in which the internal surface 370a of the vaporization part 43 of the heat pipe is located at a first distance El as small as possible (preferably zero to obtain thermal contact against the second and / or third side of the cell) from the second side of the cell(s) located opposite it.

[0137] On this last point, "contact against the second or third side" means direct thermal contact or indirect thermal contact via the terminals or connectors between terminals of different cells.

[0138] If there are several heat pipes to consider, in the position of use: - the vaporization parts 43 of the lateral heat pipes 35a, 35b are applied against respectively the second side 7b and third side 7c of the bodies of the prismatic cells, - at a distance El (see below) as small as possible, preferably substantially equal to zero, along a direction 331 passing through the second side 7b and third side 7c of a cell 17 and through the vaporization part 43 of a single body 37 of the heat pipe, - the same (body 37 of) heat pipe faces several aligned cells.

[0139] In the case of pocket cell 27, as seen in particular in figures 31, 32, considering a single heat pipe 35, in position or state of use, the aforementioned situation “in front” implies all or part of the following: - The two terminals, cathode 30a and anode 30b, of the cell project respectively from the second side 7b and the third side 7c of the body 270, in the same direction 333. - Along a direction 333, each cathode terminal 30a and anode terminal 30b extends from the side 7b or 7c considered of the body to one end, called the free end, respectively 310a and 310b. - The free end 310a of the cathode terminal or 310b of the anode terminal extends opposite the vaporization part 43 of the body of the heat pipe which faces it. - The direction(s) 333 and the condensation portion 43 of the heat pipe body which faces the cell(s) 27 intersect. - The position of use is that in which the (internal surface 370a of the) vaporization part 43 of the heat pipe is located as close as possible to the second side or the third side of the cell(s) located opposite it (E' 1, along the direction 333, as small as possible; see below).

[0140] If there are several heat pipes to consider, in the position of use: - the vaporization parts 43 of the lateral heat pipes 35a, 35b are applied respectively to the terminals of the second side 7b and third side 7c of the bodies of the pocket cells, - the same (body 37 of) heat pipe faces several aligned cells, via one of its terminals 30a or 30b, but also its first side 7a.

[0141] Thus, it will be possible that, on any cell 7, 17, 27, the two terminals, cathode 30a and anode 30b, are thermally controlled as well as possible. In this regard, the aforementioned rounded elbow shape will be all the more effective, in the following cases 1.1), 1.2).

[0142] 1.1) If the cell type is prismatic, 17.

[0143] In this case, the (inner surface 370a of the or each) vaporization part 43 is located: - closer (distance El) to the side of the cell, or each cell, located opposite (this concerns the second side 7b and / or the third side 7c, depending on the C, arch (U) or L shape chosen for the heat pipe), - than the condensation part 45 is with respect to the cathode terminal 30a or the anode terminal 30b of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite (distance E2).

[0144] In other words, as in figures 6,7, distances El and E2 are identified such that El < E2, with preferably El=0.

[0145] It is: - the distance between the second side 7b of one, such as 171a, of the aligned cells 17 and the internal surface 370a of the heat pipe, such as 35a (hereinafter sometimes called “first heat pipe”), located opposite this second side; or, - the distance between the third side 7c of the same cell 171a and the internal surface 370a of another heat pipe, such as 35b (hereinafter sometimes called “second heat pipe”), located opposite this third side 7c.

[0146] The direction in which El extends may be perpendicular to the second side 7b and / or third side 7c and internal surface(s) 370a.

[0147] E2 is the distance between the internal surface 371a of the condensation part and the free face 300a and / or 300b.

[0148] The direction in which E2 extends may be perpendicular to the first side 7a and to the internal surface 371a. Thus: - the or each vaporization part 43 may usefully bear against said side of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite, - while a space 55 will exist just above the cathode terminal 30a and / or the anode terminal 30b.

[0149] This makes it possible to promote optimized vaporization (El=0), a solution considered to be more thermally efficient than contact between the condensation part 45 and the cathode terminal 30a or the anode terminal 30b, especially since: - limiting lateral (horizontal) space as much as possible reduces the floor space of the battery, - the free space 55 can then conveniently serve as a technical passage (cables, etc.) and / or receive connectors 77 which can be slid between them and the condensation part 45, - a cold plate (such as 57; see below) may be, typically flat, in thermal contact with the external surface 371b of the condensation part(s) 45, whether there is one or more heat pipes, said free space between cells and condensation part 45 allowing homogenization of the heat to be evacuated, - different (heights of) prismatic cells can be combined, - a metal plate can be used as a heat pipe without any inconvenience, despite the aforementioned constraint of the limit of the radius of curvature: a vaporization part 43 in blocked support, therefore vertical (see the wedging which can easily be provided there), effectively ensures that the heat pipe is held in an L shape, despite the overhang and with the creation of the useful space 55 above the terminal in question; the same applies with a U or C shaped heat pipe.

[0150] 1.2) If the cell is of pocket type 27:

[0151] In this case, the or each vaporization part 43 is located: - closer to the cathode terminal 30a or the anode terminal of the cell, or each cell, located opposite (distance E' 1), - than the condensation part 45 (distance E'2) is with respect to the side of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite (this concerns the first side - upper, often horizontal - 7a, whatever the C or L shape chosen for the heat pipe).

[0152] In fact, here again, E' 1 < E'2, as figures 31-33; And preferably, E' 1 = 0, unless we consider the presence of probable connectors 770 slightly projecting from the terminals 30a, 30b.

[0153] In other words, we identify distances E' 1 and E'2 such that E' 1 < E'2, with preferably E' 1=0.

[0154] E'iest: - as regards a second side 7b, the distance between the free end(s) 310a and / or 310b of one, such as 271a, of the aligned cells 27 and the internal surface 370a of the heat pipe, such as 35a (hereinafter called “first heat pipe”), located opposite this second side; or, - with regard to a third side 7b, the distance between the third side 7c of the same cell 171a and the internal surface 370a of another heat pipe, such as 35b (hereinafter called “second heat pipe”), located opposite this third side 7c. The direction in which E' 1 extends may be perpendicular to the second side 7b and / or third side 7c and internal surface(s) 370a.

[0155] E'2 is the distance between the inner surface 371a of the condensation part and the first side 7 a.

[0156] The direction in which E'2 extends may be perpendicular to the first side 7a and to the internal surface 371a.

[0157] Thus: - the or each vaporization part 43 may bear in the direction of said second side 7b and / or third side 7c of the cell, or of each cell, towards the cathode terminal 30a and / or the anode terminal 30b located opposite, - while a space 550 will exist just above the first side 7a. Some of the advantages already mentioned are reproduced. Typically El / E' 1 will be a horizontal distance and E2 / E'2 a vertical distance.

[0158] From the preceding cases 1.1), 1.2) and with the same projected advantages, it can be defined, for any type of cells that can be used, that said at least one vaporization part, such as 43, will be usefully located closer: - al) of the first, second or third side (such as 7a,7b,7c) of the cell, or of each cell, such as 7,17,27, located opposite, or - a2) of the cathode terminal or the anode terminal, such as 30a 30b, of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite, than is the condensation part, such as 45, vis-à-vis: - in case al), of the cathode terminal or the anode terminal of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite - in case a2), of the first, second or third side (such as 7a,7b,7c) of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite.

[0159] In case 1.1) or with prismatic cells 17, the space 55 (height E2) will be profitable to place connectors 77 (in English tabs or bus bar) there connecting cells 7, 17 individually or in groups to each other and / or to the electrical network existing elsewhere. Several cathode and / or anode terminals will then be connected to each other by a connector 77, as for example [Fig.25] where an example is illustrated. The cells can thus be connected in series or in parallel, or according to a mixed assembly therefore having the characteristics of a series circuit and a parallel circuit. A single connector 77 can cover, and serve as an electrical contact for a group of a few (at least two) cathode 30a or anode 30b terminals of successive, adjacent cells 17, and therefore be located in the space 55, or even extend laterally beyond it.

[0160] As [Fig.33] or 34 where an example is illustrated, in case 1.2) or with pocket cells such as 27, the space 550 (height E'2) may be dependent on the presence of "lateral" connectors 770 (see in particular [Fig.26]) functionally identical to the connectors 77 and therefore allowing series or parallel, or mixed, assemblies. Serving as an electrical contact for a group of a few cathode 30a or anode 30b terminals of successive and adjacent cells 27, the connector 770 will therefore be pressed against them. Each connector 770 is fixed against the free end 310a or 310b of the terminals 30a or 30b of the adjacent, parallel cells of the line 9 or 90, which it connects together electrically and from which it therefore projects. The support of the heat pipe 35 against the cell(s) located opposite will then be carried out via this or each connector 770; see [Fig.34] (elsewhere the connectors 770 have not been re-presented / identified, so as not to overload).Thus, we will be able to play on the rounding of the elbow 49,51,53 and the size of the connectors 770 to, without significantly modifying the energy performance of the vaporization part 43, best adapt the height E'2.

[0161] The above confirms that, in all cases, the or each vaporization part 43 can usefully be placed in abutment against the cell, or each cell, which faces it, whether this abutment is direct or indirect, such as in the case of pocket cells, via the connectors 770.

[0162] Whatever the type of cell, it will also be possible to retain as cold source 33, as can be seen in whole or in part in Figures 11-23, for example: - a cold plate 57, a priori metallic, arranged opposite, a priori flat, just above the condensation part 45 of the same single-piece body 37 (therefore channels 39) and crossed internally by circulation conduits 59, - a heat exchanger 61 located at a distance from the cold plate, the heat pipe and the cells, - a heat transfer liquid 63 in a quantity sufficient to allow its circulation in the internal conduits 59 of the cold plate, and - a circuit 65 allowing the circulation of the heat transfer liquid 63 between the conduits 59 and the heat exchanger 61.

[0163] A pump 62 on the circuit 65 allows the heat transfer liquid 63 to circulate. And an expansion tank 64 between the heat exchanger 61 and the liquid inlet 63 allows any possible overflow to be managed.

[0164] The heat exchanger 61 makes it possible to adapt the temperature of the heat transfer liquid 63, a priori to cool it. The outlet temperature of the liquid 63 from the cold plate 57 will be higher than its inlet temperature, which will preferably be lower than 30°C.

[0165] As illustrated for example in figures 22, 23, the heat exchanger 61 may comprise an exchanger (liquid / liquid for example) 610 in series with a radiator 630 or a heater 650, the radiator and the heater being able to be mounted in parallel.

[0166] Taking into account the number of cells, such as 7, 17, 27, in the same battery 5, the thermally controlled device 1 will usefully comprise, as will already have been understood, a plurality of heat pipes 9, each in accordance with what is specified above.

[0167] Furthermore, and as illustrated in figures 11-21 in particular, the cold plate 57 will be either in one piece or made in several parts next to each other, and arranged flat opposite, or resting on, the respective condensation parts 45.

[0168] For the mechanical / thermal synergy, it is recommended to be inspired by the principle illustrated in particular by figures 17, 18, 22, 23, and therefore to block in a simple, but without compromise, way the cells and the heat pipes 35, horizontally and vertically. As illustrated in [Fig.46], a housing 67 is added to the device 1 comprising: - a base 71 on which the cells and the or each heat pipe 35, 35a or 35b rest and - a clamping means 46 configured to clamp each heat pipe against the second side and / or the third side of the cell(s) located opposite, so that the or each vaporization part is pressed against the cell(s) located opposite.

[0169] The housing further comprises upright walls 69, fixed to the bottom 71 and surrounding the cells 7 and the heat pipe(s) which are to be clamped against the upright walls 69, by means of the clamping means 46 arranged between the heat pipe(s) and the upright walls 69.

[0170] For example, the clamping means consists of two C-shaped pieces (see also Figures 49 to 53) surrounding the heat pipes at their vaporization portion, so as to constrain them against the cells when the assembly is inserted between the upright walls 69. In other words, the clamping means 46 serve as a clamping spacer between the upright walls of the housing and the vaporization portions of the heat pipes. Alternatively, the clamping means may comprise a spring bearing against the vaporization portion of the heat pipes and against either a spacer or the upright walls 69 themselves, so as to constrain the vaporization portions of the heat pipes against the second side and / or the third side of the cell(s) located opposite.

[0171] Thus, there will be at least two parallel upright walls 69 arranged on either side of a series of cells 7 and one or more heat pipe(s) 35 which are to be clamped against the cells 7.

[0172] The upright walls 69 may completely surround all the cells 7 and the heat pipe(s) concerned. Thus, the or each heat pipe will be clamped between the cell(s), such as 7, 17, 27, located on the internal face and that of the upright walls 69 located on the external face, the or each vaporization part 43 thus being wedged between the cell(s) located opposite and the upright walls 69. The upright walls 69 will then define a perimeter belt (ring closed on itself).

[0173] In addition, it is advisable: - to have all the heat pipes 35 and all the cells 7, as a whole, completely covered by the cold plate 57, and - to fix the cold plate 57 with the bottom 71 or the erected walls 69, in such a way: — that all cells and heat pipes are clamped between the bottom 71 and the cold plate 57, and — that a housing 67 closed by a seal 72 is formed around the cells and the heat pipes.

[0174] The housing 70 will thus comprise the bottom 71, the walls 69 and: - 2.1) or the cold plate 57, in an embodiment thereof as a battery pack enclosure cover, in which the cold plate 57 also forms a cover and is then typically thicker, possibly being provided with walls forming a fallen edge; see example [Fig.46], - 2.2) either a cover 74 for closing, over, the housing 72, the cold plate 57 then being fixed (welded) with the cover 74, either over, as [Fig.20] or 21, or under as [Fig.17].

[0175] In all cases, a fixing 76 between the cover and preferably the walls 69 is provided, for example by screwing, as [Fig.46].

[0176] And in cases 2.1) and 2.2), the cold plate 57 would be dissociated (i.e. not in one piece with) the heat pipes 35.

[0177] To close the housing 67 in a watertight (liquid-tight) manner, a seal 72 will be interposed between the cover (cold plate 57 or cover 74) and the walls 69; see for example [Fig. 17] or 46.

[0178] An advantage of solution 2.1), or 2.2) with the cold plate 57 option above the cover 74 and fixed (welded) to it, is that then the cold plate 57 is outside the housing 67, which is closed, by the cover / walls superposition 69 and sealed by the seal 72. This avoids any problem of leakage of heat transfer liquid 63 into the housing. In hypothesis 2.2), it is even possible to produce the closed housing 67 and the cold plate 57 independently, then fix the cold plate 57 to the cover 74.

[0179] To facilitate assembly / disassembly / resumption of forces, the upright walls 69 can be made as (for example four) parallelepiped hollow tubes, which can be individually rectilinear, fixed by screws 73, at the bottom 71 and two by two at the external angles; see for example [Fig.23] or 47.

[0180] Furthermore, in the case of a metallic (electrically conductive) construction and taking into account the desired support between heat pipe(s) 35 and cell(s), such as 7, 17, 27, a layer 75 of electrically insulating material is interposed between the heat pipe, or each heat pipe, and the cell(s). As shown diagrammatically for example [Fig.25] or 46, this will be favorably in the form of an electrically insulating coating 75a covering (applied against) at least the internal face 370a of the heat pipe facing one or more cells; at least the second side 7b and / or the aforementioned third side 7c are thus concerned, due to the desired lateral heat pipe / cell(s) support.

[0181] Rather than providing one heat pipe 35 per cell 7, i.e. facing a single cell 7, it is further recommended that a single single-piece body 37 - therefore the series of parallel channels 39 that it contains - faces (the slices 29 of) several cells 7, all adjacent to each other and successive; see almost all figures except 1 and 39. Advantages: fewer heat pipes, high mechanical strength (condensation part 45 in particular), good stability (cantilever compensation), uniformity of heat exchanges, this: - all the more so with the (two) transverse communication volumes 38 provided between the channels 39, and - since the heat pipes rise facing only sides of the slice 29 of any cell 5.

[0182] As already noted, it will certainly be appropriate to provide for the use of a series of heat pipes 35, 35a, 35b. It is then recommended to produce / arrange them in groups of two, as illustrated for example in figures 6-17, 24, 32, 33.

[0183] The following details, for illustrative purposes, two assemblies which may be preferred in this regard.

[0184] In the first assembly, as illustrated for example in figures 6-10,34,36, we find partners: - a first heat pipe 35a of which said vaporization part 43 of the channels 39 extends while standing up along: — on the second side 7b of the cell located opposite, or — of the second respective sides 7b of the cells located opposite, - and a second heat pipe 35b, conforming to said first heat pipe 35a and of which said vaporization part 43 of the channels 39 extends along: - on the third side 7c of the cell located opposite, or - of the respective third sides of cells located opposite.

[0185] Thus, the respective bodies 37 of the first and second heat pipes 35a, 35b are partly located on either side of the cells of the same line, such as 9 which face them, with their respective condensation parts 45 which can be directed: - towards each other (as illustrated for example in figures 6, 33, 36), - or on the contrary by moving away from each other (as illustrated for example [Fig.24])•

[0186] With advantages as mentioned above, two other considerations are further developed below: - for prismatic cells (case 3.1), then - for pocket cells (case 3.2), in the case where only two heat pipes such as 35a, 35b with single or multiple bend(s) are considered, such as 49, 51, 53:

[0187] 3.1) Case of prismatic cells, such as 17: In the case treated, the condensation part 45 of the channels 39 of the first heat pipe 35a extends opposite: - 3.1a) of only one of the anode terminals and cathode terminal 30a, 30b of the cell facing them, or - 3.1b) of one of the respective anode terminals and cathode terminals 30a, 30b of the cells facing them, and said condensation portion 45 of the channels 39 of the second heat pipe 35b extends opposite: - 3.1c) of the other among the anode terminal and cathode terminal 30a, 30b of the cell facing them, in case 3.1a), or - 3.1d) of the other anode terminals or respective cathode terminals 30a, 30b of the cells facing them, in case 3.1b). Thus, it will be the areas of these terminals, which are particularly hot, which may be in the closest proximity to the condensation parts 45, in numerous variants of positions and / or shapes of the heat pipes. 3.2) Case of pocket cells, such as 27: In this case, said vaporization portion 43 of the channels of the first heat pipe 35a is then arranged to extend itself by standing up along: - on the second side 7b of cell 27 which faces it, or - of the respective second sides 7b of the cells 27 which face it, while the vaporization part 45 of the channels 39 of the second heat pipe 35b extends along: - on the third side 7c of the cell facing it, or - of the respective third sides 7c of cells 27 which face it In this way, the respective single-piece bodies 37 of the first and second heat pipes 35a, 35b will be partly located on either side of the cells facing them, and said respective condensation parts 45 of the channels 39 of these first and second heat pipes will extend opposite: - on the first side 7a of the cell located opposite, or - respective first sides 7a of the cells 27 located opposite, any such first side 7a of cell 27 being devoid of cathode terminal 30a or anode terminal 30b.

[0188] Note that the aforementioned “opposite” situation implies what has already been specified, in connection with either prismatic cells or pocket cells.

[0189] In relation to the above, it will also be noted that, as illustrated for example in figures 9, 24, 32, 35, 43, it will be possible in particular to provide: - to arrange the cells, such as 7,17,27, in one line or several parallel lines (or rows), such as the two lines 9, 90, - to arrange the heat pipes, such as 35a, 35b, themselves in one line or several parallel and successive lines (or rows), along, as the case may be: — a single row of cells, such as row 9 or 90, — of two parallel and successive lines of cells, — on either side of a single line of cells, — on either side of two parallel and successive lines of cells, such as the two lines 9, 90; therefore with or without the interposition of an intermediate line of heat pipes between two successive lines 9, 90.

[0190] As will have been noted, in addition to being L-shaped or arch-shaped, the or each heat pipe 35, 35a, 35b may therefore be C-shaped, as illustrated for example in figures 36, 44.

[0191] With a C-shape, the vaporization portion 43 extends under the cell(s) 7 considered; fourth side 7d. By extending the length of the heat pipe, an advantage may be to strengthen the performance of the evaporator.

[0192] With one or more C-shaped heat pipes, the support of the cells on the bottom 71 is indirect; that of the heat pipe is direct, via its lower branch. With L or U (inverted) shapes, the support of the heat pipes and the cells can be direct.

[0193] Concerning any heat pipe, in other words any exchanger 35, 35a, 35b mentioned above, it will be possible to choose that in the same (body 37 of) heat pipe, as shown diagrammatically [Fig.48]: - each channel 39 is adapted as follows: — it has a hydraulic diameter of 1.9 millimeters, — it has a section, considered perpendicular to the direction 351 of main elongation, the dimensions of which are 0.046 cm2; - fluid 41 is trans-l-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (known as R1233ZDE), R290 or NOVEC™ 649 - the thickness el of each channel 39, in the direction joining the internal (370a or 371a) and external (370b or 371b) surfaces of the heat pipe, is between 0.8mm and 5mm, preferably between 2mm and 3mm; see [Fig.39], - the spacing dl between two successive partitions 390, therefore the width of each channel 39 will preferably be 1.9 millimeters.

[0194] These dimensions allow hybrid operation of gravity heat pipes, i.e. between

[0195] The condensate from substance 41 will join evaporator 43 by gravity. However, the formation of the condensate could advantageously have been carried out in a hybrid manner.

[0196] Figures 49 to 51 illustrate an example of implementation of a method for mounting a battery obtained by assembling several modules, each module comprising a set of cells and heat pipes arranged according to the invention.

[0197] The assembly 400 is similar to that of [Fig.24]. It comprises two parallel rows RI and R2 of prismatic cells 7 and three inverted L-shaped heat pipes 35: one heat pipe 35 per row and an additional common heat pipe whose vaporization part 43 is common to both rows of cells, i.e. it is in contact with a second / third edge of the cells of each row RI and R2. The condensation parts 45 of the three heat pipes are arranged above the first edge (the upper edge in the figure) of the cells 7 and at a distance, i.e. without contact with said first edge.

[0198] The assembly 400 further comprises two clamping means 46 for mounting it in a housing. The clamping means 46 will therefore surround the evaporation parts 43 of the heat pipes 35 located outside the assembly and will apply, when they are in contact with the upright walls of the housing, a clamping of the heat pipes 35 against the cells, thus promoting heat exchanges and the evaporation of the phase change material present in the heat pipes.

[0199] As shown in [Fig.50], a plurality of assemblies 400 of [Fig.49] are grouped and being mounted in a housing 501.

[0200] Above each assembly 400, a thin layer 502 of thermal interface material (also known by the acronym TIM for “Thermal Interface Material”) may be provided, intended to ensure, despite possible surface imperfections, the heat transfer from the condensation part 45 of the heat pipes 35 to the cold plate(s) 503 of one or more heat exchangers (not shown in full). If the surface is perfectly flat, the TIM layer is not necessary.

[0201] The housing 501 is sealed by a thermally conductive closing plate 504 in contact with the layers 502 of TIM and a peripheral seal 505 intended to cooperate with a seal groove 506 carried by the housing 501, the cold plate(s) being arranged in thermal contact above the closing plate 504.

[0202] In other words, the cold plate(s) are, in the position of use, in thermal contact with the condensation parts 45 of the heat pipes 35 via the closing plate 504 and the thermal interface material 502.

[0203] [Fig.51] illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the plate of closure 604 directly incorporates within it the cold plates (illustrated in dotted lines) of one or more heat exchangers (not shown in their entirety).

[0204] Of course, there may be one or more cold plates. Similarly, each set 400 may be longer, i.e. the rows may be longer and comprise more cells. In this case, several heat pipes 35 may be provided juxtaposed side by side along the length of the rows.

[0205] These arrangements can also be adapted to pocket cells. In this case, the vaporization parts 43 of the heat pipes 35 will be in contact with the cathode and anode terminals or the electrical connectors connecting the anode terminals of several cells on the one hand, and the cathode terminals of said cells on the other hand.

[0206] Furthermore, other types of clamping means may be provided, provided that they ensure close and constrained thermal contact between the vaporization part of the heat pipes and the electric cells.

Claims

Claims

1. Thermally controlled device for storing electrical energy in chemical form for a vehicle, the controlled device comprising an electric battery comprising a plurality of electric cells arranged parallel to each other, along a line, each cell having a slice, where the cell is thinnest and where a first side, a second side and a third side are located, the second side and third side being parallel to each other and transverse to the first side, each cell comprising a cathode terminal and an anode terminal located on a single side or on two different sides of the cell, characterized in that the thermally controlled device further comprises a first heat exchange device comprising: - a heat pipe capable of heat exchange with the cells and a cold source of at least one second heat exchange device,the heat pipe being defined by a single-piece body internally integrating a series of channels arranged next to each other, and containing a heat-transfer substance, the channels having at least one vaporization part where the heat-transfer substance can be heated, until it is vaporized, by calories from at least one of the cells, and a condensation part where the heat-transfer substance can be cooled, until it is condensed, by heat exchange with the cold source of the second heat exchange device, the body being bent, so that the channels each have at least one curved part located between said at least one vaporization part and the condensation part, the heat pipe being arranged in such a way that:, - the edge of each cell is located along the vaporization portion and the condensation portion of the channels of the monobloc body, - the cathode terminal and / or the anode terminal of each cell are located opposite the vaporization portion or the condensation portion of the channels of the monobloc body; and - the condensation part is located at a higher elevation level than the vaporization part relative to gravity.

2. Thermally controlled device according to claim 1, wherein the vaporization part is opposite at a first distance (El) from the second side and / or third side or terminals carried by said second side and / or third side, while the condensation part is opposite at a second distance (E2) from the first side or terminals carried by said first side, the second distance (E2) being strictly greater than the first distance (El).

3. Thermally controlled device according to claim 2, wherein the first distance (El) is zero so that the vaporization part is in thermal contact against the second and / or third side of the cell or terminals carried by said second side and / or third side.

4. A thermally controlled device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the body, with the series of channels it contains, faces the first side and at least one of the second side and third side of several of said cells all adjacent to each other, which follow one another.

5. Thermally controlled device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the second heat exchange device comprises: - the cold source, which comprises a cold plate including circulation ducts, - a heat exchanger with the ambient air and located at a distance from the cold plate, the heat pipe and the cells, - a heat transfer fluid in a quantity sufficient to allow its circulation in the ducts of the cold plate and in the heat exchanger, and - a circuit for the heat transfer fluid allowing its circulation between the ducts of the cold plate and the heat exchanger.

6. Thermally controlled device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: - each cell is a prismatic, parallelepiped cell, and - said anode terminal and cathode terminal of each cell are located on only the first side of the cell.

7. A thermally controlled device according to claim 4, wherein said at least one vaporization portion is located closer to the second and / or third side of the or each cell, located opposite, than is the condensation portion with respect to the cathode and anode terminals carried by the first side of each cell, located opposite the condensation portion.

8. A thermally controlled device according to claim 6 or 7, wherein said heat pipe defines a first heat pipe having said vaporizing portion of the channels extending upright along: - the second side of the facing cell, or - respective second sides of the facing cells, the controlled device further comprising a second heat pipe, conforming to said first heat pipe and having said vaporizing portion of the channels extending along: - the third side of the facing cell, or - respective third sides of facing cells, such that the respective bodies of the first and second heat pipes are partly located on either side of the facing cells, with their respective condensation portions directed towards or away from each other.

9. Thermally controlled device according to claim 8, wherein: said condensation portion of the channels of the first heat pipe extends opposite: - a) only one of the anode terminal and cathode terminal of the cell located opposite, or - b) one of the respective anode terminals and cathode terminals of the cells located opposite, and said condensation portion of the channels of the second heat pipe extends opposite: - c) the other of the anode terminals and cathode terminals of the cell located opposite, in case a), or - d) the other respective anode terminals or cathode terminals of the cells located opposite, in case b).

10. Thermally controlled device according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: - each cell is a pocket cell, and - said anode terminals and cathode terminal of each cell are located on only the second and third sides of the cell.

11. A thermally controlled device according to claim 10, wherein said at least one vaporizing portion is located closer to: - the cathode terminal or the anode terminal of the cell, or of each cell, located opposite, than is the condensing portion to: - the first, second or third side of the cell, or - of each cell, located opposite.

12. A thermally controlled device according to claim 10 or 11, wherein said heat pipe defines a first heat pipe having said vaporization portion of the channels extending upright along: - the second side of the facing cell, or - the respective second sides of the facing cells, the controlled device further comprising a second heat pipe, conforming to said first heat pipe and having said vaporization portion of the channels extending along: - the third side of the facing cell, or - the respective third sides of facing cells, such that the respective bodies of the first and second heat pipes are partly located on either side of the facing cells, said respective condensation portions of the channels of the first and second heat pipes extending opposite: - the first side of the facing cell, or - the respective first sides of the facing cells.

13. Thermally controlled device according to one of claims 1 to 12, in which a layer of electrically insulating material is interposed between the heat pipe, or each heat pipe, and the cell or cells located opposite.

14. Thermally controlled device according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising a housing in which a plurality of said heat pipes are arranged, the housing comprising: — a bottom on which the cells and the plurality of said heat pipes rest, and — a clamping means configured to clamp each heat pipe against the second side and / or the third side of the cell(s) located opposite, so that the or each vaporization part is pressed against the cell(s) located opposite.

15. Thermally controlled device according to the preceding claim, wherein the pressing means comprises upright walls, fixed to the bottom and surrounding the cells and the plurality of said heat pipes, as a whole.

16. Thermally controlled device according to claims 5 and 14, or claims 6 and 14 and any one of claims 6 to 13 or 15: - in which the cold plate: is in one piece or in several parts arranged flat next to each other

17.

18.

19. of others, - is arranged in thermal contact with said condensation parts, - completely covers all heat pipes and all cells, as a whole, and - is fixed to the housing, so: - that all the cells and all the heat pipes, as a whole, are clamped between the casing and the cold plate, with the said condensation parts interposed between them. Thermally controlled device according to one of claims 1 to 16, in which the or each heat pipe is a gravity heat pipe operating in thermosyphon, pulsed or hybrid mode. A thermally controlled device according to one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the or each heat pipe is L-shaped, hoop-shaped, or C-shaped. Electric or hybrid vehicle including: - at least one electric motor to move it, and - the thermally controlled device according to one of the preceding claims, the electric motor being powered by the electric battery to which it is connected.

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