Apparatus and method for converting thermal energy

Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy in a cycle, comprising a heat exchanger (4), a reservoir (3) for a working medium, a feed line (5), a turbine (2), and a return line (6) with at least one recovery device (9). The invention provides that the turbine (2) is embodied as a disc rotor turbine, so as to also make it possible to utilize waste heat for the generation of electrical energy. The invention further relates to a method for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy in a cycle, in which thermal energy is fed to a working medium in the reservoir (3), the working medium vaporizes and / or its pressure increases, the working medium releases energy in the turbine (2), and the working medium then returns to the reservoir (3).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to an apparatus for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy by a cycle, having a heat exchanger, a reservoir for a working medium, a feed line, a turbine, and a return line having at least one recovery device. The invention further relates to a method for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy in a cycle, in which thermal energy is supplied to the working medium of a reservoir, the working medium vaporizes and / or the pressure of the working medium increases, the working medium releases energy in a turbine, and then the working medium returns to the reservoir.

Background Art

[0002] Cycles such as the Rankine cycle are particularly well-known for converting heat into mechanical energy and, in some cases, further into electrical energy. Here, an energy-carrying medium or working medium undergoes a phase change, and water is commonly used as the working medium. A variant of the Rankine cycle uses a low-boiling liquid. There is also a mode of operation using the supercritical state of the working medium. This means that the working medium is not in the supercritical state detached from and thus there is no phase change in the system, and as a result, the condensation effect is not utilized either. The realization of a single-phase cycle requires a lot of work to pump the medium back to the storage tank or reservoir, which impairs the overall efficiency of the system.

[0003] The cycle is also known, for example, from EP 3 056 694 A1, which operates with a refrigerant and includes at least two heated pressure vessels and one additional heat source as a thermo-compression pump.

[0004] DE 101 26 403 A1 describes a system with two pressure vessels, in which gases are used for buffering in the chambers above the working medium respectively.

[0005] The present invention aims to avoid the disadvantages of the prior art and Using an energy source having a low temperature starting, for example, at 40°C, mechanical energy, and thus electrical energy emissions without an efficient enable the generation of , required equipment cost is low device.

[0006] Furthermore, a corresponding method is also disclosed.

[0007] According to the invention, the first object is achieved by a device of the first-named type, in which the turbine is embodied as a disk expander turbine.

[0008] In this type of device, a working medium that has a low boiling point and can therefore also absorb heat starting at about 40 °C can be used, Therefore also waste heat or solar energy is , especially can be beneficially used as a heat source. Thus, also through the use of a disk expander turbine, also called a boundary layer turbine or a Tesla turbine, condensation of the working medium can also occur in the turbine itself, whereby an individual condenser or a second pressure vessel can be dispensed with.

[0009] Typically used disk expander turbines comprise multiple disks that are rotatably arranged adjacent to one another in the shaft casing. A stream of the working medium, typically water, is preferably conducted in parallel to the disks through an inlet of the casing to the disks. By adhesion, the disks then rotate shaft around is moved . The stream is further decelerated by the friction of the disks. The side walls of the casing redirect the stream again, whereupon the disks continue to be driven. The velocity of the stream is thereby reduced, whereby the stream is cooled and condensation occurs in the turbine. into the circuit

[0010] more ​The disks are also driven more strongly as a result, since high viscosity results from condensation of the working medium, which in a typical bladed turbine can severely damage the blades.

[0011] As a result, highly durable Because no materials are required, production costs are also low and a long service life is achieved.

[0012] The recovery device may in principle be embodied in any manner known from the prior art, for example as a pump.

[0013] The turbine, which is embodied as a disk rotor turbine, is mounted in a casing. on the shaft It is advantageous if the rotor comprises multiple disks arranged rotatably next to each other at 100° C. and the disk surfaces are provided with a microstructure. Optimal properties of the friction layer of the surface for maintaining a laminar flow can thus be achieved.

[0014] The turbine, which is embodied as a disk rotor turbine, is mounted in a casing. on the shaft It has been found to be particularly advantageous if the casing includes multiple disks rotatably arranged next to each other in a casing having an inlet nozzle holder having a shape that allows the injection of the working medium between the disks. Flow disturbances and losses caused by impacts on the faces of the disks can thus be avoided.

[0015] Furthermore, the turbine, which is embodied as a disk rotor turbine, is mounted in a casing. on the shaft The rotor includes a plurality of disks arranged adjacent to each other so as to be rotatable, and the rotor includes a casing for rotating the working medium. s It has been found to be advantageous if the inlet nozzle holder has a shape that allows the generation of a stream. A double helix stream is thus obtained which improves the action of the skin friction layer.

[0016] layer flowAnd for identifying turbulent flow, it is advantageously provided that solid-borne noise measurement is integrated into the turbine. Thus, the cycle can be controlled such that laminar flow exists in the turbine to the greatest extent possible and losses due to turbulent flow are thus avoided. The control can occur, in particular, by a control valve causing the flow in the turbine to change, for example.

[0017] To control the cycle, it is preferably contemplated that a valve is provided to regulate the flow rate. By arranging the valve, it is then possible, for example, to regulate the speed at which the turbine rotates and / or the power output. For example, the flow rate can be regulated such that laminar flow is maintained in the turbine.

[0018] It is beneficial if the turbine can be connected, in particular, to a generator. As a result, the mechanical energy obtained can be easily converted into electrical power. so far not being utilized obtained waste heat or solar thermal energy is can be used for this purpose.

[0019] It is particularly advantageous if the generator can be integrated into the turbine. As a result, the system becomes simpler and connection problems between the turbine and the generator can be avoided.

[0020] It has been found to be beneficial if a reservoir for the working medium can be connected to a heat source, in particular via a heat exchanger arranged inside the reservoir. Thus, it is possible to transfer heat to the working medium in a very beneficial manner.

[0021] Preferably, it is provided that CO 2 is used as the working medium. Due to the low evaporation temperature of CO 2 of thermal energy from, for example, waste heat can already be absorbed at a low pressure. CO 2 then vaporizes, for example, with the absorption of thermal energy in the reservoir Then and reaches the turbine via a feed line, and that turbine insideThen, with the release of mechanical energy, gaseous CO 2 condenses, and then liquid CO 2 is transported by the recovery device to the reservoir, reservoir which is at a higher pressure than the turbine outlet, store reservoir inside Again, evaporation occurs with the supply of heat.

[0022] Normally, Especially since condensation can occur in the turbine, the working medium is between the turbine outlet and the reservoir in and exists at least partially in a liquid state, preferably completely in a liquid shape state.

[0023] It has been found that it is effective for the device to be designed for a pressure of the working medium of the turbine exceeding 74 bar, preferably exceeding 100 bar, and in particular to enable a supercritical state of the working medium of the turbine.

[0024] In particular, when CO 2 is used as the working medium, case , ultra the critical state can already be achieved at a relatively low temperature, for example 40 °C, whereby waste heat accumulated at the corresponding low temperature can also be utilized. Thus, The turbine or device is preferably or working medium designed such that compression from the supercritical state to the gaseous and liquid states occurs in the turbine. condensation

[0025] At least one valve is provided between the turbine and the reservoir, and the recovery device generates a periodically alternating force on the working medium interval to while , operate generate vibrations in the working medium pressure which is beneficial. By applying a force or is embodied as follows vibrations to the working medium between the turbine outlet and the reservoir, the working medium vibrates or oscillates pressure can be made ​​This is possible, particularly an increase occurs in the range of the resonance frequency of the working medium, and thus particularly high pressure amplitudes can be achieved. Due to this type of pressure amplitude, the pressure difference between the reservoir and the outlet of the turbine can be overcome, and as a result operation the medium can be transmitted to the reservoir or boosted to a higher pressure level in a particularly efficient manner, i.e., even operation if the completely medium already exists in a liquid state and departs from the outlet of the turbine, i.e., completely even if condensation occurs in the turbine. As a result, a particularly efficient method can be realized for the device.

[0026] In principle, the recovery device can apply force or pressure to the working medium at a defined amplitude and frequency in a maximum number of ways, for example by an electromagnetically actuated membrane or an electromagnetically actuated piston is to the working medium 、 and can be embodied, for example, as an electromagnetic device.

[0027] Preferably, Using a recovery device to be able to excite the resonance frequency of the working medium inside the device, at a frequency above 1 Hz, particularly above 10 Hz, preferably above 100 Hz, and particularly preferably above 1000 Hz, force it can be applied to the working medium.

[0028] The recovery device can also include a pressure measurement device, using which, for example, the pressure of the working medium between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir can be measured, for example, repeatedly determine the frequency at which resonance of the working medium exists, and apply an excitation of force to the working medium at the above frequency in a targeted manner, and as a result, with little effort simply a high pressure amplitude can be achieved to ride overcome the pressure difference between the reservoir and the turbine.

[0029] Advantageously, the recovery device is provided to be embodied as a resonance tube system. The working medium can thus be in a simple manner can be vibrated and preferably at the resonance frequency vibratedcan be obtained, and thus, the return line of the turbine and the pressure difference between the reservoir for the working medium and the feed line between the turbines and can be overcome.

[0030] To avoid backflow of the working medium from the reservoir to the outlet of the turbine, at least one valve is typically provided between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir, which allows only the flow from the outlet of the turbine to the reservoir and prevents the flow in the opposite direction. This type of valve can also be called a one-way valve. This valve can also be used to regulate the flow rate by a separate valve, or different control devices can also be provided for this purpose.

[0031] Particularly preferably, at least one valve is provided either before or after the recovery device to control the flow direction of the working medium, the at least one valve is , preferably, without moving parts implemented as a valve 。 Thus, the durability of the system and the need for low maintenance can be promoted.

[0032] Particularly preferably, what is called a Tesla valve is used in this case, which does not include moving parts, and the function of the valve is that the flow through the valve is different in different directions to the flow through the valve is different flow has resistance, and as a result 、 it is realized in that only a one-way flow is actually possible.

[0033] A beneficial variant is that the recovery device biased by a spring, attenuation unbiased mass , for example, includes a piston or a membrane, The mass is alternatively also attenuated may be . This type of mass body within the closed volume using , vibrations can be beneficially excited, and resonances can also be brought about, and the increase in amplitude progresses, and thus, the return line of the turbine and the feed line between the reservoir of the working medium and the turbine andIt can overcome the pressure difference existing therebetween.

[0034] Typically, at a frequency of several Hz up to 10 kHz shake or vibration move is generated in the working medium using a recovery device. generated Vibration by is generated by the supplied energy, the supplied energy for example, a piston or a membrane is periodically driven.

[0035] An advantageous alternative variant of the device is that the recovery device includes a field coil that generates a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, and the coil can be arranged inside or outside a closed volume. With these field coils supplied with electrical energy, the generation of vibrations and resonances can be regulated very efficiently, especially when a magnetic fluid is used as the working medium. Thus, the return line of the turbine and the feed line between the reservoir for the working medium and the turbine and the pressure difference therebetween can advantageously be overcome.

[0036] The closed volume on which the field coil acts can be, for example, a return line or a segment of the connecting line between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir, so as to generate vibrations of the working medium at that position. For this purpose, a magnetic medium can be used as the working medium. Alternatively, the vibrations can also be introduced indirectly into the working medium by a magnetic medium.

[0037] Thus, the field coil can be arranged in the return line connecting the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir or outside the return line, so as to act on the medium arranged in the return line, which is preferably embodied as a magnetic medium or a magnetic fluid. For this purpose, magnetic particles with a size of several nanometers can be mixed into the working medium, for example.

[0038] According to the invention, another object is achieved by the method of the type initially named, and condensation of the working medium occurs in the turbine.

[0039] Thus, it is also possible to obtain condensation energy, whereby particularly high efficiency can be achieved even at low temperatures. In this case, a disk rotor turbine is typically used, which is also known as a boundary layer turbine or a Tesla turbine.

[0040] Advantageously, CO 2 is used as the working medium. As a result, it is also possible to use a heat source at a very low temperature.

[0041] The working medium, in particular CO 2 is the maximum 73 bar 、 preferably from 65 bar to 73 bar pressure is beneficial if it absorbs thermal energy and thereby vaporizes. The pressure in the reservoir can thus be, for example, 72 bar, so that heat can be absorbed, for example, at a temperature of 40 °C and evaporation of the working medium occurs. Generally, the pressure at the outlet of the turbine is lower than that in the reservoir. that is , the outlet of the turbine at The working medium can be present, for example, in liquid form at a pressure of about 64 bar and 20 °C.

[0042] Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the working medium reaches a supercritical state, in particular at a pressure above 74 bar, preferably above 100 bar, and condensation from the supercritical state to the gaseous and liquid states occurs in the turbine. In particular, when CO 2 is used as the working medium, this this is already possible at a relatively low temperature realize possible in and as a result, waste heat accumulated at low temperatures can be utilized in this case.

[0043] Even if the supercritical state is reached, preferably, condensation of the liquid to of the working medium, and in some cases also at least partially to the solid state completely is provided to occur in the turbine.

[0044] If the pressure and temperature are measured in the return line and compared with the pressure and temperature of the feed line, and if the flow rate of the working medium in the return line is regulated by a valve arranged in the return line, then very good load regulation can be achieved in a particularly beneficial manner with a simultaneous low complexity. For this purpose, the flow rate is typically preferably regulated by a valve arranged between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir.

[0045] It is beneficial if the working medium returns from the turbine to the reservoir and at the same time a periodically alternating force is applied to the working medium by a recovery device, resulting in an increase in the pressure of the working medium. interval It is beneficial if the working medium returns from the turbine to the reservoir and at the same time a periodically alternating force is applied to the working medium by a recovery device, resulting in an increase in the pressure of the working medium.

[0046] Typically, the valve is provided in the return line between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir. by this reservoir inside of ultra obtain by each pressure vibration of large size The working medium is sent to the reservoir, but no backflow from the reservoir to the outlet of the turbine occurs due to the valve. carry The working medium is sent to the reservoir, but no backflow from the reservoir to the outlet of the turbine occurs due to the valve.

[0047] As a result, the pressure difference between the turbine and the reservoir can be overcome in a simple manner, resulting in particularly high efficiency and enabling the utilization of waste heat, for example, at a temperature of 40 °C.

[0048] It has been found to be particularly advantageous if the working medium oscillates at the resonance frequency by means of a recovery device, especially the working medium. vibrated in particular the working medium of oscillates at the resonance frequency is It has been found to be particularly advantageous if the working medium oscillates at the resonance frequency by means of a recovery device, especially the working medium. Thus, the pressure difference between the return line of the turbine and , operate the feed line between the reservoir for the working medium and the turbine and can be overcome in a particularly beneficial and simple manner. Typically, the working medium is present in the liquid state in the region of the recovery device, and for this reason the resonance frequency usually exceeds 1 kHz. at, completely can be overcome in a particularly beneficial and simple manner. Typically, the working medium is present in the liquid state in the region of the recovery device, and for this reason the resonance frequency usually exceeds 1 kHz.

[0049] To generate a beneficial vibration of the working medium, biased by a spring, and in some cases attenuation biased mass is vibrated by a resonance tube system or by an alternating magnetic field is and is provided by a magnetic fluid that is vibrated. External energy is usually used to generate the vibration although vibration is and can of course be generated by the energy generated by a turbine or a generator connected to the turbine. also

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0050] Additional features, advantages, and effects of the present invention are obtained from the exemplary embodiments described below and are referred to in the drawings.

[0051]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0052] A diagram of an apparatus 1 according to the invention for carrying out a cycle according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1. In that case, heat is converted into mechanical energy and further into electrical energy.

[0053] The apparatus 1 essentially consists of a turbine 2, a reservoir 3 for the working medium, a heat exchanger 4, a feed line 5 between the reservoir 3 and the turbine 2 for transmitting the working medium from the reservoir 3 to the turbine 2, a return line 6 after the turbine 2 for transmitting the working medium so as to return from the outlet of the turbine to the reservoir 3, and a valve 7 for regulating the flow.​

[0054] Furthermore, a pressure sensor 8 is provided such that the valve 7 can be controlled.

[0055] To transmit the working medium from the outlet of the turbine to the reservoir 3, the outlet of the turbine pressure at than high higher pressure reaches the reservoir 3 is like this , a recovery device 9 is provided in the return line 6.

[0056] Preferably CO 2 is used as the working medium because it has a low boiling point. The critical point is 31 °C and 73.9 bar. CO 2 to therefore , the phase transition between liquid and gas is at a temperature of only 30 °C and a pressure of about 72 bar already at occurs, therefore low and the heat supplied at a warm temperature a even if Phase transition can be utilized for heat absorption and is released for . that is , the working medium in the reservoir inside can exist, for example, at a pressure of 72 bar, and waste heat is supplied at a temperature of 40 °C by heat exchange working medium to, the working medium vaporizes, At that time, the working medium is is depressurized to a pressure of about 64 bar in the turbine, thereby being cooled to an ambient temperature of, for example, 20 °C and completely condensed, and work is output via the turbine.

[0057] Alternatively, the working medium is present in the reservoir (3) at a pressure above 74 bar, for example about 100 bar, reaches a supercritical state via the supply of heat, and from that state The working medium is inside the turbine (2) is completely condensed into a gaseous state, and simultaneously or subsequently, liquid it can also be provided that it is condensed into a solid state.

[0058] For the corresponding pressure conditions of the device (1), at least a partial phase transition of the working medium into a solid state occurs, for example, in the turbine at a temperature of 20 °C, and dry ice particles are formed, which can also be provided to pose no problem for the turbine (2) by using a disk rotor turbine. As a result, heat accumulation at a low temperature of, for example, only 40 °C can also be utilized for power generation.

[0059] Of course, working media such as other refrigerants can also be used, for example, R744 or R134a.

[0060] Heat from the heat source 10 is supplied to the working medium via the heat exchanger 4 arranged in the reservoir 3. Primary energy, or preferably heat at a temperature of about 40 °C from, for example, an industrial process waste heat is can be used thereby. However, a heat source 10 at a lower temperature can also be used. Therefore, it is particularly beneficial that solar energy can also be utilized.

[0061] A disk rotor turbine is used as the turbine 2. It is also known as a boundary layer turbine 2 or a Tesla turbine 2. This disk rotor turbine on the shaft is rotatably arranged adjacent to each other is multiple disks including, the multiple disks are side walls, with an inlet opening and an outlet opening arranged in a casing having . The stream of the working medium has heretofore usually been water and conducts through the inlet and in parallel to the disks to the disks mentioned above. Due to the adhesive force, the disks then shaft around is rotated rotate. The stream is further decelerated by friction. The stream is redirected by the side walls onto the circulation path, thereby continuing to drive the disks. shaft only requires the bearings of to have a low tolerance, especially highly durableSince no material is required, the production cost is low and a long service life can be expected. Since a high viscosity is caused by the condensation of the working medium of the turbine 2, the disk is also driven more powerfully as a result. In a typical turbine 2 with blades, the condensation severely damages the blades. The extraction of energy then subsequently occurs due to the pressure drop in the working medium of the turbine 2.

[0062] To control the cycle, the pressure and temperature are measured at the outlet of the turbine in the return line 6, and the pressure and temperature in the feed line 5 are compared. In contrast, the cycle can be regulated by a valve 7 arranged in the return line 6 to regulate the flow rate. In this way, very good load regulation is possible with low complexity at the same time.

[0063] After the valve 7, the working medium is then supplied to the recovery device 9, in which case recovery the device is embodied as a pump.

[0064] In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 2 to 6, the recovery device 9 overcomes the vibrate pressure difference between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir 3 with the is embodied as follows .

[0065] FIG. 2 shows an apparatus 1 according to an invention relating to a recovery device 9 embodied as a resonance tube 11. Here, the fluid column of the working medium can oscillate back and forth in a pipe-like form of volume part 12 inside and can thus, for example, self-resonate can be in a state , together with the valve combined in the return line 6 of the turbine 2 and and overcome the pressure difference between the feed line 5 between the reservoir 3 for the working medium and the turbine 2. The excitation of the oscillation can be caused, for example, by a membrane driven electromagnetically. and

[0066] mass biased by a spring In FIG. 3, a further variant of the apparatus 1 according to the invention is shown together with part 13. Here, inside the closed volume part 12 partIn this, the membrane, or for example a piston mass 13 is used to excite vibrations in the working medium, and the working medium is volume part inside resonance in a state bring about is and thereby depending on progressively increase the amplitude. In the state of resonance, only a part of the originally used excitation energy is required, which brings about an improvement in efficiency and ensures particularly efficient transport of the working medium to the reservoir 3. Here, the closed volume part 12 is mass shown as a cylinder in which 13 can vibrate by spring 14. Thereby, the vibration is generated by using external energy, for example electromagnetic energy.

[0067] Figure 4 shows an apparatus 1 similar to that shown in Figure 3. However, here mass 13 is s on the stem adverse effect and may have an impact on From excessive amplitude, it is blocked by the damper 15 . Nevertheless, the pressure difference between the return line 6 of the turbine 2 and and the feed line 5 between the reservoir 3 for the working medium and the turbine 2 and can also be easily overcome in this case.

[0068] vibration A further possibility of generating is shown in Figure 5. Here, vibration is vibrated by the field coil 16 in a state and is magnetic fluid generated by and the alternating electromagnetic field can be generated by the field coil 16.

[0069] To control the direction in which the working medium flows, an additional one-way valve 17 is, in this case, only used here to regulate the flow rate, the valve 7 and and the recovery device 9 and are provided between. Alternatively, the flow direction of the apparatus 1 can of course also be ensured by the correspondingly embodied valve 7, and as a result no additional one-way valve 17 is required.

[0070] The one-way valve 17 is similar to the valve 7 and can of course also be provided after the recovery device 9 or between the recovery device 9 and the reservoir 3.

[0071] In the variant according to FIG. 5, the field coil 16 is arranged inside the closed volume part 12. part is arranged.

[0072] A similar variant is shown in FIG. 6, but here, in contrast to FIG. 5, the field coil 16 is arranged outside the closed volume part 12, for example outside the cylinder. Since the electromagnetic field generated by the field coil 16 can penetrate into the volume part 12, the excitation of the vibration of the magnetic fluid is also possible here.

[0073] Regarding the device 1 and the method according to the invention described above, so far not utilized obtained waste heat is can be converted into electrical energy under economically beneficial conditions. For example, industrial waste heat in the temperature range from about 40°C to over 300°C can thereby be used to convert it into electricity. Solar heat can also be utilized for the generation of additional electricity. Since the system is essentially closed, it can also be advantageously used in remote areas without being connected to other power supply lines. [Other possible items] [Item 1] A device (1) having a heat exchanger (4), a reservoir (3) for the working medium, a feed line (5), a turbine (2), and a return line (6) having at least one recovery device (9) for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy by a cycle, characterized in that the turbine (2) is embodied as a disk expander turbine. [Item 2] The turbine (2) embodied as a disk expander turbine includes multiple disks that are rotatably arranged adjacent to each other in a casing, and the disk surfaces are provided with a micro-structure, characterized in that the device (1) according to item 1. on the shaft is arranged. [Item 3] The turbine (2), embodied as a disk rotor turbine, is in the casing on the shaft and includes multiple disks rotatably arranged adjacent to each other therein, and includes an inlet nozzle holder having a shape that enables injection of the working medium between the disks in the casing, characterized in that the device (1) according to item 1 or 2. [Item 4] The turbine (2), embodied as a disk rotor turbine, is in the casing on the shaft and includes multiple disks rotatably arranged adjacent to each other therein, and in the casing, rotation of the working medium s characterized in that it includes an inlet nozzle holder having a shape that enables generation of a swirl of the working medium, and the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 3. [Item 5] layer flow and to identify turbulence, solid-borne noise measurement is integrated into the turbine (2), characterized in that the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 4. [Item 6] characterized in that a valve (7) is provided to regulate the flow rate, and the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 5. [Item 7] characterized in that the reservoir (3) of the working medium can be connected to a heat source (10) via a heat exchanger (4), and the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 6. [Item 8] CO 2 is used as the working medium, characterized in that the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 7. [Item 9] The device is designed for a pressure of the working medium of the turbine exceeding 74 bar, preferably exceeding 100 bar, and in particular enables a supercritical state of the working medium of the turbine, characterized in that the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 8. 、 at least one valve (7) is provided between the turbine (2) and the reservoir (3), and the recovery device (9) sometimes to the working medium​​interval configured to generate an alternating force, and for that reason causing vibration in the working medium pressure The device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 9, characterized in that it generates vibration in the working medium. [Item 11] The device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 10, characterized in that the recovery device (9) is embodied as a resonance tube (11). [Item 12] The recovery device (9) mass biased by a spring and not damped (13), for example, including a piston or a membrane, the device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 11. [Item 13] The recovery device (9) mass biased and damped by a spring (13), for example, including a piston or a membrane, the device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 11. [Item 14] The device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 13, characterized in that the recovery device (9) includes a field coil (16) that generates a magnetic field. [Item 15] The device (1) according to item 14, characterized in that the field coil (16) is arranged inside a closed volume part (12). [Item 16] The device (1) according to item 14, characterized in that the field coil (16) is arranged outside a closed volume part (12). [Item 17] At least one valve (7) is arranged between the outlet of the turbine and the reservoir (3), and the valve (7) enables the flow of the working medium from the outlet of the turbine to the reservoir (3) and prevents the flow in the opposite direction. The device (1) according to any one of items 1 to 16. [Item 18] The device (1) according to item 17, characterized in that the at least one valve (7) is embodied as a valve (7) without parts that move as a Tesla valve in particular. [Item 19] In particular, using the device (1) according to one of items 1 to 18, thermal energy is supplied to the working medium of the reservoir (3), the working medium vaporizes, and / or the pressure of the working medium increases. The working medium releases energy in the turbine (2), and then the working medium returns to the reservoir (3), and condensation of the working medium occurs in the turbine (2). A method for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy in a cycle. [Item 20] CO 2 The method according to item 19, characterized in that CO is used as the working medium. [Item 21] The method according to item 19 or 20, characterized in that the working medium absorbs the thermal energy at a pressure up to 73 bar and thereby vaporizes. [Item 22] The method according to item 19 or 20, characterized in that the working medium reaches a supercritical state at a pressure above 74 bar, preferably above 100 bar, and condensation from the supercritical state to the gaseous state and the liquid state occurs in the turbine. [Item 23] The pressure and temperature are measured in the return line (6), compared with the pressure and temperature of the feed line (5), and the flow rate of the working medium in the return line (6) is regulated by a valve (7) arranged in the return line (6). The method according to any one of items 19 to 22. [Item 24] The return of the working medium from the turbine (2) to the reservoir (3) occurs with the increase in the pressure of the working medium by a recovery device (9) to which a force that alternates in time series is applied to the working medium. The method according to any one of items 19 to 23. [Item 25] The working medium is vibration state , in particular resonance in a state The method according to any one of items 19 to 24, characterized in that it occurs. [Item 26] The vibration of the working medium is by a resonance tube (11)generation The method according to item 25, characterized in that it is carried out. [Item 27] said working medium vibration is mass biased by a spring generated by (13), the method according to item 25, characterized in that. [Item 28] said mass biased by a spring (13) is attenuated, the method according to item 27, characterized in that. [Item 29] the working medium contains a magnetic fluid or is formed by a magnetic fluid, and the vibration is caused by an alternating magnetic field generation generated, the method according to item 25, characterized in that.

Claims

1. An apparatus for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy by a cycle, comprising a heat exchanger, a reservoir for a working medium, a feed line, a turbine embodied as a disk rotor turbine, and a return line having at least one recovery device, wherein complete condensation of the working medium occurs within the disk rotor turbine, whereby individual condensers can be eliminated.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein when the thermal energy is supplied to the working medium in the reservoir, the working medium vaporizes or the pressure of the working medium rises, and the working medium releases energy within the disk rotor turbine, and the complete condensation of the working medium occurs within the disk rotor turbine.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the disk rotor turbine receives the working medium in a gaseous state and outputs the working medium in a completely liquid state or in a combination of the liquid state and the solid state.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the turbine embodied as the disk rotor turbine includes multiple disks rotatably arranged adjacent to each other axially in a casing, and a microstructure is provided on the surface of the multiple disks.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the turbine embodied as the disk rotor turbine includes multiple disks rotatably arranged adjacent to each other axially in a casing, and the turbine includes an inlet nozzle holder in the casing having a shape that allows injection of the working medium between the multiple disks.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the turbine embodied as the disk rotor turbine includes multiple disks rotatably arranged adjacent to each other axially in a casing, and the turbine includes an inlet nozzle holder in the casing having a shape that allows generation of a rotating stream of the working medium.

7. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein solid-borne noise measurement is integrated into the turbine for identifying laminar flow and turbulent flow. **Claim 8**: An apparatus for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy by a cycle, comprising a heat exchanger, a reservoir for a working medium, a feed line, a turbine, and a return line having at least one recovery device, wherein the turbine is embodied as a disk expander turbine with complete condensation of the working medium, whereby individual condensers can be eliminated. An apparatus wherein solid-borne noise measurement is integrated into the turbine for identifying laminar and turbulent flows. **Claim 9** The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a valve is provided to regulate the flow rate. **Claim 10** The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the reservoir for the working medium can be connected to a heat source via a heat exchanger. **Claim 11** CO ２ The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein CO is used as the working medium. **Claim 12** The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the apparatus is designed for the pressure of the working medium in the turbine exceeding 74 bar, preferably exceeding 100 bar, and in particular enabling a supercritical state of the working medium in the disk expander turbine. **Claim 13** The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein at least one valve is provided between the turbine and the reservoir, and the recovery device is embodied to generate a temporally alternating force on the working medium, thereby generating pressure vibrations in the working medium. **Claim 14** The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the recovery device is embodied as a resonance tube. **Claim 15** The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the recovery device includes a mass body biased by a spring and not damped. **Claim 16** The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the recovery device includes a mass body biased by a spring and damped. **Claim 17** The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the recovery device includes a field coil generating a magnetic field. **Claim 18**: An apparatus for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy by a cycle, comprising a heat exchanger, a reservoir for a working medium, a feed line, a turbine, and a return line having at least one recovery device, wherein the turbine is embodied as a disk expander turbine with complete condensation of the working medium, whereby individual condensers can be eliminated. At least one valve is provided between the turbine and the reservoir, and the recovery device is embodied to generate a temporally alternating force on the working medium, thereby generating pressure vibrations in the working medium. An apparatus, wherein the recovery device includes a field coil that generates a magnetic field.

19. The apparatus according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the field coil is disposed inside a closed volume.

20. The apparatus according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the field coil is disposed outside a closed volume.

21. The apparatus according to claim 13 or 18, wherein the at least one valve allows the flow of the working medium from the outlet of the turbine to the reservoir and prevents the flow in the opposite direction.

22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the at least one valve is embodied as a valve without moving parts, particularly as a Tesla valve.

23. A method for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy in a cycle using the apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein when thermal energy is supplied to the working medium of the reservoir and the working medium vaporizes and / or the pressure in the working medium rises, the working medium releases energy in the turbine, and then the working medium is returned to the reservoir. A method in which complete condensation of the working medium occurs in the turbine, whereby an individual condenser can be eliminated.

24. CO ２ The method according to claim 23, wherein CO is used as the working medium.

25. The method according to claim 23 or 24, wherein the working medium absorbs the thermal energy at a pressure of up to 73 bar and thereby vaporizes.

26. The method according to claim 23 or 24, wherein the working medium reaches a supercritical state at a pressure above 74 bar, preferably above 100 bar, and the complete condensation from the supercritical state to the gaseous state and the liquid state occurs in the turbine.

27. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein the pressure and temperature are measured in the return line and compared with the pressure and temperature in the feed line, and the flow rate of the working medium in the return line is regulated by a valve disposed in the return line.

28. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 27, wherein the return of the working medium from the turbine to the reservoir is caused by an increase in pressure of the working medium by a recovery device to which a force that alternates in time is applied to the working medium.

29. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein the working medium is brought into a vibrating state, in particular a resonant state, by the recovery device.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the vibrating state of the working medium is generated by a resonance tube.

31. The method according to claim 29, wherein the vibrating state of the working medium is generated by a mass body biased by a spring.

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the mass body biased by the spring is damped.

33. The method according to claim 29, wherein the working medium contains a magnetic fluid or is formed by a magnetic fluid, and the vibrating state is generated by an alternating magnetic field.

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