Lubricant composition having flat oil viscosity

Abstract

To provide a lubricant oil composition having improved viscosity characteristics.SOLUTION: There is provided a lubricant oil composition, comprising or obtained by admixture of the following materials: (i) at least 50 mass% of a base oil based on a mass of the lubricant oil composition; (ii) at least one kind of a capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mol; (iii) at least one kind of a magnesium-containing detergent; (iv) at least one kind of a calcium-containing detergent; and (v) at least one kind of a copolymer viscosity modifier as follows. The copolymer viscosity modifier satisfies: 1) a ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; and 3) a blend material of the copolymer viscosity modifier with a Group III base oil having a KV100 (ASTM D445) of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, having a KV100 of about 8 cSt, has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when measured in accordance with 1), 2), and 3).SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 514,687, filed July 20, 2023.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the use of a combination of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, a capped low molecular weight dispersant, and calcium and magnesium detergents as additives in lubricant compositions having flat viscosity characteristics in engine crankcase applications, particularly in compression ignition engines and / or spark ignition applications. [Background technology]

[0003] The present invention relates to lubricating oil compositions having improved viscosity characteristics. More specifically, the present invention relates to driveline and automotive crankcase lubricating oil compositions, referred to as crankcase lubricants, for use in gasoline (spark ignition) and diesel (compression ignition, spark assisted compression ignition) internal combustion engines; and to the use of additives in such lubricating oil compositions to improve the fuel economy performance of engines lubricated with the lubricating oil compositions. In recent years, fuel economy has become increasingly important. One approach to improve the fuel economy of vehicles is to design new low-viscosity lubricants that reduce friction in the engine. In an attempt to improve fuel economy and optimally reduce CO2 emissions, the use and specification of low-viscosity grades by OEMs is rapidly expanding. One of the challenges of providing engine oils and / or drivetrain transmission oils with reduced SAE viscosity grades is to maintain the benefits of engine lubrication at higher operating temperature ranges. Lubricants tend to become thinner and have a lower kinematic viscosity as engine temperatures increase. This is undesirable for lean oils, especially in engines designed for thick lubricants, as it reduces their lubricating and protective effects. With existing low-viscosity engine oils, such as SAE 0W-8 grades, it is difficult to achieve a balance between fuel efficiency and reliability. For example, low viscosity (at high temperatures) increases the amount of oil leakage at various components of the lubrication system, resulting in reduced oil pressure, and engine hardware must be adapted to compensate for the leakage, resulting in reduced fuel economy.

[0004] One approach to improving vehicle fuel economy is to design new lubricating oils that reduce friction while maintaining a "flat" viscosity over the entire engine temperature range. It is desirable for such oils to improve soot handling and / or enhance antiwear properties while providing the desired fuel economy benefits. There is a need to provide new engine oils in low viscosity grades that meet these requirements. "Flat viscosity oil" is an engine oil whose viscosity change with increasing temperature is significantly lower than that of conventional oils. Flat viscosity oils have less change over the operating temperature range, so they still perform their intended lubricating function over a wider range of engine operation. The method proposed to obtain flat oils is to increase the contribution of low-viscosity base oils and add viscosity modifiers with high viscosity index. This reduces the kinetic viscosity in the low to medium temperature range and increases the thickening effect in the high temperature range.

[0005] Flat viscosity engine oils are required to improve fuel efficiency (by further reducing viscosity in the low to medium temperature range (approximately 20 to 70°C)) and to improve reliability (by maintaining viscosity within the range of conventional specifications at high temperatures). See also Yamamori, K. et al., "Research on Ultra-High Viscosity Index Engine Oil Part 1 - "Flat Viscosity" Concept and Contribution to Carbon Neutrality", SAE Technical Paper, 2022, 2022-01-0525, doi:10.4271 / 2022-01-0525; and Koyama, T. et al., "Research on Ultra-High Viscosity Index Engine Oil: Part 2 - Influence of Engine Oil Evaporation Characteristics on Oil Consumption of Internal Combustion Engines", SAE Technical Paper, 2022, 2022-01-0524, doi:10.4271 / 2022-01-0524.

[0006] Major engine manufacturers are targeting to replace current factory-fill and stock oils for SAE 0W-8, 0W-12, 0W-16 (and potentially 0W-20) with flat viscosity engine oils by 2025. Therefore, it is desirable to have new low SAE viscosity grades of lubricants with flat oil properties available as soon as possible. Nos. 2021 / 0189281, 2021 / 0179961, 2021 / 0179960, 11,384,311, 2021 / 0179965, and 11,365,273 disclose various comb copolymer viscosity modifiers and their use in lubricating oil compositions. JP 2023 / 004932 discloses a composition comprising a polymethacrylate comb copolymer, a GTL base stock, a detergent, a dispersant, and an antioxidant, and having a HTHS150 of 2.25-2.54 MPa·s and a KV 80 is 8.5~9.5cSt, KV 60 The authors disclose a lubricant blend having a viscosity of 13.0 to 14.2 cSt and a Noack evaporation amount of 15 to 25 mass % of the composition. JP 2022 / 120328 A discloses a lubricant blend containing a comb copolymer and an ester base stock, the lubricant blend having a Noack evaporation of 15 to less than 25 wt %.

[0007] JP 2022 / 022996 A describes a viscoelastic composition containing a comb copolymer and a base stock, having a Noack evaporation amount of 15 to less than 25% by mass, and a KV 100 The patent discloses a lubricant blend having a viscosity of 6.1 to 9.3 cSt. JP 2022 / 022491 A describes a viscoelastic composition comprising a comb copolymer and a base stock, having a Noack evaporation amount of 25 to less than 40% by mass, and a KV 100 The authors disclose a lubricant blend having a viscosity of 2.5 to 3.5 cSt. WO2022210065 discloses lubricant blends containing comb copolymers, base stocks and oxygenated synthetic oils. WO2022201845 discloses lubricant blends containing a magnesium detergent and, optionally, a specific ratio of a calcium borate detergent.

[0008] Dispersants capped with organic carbonates or similar capping agents (epoxides, lactones, hydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acids) are common in the art, see for example U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010 / 0160192 which reports succinimide dispersants that are subjected to a two-stage post-treatment; in the post-treatment, the succinimide is first reacted with phthalic or naphthalic anhydride to produce the initial post-treated succinimide which is then reacted with a cyclic carbonate to form the final post-treated succinimide having at least one remaining basic nitrogen. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 8,901,050 describes a method of improving the copper corrosion performance of a lubricating oil composition by using a dispersant mixture including a borated bissuccinimide, an ethylene carbonate post-treated bissuccinimide, and a polysuccinimide copolymer dispersant along with a silane corrosion inhibitor.

[0009] U.S. Patent No. 10,407,640 is directed to a marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition comprising (a) a major amount of a Group II base stock oil having a lubricating viscosity, and (b) a non-borated post-treated polybutene bis-succinimide dispersant in an amount of about 1.5 to about 8.0 weight percent on an active basis, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition, where the polybutene substituent is derived from a polybutene group having a number average molecular weight of about 1500 to about 2500, the marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 20, and further, the non-borated post-treated polybutene bis-succinimide is a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate) post-treated polybutene bis-succinimide dispersant.

[0010] Other useful references include: J. Bartz, "Additives for Schmierstoffe" Lubricants], Expert‐Verlag, Renningen‐Malmsheim, 1994, pp. 197‐252; U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,300; U.S. Pat. No. 8,324,139; U.S. Pat. No. 8,455,568; U.S. Pat. No. 8,901,050; U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,469; U.S. Pat. No. 10,179,886; U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,469; U.S. Pat. No. 10,407,640; U.S. Pat. No. 10,174,272; U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,469; U.S. Pat. No. 10,179,886; U.S. Pat. No. 11,390,825; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010 / 0160192; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018 / 0334635; European Patent Office Publication No. 0 969 077; EP 0 637 332, EP 0 937 769, and EP 0 979 834. It has now surprisingly been discovered by the present inventors that the use of certain comb copolymers in combination with capped dispersants in lubricant compositions, for example in internal combustion engines, can provide desirable flat viscosity oil properties in addition to improved fuel economy and / or wear properties. The present disclosure also provides highly fuel efficient lubricant compositions having flat oil viscosity characteristics in accordance with the present disclosure by combining a capped low viscosity dispersant with a comb copolymer viscosity modifier in accordance with the present disclosure. Summary of the Invention

[0011] The present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising or obtained by admixture of: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing cleaning agent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one copolymer viscosity modifier, such as: 1) the ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; 3) A copolymer viscosity modifier, which has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when 1), 2), and 3) are measured on a blend of the copolymer viscosity modifier with a Group III base oil having a KV100 (ASTM D445) of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, the blend having a KV100 of about 8 cSt.

[0012] The present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising or obtained by admixture of: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole, preferably represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 may each independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z may be an integer of 0 to 10; each R 13 may be individually an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 a capped dispersant, the groups of which may be linked together; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing cleaning agent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) Kinematic viscosity (KV 100 and a KV of about 1.0 cSt in combination with a Group III base oil having a viscosity index (VI, ASTM D2270) of about 120. 100at least one copolymer viscosity modifier having, when the viscosity modifier is adjusted to about 8 cSt: 1) a ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 of 1.9 or more (e.g., 2.1 or more); 2) a ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 of 1.30 or more (e.g., 1.35 or more); and 3) A viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater (e.g., 340 or greater).

[0013] The present invention further relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising or obtained by admixture of: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole, preferably represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 may each independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z may be an integer of 0 to 10, for example, 1 to 8; each R 13 may be individually an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 capped dispersants, wherein the groups may be linked to each other, for example by ethylene bridges, to form piperazinyl groups; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing cleaning agent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk) acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c)C 12 -C 24Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C1‐C 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, having the following structure (II): [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 Represents an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap: a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0 weight percent comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; vi) optionally, a metal alkylthiophosphate in which the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol (e.g., a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate in which the alkyl group is derived at least partially (e.g., completely) from a secondary alcohol or a mixture of primary and secondary alcohols, e.g., R1 and R2 are C1-C 18 alkyl group, and preferably at least one, e.g. both, of R and R are secondary C-C 12 a compound represented by the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2, which is an alkyl group; Herein, it is preferred that the lubricating oil composition is: a) the volatility, as measured by the Noack test (ASTM D5800, procedure B), is 30% by weight or less (e.g. 25% by weight or less, such as 20% by weight or less, such as 16% by weight or less, such as 15-25% by weight, such as 15-30% by weight, such as 19-28% by weight), based on the total weight of the lubricating composition; and / or b) the ratio of calcium from the detergent to magnesium from the detergent is from 10:1 to 2:1 (e.g., from 10:1 to 3:1, e.g., from 8:1 to 4:1, e.g., from about 6:1 to about 5:1); and / or c) the total soap content is less than 30 mmol (e.g. less than 25 mmol, such as less than 20 mmol, for example less than 16 mmol, such as less than 10 mmol, for example less than 8 mmol, such as less than 7 mmol, for example from 0.5 to 10 mmol, for example from 1 to 8 mmol, for example from 2 to 7 mmol).

[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided use of the lubricating oil composition described above to impart a flat oil viscosity characteristic to low viscosity (e.g., SAE 0W-20, 0W-16, 0W-12, 0W-8) lubricating oil compositions. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lubricating oil composition comprising a first PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition derived from a first polyamine, and a first PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol (e.g., 1250 to 1350 g / mol, e.g., about 1300 g / mol), wherein the composition comprises: The viscosity (Pa s) was improved at 100 sec compared to the same lubricating oil composition but in which the first PIBSA-PAM composition was replaced by a physical mixture of two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants based on second and third polyamines which were identical to each other and to the first polyamine, and second and third PIB polymers having number average molecular weights of 800-1000 g / mol and 2100-2400 g / mol, respectively. -1 At a shear rate of at least about 30% lower (e.g., 35% lower), -1 At shear rates of 0.131 to 10s, the shear rate is at least about 55% lower (e.g., at least 65% lower) (Haake carbon black test (9% by weight carbon black, 0.131 to 10s -1and 10~1000s -1 (a shear rate range of 100 to 2000 mm), where the amounts of the two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants are selected such that the weighted average number average molecular weight of the combined second and third PIBs is approximately equal to the number average molecular weight of the first PIB. The second and third PIBs may exhibit (e.g., in a gel permeation chromatograph) a unimodal or multimodal (e.g., bimodal) distribution of PIB species.

[0015] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a capped (e.g. ethylene carbonate capped) dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of up to 1600 g / mol, such as 800-1500 g / mol, for example 900-1450 g / mol, such as 1000-1400 g / mol, for example 1100-1400 g / mol, such as 1200-1400 g / mol, for example about 1300 g / mol, and / or a capped dispersant derived from a polymer (e.g. polyisobutylene) having Mn as above. The capped dispersant may be a PIBSA-PAM capped with ethylene carbonate of 1200-1400 g / mol, for example a PIBSA-PAM with Mn 1300 g / mol. The capped dispersant may be an ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA PAM composition derived from a polyamine and a PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200-1400 g / mol (eg, 1250-1350 g / mol, such as about 1300 g / mol).

[0016] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers (e.g., butyl methacrylate); (c)C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers (e.g., lauryl methacrylate); and (d) C6-C having the following structure (II) 20Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C6-C 20 a monomer which represents an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; where: 1)(c)C 12 -C 24 The repeating unit of the alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer is contained in an amount of 16 to less than 21 mass% (e.g., 16.5 to less than 20.0 mass%, for example, 17 to less than 19.5 mass%) based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 2)(d)C6‐C 20 The repeat units of aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomers are present in an amount of 3 to 7% by weight based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; 3) The combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0 weight percent of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer.

[0017] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier having: 1) a ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 of 1.9 or more (e.g., 2.1 or more); 2) a ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 of 1.30 or more (e.g., 1.35 or more); and 3) A viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater (e.g., 340 or greater).

[0018] Typically, VI is 120 and Kv 100 Group III base oils with a Kv of 4 cSt also have 140 is 2cSt, and Kv 20 is 44cSt, Kv 70 is 19 cSt (all kinematic viscosities measured according to ASTM D445).

[0019] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a concentrate comprising: (i) less than 50 mass% of a base oil, based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole, preferably represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 may each independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z may be an integer of 0 to 10, for example, 1 to 8; each R 13 may be individually an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 capped dispersants, wherein the groups may be linked to each other, for example by ethylene bridges, to form piperazinyl groups; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing detergent and at least one calcium-containing detergent, wherein the ratio of calcium from the detergent to magnesium from the detergent is from 10:1 to 2:1 (e.g., from 10:1 to 3:1, such as from 8:1 to 4:1, for example from about 6:1 to about 5:1); (iv) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c)C12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C1-C having the following structure (II): 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 a monomer exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0 weight percent comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; (v) optionally, metal alkylthiophosphates in which the alkyl groups are derived from at least one secondary alcohol (e.g., zinc dialkyldithiophosphates in which the alkyl groups are derived at least partially (e.g., completely) from a secondary alcohol or a mixture of primary and secondary alcohols, and, e.g., R1 and R2 are C1-C 18 alkyl group, preferably at least one, e.g. both, of R and R are secondary C-C 12 A compound represented by the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2, which is an alkyl group; (vi) optionally, a molybdenum-containing compound (e.g., dimeric or trimeric MoDTC); and (vii) optionally, an antioxidant (e.g., an amine-based antioxidant).

[0020] According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the lubricating oil composition described above to improve fuel economy, for example to obtain an FEI (fuel economy improvement) greater than 10% (e.g., 15% or more, e.g., 20% or more) compared to Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 lubricant, comprising introducing into an internal combustion engine a lubricating oil composition as described herein and operating said engine. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0021] [Figure 1] Graph of the data in Table 2. [Diagram 2] Graph of the data in Table 9. [Diagram 3] 1 is a graph of the relative viscosity data in Table X. [Figure 4] 1 is a graph of Kv40 versus m%N for selected PIBSA-PAMs in Table A. [Diagram 5] 1 is a graph of soot handling properties of selected blends from Table A2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0022] definition For purposes of this specification and any claims to the invention, the following words and phrases shall have the following meanings if and when used. For purposes herein, the new numbering scheme of the Periodic Table of the Elements as described in CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS, 1985, 63(5), 27 is used, i.e., the alkali metals are the Group 1 metals (e.g., Li, Na, K, etc.) and the alkaline earth metals are the Group 2 metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, Ba, etc.).

[0023] The term "comprising" or any synonym thereof specifies the presence of a stated feature, step, or integer or component, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, integers, components, or groups thereof. The expressions "consisting of," "consisting essentially of," or its synonyms may be subsumed within "comprising" or its synonyms, with "consisting essentially of" permitting the inclusion of substances that do not significantly affect the characteristics of the composition to which it is applied. The term "about" means "approximately," including values ​​obtained by rounding. As used herein, the term "about" to modify the amount of a component, ingredient, or reactant of the present invention employed refers to variations in numerical quantities that may occur due to typical measuring procedures and liquid processing procedures used, for example, in the manufacture of concentrates or lubricating oil compositions. Additionally, variations may occur due to inadvertent errors in measuring procedures, differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of components employed in the manufacture of compositions or the practice of methods, etc. In one embodiment, the term "about" means within 10% of the reported numerical value. In another embodiment, the term "about" means within 5% of the reported numerical value. In yet another embodiment, the term "about" means within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the reported numerical value.

[0024] The term "LOC" refers to a lubricating oil composition. The term "major amount" means, relative to the weight of the composition, more than 50% by weight of the composition, such as more than 60% by weight of the composition, such as more than 70% by weight of the composition, such as 80 to 99.009% by weight of the composition, such as 80 to 99.9% by weight of the composition, 80 to 99.009% by weight. The term "minor amount" means, relative to the weight of the composition, 50% by weight or less of the composition; such as 40% by weight or less of the composition; such as 30% by weight or less of the composition, for example 20 to 0.001% by weight, for example 20 to 0.1% by weight. The term "% by weight" means the weight percent of a component relative to the weight of the composition measured in grams, unless otherwise specified, and is interchangeable with weight percent ("% by weight", "wt%", "wt.%", or "% w / w"). The term "active ingredient" (also referred to as "ai" or "AI") refers to an additive material that is not a diluent or solvent. Unless otherwise specified, amounts herein are listed as active ingredients.

[0025] The terms "oil-soluble" and "oil-dispersible" or synonyms thereof as used herein do not necessarily indicate that a compound or additive is soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or capable of being suspended in oil in all proportions. However, these terms mean, for example, that the compound or additive is soluble or stably dispersible in oil to a degree sufficient to exert its intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed. Furthermore, it is possible to incorporate higher levels of a particular additive, if desired, by incorporating additional additives. The terms "group" and "radical" are used interchangeably herein. The term "hydrocarbon" refers to a compound of hydrogen and carbon atoms. "Heteroatom" refers to an atom other than carbon or hydrogen. When referring to "hydrocarbons", particularly "refined hydrocarbons", the hydrocarbon may contain one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom-containing groups (e.g., halo, especially chloro and fluoro, amino, alkoxyl, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.) in small amounts (e.g., amounts in which the heteroatom(s) do not appreciably alter the hydrocarbon character of the hydrocarbon compound).

[0026] The term "hydrocarbyl" refers to a radical that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms. Preferably, the group consists essentially of hydrogen and carbon atoms, more preferably only of hydrogen and carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified. Preferably, the hydrocarbyl group comprises an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group. The term "hydrocarbyl" includes "alkyl", "alkenyl", "alkynyl", and "aryl" as defined herein. The hydrocarbyl group may contain one or more atoms / groups other than carbon and hydrogen, so long as they do not affect the essential hydrocarbyl character of the hydrocarbyl group. Those skilled in the art will recognize such atoms / groups (e.g., halo, especially chloro and fluoro, amino, alkoxyl, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.).

[0027] The term "alkyl" refers to a radical of carbon and hydrogen (e.g., C1-C 30 , for example C1~C 12 The alkyl group in the compound is usually directly attached to the compound via a carbon atom. Unless otherwise specified, the alkyl group may be linear (i.e., unbranched) or branched, and may be cyclic, acyclic, or partially cyclic / acyclic. Preferably, the alkyl group comprises a linear or branched acyclic alkyl group. Representative examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, and triacontyl. The term "alkenyl" refers to a radical of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond (e.g., C2-C 30 Radicals, e.g. C2-C 12An alkenyl group in a compound is typically directly attached to the compound via a carbon atom. Unless otherwise specified, an alkenyl group can be straight-chained (i.e., unbranched) or branched, and can be cyclic, acyclic, or part cyclic / acyclic. The term "alkylene" refers to any C1-C alkylene group that may be linear or branched. 20 , preferably C1 to C 10 Representative examples of alkylene include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, 1-methylethylene, 1-ethylethylene, 1-ethyl-2-methylethylene, 1,1-dimethylethylene, and 1-ethylpropylene.

[0028] An "olefin", also known as an "alkene", is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond. For purposes of this specification and the appended claims, when a polymer or copolymer is said to contain a monomer (e.g., an olefin), the mer units present in such polymer or copolymer are the polymerized form of the monomer. For example, when a copolymer is said to have an "isoprene" content of 55-95% by weight, it is understood that the mer units in the copolymer are derived from isoprene in a polymerization reaction, and the derived units comprise 55-95% by weight of the copolymer. A "polymer" has two or more of the same or different mer units. A "homopolymer" is a polymer having the same mer units. A "copolymer" is a polymer having two or more mer units that are different from each other. The term "different" when referring to mer units means that the mer units differ from each other at at least one atom or are isomeric. An "isoprene polymer" or "isoprene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer that contains at least 50 mole percent isoprene-derived units, a "butadiene polymer" or "butadiene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer that contains at least 50 mole percent butadiene-derived units, etc. Similarly, when a polymer is "C 4‐5When a polymer or copolymer is referred to as a "partially or completely saturated polymer containing an olefin," the C 4‐5 The olefin(s) is the polymerized form of an olefin(s) which is partially or fully saturated (eg, by hydrogenation) after polymerization of the monomers.

[0029] The term "alkynyl" refers to a C-C alkyl group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. 30 (For example, C2~C 12 ) radical. The term "aryl" refers to a group that contains at least one aromatic ring, such as cyclopentadiene, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, etc. Aryl groups typically contain C5-C aryl groups optionally substituted with one or more hydrocarbyl groups, heteroatoms, or heteroatom-containing groups (e.g., halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, and amino groups). 40 (For example, C5~C 18 For example, C6~C 14 ) aryl groups. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl groups, and their substituted derivatives, particularly phenyl, and the alkyl substituted derivatives of phenyl. The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen atom has been replaced with a hydrocarbon group, a heteroatom, or a heteroatom-containing group. Alkyl-substituted derivatives mean that a hydrogen atom has been replaced with an alkyl group. "Alkyl-substituted phenyl" refers to a derivative in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced with an alkyl group, e.g., a C1-C substituted phenyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, and / or triacontyl. 20 It is a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group.

[0030] The terms "halogen" or "halo" refer to a Group 17 atom or a radical of a Group 17 atom, such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. The term "ashless" in reference to the additive means that the composition is metal-free. The term "ash-containing" in reference to the additive means that the composition contains metals. The term "effective amount" with respect to an additive means the amount of the additive in a lubricating oil composition such that the additive provides its desired technical effect. The term "effective minority" in reference to an additive means an amount of the additive that is less than 50 mass % of the lubricating oil composition such that the additive provides the desired technical effect. The term "effective major amount" in reference to an additive means an amount of the additive that is 50% by weight or more of the lubricating oil composition such that the additive provides the desired technical effect. The term "ppm" means parts per million by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, unless otherwise specified. The term "metal content" of a lubricating oil composition or an additive component, such as the magnesium content, molybdenum content, or total metal content (ie, the sum of all individual metal contents), is measured according to ASTM D5185.

[0031] The term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid" refers to an aliphatic C7-C 29 , preferably C9 to C 27 , most preferably C 11 ~C 23 This means a monocarboxylic acid having a hydrocarbyl chain. Such compounds are referred to herein as aliphatic (C7-C 29 ), more preferably (C9 to C 27 ), most preferably (C 11 ~C 23 ) may be referred to as hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acid(s) or hydrocarbyl fatty acid(s) (herein C x ~C y specifies the total number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the fatty acid, and the total number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid itself is C x+1 ~Cy+1 100 carbon atoms). Preferably, the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid containing the carboxyl carbon atom is an even number. The aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain of the fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated (i.e., contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond); preferably, the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain is unsaturated and contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Such fatty acids may be obtained from natural sources (e.g., from animal or vegetable oils) and / or by reduction of the corresponding saturated fatty acids. It is understood that a proportion of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain(s) of the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester(s) is unsaturated (i.e., contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond) to enable reaction with other agents, such as sulfur, to form the corresponding functionalized, e.g., sulfurized, aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester(s).

[0032] The term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" refers to an ester obtained by converting a monocarboxylic acid functional group of the corresponding aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid into an ester group. Suitably, the monocarboxylic acid functional group of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid is converted into a hydrocarbyl ester, preferably a C1-C 30 The fatty acid functional group of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid may be converted to an aliphatic hydrocarbyl ester, such as an alkyl ester, preferably a C1-C6 alkyl ester, especially a methyl ester. Alternatively, or additionally, the monocarboxylic acid functional group of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid may be in the form of a natural glycerol ester. Thus, the term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" includes aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid glycerol ester(s) and aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid C1-C 30 It includes aliphatic hydrocarbyl ester(s) [e.g. aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid alkyl ester(s), more preferably aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid C1-C6 alkyl ester(s), especially aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid methyl ester(s)]. Suitably, the term "aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" refers to aliphatic (C7-C 29) hydrocarbyl, more preferably aliphatic (C9-C 27 ) hydrocarbyl, most preferably aliphatic (C 11 ~C 23 ) Hydrocarbyl fatty acid glycerol ester(s) and aliphatic (C7-C 29 ) hydrocarbyl, more preferably aliphatic (C9-C 27 ) hydrocarbyl, most preferably aliphatic (C 11 ~C 23 ) Hydrocarbyl fatty acids C1-C 30 Preferably, a proportion of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain(s) of the fatty acid ester(s) is unsaturated and contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond to allow for functionalization, such as sulfurization, of the aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester(s).

[0033] The term "sulfurized aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester" means a compound obtained by sulfurizing an aliphatic hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester as defined herein. The term "absent" with respect to components contained in the lubricating oil compositions described herein and in the claims thereto means that the particular component is present at 0 wt.% based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, or if present in the lubricating oil composition, the component is present at a level that does not affect the lubricating oil composition properties, e.g., less than 10 ppm, or less than 1 ppm, or less than 0.001 ppm. When the term "absent" is used with respect to a monomeric reactant and / or a repeat unit in a (co)polymer described herein, the term means that the component is present at 0 wt.% based on the weight of all (co)monomers in the (co)polymer, or, if present, at a level so low that it does not appreciably affect the physical properties of the (co)polymer, e.g., 0.2 wt.% or less, or 0.1 wt.% or less. As used herein, Mn is the number average molecular weight, Mw is the weight average molecular weight, and Mz is the z-average molecular weight. Molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity index (PDI), is defined as Mw divided by Mn. Unless otherwise specified, all molecular weight units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are reported in g / mole. When used in the context of functionalized polymers (e.g., dispersants, functionalized styrene polymers, etc.), the molecular weight is typically reported based on the base polymer before modification. For example, for PIBSA-PAM dispersants, the molecular weight is typically reported on the base isobutylene polymer from which the PIBSA-PAM is derived, before functionalization with the acylating agent (maleic acid or maleic anhydride) and functional group (e.g., polyamine).

[0034] Total Base Number, also referred to as "TBN," with respect to an additive component or a lubricating oil composition (i.e., a virgin lubricating oil composition) means Total Base Number, as determined by ASTM D2896, reported in mg KOH / g. Total Acid Number ("TAN") is measured by ASTM D664. The phosphorus, boron, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, sodium, silicon, and magnesium contents are determined by ASTM D5185. Sulfur content in oil formulations is measured according to ASTM D5185. Sulfated ash ("SASH") content is measured by ASTM D874. Kinematic viscosity (KV 150 , K.V. 140 , K.V. 130 , K.V. 120 , K.V. 110 , K.V. 100 , K.V. 90 , K.V. 80 , K.V. 70 , K.V. 60 , K.V. 50 , K.V. 40 , K.V. 30 , K.V. 20 ) is determined in accordance with ASTM D445-19a and is reported in cSt unless otherwise specified. Viscosity index is measured according to ASTM D2270. Saponification number was determined by ASTM D94 and is reported in mg KOH / g. High temperature corrosion bench test, HTCBT, is measured according to ASTM D6594.

[0035] Unless otherwise specified, all percentages reported are by weight on an active ingredient basis, ie, without consideration of carrier or diluent oil. It is also to be understood that the various components employed, which are not only necessary but also optimal and conventional, may react under the conditions of reaction, preparation, storage, or use, and that the present disclosure also provides products obtainable or obtained as a result of any such reaction, preparation, storage, or use. Further, it is to be understood that any upper and lower quantity, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. It is also to be understood that the preferred features of each aspect of the present disclosure are to be considered preferred features of every other aspect of the present disclosure, and thus the preferred and more preferred features of one aspect of the present disclosure may be independently combined with other preferred and / or more preferred features of the same or different aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] As used herein, the term "comb copolymer" refers to the presence of relatively long side chains (as opposed to simply pendant moieties) attached to a polymeric backbone, often also referred to as the polymer "backbone." In the present disclosure, comb copolymer viscosity modifiers include at least one repeat unit derived from a polyalkylene macromonomer, which repeat unit is based almost entirely on the polymerization or multimerization of pure olefinic and non-aromatic hydrocarbon monomers (i.e., not including or formed from monomers containing contaminating levels or more of heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P, Si, halides, metals, etc.). Such monomers include, but are not necessarily limited to, alkyl pendant monoolefins (alkenes), such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, vinylcyclohexene, and the like, and combinations thereof, and / or non-aromatic monomers whose polymerized repeat units still contain at least one unsaturation (typically alkadienes, such as butadiene, isoprene, hexadiene, non-aromatic hexatrienes, norbornadiene, and the like, and combinations thereof). To the extent that any such monomers polymerized / polymerized to form macromonomers leave unsaturation, it is preferred to treat such unsaturation, such as by hydrogenation, to remove said unsaturation. As used herein, the term "backbone" does not necessarily imply that the chain length is longer than that of the side chains, but simply refers to the polymerization process of linking together a series of comonomers, including macromonomers.

[0037] As used herein, the term "repeat unit" is known in the art and is usually linked (although not identical) to the monomer or monomers from which a (co)polymer is formed. For example, in free radical polymerization, an (olefinic) double bond in a single monomer or macromonomer is opened to form a covalent bond with an adjacent monomer, thereby allowing the formation of a polymer chain. Although a macromonomer is itself formed by polymerization / polymerization of a monomer, it is used as a "single" (macro)monomer in the polymerization of the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein. Nevertheless, when the term "repeat unit" or "repeat units" is mentioned, any polymerized monomer is considered. However, just because a component can be formed by polymerization does not mean that it constitutes a "repeat unit". For example, linear C 18 In the case of methacrylate esters, linear chains of 18 carbon atoms could theoretically be formed by the polymerization of nine ethylene units, however, such moieties are more likely formed by non-polymeric routes (including, for example, the isolation of stearyl alcohol or some similar natural product) and therefore are not considered "macromonomers" for purposes of this disclosure.

[0038] Detailed Description of the Invention Where appropriate, features of the disclosure relevant to each and every aspect of the disclosure are described in more detail below. The lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure include components that may or may not be chemically identical before and after mixing with an oil-based carrier (e.g., base oil) and / or other additives. This disclosure encompasses compositions that include the components before mixing, the components after mixing, or both the components before and after mixing.

[0039] lubricating oil composition The present disclosure relates to a lubricating oil composition (also referred to as "LOC", "lubricant composition", "lubricating composition", or "lubricant oil composition") comprising or obtained by admixture of: (a) 1 to 99 mass% (alternatively 30 to 95 mass%, alternatively 50 to 90 mass%, alternatively 60 to 95 mass%, alternatively 70 to 85 mass%) of one or more base oils, based on the mass of the lubricating composition; b1) 0.10 to 20 mass % (in particular, 0.15 to 10 mass %, alternatively 0.20 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.25 to 2 mass %, for example about 3.3 mass %) of a carbonate-capped dispersant, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; and b2) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 4% by weight) of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier as defined herein, relative to the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0040] The present disclosure also relates to lubricating oil compositions comprising, or obtained by admixing, (i) from 1 to 99 mass % (alternatively from 30 to 95 mass %, alternatively from 50 to 90 mass %, alternatively from 60 to 95 mass %, alternatively from 70 to 85 mass %) of one or more base oils, based on the mass of the lubricating composition; (ii) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 2% by weight) of one or more detergents, such as Ca and Mg detergents, relative to the weight of the composition; iii) 0.10 to 20 mass % (particularly 0.15 to 10 mass %, alternatively 0.20 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.25 to 2 mass %, for example about 3.3 mass %) of a carbonate-capped dispersant, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; and iv) 0.10 to 20 mass % (particularly 0.15 to 10 mass %, alternatively 0.20 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.25 to 4 mass %) of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier as described herein, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0041] The present disclosure also relates to lubricating oil compositions comprising, or obtained by admixing: A) from 1 to 99% (alternatively from 30 to 95% by weight), alternatively from 50 to 90% by weight, alternatively from 60 to 95% by weight, alternatively from 70 to 85% by weight, of one or more base oils, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; B1) 0.10 to 20 wt. % (in particular, 0.15 to 10 wt. %, alternatively, 0.20 to 5 wt. %, alternatively, 0.25 to 2 wt. %, e.g., about 3.3 wt. %) of a carbonate-capped dispersant, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; and B2) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 4% by weight) of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier as described herein, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; C) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 2% by weight) of one or more detergents (blends of detergents, for example a combination of Ca and Mg detergents) relative to the weight of the lubricating oil composition; D) optionally, from 0.01 to 5 mass % (in particular from 0.1 to 4 mass %, alternatively from 0.25 to 3 mass %, alternatively from 0.045 to 0.15 mass %) of one or more friction modifiers (e.g. a blend of friction modifiers), relative to the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; E) optionally, from 0.01 to 10 mass % (in particular, from 0.01 to 5 mass %, alternatively from 0.01 to 3 mass %, alternatively from 0.1 to 2 mass %) of one or more antioxidants (e.g., a blend of antioxidants), relative to the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; F) optionally, from 0.005 to 5 mass %, particularly from 0.01 to 3 mass %, or alternatively from 0.1 to 1.5 mass %, of one or more pour point depressants (e.g., a blend of pour point depressants), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; G) optionally, from 0.001 to 5 mass %, particularly from 0.01 to 3 mass %, or alternatively from 0.1 to 1.5 mass %, of one or more antifoam agents (e.g., a blend of antifoam agents), relative to the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; H) optionally, from 0.001 to 10 mass % (in particular, from 0.01 to 6 mass %, alternatively from 0.01 to 5 mass %, alternatively from 0.1 to 4 mass %, alternatively from 0.1 to 2 mass %) of one or more viscosity modifiers other than B2 (e.g., a blend of viscosity modifiers), relative to the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; I) optionally, from 0.01 to 20% by weight (in particular, from 0.1 to 12% by weight, or alternatively from 0.1 to 8% by weight) of one or more dispersants other than B1 (e.g., a blend of dispersants), relative to the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; J) optionally, from 0.005 to 5 mass % (in particular, from 0.01 to 3 mass %, alternatively from 0.01 to 1.5 mass %) of one or more corrosion and / or rust inhibitors (e.g., a blend of corrosion and / or rust inhibitors), relative to the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; K) 0.001 to 10 mass % (in particular 0.01 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.1 to 3 mass %, alternatively 0. to 1.5 mass %) of one or more antiwear agents (e.g., a blend of one or more antiwear agents such as ZDDP), based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; M) optionally, from 0.01 to 5 mass %, in particular from 0.05 to 2 mass %, alternatively from 0.1 to 1 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, of one or more seal compatibility agents, e.g., seal swelling agents, and / or O) optionally, 0.01 to 5 mass % (particularly, 0.1 to 3 mass %, or 0.1 to 1.5 mass %) of one or more unsaturated C groups, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; 12 -C 60 Hydrocarbons (e.g. C 12 -C 24 Linear alpha-olefins (LAO), polyisobutylene polymers / polymers, and / or blends thereof).

[0042] For purposes of this disclosure, components B1 and B2 are not added to Component C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, M, and / or O above to determine weight percentages, even though they may exhibit similar properties. For example, Component B1 may function as a dispersant, but is not added to Component I to determine the dispersant weight percentage. Similarly, Component B2 may function as a viscosity modifier, but is not added to Component H to determine the viscosity modifier weight percentage.

[0043] In an embodiment, all of elements D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, M, and O are present in addition to the base oil, detergent, one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, and one or more capped dispersants described herein. In an embodiment, elements D, E, F, G, H, I, and J are present in addition to the base oil, detergent, one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, and one or more capped dispersants described herein. In an embodiment, elements I, F, and G are present in addition to the base oil, detergent, one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, and one or more capped dispersants described herein. In an embodiment, element K is present in addition to the base oil, detergent, one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein, and one or more capped dispersants described herein.

[0044] Suitably, the lubricant composition may have a total base number (TBN), measured according to ASTM D2896, of from 4 to 15 mg KOH / g, preferably from 5 to 12 mg KOH / g, for example from 6 to 12 mg KOH / g. The lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may have a low level of phosphorus as measured by ASTM D5185, i.e., the mass of phosphorus expressed as phosphorus atoms may be 1600 or less, preferably 1200 or less, more preferably 800 or less, such as 1 to 1600, such as 50 to 1200, such as 100 to 800 parts per million (ppm) based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Suitably, the phosphorus level of the lubricating compositions as measured by ASTM D5185 may be 1200 ppm or less, alternatively 1000 ppm or less, alternatively 800 ppm or less. The lubricating composition of the present disclosure may have a ratio of calcium atoms to magnesium atoms, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition, as measured by ASTM D5185, of at least 2, preferably at least 2.5. Typically, the lubricating composition may have a low sulphur level, preferably a maximum of 0.4 mass % sulphur, preferably a maximum of 0.3 mass % sulphur, for example 0.1 to 0.4 mass % sulphur, measured according to ASTM D5185, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0045] Typically, the lubricating composition may have a low level of sulfated ash, as measured by ASTM D874-13a(2018), for example not more than 1.2 mass %, such as not more than 1.0 mass %, preferably not more than 0.9 mass %, such as not more than 0.7 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Generally, the kinematic viscosity at 100° C. ("KV100") of the lubricating composition, measured according to ASTM D 445-19a, may range from 3 to 30 cSt, such as from 3.8 to 12.5 cSt, for example from 3.8 to 9.3 cSt. In an embodiment, the kinematic viscosity at 100° C. ("KV100") of the lubricating composition, measured according to ASTM D 445-19a, may range from 3 to 17 cSt, such as from 9 to 16.3 cSt, for example from 3.8 to 10 cSt, for example from 4 to 9.3 cSt, for example from 5 to 8.5 cSt. Generally, the total base number of the lubricating composition may range from 1 to 30 mg KOH / g, for example from 5 to 15 mg KOH / g (measured according to ASTM D2896). Preferably, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be multigrade oils identified by the viscometric descriptors SAE 20W-X, SAE 15W-X, SAE 10W-X, SAE 5W-X, or SAE 0W-X, where X is any of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, and 50; various viscosity grades are characterized in the SAE J300 classification. Alternatively, the lubricating compositions may be in the form of viscosity grades SAE 15W-X, SAE 10W-X, SAE 5W-X, or SAE 0W-X, such as SAE 15W-X or SAE 10W-X, where X is any of 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, and 50. Preferably, X is 8, 12, 16, or 20. Alternatively, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be multigrade oils identified by the viscosity descriptors SAE 10W-30, 15W-40, 5W-30, 5W-40, 10W-40, 5W-50 (see standard SAE J300, published in January 2015 by SAE International, formerly the Society of Automotive Engineers).

[0046] Alternatively, the lubricating composition may have an SAE viscosity rating of 0W-Y, where Y may be 8, 12, 16, or 20. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition has an SAE viscosity rating of 0W-12. Optionally, the lubricating composition may be free of phenolic antioxidants. Optionally, the lubricating composition may be free of an aminic antioxidant, such as a phenylamine, such as a diphenylamine, such as an alkylated diphenylamine. Optionally, the lubricating composition contains 0.1 to 3 mass %, such as 0.2 to 2 mass %, for example less than 0.3 mass % (e.g. 0.25 mass % or less, such as 0.2 mass % or less, such as 0.1 mass % or less, such as 0.05 mass % or less, such as 0 mass %) of an aminic antioxidant, such as an alkylated phenylamine, such as a di(alkyl-phenyl)amine, such as a di(nonyl-phenyl)amine, based on the mass of the composition. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be free, substantially free, or completely free of an aminic antioxidant, such as a phenylamine, such as a diphenylamine, such as an alkylated diphenylamine, such as a di(nonyl-phenyl)amine.

[0047] In embodiments, the lubricating oil composition may contain less than 75 ppm boron, alternatively less than 60 ppm, alternatively 1-70 ppm, or the LOC may be free of boron. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise less than 20 wt. % (e.g., less than 15 wt. %, such as less than 10 wt. %, such as less than 5 wt. %, such as less than 3 wt. %, such as less than 1 wt. %) of a functionalized (e.g., aminated) polybutene (e.g., polyisobutylene), such as PIBSA-PAM. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise, little to no functionalized (e.g., aminated) polybutene (e.g., polyisobutylene), such as PIBSA-PAM. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may optionally comprise an acylated polymer, such as polyisobutylene succinic acid (PIBSA), having an Mn of 500 to 50,000 g / mol, such as 600 to 5,000 g / mol, such as 700 to 3000 g / mol. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise an acylated polymer, such as polyisobutylene succinic acid, having an Mn of 500 to 1600 g / mol, such as 700 to 1200 g / mol. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition comprises greater than 0.1 wt. % (e.g., 0.1 to 10 wt. %, such as 0.5 to 8 wt. %) of a functionalized (e.g., aminated) polybutene (e.g., polyisobutylene), such as PIBSA-PAM.

[0048] In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise up to 20 wt. % (e.g., 15 wt. %, such as 10 wt. %, such as 5 wt. %, such as 3 wt. %, such as 1 wt. %) of a block copolymer, such as a block, star, random, and / or tapered block copolymer. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be substantially free or completely free of block copolymers, such as block, star, random, and / or tapered block copolymers. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise up to 20 wt. % (e.g., 15 wt. %, such as 10 wt. %, such as 5 wt. %, such as 3 wt. %, such as 1 wt. %) of a styrene copolymer, such as a block, star, random, and / or tapered styrene block copolymer. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be substantially free or completely free of styrene copolymers, such as block, star, random, and / or tapered styrene block copolymers. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise less than 20 wt.% (e.g., less than 15 wt.%, such as less than 10 wt.%, such as less than 5 wt.%, such as less than 3 wt.%, for example less than 1 wt.%) of a functionalized diluent, e.g., a functionalized oil. In embodiments, the lubricating oil composition may contain, substantially contain, or completely contain no functionalized diluents, such as functionalized oils. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise less than 20 wt.% (e.g. less than 15 wt.%, such as less than 10 wt.%, for example less than 5 wt.%, such as less than 3 wt.%, for example less than 1 wt.%) of a solvent, such as an aromatic solvent.

[0049] In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be substantially free or completely free of solvents, such as functionalized solvents. In embodiments, the lubricating oil composition may have a Total Saponification Number (SAP), as measured by ASTM 94, of 25 mg KOH / g or more (e.g., 28 mg KOH / g, such as 30 mg KOH / g, such as 32 mg KOH / g). In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise less than 0.5 mass % (e.g., less than 0.4 mass %, such as less than 0.3 mass %, such as less than 0.2 mass %, such as less than 0.1 mass %, little to no, or no) secondary and tertiary hydrocarbyl amine compounds, based on the mass of the LOC. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be substantially free of or completely free of secondary hydrocarbyl amine compounds and tertiary hydrocarbyl amine compounds. In an embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be a heavy-duty diesel oil (e.g., for use in engines for heavy-duty diesel vehicles, i.e., those having a gross vehicle weight rating of 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds) or greater). In an embodiment, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be passenger car motor oils. In an embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be a passenger car diesel oil.

[0050] In an embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure may be a diesel engine lubricating composition, the composition comprising: an oil of lubricating viscosity comprising greater than 50 mass % of a Group I, II, III, IV, and / or V oil (e.g., a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, a Group V base oil, or a mixture thereof); a first PIB succinimide dispersant derived from a PIB having a Mn of 1800 to 2500; a second PIB succinimide dispersant derived from a PIB having a Mn of less than 1600, wherein at least one of the first PIB succinimide dispersant(s) and the second PIB succinimide dispersant is boron-free (optionally, at least one of the first PIB succinimide dispersant(s) and the second PIB succinimide dispersant is borated); 4‐5 an amide, imide, and / or ester functionalized partially or fully saturated polymer with an olefin; an alkaline earth metal salicylate detergent; an alkaline earth metal sulfonate detergent in an amount capable of delivering 0.1 wt. % to 1.2 wt. % alkaline earth metal soap to the lubricating composition; and a phosphorus-based wear inhibitor in an amount capable of delivering 300 to 900 ppm phosphorus to the lubricating composition, wherein the lubricating composition has a sulfate ash content of 0.3 to 1.1 wt. %, a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of less than 8.3 cSt, a total alkaline earth metal soap content of 0.6 wt. % to 2.1 wt. %, and a HTHS150 measured in accordance with ASTM D4683 of less than 2.7 mPa s.

[0051] The lubricating compositions disclosed herein, such as diesel engine lubricating compositions, have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 3.8 to 9.3 cSt (mm 2 / s), and the kinematic viscosity at 40°C is 15 to 30 cSt (e.g., 15 to 28 cSt) (mm 2 / s). The lubricating compositions disclosed herein, such as diesel engine lubricating compositions, may have a high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS) at 150° C., as measured by ASTM D4683, of greater than 2.6 mPa·s, or greater than 2.5 mPa·s, or greater than 2.4 mPa·s, or greater than 2.3 mPa·s, or greater than 2.2 mPa·s, or greater than 2.0 mPa·s, or greater than 1.7 mPa·s. In alternative embodiments, the lubricating compositions have an HTHS of 2.6-2.7 mPa·s, or 2.3-2.4 mPa·s, or 2.0-2.1 mPa·s, or 1.7-1.8 mPa·s. The lubricating composition, for example a diesel engine lubricating composition, may have an SAE viscosity rating of 0W-Y, where Y may be 8, 12, 16, or 20. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition has an SAE viscosity rating of 0W-12.

[0052] The lubricating compositions disclosed herein, for example diesel engine lubricating compositions, have: 1) a kinematic viscosity at 100°C measured according to ASTM D-445 of 3.8 to 9.3 (e.g., 4.0 to 6.1, or 5.0 to 7.1, or 6.1 to 8.2, or 6.9 to 9.3) cSt (mm 2 / s); 2) the high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHS) at 150° C., as measured by ASTM D4683, may be greater than 2.6 mPa·s, or greater than 2.3 mPa·s, or greater than 2.0 mPa·s, or greater than 1.7 mPa·s; 3) the SAE viscosity grade may be 0W-Y, where Y may be 12, 16, or 20 (e.g., 0W-12). The lubricating compositions disclosed herein, for example, diesel engine lubricating compositions, may have: 1) a molybdenum-containing material providing 20-40 ppm, e.g., 20-30 ppm, Mo to the lubricating oil composition; 2) a zinc alkylthiophosphate, wherein the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol, for example, a combination of primary and secondary alcohols; and 3) about 3-5 wt. %, for example about 3-4 wt. %, for example about 3.3 wt. %, of a capped dispersant.

[0053] concentrate A concentrate, also referred to as an additive package, adpak, or addpack, is a composition having less than 50 wt.% (e.g., less than 40 wt.%, such as less than 30 wt.%, such as less than 25 wt.%, such as less than 20 wt.%) of a base oil and lubricant composition additives (e.g., those described herein), which is typically then further blended with additional base oil to form a finished lubricant oil. The present disclosure relates to a concentrate composition comprising or obtained by admixture of: (i) from 1 to less than 50% (alternatively from 3 to 45%, alternatively from 5 to 40%, alternatively from 5 to 35%, alternatively from 10 to 25%) by weight of the composition of one or more base oil(s); (ii) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 2% by weight) of one or more calcium detergent(s) and one or more magnesium detergent(s) as described herein, relative to the weight of the composition; (iii) 0.10 to 50% (particularly 0.15 to 10%, alternatively 0.20 to 5%, alternatively 0.25 to 2%) by weight of the composition of one or more capped dispersant(s) as described herein (e.g., ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM derived from PIB having a Mn of 1600 g / mol or less); (iv) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 4% by weight) of one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifier(s) as described herein, relative to the weight of the composition; (v) Optionally, additional components, such as antioxidants, pour point depressants, antifoam agents, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, demulsifiers, seal compatibility agents, additive diluent base oils, friction modifier(s) (e.g., organic FMs, such as organic esters, such as fatty acid esters), and the like, such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, and / or molybdenum-containing compounds (e.g., dimeric or trimeric MoDTC), and / or amine-based antioxidants.

[0054] In an embodiment, the concentrate composition may optionally be free of a solvent (eg, an aliphatic or aromatic solvent), and / or a functionalized base oil.

[0055] The present disclosure also relates to a concentrate composition comprising or obtained by admixing: A) from 1 to less than 50% (alternatively from 5 to 45% by weight, alternatively from 7 to 40% by weight, alternatively from 10 to 35% by weight, alternatively from 10 to 25% by weight) of one or more base oil(s); B1) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 3% by weight) of one or more capped dispersants as described herein: B2) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 4% by weight, relative to the weight of the concentrated composition, of one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifier(s) as described herein: C) 0.1 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.5 to 10% by weight, or alternatively 2 to 6% by weight) of one or more calcium detergent(s) and one or more magnesium detergents (e.g. salicylate detergents, sulfonate detergents or blends of salicylate and sulfonate detergents) relative to the total weight of the concentrate composition; D) optionally, from 0.01 to 5% by weight (in particular from 0.1 to 4% by weight, alternatively from 0.25 to 3% by weight, alternatively from 0.25 to 0.75% by weight) of one or more friction modifier(s) (e.g. organic friction modifiers, such as glycerol monoeoleate), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; E) optionally, from 0.01 to 20% by weight (in particular from 0.01 to 15% by weight, or alternatively from 0.1 to 10% by weight) of one or more antioxidants (e.g. a blend of antioxidants), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; F) optionally, from 0.005 to 5% by weight (particularly from 0.01 to 3% by weight, alternatively from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight) of one or more pour point depressants (e.g., a blend of pour point depressants), relative to the total weight of the concentrate composition; G) optionally, from 0.001 to 5% by weight (in particular from 0.01 to 3% by weight, or alternatively from 0.02 to 1% by weight) of one or more foam inhibitors (e.g. a blend of foam inhibitors), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; I) optionally, from 0.01 to 40% by weight (in particular from 0.1 to 30% by weight, or alternatively from 1 to 20% by weight) of one or more dispersants other than the capped dispersants of B1 above (e.g. a blend of dispersants), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; K) optionally, from 0.001 to 10 mass % (in particular, from 0.1 to 8 mass %, alternatively from 1 to 5 mass %, alternatively from 0.25 to 0.75 mass %) of one or more antiwear agents (e.g., a blend of antiwear agents such as ZDDP), relative to the total mass of the lubricating composition.

[0056] The concentrate may be present in the lubricating oil composition in an amount from 0.5 to 35 mass %, such as from 5 to 30 mass %, for example from 7.5 to 25 mass %, such as from 10 to 22.5 mass %, for example from 15 to 20 mass %, based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition. Optionally, the concentrate may be free of functionalized oils. In an embodiment, the concentrate composition may optionally be free of solvents (eg, aliphatic or aromatic solvents) and / or functionalized base oils. Optionally, the concentrate may be free of phenolic antioxidants.

[0057] In embodiments, the concentrate may contain less than 75 ppm boron, alternatively less than 60 ppm, alternatively between 1 and 70 ppm boron. Alternatively, the concentrate may be free of boron. In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise less than 20% by weight (e.g., 15% by weight, such as 10% by weight, such as 5% by weight, such as 3% by weight, such as 1% by weight) of a functionalized (e.g., aminated) polybutene (e.g., polyisobutylene), such as PIBSA-PAM. In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise, substantially free of, or completely free of a functionalized (e.g., aminated) polybutene (e.g., polyisobutylene), such as PIBSA-PAM. In an embodiment, the concentrate may optionally include an acylated polymer, such as polyisobutylene succinic acid, having a Mn of 500-50,000 g / mol, e.g., 600-5,000 g / mol, e.g., 700-3000 g / mol. In an embodiment, the concentrate may include an acylated polymer, such as polyisobutylene succinic acid, having a Mn of 500-1600 g / mol, e.g., 700-1200 g / mol.

[0058] In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise up to 20% by weight (e.g., 15% by weight, such as 10% by weight, such as 5% by weight, such as 3% by weight, such as 1% by weight) of block copolymers, such as block, star, random, and / or tapered block copolymers. In embodiments, the concentrate may be substantially free or completely free of block copolymers, such as block, star, random, and / or tapered block copolymers. In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise 20% by weight or less (e.g., 15% by weight or less, such as 10% by weight or less, such as 5% by weight or less, such as 3% by weight or less, such as 1% by weight or less) of a styrene copolymer, such as a block, star, random, and / or tapered styrene block copolymer. In embodiments, the concentrate may be substantially free or completely free of styrene copolymers, such as block, star, random, and / or tapered styrene block copolymers.

[0059] In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise less than 20% by weight (e.g., less than 15% by weight, such as less than 10% by weight, such as less than 5% by weight, such as less than 3% by weight, such as 1% by weight) of a functionalized diluent, e.g., a functionalized oil. In embodiments, the concentrate may be substantially free of or completely free of functionalized diluents, such as functionalized oils. In an embodiment, the concentrate may comprise less than 0.5 wt. % (e.g., less than 0.4 wt. %, such as less than 0.3 wt. %, such as less than 0.2 wt. %, such as 0.1 wt. %, or little or no secondary hydrocarbyl amine compounds and tertiary hydrocarbyl amine compounds, based on the weight of the concentrate. In an embodiment, the concentrate may be substantially free or completely free of secondary hydrocarbyl amine compounds and tertiary hydrocarbyl amine compounds. In an embodiment, the concentrate may have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of less than 1000 cSt, such as less than 500 cSt, for example less than 200 cSt.

[0060] The present invention further relates to a method for producing a concentrate as described herein, comprising the following combinations, expressed in concentration relative to the mass of the concentrate: A) from 1 to less than 50% (alternatively from 5 to 45% by weight, alternatively from 7 to 40% by weight, alternatively from 10 to 35% by weight, alternatively from 10 to 25% by weight) of one or more base oil(s); B1) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 3% by weight) of one or more capped dispersants as described herein: B2) 0.10 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.15 to 10% by weight, alternatively 0.20 to 5% by weight, alternatively 0.25 to 3% by weight) of one or more comb copolymer viscosity modifier(s) as described herein, relative to the weight of the concentrated composition: C) 0.1 to 20% by weight (in particular 0.5 to 10% by weight, alternatively 2 to 6% by weight) of one or more calcium detergent(s) and one or more magnesium detergents (e.g. salicylate, sulfonate or a blend of salicylate and sulfonate detergents) relative to the total weight of the concentrate composition; D) optionally, from 0.01 to 5% by weight (in particular from 0.1 to 4% by weight, alternatively from 0.25 to 3% by weight, alternatively from 0.25 to 0.75% by weight) of one or more friction modifier(s) (e.g. organic friction modifiers, such as glycerol monooleate), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; E) optionally, from 0.01 to 20% by weight (in particular from 0.01 to 15% by weight, or alternatively from 0.1 to 10% by weight) of one or more antioxidants (e.g. a blend of antioxidants), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; F) optionally, from 0.01 to 5% by weight (particularly from 0.01 to 3% by weight, alternatively from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight) of one or more pour point depressants (e.g., a blend of pour point depressants), relative to the total weight of the concentrate composition; G) optionally, from 0.001 to 5% by weight (in particular from 0.01 to 3% by weight, or alternatively from 0.02 to 1% by weight) of one or more foam inhibitors (e.g. a blend of foam inhibitors), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; I) optionally, from 0.01 to 40% by weight (in particular from 0.1 to 30% by weight, or alternatively from 1 to 20% by weight) of one or more dispersants other than the capped dispersants of B1 above (e.g. a blend of dispersants), relative to the total weight of the concentrated composition; K) optionally, from 0.001 to 10 mass % (in particular, from 0.1 to 8 mass %, alternatively from 1 to 5 mass %, alternatively from 0.25 to 0.75 mass %) of one or more antiwear agents (e.g., a blend of antiwear agents such as ZDDP), relative to the total mass of the lubricating composition.

[0061] A. Base oil Base oils (also referred to as "base stocks," "lubricating oil base stocks," or "oil of lubricating viscosity") useful herein may be a single oil or a blend of oils, and are typically the majority liquid component of a lubricating composition, also referred to as a lubricant, into which additives and any additional oils are blended to produce a lubricating composition, such as a finished lubricant composition, a concentrate, or other lubricating composition. The base oil may be selected from vegetable, animal, mineral, and synthetic lubricating oils, and mixtures thereof. The base oil may range in viscosity from light distillate mineral oils to heavy lubricating oils, such as gas engine oils, mineral lubricating oils, automotive oils, and heavy duty diesel oils. Typically, the kinematic viscosity at 100°C ("KV100") of the base oil measured according to ASTM D445-19a ranges from 1 to 30 cSt, such as 2 to 25 cSt, for example 5 to 20 cSt, in particular 1.0 to 10 cSt, 1.5 to 3.3 cSt, 2.7 to 8.1 cSt, 3.0 to 7.2 cSt, or 2.5 to 6.5 cSt. Typically, the high temperature high shear (HTHS) viscosity at 150°C of the base oil measured according to ASTM D4683-20 ​​ranges from 0.5 to 20 cP, for example 1 to 10 cP, for example 2 to 5 cP.

[0062] Typically, when lubricating oil base stock(s) are used to make the concentrate, it is advantageous that the base stock may be included in a concentrate-forming amount to result in the concentrate containing from 5 to 80 mass %, from 10 to 70 mass %, or from 5 to 50 mass % of the active ingredient, based on the mass of the concentrate. Common oils useful as base oils include animal and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), liquid petroleum oils, and hydrorefined and / or solvent treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic, and mixed paraffinic and naphthenic types. Oils derived from coal and shale are also useful base oils. Base stocks may be produced using a variety of different processes, including, but not limited to, distillation, solvent refining, hydrotreating, polymerization, esterification, and rerefining. Synthetic lubricating oils useful herein as base oils include hydrocarbon oils such as homo- and co-olefins, referred to as polyalphaolefins or PAOs or Group IV base oils [as defined in API EOLCS 1509 (American Petroleum Institute Publication 1509, Section E.1.3, 19th Edition, January 2021, www.API.org)]. Examples of PAOs useful as base oils include: poly(ethylene), copolymers of ethylene and propylene, polybutylene, polypropylene, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylene, poly(1-hexene), poly(1-octene), poly(1-decene), C8-C9, C10-C12, C12-C16, C16-C18, C18-C22, C18-C24, C18-C26, C18-C28, C18-C28, C18-C28, C18-C24, C18-C28 ... 20 Alkene homopolymers or copolymers, C8 and / or C 10 , and / or C. 12 Alkene homopolymer or copolymer, C8 / C 10 Copolymer, C8 / C 10 / C 12 Copolymers, and C 10 / C 12 Copolymers, as well as derivatives, analogs, and congeners thereof.

[0063] In another embodiment, the base oil may comprise a polyalphaolefin comprising polymers of linear olefins having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, more preferably from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 10 carbon atoms; a kinematic viscosity at 100°C (measured by ASTM D445) of 10 or greater; a viscosity index ("VI") preferably measured by ASTM D2270 of 100 or greater, preferably 110 or greater, more preferably 120 or greater, more preferably 130 or greater, more preferably 140 or greater; and / or a pour point (measured by ASTM D97) of -5°C or less, more preferably -10°C or less, more preferably -20°C or less. In another embodiment, the polyalphaolefin polymers useful in the present disclosure are 20 ~C 1500 Paraffin, preferably C 40 ~C 1000 Paraffin, preferably C 50 ~C 750 Paraffin, preferably C 50 ~C 500 In one embodiment, the PAO polymer may include C5 to C6 14 In another embodiment, the alpha-olefin is C6-C 12 In another embodiment, the alpha-olefin is C-C 12The olefins are dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc. of alpha-olefins. Suitable olefins include 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, and 1-dodecene. In one embodiment, the olefin is a combination of 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dodecene or may be approximately 1-decene, and the PAO is a mixture of dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers (and higher) thereof. Useful PAOs are more specifically described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,171,908 and 5,783,531, and in Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids 1-52, edited by Leslie R. Rudnick and Ronald L. Shubkin, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999.

[0064] The number average molecular weight of the PAOs useful in the present disclosure typically ranges from 100 to 21,000 g / mole in one embodiment, from 200 to 10,000 g / mole in another embodiment, from 200 to 7,000 g / mole in yet another embodiment, from 200 to 2,000 g / mole in yet another embodiment, and from 200 to 500 g / mole in yet another embodiment. Suitable PAOs are commercially available under the trade names SpectraSyn™ Hi-Vis, SpectraSyn™ Low-Vis, SpectraSyn™ plus, SpectraSyn™ Elite PAO's (ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.), and Durasyn PAO's from Ineos Oligomers USA. Synthetic lubricating oils useful as base oils also include homopolymerized and copolymerized hydrocarbon oils such as: alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonylbenzene, di(2-ethylhexyl)benzene); polyphenols (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers, and alkylated diphenyl sulfides; and derivatives, analogs, and congeners thereof. Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils useful as base oils includes esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, and alkenyl malonic acids) reacted with various alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.

[0065] The esters useful as synthetic oils herein include those having C5 to C 12 Also included are esters made from monocarboxylic acids and polyols, and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and tripentaerythritol. Preferred ester base oils are available under the trade name Esterex™ Esters (ExxonMobil Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.). Silicon-based oils, such as the polyalkyl, polyaryl, polyalkoxy, or polyaryloxy silicone oils, and silicate oils, comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricants useful herein; such oils include tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butyl-phenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl)disiloxane, poly(methyl)siloxane, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxane.

[0066] Other synthetic lubricating oils useful herein include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (eg, tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid) and polymeric tetrahydrofurans. Unrefined, refined, and re-refined oils can be used in the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure. Unrefined oils are oils obtained directly from natural or synthetic sources without further purification treatment. For example, shale oil obtained directly from retorting, petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation, or ester oil obtained directly from esterification and used without further treatment are considered unrefined oils. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils except that they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Those skilled in the art have used many such purification techniques, such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, and percolation. Re-refined oils are obtained by methods similar to those used to obtain refined oils, in which the purification method is applied to previously refined oils used in previous operations. Such re-refined oils are also referred to as reclaimed or reprocessed oils, and are often additionally processed to remove spent additives and oil breakdown products. Re-refined base oils are preferably substantially free of materials introduced during production, contamination, or past use.

[0067] Other examples of useful base oils include gas-to-liquids ("GTL") base oils, i.e., base oils derived from hydrocarbons produced from synthesis gas ("syn-gas") containing H2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. These hydrocarbons usually require further processing to be useful as base oils. For example, they may be subjected to hydroisomerization; hydrocracking and hydroisomerization; degreasing; or hydroisomerization and degreasing by methods known in the art. For further information regarding useful GTL base oils and blends thereof, see U.S. Pat. No. 10,913,916 (paragraph 4, line 62 to paragraph 5, line 60) and U.S. Pat. No. 10,781,397 (paragraph 14, line 54 to paragraph 5, and paragraph 16, line 44 to paragraph 17, line 55). In particular, oils derived from renewable sources, ie, oils based in part on carbon and energy captured from the environment, such as biological sources, are useful herein.

[0068] Various base oils are often classified as Group I, II, III, IV, or V according to the definitions in API EOLCS 1509 (American Petroleum Institute Publication 1509, Section E.1.3, 19th Edition, January 2021, www.API.org). Generally, Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of about 80-120, contain more than about 0.03% sulfur, and / or contain less than about 90% saturates. Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of about 80-120, contain less than about 0.03% sulfur, and / or contain more than about 90% saturates. Group III base stocks have a viscosity index greater than about 120, contain less than about 0.03% sulfur, and contain more than about 90% saturates. Group IV base stocks contain polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Group V base stocks include base stocks not included in Groups I-IV (viscosity index as measured by ASTM D2270, saturates as measured by ASTM D2007, sulfur as measured by ASTM D5185, D2622, ASTM D4294, ASTM D4927, and ASTM D3120). The base oil for use in the formulated lubricant composition useful in the present disclosure can be any one, two, three or more of the various oils described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the base oil for use in the formulated lubricant composition useful in the present disclosure is a base oil described as API Group I (including Group I+), Group II (including Group II+), Group III (including Group III+), Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof. The base oil may be Group III, Group III+, Group IV, and Group V base oils due to their excellent volatility, stability, viscosity, and clarity characteristics. Although a small amount of Group I base stock, such as for diluting additives for blending into a formulated lubricant product, may be tolerated. Typically, it is kept to a minimum amount, such as an amount associated with use as a diluent / carrier oil for additives used "as received". What is more useful with Group II stocks is that Group II base stocks often have a higher range of qualities associated with them, i.e., the viscosity index of Group II stocks ranges from 100 to 120.

[0069] The base oils useful herein may be selected from either synthetic, natural, or rerefined oils (e.g., those commonly used as crankcase lubricants in spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines). Mixtures of synthetic and / or natural base oils and / or rerefined base oils may be used if desired. Multimodal mixtures (e.g., bimodal or trimodal mixtures) of Group I, II, III, IV, and / or V base oils may be used if desired. As used herein, the kinematic viscosity of a base oil or base oil blend at 100°C (measured in accordance with ASTM D445-19a, in centistokes (cSt) or its equivalent in mm 2The kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of the base oil or base oil blend may be from 2 to 20 cSt, or from 2.5 to 2 cSt, preferably from about 2.5 to about 9 cSt. The saturates content of the base oil or base oil blend, measured according to ASTM D2007, is preferably at least 65 mass%, more preferably at least 75 mass%, such as at least 85 mass%, for example at least 90 mass%.

[0070] Preferably, the sulfur content of the base oil or base oil blend, measured according to ASTM D5185, is less than 1 mass %, preferably less than 0.6 mass %, most preferably less than 0.4 mass %, for example less than 0.3 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. In an embodiment, the volatility of the base oil or base oil blend, measured by the Noack test (ASTM D5800, procedure B), is at most 30% by mass, such as at most 25% by mass, for example at most 20% by mass, such as at most 16% by mass, for example at most 12% by mass, such as at most 10% by mass, for example from 15 to 30% by mass, for example from 19 to 28% by mass, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. In an embodiment, the base oil has a viscosity index (VI) of at least 95, preferably at least 110, more preferably at least 120, even more preferably at least 125, and most preferably from about 130 to 240, especially from about 105 to 140 (as measured by ASTM D2270). The base oil may be provided in major amounts in combination with minor amounts of one or more of the additive components described below to form the lubricant. This may be accomplished by adding the additives directly to the oil, or by adding one or more additives in the form of a concentrate thereof to disperse or dissolve the additive(s). The additives may be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, before, simultaneously with, or after the addition of other additives.

[0071] The base oil may be provided in minor amounts in combination with minor amounts of one or more of the additive components described below to form an additive concentrate. This may be accomplished by adding the additives directly to the oil, or by adding one or more additives in the form of a solution, slurry, or suspension to disperse or dissolve the additive(s) in the oil. The additives may be added to the oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either before, simultaneously with, or after the addition of other additives. The base oil typically constitutes the major component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure, and is typically present in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99 weight percent, preferably from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, and more preferably from about 80 to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. Typically, the one or more base oils are present in the lubricating composition in an amount of at least 32 mass %, alternatively at least 55 mass %, alternatively at least 60 mass %, alternatively at least 65 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Typically, the one or more base oils are present in the lubricating composition in an amount of at most 98 mass %, more preferably at most 95 mass %, even more preferably at most 90 mass %. Alternatively, the one or more base oils are present in the lubricating composition in an amount from 1 to 99 mass %, alternatively from 50 to 97 mass %, alternatively from 60 to 95 mass %, alternatively from 70 to 95 mass %, based on the mass of the lubricating composition.

[0072] The base oils and base oil blends described above are also useful for making concentrates and for making lubricants therefrom. Concentrates constitute a convenient means of processing additives prior to use and facilitating dissolution or dispersion of the additive in the lubricant. When preparing lubricants containing multiple additives (sometimes referred to as "additive components"), each additive may be formulated separately in the form of its own concentrate. However, it is often more convenient to supply a so-called additive "package" (also referred to as an "addpack"), containing one or more additives / co-additives as described below, in a single concentrate. Typically, the one or more base oils are present in the concentrated composition in an amount of 50% or less, alternatively 40% or less, alternatively 30% or less, alternatively 20% or less, by weight, based on the total weight of the concentrated composition. Typically, the one or more base oils are present in the concentrated composition in an amount from 0.1 to 49% by weight, alternatively 5 to 40% by weight, alternatively 10 to 30% by weight, alternatively 15 to 25% by weight, based on the weight of the concentrated composition.

[0073] B1. Carbonate-capped dispersant The lubricating oils and / or concentrates described herein may also include a polyalkenyl succinic acid derivative dispersant, such as a polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant, e.g., a polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersant, that has been post-treated with one or more alkyl (e.g., linear, branched, or cyclic) carbonates. The term "succinimide" includes alkenyl or alkyl mono-, bis-succinimides and analogs with other higher substituents, which are the reaction products of hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkenyl) substituted succinic acids or anhydrides (e.g., maleic acid or maleic anhydride) with polyamines. The term "bissuccinimide" refers to succinimide dispersants that are primarily bis-succinimide. Bis-succinimide based dispersants contain a major amount of bis-succinimide relative to other compounds such as monosuccinimide that may be included in the succinimide dispersant. The reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent (e.g., polyisobutylene succinic acid, polyisobutylene succinic anhydride, polyisobutylene succinate, commonly referred to as "PIBSA") with an alkylene polyamine ("PAM") results in a succinimide dispersant that includes a mixture of compounds including mono-succinimide and bis-succinimide (e.g., PIBSA-PAM). The amount of monoalkenyl succinimide and bisalkenyl succinimide produced may depend on the charge mole ratio of alkylene polyamine to succinic acid groups and the particular polyamine used. The charge molar ratio of alkylene polyamine to succinic acid groups may be about 1:1 to produce a mono-succinimide based dispersant. The charge molar ratio of alkylene polyamine to succinic acid groups may be about 1:2 to produce a bis-succinimide based dispersant.

[0074] The PIBSA and PIBSA-PAM useful herein are typically derived from a butylene polymer (preferably polyisobutylene) having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 g / mol or less, such as 800-1500 g / mol, such as 900-1450 g / mol, such as 1000-1400 g / mol, such as 1100-1400 g / mol, such as 1200-1400 g / mol, such as about 1300 g / mol. Preferably, the PIBSA and PIBSA-PAM useful herein are derived from a butylene polymer (preferably polyisobutylene) having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1200-1400 g / mol (such as 1250-1350 g / mol, such as about 1300 g / mol). The functionality (Fv) of the PIBSA useful herein is typically 1.0-1.7, such as 1.30-1.60, such as 1.35-1.55, such as 1.40-1.50, such as about 1.45. Functionality is a measure of the average number of acid groups per reaction product of PIB and maleic anhydride. Fv is determined according to the following formula 1: Fv = (SAP × M n ) / ((1122×AI)-(SAP×MW)) (1) where SAP is the saponification number (i.e., the number of milligrams of KOH consumed to completely neutralize the acid groups in one gram of succinic acid-containing reaction product, as determined according to ASTM D94); n is the number average molecular weight of the starting olefin polymer (polybutene); AI is the percentage of active components in the succinic acid-containing reaction product (the remaining components being unreacted polybutene and diluent), and MW is the molecular weight of the dicarboxylic acid product (98 in the case of maleic anhydride).

[0075] The saponification number (ASTM D94) of the PIBSA useful herein is typically from 80 to 105 mg KOH / g, such as from 86 to 102 mg KOH / g, such as from 90 to 98 mg KOH / g, for example from about 92 to about 96 mg KOH / g. The coupling ratio of the PIBSA-PAM useful herein is typically 0.8 to 1.3, e.g., 0.9 to 1.0. In the context of this disclosure, "coupling ratio" may be defined as the ratio of succinyl groups in the PIBSA to primary amine groups in the polyamine reactant. The nitrogen content of the PIBSA-PAM useful herein is typically from 0.5 to 2.0% by weight, such as from 0.75 to 1.75% by weight, such as from 1.0 to 1.5% by weight, for example from 1.0 to 1.25% by weight, based on the weight of the PIBSA-PAM.

[0076] Preferably, the PIBSA-PAM useful herein is: i) derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 g / mol or less (e.g. from 800 to 1500 g / mol, for example from 900 to 1450 g / mol, for example from 1000 to 1400 g / mol, for example from 1100 to 1400 g / mol, for example from 1200 to 1400 g / mol, for example about 1300 g / mol); ii) functionality (Fv) is from 1.0 to 1.7, such as from 1.30 to 1.60, for example from 1.35 to 1.55, such as from 1.40 to 1.50, for example about 1.45; iii) a saponification number (ASTM D94) of 80 to 105 mg KOH / g, for example 86 to 102 mg KOH / g, for example 90 to 98 mg KOH / g, for example about 92 to about 96 mg KOH / g; iv) The nitrogen content is 0.5 to 2.0 mass %, for example 0.75 to 1.75 mass %, for example 1.0 to 1.5 mass %, for example 1.0 to 1.25 mass %, relative to the mass of PIBSA-PAM.

[0077] The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention further comprise a polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersant post-treated with a cyclic carbonate, such as PIBSA-PAM. The polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersant of this embodiment can be prepared as described below in Section I. Dispersants, i.e., reaction of a polyalkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride with a polyamine. The polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersant(s) may be post-treated with a cyclic carbonate to form a carbonate-capped dispersant, for example a polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersant post-treated with a cyclic carbonate. Cyclic carbonates suitable for use in the present invention include 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate); 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate); 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (butylene carbonate); 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: 4-methyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 4,4-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one; 1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5-hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 5-methyl-5-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one; 4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one, spiro[1,3-oxa-2-cyclohexanone-5,5'-1',3'-oxa-2'-cyclohexanone] and the like, but are not limited thereto. Other suitable cyclic carbonates can be prepared from saccharides such as sorbitol, glucose, fructose, galactose, etc., and C1-C6 cyclic carbonates by methods known in the art. 30 They may also be prepared from vicinal diols prepared from olefins.

[0078] Some of these cyclic carbonates are commercially available, such as 1,3-dioxolan-2-one or 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. Alternatively, the cyclic carbonates may be readily prepared by known reactions. For example, phosgene may be reacted with a suitable alpha-alkanediol or alkane-1,3-diol to provide the cyclic carbonates used in the present invention. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,206, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Similarly, the cyclic carbonates useful in the present invention may be prepared by transesterifying a suitable alpha-alkanediol or alkane-1,3-diol with, for example, diethyl carbonate, under transesterification conditions. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,384,115 and 4,423,205, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersants can be post-treated with cyclic carbonates according to methods common in the art. For example, polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersants post-treated with cyclic carbonates can be prepared by a process that includes charging the bis-succinimide dispersant into a reactor, optionally under a nitrogen purge, and heating at a temperature of about 80 to about 170°C. Optionally, diluent oil can be charged into the same reactor, optionally under a nitrogen purge. The cyclic carbonate is charged into the reactor, optionally under a nitrogen purge. The mixture is heated to a temperature in the range of about 130 to about 200°C under a nitrogen purge. Optionally, the mixture is vacuum treated for about 0.5 to about 2.0 hours to remove water formed during the reaction.

[0079] Particularly useful carbonate-capped dispersants include ethylene carbonate ("EC")-capped polyisobutylene succinimide(s), where the one or more polyisobutylenes used to prepare the succinimide(s) have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 g / mol or less (e.g., 800-1500 g / mol, such as 900-1450 g / mol, for example 1000-1400 g / mol, for example 1100-1400 g / mol, for example 1200-1400 g / mol, for example about 1300 g / mol). In an embodiment, the carbonate-capped dispersant can be an ethylene carbonate-capped polyisobutylene succinimide(s), where the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the one or more polyisobutylenes used to prepare the succinimide(s) is from about 950 to about 2300 g / mol, e.g., about 950 g / mol, about 1000 g / mol, about 1200 g / mol, about 1300 g / mol, about 1400 g / mol, about 1500 g / mol, about 1600 g / mol, about 1700 g / mol, about 1800 g / mol, about 1900 g / mol, about 2000 g / mol, about 2100 g / mol, about 2200 g / mol, about 2300 g / mol, about 2400 g / mol, or about 2500 g / mol, respectively. Preferably, the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (e.g., ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) are derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1200-1400 g / mol (e.g., about 1250-1350 g / mol, e.g., about 1300 g / mol). Preferably, in the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (eg, ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM), the ethylene carbonate to nitrogen ratio (EC / N) is from 1 to 2, such as from 1.25 to 1.75, such as from 1.30 to 1.70.

[0080] Preferably, the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) has a total base number (TBN) in mg KOH / g, such as from 10 to 50 mg KOH / g, such as from 25 to 40 mg KOH / g, such as from 20 to 30 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896). Preferably, the nitrogen content of the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (e.g., ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) is from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight, such as from 0.5 to 4.0% by weight, for example from 0.75 to 3.0% by weight, for example from 0.8 to 2.0% by weight, such as from 1.0 to 2.0% by weight, for example from about 1.5 to about 1.8% by weight, based on the weight of PIBSA-PAM. Preferably, the degree of capping of the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (eg, ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) is 80% or more, such as 85% or more, such as from 85 to 100%.

[0081] Preferably, the residual amount of alkyl carbonate (e.g. ethylene carbonate) in the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (e.g. ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) is 0.5% by weight or less, such as 0.4% by weight or less, such as 0.01-0.3% by weight or less, such as 0.1-0.1% by weight, for example 0% by weight. Preferably, the carbonate-capped succinimide(s) useful herein (e.g., ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA-PAM) comprises: i) derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1600 g / mol or less (e.g., from 800 to 1500 g / mol, such as from 900 to 1450 g / mol, for example from 1000 to 1400 g / mol, for example from 1100 to 1400 g / mol, for example from 1200 to 1400 g / mol, for example about 1300 g / mol); ii) the ratio of ethylene carbonate to nitrogen (EC / N) is from 1 to 2, such as from 1.25 to 1.75, for example from 1.30 to 1.70; iii) a total base number (TBN) in mgKOH / g, e.g., 10-50 mgKOH / g, e.g., 25-40 mgKOH / g, e.g., 20-30 mgKOH / g (ASTM D2896); iv) The nitrogen content is 0.5 to 5.0 mass%, for example 0.5 to 4.0 mass%, for example 0.75 to 3.0 mass%, for example 0.8 to 2.0 mass%, for example 1.0 to 2.0 mass%, for example 1.5 to about 1.8 mass%, based on the mass of PIBSA-PAM.

[0082] Generally, the amount of one or more cyclic carbonate post-treated polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersants included in the lubricating oil compositions of the present invention is greater than about 0.25 mass %, or greater than about 0.5 mass %, or greater than about 1.0 mass %, or greater than about 1.2 mass %, or greater than about 1.5 mass %, or greater than about 1.8 mass %, or greater than about 2.0 mass %, or greater than about 2.5 mass %, or greater than about 2.8 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition, on an active basis. In another embodiment, the amount of one or more cyclic carbonate post-treated polyalkenyl bis-succinimide dispersants present in the lubricating oil composition of the present invention is from about 0.25 to 10 mass %, or from about 0.25 to 8.0 mass %, or from about 0.25 to 5.0 mass %, or from about 0.25 to 4.0 mass %, or from 0.25 to 3.0 mass %, or from about 0.5 to 10 mass %, or from about 0.5 to 8.0 mass %, or from about 0.5 to 5.0 mass %, or from about 0.5 to 4.0 mass %, or from about 0. It can be in the range of 5 to 3.0 mass%, or about 0.5 to 10 mass%, or about 0.5 to 8.0 mass%, or about 1.0 to 5.0 mass%, or about 1.0 to 4.0 mass%, or about 1.0 to 3.0 mass%, or about 1.5 to 10 mass%, or about 1.5 to 8.0 mass%, or about 1.5 to 5.0 mass%, or about 1.5 to 4.0 mass%, or about 1.5 to 3.0 mass%, or about 2.0 to 10 mass%, or about 2.0 to 8.0 mass%, or about 2.0 to 5.0 mass%, or about 2.0 to 4.0 mass%.

[0083] B2. Comb copolymer viscosity modifier Comb copolymer viscosity modifiers particularly useful herein include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 11,685,874, incorporated herein by reference, or a combination of such viscosity modifiers with the commercially available comb copolymers described above. Comb copolymer viscosity modifiers useful herein typically comprise or are the reaction product of, i.e., are prepared by polymerization of, monomers including: (a) a polyalkylene (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene)-based (alk)acrylate macromonomer (whose repeat units may optionally comprise 7.0% to 18% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier); (b) a C3-C8 alkyl(alk)acrylate monomer (whose repeat units may optionally comprise 33% to 64% by weight of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier); (c)C 12 -C 24 an alkyl (alk)acrylate monomer, the repeating units of which may comprise at least 16% by weight, and optionally up to 20.0% by weight, of the repeating units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier; and (d) C1‐C 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, the repeat units of which may comprise at least 3.0% by weight, and optionally up to 25% by weight, of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, preferably monomers having the following structure (II): [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m- is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 Represents an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap: wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively contain greater than 20.0 weight percent of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer.

[0084] In a preferred embodiment, 1)(c)C 12 -C 24 The repeating unit of the alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer is contained in an amount of 16 to less than 21 mass% (e.g., 16.5 to less than 20.0 mass%, for example, 17 to less than 19.5 mass%) based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 2)(d)C6‐C 20 The repeat units of aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomers are present in an amount of 3 to 7% by weight based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; 3) the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0 weight percent comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer.

[0085] In an embodiment, the monomer units (a), (b), (c), and (d) can be prepared as described in US 2021 / 0189281, particularly paragraphs

[0038] to

[0044] . In an embodiment, (a) the polyalkylene (alk)acrylate macromonomer can be prepared by reacting (alk)acrylic acid (or a salt thereof) with a polyalkylene macroalcohol, such as Krasol® HLBH5000m, a monohydroxy-functionalized hydrogenated polybutadiene (commercially available from Cray Valley, Exton, PA). Other macroalcohols based on hydrogenated polybutadiene can be obtained, for example, according to British Patent Specification No. 2270317. Some commercially available macromonomers include, for example, Liquid L-1253™ and Liquid L-1203™ (Kuraray Americas, formerly Kraton Polymers, Houston, TX), both of which are prepared from methacrylate-functionalized hydrogenated polybutadiene. Other polyolefinic macromonomers and their preparation are also described, for example, in EP 0 621 293 and EP 0 699 694.

[0086] In some embodiments, Monomer (b) is butyl acrylate and / or butyl methacrylate, and / or Monomer (c) comprises lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, hepatdecanoyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof; and / or Monomer (d) is ethylene glycol acrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol benzyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)benzyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether acrylate, oligo(ethylene glycol) butyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol acrylate, propylene glycol methacrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, propylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) phenyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) benzyl ether methacrylate,oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) naphthyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether acrylate, oligo(propylene glycol) propyl ether methacrylate, or combinations thereof.

[0087] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the repeat units of monomer (c) may comprise at least 16.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, and optionally up to 35.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the repeat units of monomer (c) comprise at least 18.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, and optionally up to 35.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the total of repeat units of monomer (c) and monomer (d) collectively contain greater than 20% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, and optionally contain up to 35.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is: (i) produced by polymerization of monomers that are substantially free of styrene or styrenic monomers; and (ii) is substantially free of styrene-based or styrenic-based repeat units. In further additional or alternative embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier is a C6-C 20 It is prepared by the polymerization of at least one additional olefinic monomer which is not an aryl, aralkyl (alk)acrylate monomer.

[0088] The polymerizable alkyl(alk)acrylate (co)polymers described herein are derived from the polymerization (usually, but not limited to, free radical polymerization) of one or more alkyl(alk)acrylate monomers, dimers, trimers, multimers, macromonomers, etc. (collectively abbreviated herein as "monomers" for brevity). The alkyl(alk)acrylate monomers typically have the following general chemical structure (I): [ka] In the formula, C=C * The double bond is an olefinic bond, R 1 represents the "alkyl" portion of the ester nomenclature, and R 2 R stands for the "alk" part in parentheses in the nomenclature. 2 is hydrogen, the monomer is an alkyl acrylate; 2 If R is an alkyl group, the monomer is an alkyl alkacrylate. If present, the nature of the "alk" nomenclature is 2 Based on the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, for example, one carbon atom (methyl) means methacrylate, while two carbon atoms (ethyl) means ethacrylate, etc. Similarly, the nature of the "alkyl" nomenclature is 1 Based on the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, for example, one carbon atom (methyl) refers to methyl (alk)acrylate, while two carbon atoms (ethyl) refers to ethyl (alk)acrylate, etc. Thus, for example, lauryl methacrylate is represented by R 1 C 12 is an alkyl moiety, R 2 is a C1 alkyl moiety.

[0089] In particular, comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure can be prepared by polymerization comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of at least the following monomers: (a) polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers;12 -C 24 (d) alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (e) C1-C 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl, or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer, and / or a hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer. In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier further comprises a C6-C 20 It may also contain one or more other olefinic comonomers (e) that are not aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-(alk)acrylic acid ester monomers. For example, monomer (d) may have the following structure (II): [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl (particularly hydrogen or methyl); m represents -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6 (particularly 2 to 4) so ​​as to represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10 (particularly 1 to 6); R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end caps (especially H, C1-C7 linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl, or C6-C 11 aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl). 1 When R is hydrogen, such monomers may be considered hydroxyl acrylates or hydroxy methacrylates; 1 When is not hydrogen, such monomers may be abbreviated herein as "ether acrylate" (EA) or "ether methacrylate" (EMA).

[0090] In some embodiments, the comb copolymer viscosity modifier may be prepared by polymerization of monomers that are substantially free of styrene or styrene-based monomers and / or substantially free of styrene or styrene-based repeat units. It is important to note that the polyalkylene (alk)acrylate macromonomer (a) contains repeat units as formed, which are considered herein as repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, even if such monomers are not specifically designated. Thus, in the present specification, when the comb copolymer is substantially free of styrene or styrene-based repeat units, the comb copolymer contains not only repeat units of the macromonomer, but also repeat units of other comonomers. As used herein, a "styrenic" monomer is defined as a monomer having a styrene (vinylbenzene) nucleus, i.e., containing 8 to 17 carbon atoms, an olefinic double bond, and a 6-membered all-carbon aromatic moiety (including polycyclic ring systems having a phenyl ring) directly attached to one end of the olefinic double bond, the ring hydrogens of which may be optionally substituted (e.g., a phenyl, naphthenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenylenyl, or acenaphthylenyl moiety).

[0091] With respect to the amount of polyalkylene-based (alk)acrylic acid ester macromonomer (a) used to prepare the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, the repeat units based on the polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk)acrylic acid ester macromonomer may comprise at least 5.0% by weight (e.g., at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by weight, at least 10% by weight, at least 11% by weight, at least 12% by weight, or at least 13% by weight) and / or up to 30% by weight (e.g., up to 28% by weight, up to 25% by weight, up to 22% by weight, up to 20% by weight, up to 18% by weight, or up to 15% by weight) of the repeat units of the comb copolymer viscosity modifier.For example, the repeating units based on a polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk)acrylate macromonomer may be 5.0-30 mass%, 5.0-28 mass%, 5.0-25 mass%, 5.0-22 mass%, 5.0-20 mass%, 5.0-18 mass%, 5.0-15 mass%, 6.0-30 mass%, 6.0-28 mass%, 6.0-25 mass%, 6.0-30 mass%, 6.0-40 mass%, 6.0-50 mass%, 6.0-60 mass%, 6.0-70 mass%, 6.0-80 mass%, 6.0-90 mass%, 6.0-100 mass%, 6.0-120 mass%, 6.0-160 mass%, 6.0-180 mass%, 6.0-150 mass%, 6.0-200 mass%, 6.0-300 mass%, 6.0-28 mass%, 6.0-25 mass%, 6.0-10 ... ~22% by mass, 6.0-20% by mass, 6.0-18% by mass, 6.0-15% by mass, 7.0-30% by mass, 7.0-28% by mass, 7.0-25% by mass, 7.0-22% by mass, 7.0-20% by mass, 7 .0~18% by mass, 7.0~15% by mass, 8.0~30% by mass, 8.0~28% by mass, 8.0~25% by mass, 8.0~22% by mass, 8.0~20% by mass, 8.0~18% by mass, 8.0~15% by mass , 9.0-30% by mass, 9.0-28% by mass, 9.0-25% by mass, 9.0-22% by mass, 9.0-20% by mass, 9.0-18% by mass, 9.0-15% by mass, 10-30% by mass, 10-28% by mass %, 10-25% by mass, 10-22% by mass, 10-20% by mass, 10-18% by mass, 10-15% by mass, 11-30% by mass, 11-28% by mass, 11-25% by mass, 11-22% by mass, 11-20 %, 11-18%, 11-15%, 12-30%, 12-28%, 10-25%, 12-22%, 12-20%, 12-18%, 12-15%, 13-30%, 13-28%, 13-25%, 13-22%, 13-20%, 13-18%, or 13-15% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. In particular, repeat units based on polyalkylene-based (e.g., hydrogenated polybutadiene-based) (alk)acrylate macromonomers may comprise 5.0-22%, 6.0-20%, 7.0-18%, or 9.0-15% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units.

[0092] With respect to the amount of C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate monomer (b) used to prepare the comb copolymer viscosity modifier, the repeat units based on the C3-C8 alkyl (alk) acrylate monomer may be from 30 to 71% by weight, for example, from 30 to 68% by weight, from 30 to 66% by weight, from 30 to 64% by weight, from 30 to 62% by weight, from 30 to 60% by weight, from 30 to 58% by weight, from 30 to 56% by weight, from 30 to 54% by weight, from 30 to 52% by weight, from 30 to 50% by weight, from 30 to 48% by weight, from 33 to 71% by weight, or from 33 to 71% by weight. Amount%, 33-68 mass%, 33-66 mass%, 33-64 mass%, 33-62 mass%, 33-60 mass%, 33-58 mass%, 33-56 mass%, 33-54 mass%, 33-52 mass%, 33-50 mass%, 33-48 mass%, 35-71 quality Amount%, 35-68 mass%, 35-66 mass%, 35-64 mass%, 35-62 mass%, 35-60 mass%, 35-58 mass%, 35-56 mass%, 35-54 mass%, 35-52 mass%, 35-50 mass%, 35-48 mass%, 38-71 mass% %, 38-68 mass%, 38-66 mass%, 38-64 mass%, 38-62 mass%, 38-60 mass%, 38-58 mass%, 38-56 mass%, 38-54 mass%, 38-52 mass%, 38-50 mass%, 38-48 mass%, 40-71 mass% %, 40-68 mass%, 40-66 mass%, 40-64 mass%, 40-62 mass%, 40-60 mass%, 40-58 mass%, 40-56 mass%, 40-54 mass%, 40-52 mass%, 40-50 mass%, 40-48 mass%, 45-71 mass% , 45-68%, 45-66%, 45-64%, 45-62%, 45-60%, 45-58%, 45-56%, 45-54%, 45-52%, 45-50%, 45-48%, 50-71%, 50-68%, 50-66%, 50-64%, 50-62%, 50-60%, 50-58%, 50-56%, 50-54%, or 50-52% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. In particular, the repeat units based on C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer may comprise 33-64%, 35-60%, or 38-58% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units.

[0093] C 12 -C 24 With respect to the alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers (c), referring back to the general formula (I) given above for the acrylate monomers, R can be hydrogen (non-"alk") or C1-C2 alkyl (particularly hydrogen or methyl). 2 It is advantageous that can be expressed by any "Arca". Therefore, R 1 C of the acrylate ester part of 12 -C 24 Considering the alkyl range, this monomer can be linear, cyclic, or branched C 12 Acrylates, linear, cyclic, or branched C 12 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 14 Acrylates, linear, cyclic, or branched C 14 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 16 Acrylates, linear, cyclic, or branched C 16 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 17 Acrylates, linear, cyclic, or branched C 17 Methacrylate, linear, cyclic, or branched C 18 Acrylates, linear, cyclic, or branched C 18 methacrylate, or a combination or polymerization / polymerization reaction product thereof. 12 -C 24 The alkyl(alk)acrylic acid ester monomer can comprise, consist essentially of, or be lauryl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, myristyl acrylate, myristyl methacrylate, palmityl acrylate, palmityl methacrylate, heptadecanoyl acrylate, heptadecanoyl methacrylate, or combinations or polymerization / polymerization reaction products thereof.

[0094] (c)C used to prepare a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 12 -C 24 Regarding the amount of alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer, C12 -C 24 The repeat units based on alkyl(alk)acrylate monomers can include at least 16.0% by weight (e.g., at least 18.5% by weight, at least 19.0% by weight, at least 19.5% by weight, at least 20.0% by weight, at least 20.5% by weight, at least 21.0% by weight, at least 21.5% by weight, at least 22.0% by weight, at least 22.5% by weight, at least 23.0% by weight, at least 23.5% by weight, at least 24.0% by weight, at least 24.5% by weight, or at least 25.0% by weight), and optionally up to 35.0% by weight (e.g., up to 34.0% by weight, up to 33.0% by weight, up to 32.0% by weight, up to 31.0% by weight, up to 30.0% by weight, up to 29.0% by weight, up to 28.0% by weight, or up to 27.0% by weight) of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. Alternatively, C used to prepare a comb copolymer viscosity modifier 12 -C 24 Regarding the amount of alkyl (alk) acrylic acid ester monomer (c), C 12 -C 24 The repeat units based on alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers may contain at least 16.0% by weight (e.g., at least 18.5% by weight, at least 19.0% by weight, at least 19.5% by weight), optionally but preferably up to 20.0% by weight (e.g., up to 20.9% by weight, up to 20.5% by weight, up to 20.0% by weight) of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. In particular, 12 -C 24 The repeat units based on alkyl(alk)acrylate monomers may comprise from 16.0 to less than 21% by weight (e.g., from 16.5 to 20.5% by weight, such as from about 17 to about 20% by weight, e.g., about 19% by weight) of repeat units of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

[0095] C1-C used to make comb copolymer viscosity modifier 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20With respect to the amount of aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers (d), the repeat units based on monomer (d) are at least 3.0% by weight (e.g., at least 4.0% by weight, at least 5.0% by weight, at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, It is possible to include at least 8.0%, at least 9.0%, at least 10.0%, at least 11.0%, or at least 12.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, and optionally but preferably up to 28% by weight (e.g., up to 27%, up to 26%, up to 25%, up to 24%, up to 23%, up to 22%, up to 21%, up to 20%, up to 19%, up to 18%, up to 17%, or up to 16%) of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units. In particular, the repeat units based on monomer (d) may include at least 3.0%, up to 28%, up to 20%, 3.0 to 25%, or 8.0 to 18% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units.

[0096] Advantageously, comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure may exhibit an intermediate weight average molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; also known as size exclusion chromatography or SEC). The GPC specifications and analytical conditions for determining the molecular weight distribution are as follows: Waters Acquity APC equipped with a Waters RID, UV 215 nm; software: Empower3; columns (3 x 4.6 x 150 mm in series): APC-XT450 (~2.5μ), APC-XT200 (~2.5μ), APC-XT45 (~1.7μm); mobile phase and flow rate: >99.9% FISHER OPTIMA Gold Label, HPLC grade uninhibited THF; flow rate: ~0.25mL / min with retention time ~35 min; oven temperature: ~35°C: sample concentration: ~1mg (solid polymer) / mL; sample preparation: Near complete dissolution overnight (~8-20 h) and then filtered through ~0.45μm PTFE filter; injection volume: ~10μL; polystyrene calibration curve.Thus, in some embodiments, a comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to the present disclosure has a weight average molecular weight by GPC of 1,000,000 g / mol or less (e.g., 850,000 g / mol or less, 625,000 g / mol or less, 613,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 590,000 g / mol or less, 580,000 g / mol or less, 200,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol, 200,000 to 850,000 g / mol). mol, 200,000~625,000g / mol, 200,000~613,000g / mol, 200,000~600,000g / mol, 200,000~590,000g / mol, 200,000~580,000g / mol, 250,000~1,000,000g / mol, 250,000~850,000g / mol, 250,000~625,000g / mol, 250,000~610,000g / mol, 250,000~600,000g / mol , 250,000~590,000g / mol, 250,000~580,000g / mol, 300,000~1,000,000g / mol, 300,000~850,000g / mol, 300,000~625,000g / mol, 300,000~610,000g / mol, 300,000~600,000g / mol, 300,000~590,000g / mol, 300,000~580,000g / mol, 350,000~1,000,000g / mol , 350,000 to 850,000 g / mol, 350,000 to 625,000 g / mol, 350,000 to 610,000 g / mol, 350,000 to 600,000 g / mol, 350,000 to 590,000 g / mol, or 350,000 to 580,000 g / mol; in particular, 625,000 g / mol or less, 600,000 g / mol or less, 250,000 to 625,000 g / mol, or 300,000 to 850,000 g / mol). Advantageously, the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers according to the present disclosure may exhibit relatively high oil solubility or dispersibility.As used herein, the term "oil-soluble" means that a composition comprising at least 0.1 wt. %, preferably at least 0.5 wt. %, of a comb copolymer viscosity modifier can be relatively simply combined with at least 85 wt. % (preferably the remainder) of a lubricating oil base stock without forming a stable and macroscopic phase. Oil solubility and / or dispersibility may depend, among other things, on the nature of the base stock and the polymer chemistry (e.g., the proportion of lipophilic side chains).

[0097] Combination with conventional comb copolymers The comb copolymers described herein may further be combined with conventional comb copolymer viscosity modifiers, such as branched acrylate-based copolymers, which are typically prepared by (co)polymerizing polyalkyl(meth)acrylate macromonomer(s) with alkyl(meth)acrylate(s) and optional other monomers, such as alkyl(meth)acrylates, styrene, alkylstyrenes, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, (meth)acrylic acid esters and amides, and vinyl heterocycles. Useful comb copolymers and methods for their preparation are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,433, EP No. 0 637 332, EP No. 0 937 769, EP No. 0 979 834, U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,300, EP No. 0 969 077, EP No. 0 744 457, EP No. 0 621 293, and EP No. 0 699 694, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0098] This is inconsistent with paragraph

[0036] , which defines "comb copolymer". Commercially available conventional comb copolymers include polymethacrylates, some of which have dispersant properties (e.g., Viscoplex™ series from RohMax, Hitec™ series from Afton Chemical, and LZ 7702™, LZ 7727™, LZ 7725™, and LZ 7720C™ from Lubrizol); olefin-grafted polymethacrylate polymers (e.g., Viscoplex™ 2-500 and 2-600 from Evonik / RohMax); and hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers (e.g., Shellvis™ 200 and 260 from Shell). Conventional comb copolymers also include Asteric™ polymers from Lubrizol, which are methacrylate polymers with radial or star structures. Other commercially available conventional polymethacrylate comb copolymers useful herein include those sold under the trade names Viscoplex™ 0-410, Viscoplex™ 10-930, Viscoplex™ 5029, Acryloid™ 1253, Acryloid™ 1265, Acryloid™ 1263, Acryloid™ 1267, Acryloid™ 954 by RohMax and Haas / Evonik Industries, and TLA 233, TLA 5010, and TC 10124 by Texaco. Some of these polymethacrylates may be PMA / OCP (olefin copolymer) type polymers. The comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described herein and conventional comb copolymer viscosity modifiers may be used in combination in concentrations of up to 20% or 60% or 70% by weight in the lubricating oil composition. It may be used at a concentration of 0.1 to 12 mass %, 0.1 to 4 mass %, 0.2 to 3 mass %, 1 to 12 mass %, or 3 to 10 mass %. Lubricating compositions according to the present disclosure may further include one or more additives such as detergents, friction modifiers, antioxidants, pour point depressants, antifoam agents, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, demulsifiers, seal compatibility agents, additive diluent base oils, etc. Specific examples of such additives are described in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 477-526, some of which are described in further detail below.

[0099] C. Cleaning agent The lubricating composition may include one or more metal detergents (e.g., blends of metal detergents), also referred to as "detergent additives." Metal detergents typically function both as detergents to reduce or remove deposits and as acid neutralizers or rust inhibitors, thereby reducing wear and corrosion and extending engine life. Detergents generally include a polar head and a long hydrophobic tail, the polar head including a metal salt of an acidic organic compound. The salt may contain approximately stoichiometric amounts of metal, in which case the salt is typically a normal or neutral salt, and its Total Base Number ("TBN", as measured by ASTM D2896) is typically up to 150 mg KOH / g, e.g., 0 to 80 (or 5 to 30) mg KOH / g. Large amounts of metal base may be incorporated by reacting an excess of a metal compound (e.g., oxide or hydroxide) with an acid gas (e.g., carbon dioxide). Such detergents, sometimes referred to as overbased detergents, may have a TBN of 100 mgKOH / g or more (e.g. 200 mgKOH / g or more), typically 250 mgKOH / g or more, for example 300 mgKOH / g or more, for example 200 to 800 mgKOH / g, 225 to 700 mgKOH / g, 250 to 650 mgKOH / g, or 300 to 600 mgKOH / g, for example 150 to 650 mgKOH / g.

[0100] Suitable detergents include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphates, salicylates, naphthenates, and other oil-soluble carboxylates of metals, especially alkali metals (Group 1 metals, e.g. Li, Na, K, Rb) or alkaline earth metals (Group 2 metals, e.g. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), especially sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium, e.g. Ca and / or Mg. Additionally, detergents may include hybrid detergents that combine any of the sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium salts of sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphates, salicylates, and naphthenates, or other oil-soluble carboxylates of Group 1 and / or Group 2 metals. Preferably, the detergent additive(s) useful in the present disclosure comprises calcium and / or magnesium metal salts. The detergent may be a calcium and / or magnesium carboxylate (e.g., salicylate), sulfonate, or phenate detergent. More preferably, the detergent additive is selected from magnesium salicylate, calcium salicylate, magnesium sulfonate, calcium sulfonate, magnesium phenate, calcium phenate, and hybrid detergents comprising two, three, four, or more of these detergents, and / or combinations thereof. Metal-containing detergents also include "hybrid" detergents formed with mixed surfactant systems containing phenate and / or sulfonate components, such as phenate / salicylate, sulfonate / phenate, sulfonate / salicylate, sulfonate / phenate / salicylate. These are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,429,178; 6,429,179; 6,153,565; and 6,281,179. For example, when a hybrid sulfonate / phenate detergent is employed, the hybrid detergent is considered to be equivalent in amount to the separate phenate and sulfonate detergents incorporating the same amount of phenate and sulfonate soap, respectively.

[0101] The overbased metal-containing detergent may be a sodium, calcium, magnesium salt of a phenate, a sulfur-containing phenate, a sulfonate, a salixarate, and a salicylate, or a mixture thereof. The total base number TBN of the overbased phenates and salicylates is typically 180-650 mg KOH / g, for example 200-450 mg KOH / g. The total base number of the overbased sulfonates is typically 250-600 mg KOH / g, or 300-500 mg KOH / g. In an embodiment, the sulfonate detergent may be based on a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent having a metal ratio of at least 8, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 065045 (and issued as U.S. Patent No. 7,407,919), paragraphs

[0026] -

[0037] . The overbased detergent may be present in an amount of 0 to 15% by mass, or 0.1 to 10% by mass, or 0.2 to 8% by mass, or 0.2 to 3% by mass, based on the lubricating composition. For example, in a heavy duty diesel engine, the detergent may be present in an amount of 2 to 3% by mass of the lubricating composition. In a passenger car engine, the detergent may be present in an amount of 0.2 to 1% by mass of the lubricating composition. The detergent additive(s) may comprise one or more magnesium sulphonate detergents. The magnesium detergents may be neutral or overbased salts. Suitably the magnesium detergent is an overbased magnesium sulphonate having a TBN of 80 to 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as 200 to 500 mg KOH / g, for example 240 to 450 mg KOH / g.

[0102] Alternatively, the detergent additive(s) is magnesium salicylate. Suitably the magnesium detergent is a magnesium salicylate having a TBN of 30 to 650 mg KOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as 50 to 500 mg KOH / g, for example 200 to 500 mg KOH / g, such as 240 to 450 mg KOH / g, or alternatively 150 mg KOH / g or less, such as 100 mg KOH / g or less. Alternatively, the detergent additive(s) is a combination of magnesium salicylate and magnesium sulfonate. The magnesium detergent provides the lubricating composition with an atomic magnesium content of 200 to 4000 ppm, preferably 200 to 2000 ppm, 300 to 1500 ppm, or 450 to 1200 ppm (ASTM D5185). The detergent composition may comprise (or consist of) a combination of one or more magnesium sulfonate detergents and one or more calcium salicylates detergents. The detergent composition may comprise (or consist of) a combination of one or more magnesium sulfonate detergents and one or more calcium sulfonate detergents. The detergent composition may comprise (or consist of) a combination of one or more magnesium salicylate detergents and one or more calcium salicylate detergents.

[0103] The combination of the one or more magnesium detergents with the one or more calcium detergents results in a lubricating composition comprising: 1) 200 to 4000 ppm of magnesium atoms, suitably 200 to 2000 ppm, 300 to 1500 ppm, or 450 to 1200 ppm of magnesium atoms (ASTM D5185); and 2) at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 750 ppm, more preferably at least 900 ppm of atomic calcium, for example 500 to 4000 ppm, preferably 750 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 900 to 2000 ppm of atomic calcium (ASTM D5185). The detergent may include one or more calcium detergents, such as a calcium carboxylate (eg, calcium salicylate), calcium sulfonate, or calcium phenate detergent. Suitably the TBN of the calcium detergent is in the range 30-700 mgKOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as in the range 50-650 mgKOH / g, for example in the range 200-500 mgKOH / g, such as in the range 240-450 mgKOH / g, or up to 150 mgKOH / g, for example up to 100 mgKOH / g, or up to 200 mgKOH / g, or up to 300 mgKOH / g, or up to 350 mgKOH / g.

[0104] Suitably the calcium detergent is a calcium salicylate, calcium sulfonate or calcium phenate having a TBN of 30-700 mgKOH / g, 30-650 mgKOH / g (ASTM D2896), such as 50-650 mgKOH / g, for example 200-500 mgKOH / g, for example 240-450 mgKOH / g, or alternatively 150 mgKOH / g or less, such as 100 mgKOH / g or less, or 200 mgKOH / g or more, or 300 mgKOH / g or more, or 350 mgKOH / g or more. Calcium detergents are typically present in an amount sufficient to provide at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 750 ppm, more preferably at least 900 ppm of atomic calcium in the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185). If present, any calcium detergent is suitably present in an amount sufficient to provide not more than 4000 ppm, preferably not more than 3000 ppm, more preferably not more than 2000 ppm of atomic calcium in the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185). If present, any calcium detergent is suitably present in an amount sufficient to provide from 500 to 4000 ppm, preferably from 750 to 3000 ppm, more preferably from 900 to 2000 ppm of atomic calcium in the lubricating oil composition (ASTM D5185). Suitably, the total atomic amount of detergent-derived metals contained in the lubricating oil composition according to all embodiments of the present disclosure is 5000 ppm or less, preferably 4000 ppm or less, more preferably 2000 ppm or less (ASTM D5185). The total atomic amount of detergent-derived metals contained in the lubricating oil composition according to all embodiments of the present disclosure is suitably at least 500 ppm, preferably at least 800 ppm, more preferably at least 1000 ppm (ASTM D5185). The total atomic amount of detergent-derived metals contained in the lubricating oil composition according to all embodiments of the present disclosure is suitably 500 to 5000 ppm, preferably 500 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 500 to 2000 ppm (ASTM D5185).

[0105] Sulfonate detergents may be prepared from sulfonic acids that are typically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, for example by fractionation of petroleum or alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples of sulfonate detergents include detergents obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl, or their halogen derivatives, such as chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, chloronaphthalene. The alkylation may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst using an alkylating agent having from about 3 to more than 70 carbon atoms. Alkaryl sulfonates typically contain from about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, preferably from about 16 to about 60 carbon atoms per alkyl-substituted aromatic moiety. The oil-soluble sulfonates or alkaryl sulfonic acids may be neutralized with metal oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, carboxylates, sulfides, hydrosulfides, nitrates, borates, and ethers. The amount of metal compound is selected taking into consideration the desired TBN of the final product, but is usually in the range of about 100 to 220% by mass (preferably at least 125% by mass), which is the stoichiometrically required amount.

[0106] Metal salts of phenols and sulfurized phenols may be prepared by reaction with appropriate metal compounds such as oxides or hydroxides to give neutral or overbased products by methods well known in the art. Sulfurized phenols may be prepared by reacting phenol with sulfur or a sulfur-containing compound such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur monohalides, or sulfur dihalides to form a product that is generally a mixture of compounds in which two or more phenols are bridged by a sulfur-containing bridge. Carboxylate detergents, such as salicylates, are derived from aromatic carboxylic acids (e.g. C5‐100 , C 9‐30 , C 14‐24The aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by reacting an alkyl substituted hydroxybenzoic acid (alkyl substituted hydroxybenzoic acid) with a suitable metal compound such as an oxide or hydroxide to give a neutral or overbased product by methods well known in the art. The aromatic moiety of the aromatic carboxylic acid can contain heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen. Preferably, the moiety contains only carbon atoms; more preferably, the moiety contains six or more carbon atoms; for example, benzene is a preferred moiety. The aromatic carboxylic acid may contain one or more aromatic moieties, such as one or more benzene rings, fused or linked via alkylene bridges.

[0107] The preferred substituents in oil-soluble salicylic acids are alkyl substituents. In alkyl-substituted salicylic acids, the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl groups is advantageously 5 to 100, preferably 9 to 30, and particularly 14 to 20. When there are two or more alkyl groups, the average number of carbon atoms in all the alkyl groups is preferably at least 9 to ensure adequate oil solubility. In an embodiment, the ratio of detergent atomic metal to atomic molybdenum in the lubricating oil composition may be less than 3:1, such as less than 2:1. Additionally, metal organic and inorganic base salts used as detergents can contribute to the sulfated ash content of the lubricating oil composition, and therefore, in embodiments of the present disclosure, the amount of such additives is minimized. To maintain low sulfur levels, salicylate detergents can be used, and the lubricating compositions herein may include one or more salicylate detergents, preferably used in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 20.0 mass %, more preferably from 1.0 to 10.0 mass %, and most preferably from 2.0 to 5.0 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition.

[0108] The total sulfated ash content of the lubricating compositions herein, as measured by ASTM D874, is typically at a level of 2.0 mass % or less, alternatively 1.0 mass % or less, alternatively 0.8 mass % or less, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Furthermore, the TBN (total base number) value of each detergent measured according to ISO 3771 is independently in the range of 10 to 700 mgKOH / g, in the range of 10 to 500 mgKOH / g, in the range of 100 to 650 mgKOH / g, in the range of 10 to 500 mgKOH / g, in the range of 30 to 350 mgKOH / g, or in the range of 50 to 300 mgKOH / g. The sulfonate detergent (e.g. Ca and / or Mg sulfonate detergent) may be present in an amount to provide 0.1 to 1.5 mass %, or 0.15 to 1.2 mass %, or 0.2 to 0.9 mass % of the sulfonate soap in the lubricant composition. The salicylate detergent (eg, Ca and / or Mg salicylate detergent) is present in an amount to provide 0.3 to 1.4 mass %, or 0.35 to 1.2 mass %, or 0.4 to 1.0 mass % salicylate soap in the lubricant composition. The sulfonate soap may be present in an amount from 0.2 to 0.8% by mass of the lubricant composition, and the salicylate soap may be present in an amount from 0.3 to 1.0% by mass of the lubricant composition.

[0109] The total of all alkaline earth metal detergent soaps may be present in an amount from 0.6 to 2.1 percent by weight, or from 0.7 to 1.4 percent by weight of the lubricant composition. Typically, lubricating compositions formulated for use in heavy duty diesel engines contain from about 0.1 to about 10 mass %, alternatively from about 0.5 to about 7.5 mass %, alternatively from about 1 to about 6.5 mass %, of the detergent, based on the lubricating composition. Typically, lubricating compositions formulated for use in passenger vehicle engines contain from about 0.1 to about 10%, alternatively from about 0.5 to about 7.5%, alternatively from about 1 to about 6.5%, by weight of the lubricating composition, of detergent. Typically, lubricating compositions formulated for use in a drivetrain (e.g., a transmission) contain from about 0.1 to about 10%, alternatively from about 0.5 to about 7.5%, alternatively from about 2 to about 6.5%, by weight of the lubricating composition, of detergent.

[0110] D. Friction modifiers A friction modifier is any material or materials that can change the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or fluid containing such material or materials. Friction modifiers are also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents, or oiliness agents, and other such agents modify the ability of a base oil, formulated lubricant composition, or functional fluid to change the lubricated surface friction coefficient, and may be effectively used in combination with the base oil or lubricant composition of the present disclosure, if necessary. Friction modifiers that reduce the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oil and lubricant composition of the present disclosure. Examples of friction modifiers include organometallic compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof.Exemplary organometallic friction modifiers useful in the lubricating oil formulations of the present disclosure include, for example, tungsten and / or molybdenum compounds, such as molybdenum amines, molybdenum diamines, organotungstates, molybdenum dithiocarbamates, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates, and the like, and mixtures thereof.Convenient examples of useful molybdenum-containing compounds include molybdenum dithiocarbamates, such as trinuclear molybdenum compounds described in WO 98 / 26030, molybdenum sulfides, and molybdenum dithiophosphates.

[0111] Other known friction modifiers include oil-soluble organo-molybdenum compounds. Such organo-molybdenum friction modifiers can provide reliable antioxidant and antiwear properties to lubricating oil compositions. Examples of such oil-soluble organo-molybdenum compounds include dithiocarbamates, dithiophosphates, dithiophosphinates, xanthates, thioxanthates, sulfides, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Molybdenum dithiocarbamates, dialkyldithiophosphates, alkylxanthates, and alkylthioxanthates are particularly preferred. The molybdenum compound may also be an acidic molybdenum compound. These compounds react with basic nitrogen compounds, usually hexavalent, as determined by the ASTM test D664 or D2896 titration procedures. Molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, and other alkali metal molybdates, and other molybdenum salts, such as sodium hydrogen molybdate, MoOC 14 , MoO2Br2, Mo2O3C 16 , molybdenum trioxide, or similar acidic molybdenum compounds. Molybdenum compounds useful in the compositions of the present disclosure include organo-molybdenum compounds of the formula Mo(R"OCS2)4 and Mo(R"SCS2)4, where R" is an organo group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkoxyalkyl, generally having from 1 to 30, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and most preferably 2 to 12 alkyl. Dialkyldithiocarbamates of molybdenum are particularly preferred.

[0112] Another group of organo-molybdenum compounds useful in the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure include trinuclear molybdenum compounds, particularly compounds of the formula Mo3SkLnQz, and mixtures thereof, where L is an independently selected ligand having an organo group with a sufficient number of carbon atoms to solubilize or disperse the compound in oil, n is 1-4, k is 4-7, Q is selected from the group of neutral electron donor compounds such as water, amines, alcohols, phosphines, and ethers, and z ranges from 0 to 5, including non-stoichiometric values. At least 21, e.g., at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35 carbon atoms may be present between all ligands / organo groups. Lubricating oil compositions useful in all aspects of the present disclosure preferably contain at least 10 ppm, at least 30 ppm, at least 40 ppm, more preferably at least 50 ppm molybdenum. Suitably, lubricating oil compositions useful in all aspects of the present disclosure contain no more than 1000 ppm, no more than 750 ppm, or no more than 500 ppm molybdenum. Lubricating oil compositions useful in all aspects of the present disclosure preferably contain from 10 to 1000 ppm, such as from 30 to 750 ppm, or from 40 to 500 ppm molybdenum (measured as molybdenum atoms). In an embodiment, lubricating oil compositions useful in all aspects of the present disclosure preferably contain at least 20 to 40 ppm, such as from 20 to 30 ppm, for example about 25 ppm molybdenum.

[0113] For more detailed information on useful friction modifiers containing Mo, see US Pat. No. 10,829,712 (column 8, line 58 to column 11, line 31). Ashless friction modifiers may be included in the lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure and are generally known and include esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols, and amine-based friction modifiers. Other useful friction modifiers generally contain a polar end group (e.g., carboxyl or hydroxyl) covalently bonded to an oleophilic hydrocarbon chain. Esters of carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,850. Examples of other conventional organic friction modifiers are described in M. Belzer, Journal of Tribology, Vol. 114, pp. 675-682, 1992, and M. Belzer and S. Jahanmir, Lubrication Science, Vol. 1, pp. 3-26, 1988. Typically, the total amount of organic ashless friction modifiers in a lubricant according to the present disclosure is 5 mass % or less, preferably 2 mass % or less, more preferably 0.5 mass % or less, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0114] Examples of friction modifiers useful in the lubricating compositions described herein include alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, borated glycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylated fatty acid esters include polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol esters, etc. Examples of these include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isostearate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palmitate, etc. Examples of alkanolamides include lauric acid diethylalkanolamide, palmitic acid diethylalkanolamide, etc. Examples of these include oleic acid diethyalkanolamide, stearic acid diethylalkanolamide, oleic acid diethylalkanolamide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbyl amides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbyl amides, etc. Examples of polyol fatty acid esters include glycerol monooleate, saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, glycerol monostearate, etc. Examples of these include polyol esters, hydroxyl-containing polyol esters, and the like.

[0115] Examples of borated glycerol fatty acid esters include borated glycerol monooleate, borated saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, borated glycerol monostearate, etc. Besides glycerol polyols, examples include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, etc. These esters can be polyol monocarboxylates, polyol dicarboxylates, and optionally polyol tricarboxylates. Glycerol monooleate, glycerol dioleate, glycerol trioleate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol ditearate, glycerol tritearate, and their corresponding glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol dipalmitate, glycerol tripalmitate, and their respective isostearate, linoleate, etc. are preferred. In particular, fatty acid esters which utilize glycerol as the base polyol and which have been ethoxylated, propoxylated, and / or butoxylated polyols are useful herein. Examples of fatty alcohol ethers include stearyl ether, myristyl ether, etc. Number of carbon atoms: C3 to C 50 Alcohols such as the following alcohols can be ethoxylated, propoxylated, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers: stearyl, myristyl, C11-C 13 It can be a hydrocarbon, oleyl, isosteryl, and the like.

[0116] Useful concentrations of friction modifiers may range from 0.01 to 5% by weight, or from about 0.01 to about 2.5% by weight, or from about 0.05 to about 1.5% by weight, or from about 0.051 to about 1% by weight. The concentration of molybdenum-containing materials is often described in terms of Mo metal concentration. Concentrations of Mo advantageously range from 25 to 700 ppm or more, and in many cases, a range of 50 to 200 ppm is preferred. All types of friction modifiers may be used alone or in mixtures with the materials of the present disclosure. In many cases, mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, or mixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternative surface active material(s) are also desirable. For example, combinations of Mo-containing compounds with polyol fatty acid esters, such as glycerol monooleate, are useful herein.

[0117] E. Antioxidants Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during operation. Such degradation can result in deposits on metal surfaces, sludge formation, viscosity increase of the lubricant, etc. A wide variety of antioxidants are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, for example, Klamann, "Lubricants and Related Products", Wiley VCH, 1984; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197. Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are hindered phenols containing sterically hindered hydroxyl groups, which include derivatives of dihydroxyaryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the ortho- or para-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include C 6+Included are alkyl-substituted hindered phenols and alkylene-linked derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of this type of phenolic material include 2-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octylphenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. Other useful hindered monophenolic antioxidants include, for example, hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic propionate derivatives. Bisphenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used herein. Examples of ortho-linked phenols include: 2,2'-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2'-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2'-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-linked bisphenols include, for example, 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol) and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol).

[0118] An effective amount of one or more catalytic antioxidants may also be used. The catalytic antioxidant comprises an effective amount of a) one or more oil-soluble polymetallic organic compounds; and an effective amount of b) one or more substituted N,N'-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compounds, or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of b) and c). Catalytic antioxidants useful herein are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,833. Non-phenolic antioxidants that may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants, which may be used on their own or in combination with phenols. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines, such as those of the formula R8R9R 10 N aromatic monoamines, in which R8 is an aliphatic, aromatic, or substituted aromatic group, R9 is an aromatic or substituted aromatic group, and R10 is H, alkyl, aryl, or R 11 S(O)XR 12 where R 11 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group; R 12 is an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1, or 2. The aliphatic group R8 may have from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is usually a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R8 and R9 are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group, such as naphthyl. The aromatic groups R8 and R9 may be bonded together with other groups, such as S. Typical aromatic amine antioxidants have alkyl substituents with at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups have no more than about 14 carbon atoms. General types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenylnaphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls, and diphenylphenylenediamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Specific examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.

[0119] Sulfur-containing antioxidants are also useful herein. In particular, one or more oil-soluble or oil-dispersible sulfur-containing antioxidant(s) can be used as the antioxidant additive. For example, sulfurized alkylphenols and their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts are also useful antioxidants herein. Suitably, the lubricating oil composition(s) of the present disclosure may comprise one or more sulfur-containing antioxidant(s) in an amount to provide the lubricating oil composition with 0.02 to 0.2 mass %, preferably 0.02 to 0.15 mass %, more preferably 0.02 to 0.1 mass %, and even more preferably 0.04 to 0.1 mass % sulfur based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Optionally, the oil-soluble or oil-dispersible sulfur-containing antioxidant(s) can be a sulfurized C4-C 25 Olefin(s), sulfurized aliphatic (C7-C 29 ) hydrocarbyl fatty acid ester(s), ashless sulfurized phenolic antioxidant(s), sulfur-containing organo-molybdenum compound(s), and combinations thereof. For further information regarding sulfurized materials useful as antioxidants herein, see U.S. Pat. No. 10,731,101 (column 15, line 55 to column 22, line 12). Antioxidants useful herein include hindered phenols and / or arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually, by type, or in combination with each other. Exemplary antioxidants include: Irganox™ L67, Irganox™ L135, Ethanox™ 4702, Lanxess Additin™ RC 7110, Ethanox™ 4782J, Irganox™ 1135, Irganox™ 5057, sulfurized lard oil, and palm oil fatty acid methyl esters. The antioxidant additive may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 10 (alternatively 0.01 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.01 to less than 3 mass %, alternatively about 0.03 to 5 mass %, alternatively 0.05 to less than 3 mass %) based on the mass of the lubricating composition.

[0120] Optionally, the lubricating composition may be free of phenolic antioxidants. Optionally, the lubricating composition may be free of an aminic antioxidant, such as a phenylamine, such as a diphenylamine, such as an alkylated diphenylamine. Optionally, the lubricating composition contains 0.1 to 3 mass %, such as 0.2 to 2 mass %, for example less than 0.3 mass % (e.g. 0.25 mass % or less, such as 0.2 mass % or less, such as 0.1 mass % or less, such as 0.05 mass % or less, such as 0 mass %) of an aminic antioxidant, such as an alkylated phenylamine, such as a di(alkyl-phenyl)amine, such as a di(nonyl-phenyl)amine, based on the mass of the composition. In an embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may be free of, substantially free of, or completely free of an aminic antioxidant, such as a phenylamine, such as a diphenylamine, such as an alkylated diphenylamine, such as a di(nonyl-phenyl)amine. Compositions according to the present disclosure may contain additives with a different set of functions that also have a secondary effect as antioxidants (e.g., phosphorus-containing antiwear agents (e.g., ZDDP) may also have an antioxidant effect). These additives are not included as antioxidants for purposes of determining the amount of antioxidant in a lubricating oil composition or concentrate herein.

[0121] F. Pour Point Depressants If necessary, conventional pour point depressants (also known as lubricant flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present disclosure. These pour point depressants may be added to the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkyl fumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, and allyl vinyl ethers. Useful pour point depressants and / or their preparations are described in U.S. Patents 1,815,022; 2,015,748; 2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655,479; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715. Such additives may be used in amounts of about 0.01 to 5 mass %, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 mass %, based on the mass of the lubricating composition.

[0122] G. Foam inhibitor Advantageously, antifoaming agents may be added to the lubricant compositions described herein. Antifoaming agents prevent or delay the formation of stable foam. Silicones and / or organic polymers are typical antifoaming agents. For example, silicone oils or polysiloxanes such as polydimethylsiloxane provide antifoaming properties. The foam inhibitor is a commercially available product and may be used in a small amount, for example, 5% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less, 1% by mass or less, 0.1% by mass or less, for example, 5% by mass to 0.1 ppm, for example, 3% by mass to 0.5 ppm, for example, 1% by mass to 10 ppm. For example, the lubricating oil composition may include an antifoam agent that includes a polyalkylsiloxane, such as a polydialkylsiloxane, for example, where alkyl is C1-C 10 The alkyl group is, for example, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as silicone oil. Alternatively, the siloxane is poly(R 3 ) siloxane, wherein R 3are one or more of the same or different linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl, such as alkyl or aryl, typically having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. For example, the lubricating oil composition may include a polymeric siloxane compound according to formula 1 below, where R 1 and R 2 is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl, phenyl, naphthyl, alkyl-substituted phenyl, or an isomer thereof (e.g., methyl, phenyl), and n is 2 to 1000, such as 50 to 450, or such as 40 to 100.

[0123] Additionally or alternatively, the lubricating oil composition may contain organo-modified siloxanes (OMS), such as polyethers (e.g., ethylene-propylene oxide copolymers), long chain hydrocarbyls (e.g., C 11 -C 100 alkyl), or aryl (e.g. C6-C 14 For example, the lubricating oil composition may include an organo-modified siloxane compound according to formula 1, where n is 2 to 2000, such as 50 to 450 (or for example 40 to 100), and R 1 and R 2 are the same or different, and optionally, R 1 and R 2 are each independently an organo group, such as a polyether (e.g., ethylene-propylene oxide copolymer), a long chain hydrocarbyl (e.g., C 11 -C 100 alkyl), or aryl (e.g. C6-C 14 aryl). Preferably, R 1 and R 2 One of them is CH3. [ka]

[0124] Siloxanes according to formula 1 are incorporated to provide from about 0.1 to less than about 30 ppm Si, or from about 0.1 to about 25 ppm Si, or from about 0.1 to about 20 ppm Si, or from about 0.1 to about 15 ppm Si, or from about 0.1 to about 10 ppm Si, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. More preferably, the amount of Si is in the range of from about 3 to about 10 ppm. In embodiments, silicone antifoam agents useful herein are available from Dow Corning and Union Carbide, including, for example, FS-1265 (1000 centistokes) from Dow Corning, DC-200 from Dow Corning, and UC-L45 from Union Carbide. Silicone antifoam agents useful herein include polydimethylsiloxanes, phenyl-methylpolysiloxanes, linear, cyclic, or branched siloxanes, silicone polymers and copolymers, and / or organo-silicone copolymers. They may also be substituted or included with siloxane polyether copolymer antifoam agents available from OSI Specialties, Inc., Farmington Hills, Michigan. One such material is sold under the trade name SILWET-L-7220. Acrylate polymeric antifoam agents may also be used herein. Exemplary acrylate defoamers include a polyacrylate defoamer available from Monsanto Polymer Products known as PC-1244. A preferred acrylate polymeric antifoam agent useful herein is PX™ 3841 (i.e., an alkyl acrylate polymer) available from Dorf Ketl, also known as Mobilad™ C402. In an embodiment, a silicone antifoaming agent and an acrylate antifoaming agent can be used in combination, for example, a mass ratio of the silicone antifoaming agent to the acrylate antifoaming agent can be about 5: 1 to about 1: 5. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0189283.

[0125] H. Viscosity modifier Viscosity modifiers (also referred to as viscosity index improvers or viscosity improvers) other than the comb copolymer viscosity modifiers described in section B2 above can be included in the lubricating compositions described herein. Viscosity modifiers impart high and low temperature operability to the lubricant. These additives provide shear stability at high temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures. Suitable viscosity modifiers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters, and viscosity modifier dispersants that function as both viscosity modifiers and dispersants. Typical molecular weights of these polymers are about 10,000 to 1,500,000 g / mol, more typically about 20,000 to 1,200,000 g / mol, and even more typically about 50,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol. Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers include linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity modifier. Another suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylates not falling within the description of B2 above (e.g., copolymers of alkyl methacrylates of various chain lengths), some formulations of which also act as pour point depressants. Other suitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates not falling within the description of B2 above (e.g., copolymers of acrylates of various chain lengths). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene based polymers with molecular weights of 50,000 to 200,000 g / mol. Copolymers useful as viscosity modifiers include those available from Chevron Oronite under the tradename "PARATONE™" (e.g., "PARATONE™ 8921", "PARATONE™ 68231", "PARATONE™ 8941"); those available from Afton Chemical under the tradename "HiTEC™" (e.g., HiTEC™ 5850B, and HiTEC™ 5777); and those available from Lubrizol under the tradename "Lubrizol™ 7067C". Hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers useful as viscosity modifiers herein include those available from Infineum International under the tradenames, e.g., "SV200™" and "SV600™". Hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers useful as viscosity modifiers herein are available from Infineum International under the tradename, e.g., "SV50™". Polymers useful herein as viscosity modifiers include polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, such as linear polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers available from Evоnik Industries under the trade name "Viscoplex™" (e.g., Viscoplex™ 6-954), or star polymers available from Lubrizol under the trade name Asteric™ (e.g., Lubrizol™ 87708 and Lubrizol™ 87725).

[0126] The vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful herein as viscosity modifiers may be derived from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers, such as styrenic monomers, such as styrene. Exemplary vinyl aromatic-containing copolymers useful herein may be represented by the following general formula: A-B, where A is a polymeric block derived primarily from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers (e.g., styrene) and B is a polymeric block derived primarily from conjugated diene monomers (e.g., isoprene). Vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful as viscosity modifiers may have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of 20 cSt or less, such as 15 cSt or less, for example 12 cSt or less, but may also be diluted (e.g., in Group I, II, and / or III base stocks) to higher kinematic viscosities at 100°C of 40 cSt or more, for example 100 cSt or more, for example 1000 cSt or more, such as 1000-2000 cSt. Typically, the viscosity modifier may be used in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10 mass %, such as from about 0.1 to about 7 mass %, for example from about 0.1 to about 4 mass %, for example from about 0.2 to about 2 mass %, for example from about 0.2 to about 1 mass %, and for example from about 0.2 to about 0.5 mass %, based on the total mass of the formulated lubricant composition. Viscosity modifiers are typically added as concentrates in large amounts of diluent oil. "As delivered" viscosity modifiers typically contain 20-75% by weight of active polymer of a polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymer, or 8-20% by weight of active polymer of an olefin copolymer, hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymer, or hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymer in the "as delivered" polymer concentrate.

[0127] I. Dispersants During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation by-products are generated. Dispersants help to keep these by-products in solution and reduce their deposition on metal surfaces. The dispersants used in formulating the lubricating compositions herein may be ashless or have ash-forming properties. Preferably, the dispersants are ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that do not substantially form ash upon combustion. For example, dispersants that contain non-metals or do not contain metal borate are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents tend to form ash upon combustion. Dispersants useful herein, other than those described in B1 above, typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. The hydrocarbon chain typically has 40-500 carbon atoms, e.g., 50-400 carbon atoms. When used in the context of functionalized polymers that function as dispersants, the molecular weight is typically reported in terms of the base polymer before modification. For example, the molecular weight of PIBSA-PAM dispersants is typically reported for the base polymer before functionalization with the acylating agent (maleic acid or anhydride) and functional group (e.g., polyamine). Thus, in this specification, the molecular weight of a dispersant is assigned from the molecular weight of the base polymer from which the dispersant is derived.

[0128] Dispersants of (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives A particularly useful class of dispersants includes (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives, which are usually formed by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chain hydrocarbyl group which constitutes the lipophilic part of the molecule that confers solubility in oil is often a polyisobutylene group (typically the Mn of the long chain hydrocarbyl group such as a polyisobutylene group is 400-3000 g / mol, such as 450-2500 g / mol, e.g. 800-2500 g / mol, or even 1000-1500 g / mol). Many examples of this type of dispersant are known commercially and in the literature. Examples of U.S. patents describing such dispersants include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,2145,707; 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374, and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersants are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; Dispersants useful herein are described in, for example, European Patent Applications 0 471 071 and 0 451 380, to which reference is made for the present purposes.

[0129] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular, succinimides, succinic esters, or succinic ester amides prepared by reacting a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or anhydride compound (usually having at least 25 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, e.g., 28 to 400 carbon atoms) with at least one equivalent of a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound (e.g., an alkylene amine) are particularly useful herein. The number average molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives may be at least 400 g / mol, such as at least 900 g / mol, such as at least 1500 g / mol, such as 400 to 4000 g / mol, such as 800 to 3000 g / mol, such as 2000 to 2800 g / mol, such as about 2100 to 2500 g / mol, such as about 2200 to about 2400 g / mol. Succinimides particularly useful herein are typically formed by the condensation reaction of: 1) a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride, such as polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA); and 2) a polyamine (PAM). Examples of suitable polyamines include: polyhydrocarbyl polyamines, polyalkylene polyamines, hydroxy-substituted polyamines, polyoxyalkylene polyamines, and combinations thereof. Examples of polyamines include tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA), pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA), and other polyamines having an average of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule. Mixtures with more than seven nitrogen atoms per polyamine molecule are commonly referred to as heavy polyamines or H-PAMs and may be commercially available under trade names such as HPA™ and HPA-X™ from Dow Chemical and E-100™ from Huntsman Chemical. Examples of hydroxy-substituted polyamines include N-hydroxyalkyl-alkylene polyamines such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and / or N-hydroxyalkylated alkylenediamines, for example of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,009. Examples of polyoxyalkylene polyamines include polyoxyethylene and / or polyoxypropylene diamines and triamines (and copolymers thereof) having an average Mn of about 200 to about 5000 g / mol. Products of this type are commercially available under the trade name Jeffamine™. Representative examples of useful succinimides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; 3,652,616; 3,948,800; and 6,821,307; and Canadian Patent No. 1,094,044.

[0130] Succinic acid esters useful as dispersants include those formed by the condensation reaction of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with an alcohol or polyol. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride with pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant. The succinic acid ester amides useful herein are formed by the condensation reaction of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides with alkanolamines.Suitable alkanolamines include ethoxylated polyalkyl polyamines, propoxylated polyalkyl polyamines, and polyalkenyl polyamines, such as polyethylene polyamines, and / or propoxylated hexamethylene diamines.Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,305. Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride (e.g., PIBSA) esters of hydrocarbyl-bridged aryloxy alcohols are also useful as dispersants herein. For information regarding such dispersants, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,603, particularly column 2, line 65 to column 6, line 22 and column 23, line 40 to column 26, line 46. In particular, PIBSA esters of methylene-bridged naphthyloxyethanols (i.e., 2-hydroxyethyl-1-naphthol ether (or hydroxy-terminated ethylene oxide polymeric ethers of naphthol)) are useful herein.

[0131] The (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives described herein, such as PIBSA, PIBSA-PAM, PIBSA esters, PIBSA ester amides, etc., are typically derived from a (poly)alkenyl material such as polyisobutylene, and typically have a molecular weight (Mn) of 350-4000 g / mol, such as 400-3000 g / mol, for example 450-2800 g / mol, such as 800-2500 g / mol, or even 1000-1500 g / mol, such as 1200-1400 g / mol. The molecular weight (Mn) of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride used in the preceding paragraph is usually in the range of 350-4000 g / mol, such as 400-3000 g / mol, for example 450-2800 g / mol, for example 800-2500 g / mol, or even 1000-1500 g / mol, for example 1200-1400 g / mol. The dispersant may comprise one or more PIBSA-PAMs, where the PIB is derived from polyisobutylene with Mn of 600-5000 (such as 700-4000, such as 800-3000, such as 900-2500 g / mol, or even 1000-1500 g / mol, such as 1200-1400 g / mol, such as about 1300 g / mol) and the polyamine is derived from hydrocarbyl substituted polyamines such as tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA) and other polyamines having an average of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule.

[0132] The dispersant may comprise one or more PIBSA-PAMs, where the PIB is derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 1000-1500 g / mol (e.g., 1200-1400 g / mol, e.g., about 1300 g / mol) and the polyamine is derived from a hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine, such as tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA), and other polyamines having an average of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule. The dispersant comprises at least one first PIBSA-PAM, the PIB of which is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of 1000-1500 g / mol, such as 1200-1400 g / mol, for example about 1300 g / mol, and at least one PIBSA-PAM, the PIB of which is derived from polyisobutylene having an Mn of more than 1500 g / mol to 5000 g / mol (e.g. 1550-5000 g / mol, such as 1600-4000 g / mol, for example 1800-3000 g / mol, for example 1900-2500 g / mol, or even 2000-2500 g / mol). wherein the polyamines used to prepare the first and second PIBSA-PAM are the same or different and are typically derived from hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamines such as tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (ADPA), and other polyamines having an average of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 nitrogen atoms per molecule.

[0133] The (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives described above can be post-reacted with a variety of reagents, such as carbonates, sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid. The dispersant may also comprise one or more cyclic carbonates other than those described in B1 above, such as 1,3-dioxolan-2-one (ethylene carbonate), post-treated (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives. The dispersant may be contained in the lubricant in an amount of 0.1 to 20% by mass of the composition, such as 0.2 to 15% by mass of the lubricating oil composition, for example 0.25 to 10% by mass, such as 0.3 to 5% by mass, for example 1.0 to 3.0% by mass. The (poly)alkenyl succinic acid derivatives described above can also be post-reacted with a boron compound, such as boric acid, a borate ester, or a highly borated dispersant, to form a borated dispersant which generally contains from about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product. Dispersants useful herein include borated succinimides, including derivatives derived from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and / or mixtures of mono-succinimides and bis-succinimides, where the hydrocarbyl succinimides are derived from hydrocarbylene groups, such as polyisobutylene having an Mn of from about 300 to about 5000 g / mole, or from about 500 to about 3000 g / mole, or from about 1000 to about 2000 g / mole, or mixtures of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with highly terminal vinyl groups.

[0134] The boron-containing dispersant may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 mass %, or 0.1 to 15 mass %, or 0.1 to 10 mass %, or 0.5 to 8 mass %, or 1.0 to 6.5 mass %, or 0.5 to 2.2 mass %, based on the lubricating composition. The boron-containing dispersant may be present in an amount to provide from 15 to 2000 ppm, or from 25 to 1000 ppm, or from 40 to 600 ppm, or from 80 to 350 ppm of boron to the composition. The borated dispersants may be used in combination with non-borated dispersants and may be the same compound as the non-borated dispersant or may be different compounds. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition may include one or more boron-containing dispersants and one or more non-borated dispersants, where the total amount of dispersants is 0.01-20 wt.%, or 0.1-15 wt.%, or 0.1-10 wt.%, or 0.5-8 wt.%, or 1.0-6.5 wt.%, or 0.5-2.2 wt.%, based on the lubricating composition, and the ratio of borated dispersant to non-borated dispersant is 1:10-10:1 (wt:wt), or 1:5-3:1, or 1:3-2:1. The dispersant may include one or more borated or non-borated poly(alkenyl) succinimides, where the polyalkynyl is derived from polyisobutylene and the imide is derived from a polyamine ("PIBSA-PAM").

[0135] The dispersant may comprise one or more borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700-1800 g / mol (e.g. 800-1500 g / mol) and one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of greater than 1800 g / mol to 5000 g / mol (e.g. 2000-3000 g / mol). The dispersant may comprise one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of 700-1800 g / mol (e.g. 800-1500 g / mol) and one or more borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having an Mn of greater than 1800 g / mol to 5000 g / mol (e.g. 2000-3000 g / mol). The dispersant may comprise a PIBSA derived from PIB having a Mn of 700-5000 g / mol (e.g., 800-3000 g / mol) and one or more borated or non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having a Mn of 700-5000 g / mol. The dispersant may comprise a PIBSA derived from PIB having a Mn of 700-5000 g / mol (e.g., 800-3000 g / mol) and one or more borated or non-borated PIBSA-PAMs derived from PIB having a Mn of 700-5000 g / mol.

[0136] The dispersant may comprise PIBSA derived from PIB having an Mn of 700-5000 g / mol (e.g. 800-3000 g / mol), and one or more borated PIBSA-PAM derived from PIB having an Mn of 700-1800 g / mol (e.g. 800-1500 g / mol), and one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAM derived from PIB having an Mn of greater than 1800 g / mol to 5000 g / mol (e.g. 2000-3000 g / mol). The dispersant may comprise PIBSA derived from PIB with Mn between 700 and 5000 g / mol (e.g. between 800 and 3000 g / mol), one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAM derived from PIB with Mn between 700 and 1800 g / mol (e.g. between 800 and 1500 g / mol), and one or more borated PIBSA-PAM derived from PIB with Mn greater than 1800 g / mol to 5000 g / mol (e.g. between 2000 and 3000 g / mol). The dispersant may comprise one or more high molecular weight (Mn greater than or equal to 1600 g / mol, e.g. between 1800 and 3000 g / mol) succinimides, optionally borated, and one or more low molecular weight (Mn less than 1600 g / mol) succinimides, optionally borated. Here, the high molecular weight may be 1600 to 3000 g / mol, for example, 1700 to 2800 g / mol, for example, 1800 to 2500 g / mol, for example, 1850 to 2300 g / mol; the low molecular weight may be 600 to less than 1600 g / mol, for example, 650 to 1500 g / mol, for example, 700 to 1400 g / mol, for example, 800 to 1300 g / mol, for example, 850 to 1200 g / mol, for example, 900 to 1150 g / mol, for example, 900 to 1000 g / mol. The high molecular weight succinimide dispersant may be included in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 to 10 mass %, or 0.8 to 6 mass %, or 1.0 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 4.0 mass %; the low molecular weight succinimide dispersant may be included in the lubricating composition in an amount of 1 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 4.8 mass %, or 1.8 to 4.6 mass %, or 1.9 to 4.6 mass %, or 2 mass % or more, for example 2 to 5 mass %.The low molecular weight succinimide may be different from the high molecular weight succinimide, and the difference in molecular weight is 500 g / mol or more, for example, 750 g / mol or more, for example, 1000 g / mol or more, for example, 1200 g / mol or more, for example, 500 to 3000 g / mol, for example, 750 to 2000 g / mol, for example, 1000 to 1500 g / mol.

[0137] The dispersant may comprise one or more borated or non-borated PIBSA-PAMs, and one or more PIBSA-esters of hydrocarbyl bridged aryloxy alcohols. The dispersant may include one or more borated PIBSA-PAM and one or more non-borated PIBSA-PAM. The dispersant may comprise one or more high molecular weight (Mn ≥ 1600 g / mol, e.g. 1800-3000 g / mol) PIBSA-PAM, optionally borated, and one or more low molecular weight (Mn < 1600 g / mol) PIBSA-PAM, optionally borated, where high molecular weight may be 1600-3000 g / mol, e.g. 1700-2800 g / mol, e.g. 1800-2500 g / mol, e.g. 1850-2300 g / mol; low molecular weight may be 600-1600 g / mol or less, e.g. 650-1500 g / mol, e.g. 700-1400 g / mol, e.g. 800-1300 g / mol, e.g. 850-1200 g / mol, e.g. 900-11500 g / mol, e.g. 900-100 g / mol. The high molecular weight PIBSA-PAM dispersant may be included in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.5 to 10 mass %, or 0.8 to 6 mass %, or 1.0 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 4.0 mass %; the low molecular weight PIBSA-PAM dispersant may be included in the lubricating composition in an amount of 1 to 5 mass %, or 1.5 to 4.8 mass %, or 1.8 to 4.6 mass %, or 1.9 to 4.6 mass %, or 2 mass % or more, for example 2 to 5 mass %.

[0138] Mannich base dispersants Mannich base dispersants useful herein are typically prepared from the reaction of an amine component, a hydroxyaromatic compound (substituted or unsubstituted, e.g., alkyl substituted), such as an alkylphenol, with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde. See U.S. Patents 4,767,551 and 10,899,986. Processing aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; 3,803,039; 4,231,759; 9,938,479; 7,491,248; and 10,899,986, as well as WO 01 / 42399.

[0139] Dispersing agent of polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivative Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another class of dispersants useful herein. These dispersants are typically prepared by reacting a nitrogen-containing monomer with a methacrylic or acrylic acid ester having from 5 to 25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,100,993 and 6,323,164. Polymethacrylate and polyacrylate dispersants are typically low molecular weight. The lubricating composition of the present disclosure typically comprises from 0.1 to 20 mass %, such as from 0.2 to 15 mass %, for example from 0.25 to 10 mass %, such as from 0.3 to 5 mass %, for example from 2.0 to 4.0 mass % of the dispersant based on the lubricating oil composition. Alternatively, the dispersant may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 5 mass %, or from 0.01 to 4 mass % based on the lubricating composition. For further information regarding dispersants useful herein, see U.S. Pat. No. 10,829,712, column 13, line 36 to column 16, line 67, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,603, column 2, line 65 to column 6, line 22, column 8, line 25 to column 14, line 53, and column 23, line 40 to column 26, line 46. Compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having a variety of functionalities that also have a secondary effect as dispersants (e.g., the Component B functionalized polymers described above may also have a dispersant effect), but these additives are not included as dispersants for purposes of determining the amount of dispersant in the lubricating oil compositions or concentrates herein.

[0140] J. Corrosion inhibitors / rust inhibitors Corrosion inhibitors may be used to reduce corrosion of metals and are often alternatively referred to as metal deactivators or metal passivators. Some corrosion inhibitors may alternatively be characterized as antioxidants. Suitable corrosion inhibitors include nitrogen and / or sulfur containing heterocyclic compounds such as triazoles (e.g., benzotriazoles), substituted thiadiazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, tetrazoles, hydroxyquinolines, oxazolines, imidazolines, thiophenes, indoles, indazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, dithiols, oxazoles, oxatriazoles, pyridines, piperazines, triazines, and derivatives of any one or more of these. A particular corrosion inhibitor is benzotriazole, represented by the following structure: [ka] In the formula, R 8 is C1-C, which may be absent (hydrogen) or linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated 20The benzotriazole is a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group. The benzotriazole may be alkyl or aromatic in nature and / or contain a ring structure with heteroatoms such as N, O, or S. Examples of suitable compounds include benzotriazole, alkyl-substituted benzotriazoles (e.g., tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole, octylbenzotriazole, etc.), aryl-substituted benzotriazoles, alkylaryl- or arylalkyl-substituted benzotriazoles, etc., and combinations thereof. For example, the triazole may include or be benzotriazole and / or alkylbenzotriazoles, where the alkyl group has from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of such corrosion inhibitors may include or be benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and / or optionally substituted benzotriazoles, such as Irgamet™ 39, available from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Preferred corrosion inhibitors may include or be benzotriazole and / or tolyltriazole. Additionally or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may include one or more N-substituted triazoles, such as 1,2,4 triazoles as described in paragraphs

[0020] to

[0044] of WO 2019 / 236441. Non-limiting examples of such corrosion inhibitors include compounds represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C1~C 22 , for example C2~C 20 For example, C3~C 18 For example, C3~C 16 , for example C3~C 12Linear, cyclic, or branched hydrocarbons, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, ethyl-hexyl, dimethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, phenyl, benzyl, and the like. R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and may be linked to form a cyclic structure. In an embodiment, a useful corrosion inhibitor is 1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-methanamine-N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl), available under the trade name Irgamet™ 30 from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Additionally, or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitors can include one or more substituted thiadiazoles represented by the following structure: [ka] In the formula, R 15 and R 16 are independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group, which may be aliphatic or aromatic, including cyclic, alicyclic, aralkyl, aryl, and alkaryl, and each w is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (preferably 2, 3, or 4, e.g., 2). These substituted thiadiazoles are derived from the 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD) molecule. Many derivatives of DMTD have been reported in the art, and any such compound may be included in the fluids used in the present disclosure. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,719,125; 2,719,126; and 3,087,937 describe the preparation of various 2,5-bis-(hydrocarbon dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.

[0141] Further, additionally or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may include one or more other derivatives of DMTD, such as carboxylic acid esters, in which R15 and R 16 may be attached to the sulfur atom of the sulfide through a carbonyl group. The preparation of these thioester-containing DMTD derivatives is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,760,933. DMTD derivatives produced by condensation of DMTD with alpha-halogenated aliphatic carboxylic acids containing at least 10 carbon atoms are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,564. This method involves the synthesis of R 15 and R 16 HOOC‐CH(R 19 )-(R 19 is a hydrocarbyl group). DMTD derivatives further prepared by amidation or esterification of these terminal carboxylic acid groups may also be useful. The preparation of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,663,561. A class of DMTD derivatives may include mixtures of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 2,5-bis-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, such as those sold under the tradename HiTEC™ 4313 and available from Afton Chemical Company.

[0142] The preparation of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,663,561. The class of DMTD derivatives may include mixtures of 2-hydrocarbyldithio-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 2,5-bis-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, such as those sold under the tradename HiTEC™ 4313 and available from Afton Chemical Company. Additionally or alternatively, the corrosion inhibitor may be B(OR 46 )3, wherein each R 46may be the same or different. It is usually desirable that the borate salt be compatible with the non-aqueous medium of the composition, so that each R 46 may in particular comprise or be a hydrocarbyl C1-C8 moiety. For compositions in which the non-aqueous medium comprises or is a lubricating oil base stock, for example, compatibility can usually be improved when the hydrocarbyl moieties are each at least C4. Thus, non-limiting examples of such corrosion inhibitors include, but are not limited to, triethyl borate, tripropyl borates such as triisopropyl borate, tributyl borates such as tri-tert-butyl borate, tripentyl borate, trihexyl borate, trioctyl borates such as tri-(2-ethylhexyl) borate, dibutyl monohexyl borate, and the like, and combinations thereof.

[0143] If used, the corrosion inhibitor may include a substituted thiadiazole, a substituted benzotriazole, a substituted triazole, a trisubstituted borate, or a combination thereof. If required, corrosion inhibitors may be used in any effective amount, but when used, typically may be used in an amount of about 0.001 to 5.0 mass %, such as 0.005 to 3.0 mass %, or 0.01 to 1.0 mass %, based on the mass of the composition. Alternatively, such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 mass %, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 mass %, based on the mass of the lubricating composition. In some embodiments, the 3,4-oxypyridinone-containing composition can be substantially free (e.g., 0%, or less than 0.001%, 0.0005% or less by weight, not intentionally added, and / or not at all) of triazoles, benzotriazoles, substituted thiadiazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, tetrazoles, hydroxyquinolines, oxazolines, imidazolines, thiophenes, indoles, indazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, dithiols, oxazoles, oxatriazoles, pyridines, piperazines, triazines, derivatives thereof, combinations thereof, or all corrosion inhibitors. Compositions according to the present disclosure may include additives having a variety of functionalities that also have a secondary effect as corrosion inhibitors (e.g., the Component B functionalized polymers described above may also have a corrosion inhibitor effect). These additives are not included as corrosion inhibitors for purposes of determining the amount of corrosion inhibitor in the lubricating oil compositions or concentrates herein.

[0144] K. Anti-wear agents The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more antiwear agents capable of reducing friction and excessive wear. Any antiwear agent known to one skilled in the art may be used in the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of suitable antiwear agents include zinc dithiophosphates, metal (e.g., Pb, Sb, Mo, etc.) salts of dithiophosphoric acids, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo, etc.) salts of dithiocarbamic acids, metal (e.g., Zn, Pb, Sb, etc.) salts of fatty acids, boron compounds, phosphate esters, phosphites, amine salts of phosphate esters or thiophosphate esters, reaction products of dicyclopentadiene and thiophosphoric acid, and combinations thereof. The amount of antiwear agent may vary from about 0.01 to about 5 mass %, from about 0.05 to about 3 mass %, or from about 0.1 to about 1 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. In embodiments, the antiwear agent is or includes a dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt, such as a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate compound. The metal of the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt may be an alkali or alkaline earth metal, or aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, nickel, or copper. In some embodiments, the metal is zinc. In other embodiments, the alkyl group of the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salt has from about 3 to about 22, from about 3 to about 18, from about 3 to about 12, or from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, the alkyl group is linear or branched.

[0145] Useful antiwear agents also include substituted or unsubstituted thiophosphoric acids, the salts of which include zinc-containing compounds, such as zinc dithiophosphate compounds selected from zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, zinc diaryldithiophosphates, and / or zinc alkylaryldithiophosphates. Metal alkylthiophosphates, more specifically metal dialkyldithiophosphates where the metal component is zinc, or zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs), can be useful components of the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure. ZDDPs can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds are generally compounds of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2, where R1 and R2 are C1-C 18 Alkyl groups, preferably C2-C 12 The alkyl groups are alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be linear or branched. The alcohols used in the ZDDP can be 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol, pentanol, hexanol, such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, alkylated phenols, and the like. Mixtures of secondary alcohols or mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols can be used. Alkylaryl groups may also be used. Useful zinc dithiophosphates include secondary zinc dithiophosphates, such as those sold by Lubrizol under the trade names "LZ677A", "LZ1095", and "LZ1371", by Chevron Oronite under the trade name "OLOA262", and by Afton Chemical under the trade name "HiTEC™ 7169".

[0146] In embodiments, the zinc compound can be a zinc dithiocarbamate complex, such as a zinc dithiocarbamate having the formula: [ka] In the formula, R Iare each independently a linear, cyclic, or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety having from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, n is 0, 1, or 2, L is a ligand that saturates the coordination sphere of zinc, and x is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, ligand L is selected from the group consisting of water, hydroxide, ammonia, amino, amide, alkylthiolate, halide, and combinations thereof.

[0147] The anti-wear additive, such as ZDDP and / or zinc carbamate, is typically used in an amount of about 0.4 to about 1.2 mass %, preferably about 0.5 to about 1.0 mass %, and more preferably about 0.6 to about 0.8 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition, although more or less than these amounts can often be used advantageously. Preferably, the anti-wear additive is a ZDDP, preferably a secondary ZDDP, present in an amount of about 0.6 to about 1.0 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating composition. Anti-wear additives useful herein also include boron-containing compounds such as borate esters, borated fatty amines, borated epoxides, alkali metal (or mixed alkali metal or alkaline earth metal) borates, and borated overbased metal salts. Compositions according to the present disclosure may contain additives having a variety of functions that also have a secondary effect as antiwear agents (e.g., the Component B functionalized polymers described above may also have an antiwear effect), but these additives are not included as antiwear agents for purposes of determining the amount of antiwear agent in the lubricating oil compositions or concentrates herein.

[0148] L. Demulsifier Demulsifiers useful herein include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,829,712 (column 20, lines 34-40). Typically, demulsifiers herein may be used in small amounts. A preferred demulsifier is described in EP 330 522. It is obtained by reacting an alkylene oxide with an adduct obtained by reacting a bis-epoxide with a polyhydric alcohol. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.001-5% by weight, preferably about 0.01-2% by weight.

[0149] M. Seal compatibility agent Other optional additives include seal compatibility agents such as organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (e.g., butyl benzyl phthalate), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives may be used in amounts of about 0.001-5% by weight, preferably about 0.01-2% by weight. In embodiments, the seal compatibility agents are sea swell agents such as PIBSA (polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride).

[0150] N. Extreme pressure agents The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure can contain one or more extreme pressure agents that can prevent sliding metal surfaces from sticking together under extreme pressure conditions. Any extreme pressure agent known to those skilled in the art can be used in the lubricating oil composition. In general, extreme pressure agents are compounds that can chemically bond with metals to form a surface film that prevents rough welding of opposing metal surfaces together under high loads. Non-limiting examples of suitable extreme pressure agents include sulfurized animal and vegetable fats and oils, sulfurized animal and vegetable fatty acid esters, fully or partially esterified esters of trivalent or pentavalent acids of phosphorus, sulfurized olefins, polysulfurized dihydrocarbyls, sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts, sulfurized dicyclopentadienes, sulfurized or co-sulfurized mixtures of fatty acid esters and monounsaturated olefins, co-sulfurized blends of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and alpha-olefins, functionally substituted polysulfurized dihydrocarbyls, thia-aldehydes, thia-ketones, epithio compounds, sulfur-containing acetal derivatives, co-sulfurized blends of terpenes and acyclic olefins, polysulfurized olefin products, amine salts of phosphates or thiophosphates, and combinations thereof. The amount of extreme pressure agent may vary from about 0.01 to about 5 mass %, from about 0.05 to about 3 mass %, or from about 0.1 to about 1 mass %, based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition.

[0151] O. Non-Base Stock Unsaturated Hydrocarbons The lubricating oil composition of the present disclosure may contain one or more unsaturated hydrocarbons. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are distinct from any base oil (Group I, II, III, IV, and / or V lubricating oil base stocks) and / or viscosity modifiers contained in the composition, which may always have at least one unsaturation per molecule (usually only one in the case of linear alpha-olefins, i.e., LAOs). Without being bound by theory, the unsaturation(s) may provide antioxidant functionality and / or sulfur trapping functionality that may complement and / or replace one or more antioxidant additives and / or one or more corrosion inhibitor additives, but the unsaturated hydrocarbons (LAOs) do not usually provide only antioxidant functionality or only corrosion inhibitor functionality to the lubricating oil composition. Non-limiting examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons include one or more unsaturated C 12 -C 60 Hydrocarbons (e.g. C12 -C 48 Hydrocarbons, C 12 -C 36 Hydrocarbons, C 12 -C 30 Hydrocarbon, or C 12 -C 24 When there is only one unsaturation, the unsaturated hydrocarbon may be referred to as a linear alpha-olefin (LAO). Other non-limiting examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons include polyisobutylene multimers / polymers that retain (or are post-polymerization modified to have) terminal (near) unsaturation, and / or blends thereof. When present, the unsaturated hydrocarbon (LAO) may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt %, particularly 0.1 to 3 wt %, or alternatively 0.1 to 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

[0152] When the lubricating oil composition contains one or more of the additives described above, the additive(s) are typically present in the composition in an amount sufficient to perform its intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure, particularly for use in crankcase lubricants, are set forth in the table below. It should be noted that many of the additives are shipped from the additive manufacturer as concentrates that contain one or more additives along with a specific amount of base oil or other diluent. Thus, the mass amounts in the table below and other amounts set forth herein are intended to be the amount of active ingredient (i.e., the non-diluent portion of the ingredient). The mass percentages (wt%) set forth below are based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. [Table 1]

[0153] [Table 2]

[0154] [Table 3]

[0155] The aforementioned additives are typically commercially available materials. These additives may be added individually, but are usually pre-added in packages available from lubricant additive suppliers. Additive packages are available with a variety of ingredients, ratios, and properties, and the appropriate package is selected having regard to the intended use of the final composition.

[0156] fuel The present disclosure also relates to a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle during engine operation, the method comprising the steps of: (i) supplying to a crankcase of an internal combustion engine of an automobile and to an automobile crankcase a lubricating composition as described herein; (ii) supplying a hydrocarbon fuel to an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle; and (iii) combusting the fuel in an automotive internal combustion engine, such as a spark ignition or compression ignition two-stroke or four-stroke reciprocating engine, such as a diesel engine or a passenger car engine (e.g. a spark ignition combustion engine).

[0157] The present disclosure also relates to a fuel composition comprising the lubricating oil composition described herein and a hydrocarbon fuel, where the fuel may be derived from petroleum and / or biological sources ("biofuel" or "renewable fuel"). In embodiments, the fuel comprises 0.1 to 100 mass % of the renewable fuel, alternatively 1 to 75 mass % of the renewable fuel, alternatively 5 to 50 mass % of the renewable fuel, based on 1 to 50 mass % of the total renewable fuel and petroleum-derived fuel. Renewable fuel components are typically produced from vegetable oils (e.g., palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, jatropha oil), microbial oils (e.g., algae oil), animal fats (e.g., edible oils, animal fats, and / or fish oils), and / or biogas. Renewable fuels refer to biofuels produced from biological resources formed through modern biological methods. In one embodiment, the renewable fuel components are produced by hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing includes various reactions in which molecular hydrogen reacts with other components or components are molecularly transformed in the presence of molecular hydrogen and a solid catalyst. The reactions include, but are not limited to, hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodemetallization, hydrocracking, and isomerization. Renewable fuel components may have various distillation ranges that impart desired properties to the components depending on the intended use.

[0158] Purpose The lubricating compositions of the present disclosure may be used to lubricate machine engine parts by adding a lubricant, particularly in internal combustion engines, such as spark ignition, spark assisted compression ignition, or compression ignition two-stroke or four-stroke reciprocating engines. Typically, the lubricating composition is a crankcase lubricant, such as a passenger car motor oil or a heavy duty diesel engine lubricant. In particular, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for use in lubricating the crankcase of compression ignition internal combustion engines, such as heavy duty diesel engines. In particular, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for use in lubricating the crankcase of spark ignition, turbocharged internal combustion engines. In particular, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for use in lubricating the passenger vehicle crankcase of a spark-ignited, optionally turbocharged, internal combustion engine.

[0159] In an embodiment, the lubricating oils of the present disclosure are used in spark assisted high compression internal combustion engines, and when used in high compression spark ignition internal combustion engines, the lubricating oil compositions of the present disclosure are useful for lubricating high compression spark ignition engines. In an embodiment, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for use in lubricating the crankcase of engines for heavy duty diesel vehicles (heavy duty diesel vehicles having a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or greater). In an embodiment, the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure are suitable for use in lubricating the crankcase of passenger car diesel engines. In particular, the lubricating oil formulations of the present disclosure are particularly useful in compression ignition internal combustion engines, i.e., heavy duty diesel engines, that employ low viscosity oils such as API FA-4 and future oil categories where valve train wear protection is challenging. The use of the compositions described herein, particularly those having flat viscosity characteristics, improves fuel efficiency. Lubricating oil compositions containing the comb copolymers described herein, particularly in combination with the capped dispersants described herein, promote improved fuel economy compared to Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 lubricant.

[0160] The present disclosure further relates to: 1. A lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant derived from a polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing cleaning agent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one copolymer viscosity modifier, such as: 1) the ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; 3) A copolymer viscosity modifier having a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when 1), 2), and 3) are measured for a blend of the copolymer viscosity modifier with a Group III base oil having a KV100 (ASTM D445) of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, the blend having a KV100 of about 8 cSt. A lubricating oil composition comprising or blending these. 2. The capped dispersant is represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that all R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10; each R 13 are individually acetyl groups or two adjacent R 13 The groups may be bonded to each other. Item 1. The lubricating oil composition according to item 1. 3. The lubricating oil composition according to item 1 or 2, wherein the copolymer viscosity modifier is a comb copolymer having repeat units derived from a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomer. 4. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1, 2, or 3, wherein the Group III base oil of component (v) has a KV140 of 2 cSt, a KV20 of 44 cSt, and a KV70 of 19 cSt (ASTM D445). 5. A lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant derived from a polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole and represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that all R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10; each R 13 are individually acetyl groups, or two adjacent R 13the groups may be linked together, capped dispersants; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing cleaning agent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c)C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C1-C having the following structure (II): 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 a monomer exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer. A lubricating oil composition comprising or blending these. 6. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising a metal alkylthiophosphate, wherein the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol. 7. The lubricating oil composition according to paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the alkyl group of the metal alkylthiophosphate is derived from at least one primary alcohol and at least one secondary alcohol. 8. The lubricating oil composition of paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the metal alkylthiophosphate comprises one or more zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, the alkyl groups being derived at least in part from a secondary alcohol or a mixture of primary and secondary alcohols. 9. The metal alkylthiophosphate is represented by the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2, wherein R1 and R2 are each independently C1-C 18 alkyl groups, preferably one, two, three, and / or four of R and R are secondary C-C 12 Item 9. The lubricating oil composition according to item 6, 7, or 8, wherein the alkyl group is an alkyl group. 10. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 9, further comprising: 1) a molybdenum-containing material providing 20 to 40 ppm Mo to the lubricating oil composition; 2) a zinc alkylthiophosphate, the alkyl group of which is derived from at least one secondary alcohol; and 3) about 3.3 wt. % of a capped dispersant. 11. In the lubricating oil composition preferably: a) a volatility, as measured by the Noack test (ASTM D5800, procedure B), of 30% by weight or less (e.g., 15 to 30% by weight, e.g., 19 to 28% by weight), based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; and / or b) the ratio of detergent-derived calcium to detergent-derived magnesium is between 10:1 and 2:1; and / or c) The total soap content is less than 30 mmol. Item 11. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 10. 12. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the capped dispersant is an ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA PAM composition derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol and polyamine. 13. Also contains one or more of the following ingredients: D) one or more friction modifiers; E) one or more antioxidants; F) one or more pour point depressants; G) one or more antifoam agents; H) one or more viscosity modifiers other than the comb copolymers of (v); I) one or more dispersants; J) one or more corrosion and / or rust inhibitors; and / or K) one or more anti-wear agents 13. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 12, comprising: 14. The lubricating oil composition comprising: A) the base oil is contained in an amount of 50 to 99 mass% based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition; B) the cap-type dispersant is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 10 mass % based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; C1) the detergent is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mass% based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; C2) The copolymer viscosity modifier is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 10 mass% based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Item 14. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 13. 15. The lubricating oil composition comprising: D) the one or more friction modifiers are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; E) the one or more antioxidants are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; F) the one or more pour point depressants are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; G) the one or more foam inhibitors are optionally present in an amount of 0.001 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; H) the one or more viscosity modifiers other than (v) are optionally present in an amount of 0.001 to 6 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; I) the one or more dispersants are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 20 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; J) The one or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors are optionally contained in an amount of 0.01 to 5 mass % based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. Item 15. The lubricating oil composition according to item 14. 16. The lubricating oil composition according to any one of items 1 to 15, which is a passenger car motor oil, a light-duty diesel engine oil, or a heavy-duty diesel engine oil. 17. A method of lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (i) supplying to a crankcase of the internal combustion engine a lubricating oil composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16; (ii) supplying a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, and / or an alternative fuel to the internal combustion engine; and (iii) combusting the fuel in the internal combustion engine. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the internal combustion engine is an automotive internal combustion engine. 19. The method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the internal combustion engine is a gasoline or diesel automotive internal combustion engine. 20. A concentrate comprising: (i) less than 50 mass% of a base oil, based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole and represented by the formula: [ka] In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that all R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10 (e.g., 1 to 8); each R 13 are individually acetyl groups, or two adjacent R 13a capped dispersant, the groups of which may be linked together; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing detergent and at least one calcium-containing detergent, wherein the ratio of calcium from the detergent to magnesium from the detergent is from 10:1 to 2:1; (iv) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c)C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C1-C having the following structure (II): 18 Alkyl end capped or C6-C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers, and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is H, C1‐C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C6-C 20 a monomer exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0 weight percent comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; (v) optionally, a metal alkylthiophosphate, where the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol; (vi) optionally, a molybdenum-containing compound, and (vii) optionally, an antioxidant Concentrate containing. 21. A lubricating oil composition (for example, the composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16), comprising a PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition derived from a first polyamine and a first PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol, and the viscosity of the PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition is 100 sec -1 At a shear rate of 0.01 to 0.03 Pa.s, -1 At a shear rate of 1000 s, the shear rate is 0.15 Pa.s or less (Haake carbon black test, 9 mass% carbon black, 1 to 10 s -1 and 10~1000s -1 (shear rate range), lubricating oil composition. 22. A lubricating oil composition (e.g., a composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16), comprising a first PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition derived from a first polyamine and a first PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol, the viscosity (Pa·s) of the first PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition being 100 sec. or more lower than that of the same lubricating oil composition, but in which the first PIBSA-PAM composition is replaced by a physical mixture of two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants based on second and third polyamines, which are identical to each other and to the first polyamine, and second and third PIB polymers having number average molecular weights of 800 to 1000 g / mol and 2100 to 2400 g / mol, respectively. -1 At shear rates of 10 sec, the shear rate is at least 30% lower. -1 At shear rates of 10s, the shear rate is at least about 55% lower (Haake carbon black test, 9% by weight carbon black, 1-10s -1 and 10~1000s -1shear rate range), wherein the amounts of two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants are selected such that the weighted average number average molecular weight of the combined second and third PIBs is approximately equal to the number average molecular weight of the first PIB. 23. Ethylene carbonate capped dispersants derived from polyisobutylene having Mn between 800 and 1600 g / mol. 24. The ethylene carbonate-capped dispersant according to item 23, wherein the ethylene carbonate-capped dispersant is derived from a polymer having an Mn of 1200 to 1400 g / mol. 25. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization containing at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C3-C8 alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers (e.g., butyl methacrylate); (c)C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers (e.g., lauryl methacrylate); and (d) C6-C having the following structure (II) 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C6-C 20 Monomers exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap where: 1)(c)C 12 -C 24The repeating unit of the alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer is contained in an amount of 16 to less than 21 mass% (e.g., 16.5 to less than 20.0 mass%, for example, 17 to less than 19.5 mass%) based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 2)(d)C6‐C 20 The repeat units of aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomers are present in an amount of 3 to 7% by weight based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; 3) the combination of (c) and (d) collectively contains greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; Polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier. 26. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization containing at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) butyl methacrylate; (c) lauryl methacrylate; and (d) C6-C having the following structure (II) 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: [ka] In the formula, R 2 represents hydrogen or C1-C2 alkyl, and m is -(CH2) m - is 2 to 6, n is 1 to 10, and R 1 is C6-C 20 Monomers that represent aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl end caps where: 1) (c) the repeating unit of lauryl methacrylate monomer is contained in an amount of 16.5 to less than 20 mass% based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 2)(d)C6‐C 20 The repeat units of aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C2-C6 oxyalkyl or C2-C6 oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomers are present in an amount of 3 to 7% by weight based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; 3) the combination of (c) and (d) collectively contains greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; Item 26. The polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier according to item 25. 27. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier, such as: 1) the ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; 3) A blend of a copolymer viscosity modifier and a Group III base oil having a KV100 of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, having a KV100 of about 8 cSt, has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when 1), 2), and 3) are measured. Polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier. 28. VI is about 120 and Kv 100 Group III base oils with a Kv of about 4 cSt also have 140 is about 2cSt, and Kv 20 is about 44cSt, and Kv 70 28. The polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier of claim 27, wherein the viscosity modifier has a viscosity of about 19 cSt. 29. Use of a lubricating oil composition, method, or concentrate according to paragraphs 1 to 28 for improving fuel economy such that FEI (fuel economy improvement) is greater than Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 lubricant by a difference of more than 10% (e.g. more than 15%, such as more than 20%, such as more than 25%), comprising introducing into an internal combustion engine a lubricating oil composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16 and operating the engine. 30. Use of the lubricating oil composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16 for imparting flat oil viscosity characteristics to 0W-20, 0W-16, 0W-12, 0W-8 SAE viscosity formulations of said lubricating oil composition. 31. The lubricating oil composition according to paragraphs 1 to 16, further comprising: 1) a molybdenum-containing material providing 20 to 30 ppm Mo to the lubricating oil composition; 2) a zinc alkylthiophosphate, the alkyl group of which is derived from at least one secondary alcohol and at least one primary alcohol; and 3) about 3.3 wt. % of a capped dispersant.

[0161] The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the present disclosure. experiment All molecular weights are number average molecular weights (Mn) reported in g / mole as determined by gel permeation chromatography with a polystyrene standard, excluding components based on / derived from polyisobutylene (PIB) polymers. PIB-derived materials are listed according to gel permeation chromatography with a PIB standard (including BASF PIB under the trade name Glissopal™, where the manufacturer reports that a PIB standard was used). Unless otherwise indicated, "AI", "ai", and "ai" are the active ingredient as weight percent.

[0162] Test procedure KV150 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 150° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV140 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 140° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV130 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 130° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV120 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 120° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV110 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 110° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV100 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 100° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV90 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 90° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV80 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 80° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV70 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 70° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV60 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 60° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV50 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 50° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV40 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 40° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV30 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 30° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. KV20 is the kinematic viscosity measured at 20° C. according to ASTM D445-19a. Viscosity index is determined in accordance with ASTM D2270. The sulfur content of the oil is determined according to ASTM D5185. Sulfated ash ("SASH") content is measured by ASTM D874. Phosphorus, boron, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, and magnesium contents are determined by ASTM D5185.

[0163] High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at 150° C. ("HTHS150") was determined at 150° C. in accordance with ASTM D4683 and is reported in cPs. High Temperature High Shear Viscosity at 100° C. ("HTHS100") was determined at 100° C. according to ASTM D6616 and is reported in cPs. Functionality (Fv) is a measure of the average number of acid groups per reaction product of PIB and maleic anhydride. Fv is determined according to the following Equation 1: Fv = (SAP × M n ) / ((1122×AI)-(SAP×MW)) (1) where SAP is the saponification number (i.e., the number of milligrams of KOH consumed to completely neutralize the acid groups in one gram of succinic acid-containing reaction product, as determined in accordance with ASTM D94); M n is the number average molecular weight of the starting olefin polymer (polybutene); AI is the percentage actives in the succinic acid-containing reaction product (the remainder being unreacted polybutene and diluent); MW is the molecular weight of the dicarboxylic acid product (98 for maleic anhydride).

[0164] Haake Carbon Black Test. The dispersibility of carbon black is determined by mixing the base oil and additive components to form a compounded oil. 9% by weight of carbon black powder is added to the compounded oil and the sample is mixed overnight at 100°C. The viscosity of the carbon black dispersion is then measured in a Haake rheometer at 1-10 sec. -1 and 10 to 1000 seconds -1 The shear rate range is measured. The simulated fuel economy improvement (%FEI) is calculated based on the JASO M366 operating point, generally based on a 0W-20 reference oil (e.g., Examples 1 and 2, Table 3) or a 0W-8 reference oil (commercial Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1, e.g., Examples 3-16, Tables 6 and 9) (higher simulated FEI% values ​​are considered to indicate better fuel efficiency). The coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation) of the use was 8.4% based on the evaluation of the reference oil in the same motorized friction rig (Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine). The engine is operated at constant engine speed, temperature (oil and coolant), and varying peak cylinder pressure (PCP). The candidate improved oil and the reference oil were used to compare the formulations. The test program consisted of six different oil and coolant temperatures (14-115°C) and six different engine speeds (700-3000 rpm). To ensure that additive effects on friction are not carried over from one oil candidate to the next, a flushing procedure is performed before changing each oil for another test. The engine is run from hot to cold with speed sweeps at each temperature.

[0165] From the torque values ​​at the steady state points, the torque values ​​(Nm) of the candidate and reference formulations at the six JASO M366 operating points are calculated. Next, the torque values ​​(Nm) of the candidate and reference formulations at each JASO M366 operating point are converted to work (kilowatts) using the following formula:

number

number

number

[0166] material [Table 5-1] [Table 5-2] [Table 5-3] EXAMPLES

[0167] Example A: Low Mn PIB for PIBSA-PAM Table A1 lists dispersants prepared from isobutylene polymers (PIB) using thermal methods known in the art for the maleation step, reacted with maleic anhydride (to form PIBSA), and then reacted with polyethyleneamines (to form PIBSA-PAM). * It should be noted that both PIBSA-PAMs were prepared from a mixture of HR-PIB with Mn of 2300 (Glissopal™ 2300, 40.8% by weight) and low molecular weight HR-PIB with Mn of 1000 (Glissopal™ 1000, 59.2% by weight) with an average Mn of 1300, and both were produced using polyethyleneamine (PAM). [Table 6]

[0168] Selected dispersants from Table A1 were blended into 0W-12 lubricating oil compositions as shown in Table A2. Figure 1 shows the selected KV40 versus %N, where %N is the contribution of each dispersant in the finished oil (Table A1). In Figure 1, it can be seen that the data set for A5 (open circle ○) and A6 (open triangle △), which are medium and high functionality with 1300 molecular weight (and A10, which is medium functionality with 1000 MW), show low KV40 values ​​at each given unit concentration of nitrogen contributed by the dispersant to the finished formulation. This means that if the contribution of N% is correlated to the dispersancy effectiveness of the formulation, A5 and A6, which have a low contribution to the formulation viscosity (represented by the KV40 value on the Y-axis), show equal or greater dispersancy. This generally equates to an oil blended with A5 or A6 being able to provide equal or greater dispersancy while improving fuel economy due to a reduction in blend viscosity. [Table 7] * Oils 1-10 each also contain 0.501 m% PmNE; 1.180 m% Mg salicylate, TBN 340; 0.680 m% Ca salicylate, TBN 350; 1.030 m% ZDDP-1; 2.0 m% DPA antioxidant; 0.300 m% PIBSA; 0.007 m% antifoam; and 1.303 m% diluent. [Table 8] * Oils 11-20 each also contain 0.501 m% PmNE; 1.180 m% Mg salicylate, TBN 340; 0.680 m% Ca salicylate, TBN 350; 1.030 m% ZDDP-1; 2.0 m% DPA antioxidant; 0.300 m% PIBSA; 0.007 m% antifoam; and 1.303 m% diluent.

[0169] Selected dispersants from Table A1 were then formulated into a 0W-12 SAE viscosity to evaluate soot handling capabilities. The results are shown in Table A3. Soot dispersancy was measured using the Haake carbon black test described above. The results are shown in Figure 2. Note that a different treat rate (4.244 wt%) was used for the 1000Mn dispersant in Oil 26 (A10) since A10 has a significantly higher active ingredient content compared to the other dispersants in this series (Table A1). In the Haake Carbon Black Test, 9% carbon black (CB) was added to each formulation to simulate the effect of soot in field aged lubricants. The lower the viscosity measured across the range of shear rates, the better the soot dispersing properties of the formulation. With reference to Figure 2, it can be observed that the data set for Dispersant A8, represented by the open circle ○, tends to have a lower viscosity across the range of shear rates shown in the graph compared to the data trend for Dispersant A9, represented by the filled triangle ▲. This confirms that Dispersant A8 has better dispersancy than A9. [Table 9] ** Oils 21-26 each contain 0.540 m% B-PIBSA-PAM Mn950; 0.500 m% PmNE; 1.130 m% Mg salicylate, TBN340; 0.680 m% Ca salicylate, TBN350; 1.030 m% ZDDP-1; 0.140 m% MoDTC trimer; 2.0 m% DPA antioxidant; 0.300 m% PIBSA; 0.004 m% antifoam; 1.656 m% diluent, and 1.0 m% VM-12.

[0170] Example B Oils O, P, Q, R, S, T, and U are prepared as shown below. [Table 10] Each oil also contains: ZDDP (combination of primary and secondary), MODTC dimer and / or trimer, antioxidants (diphenylamine and / or hindered phenol), corrosion inhibitors, PIBSA, antifoam agents, and diluents, and may optionally contain a commercially available comb copolymer or the inventive comb copolymer described herein. Fuel economy performance in JASO M366 is expected to be about 0.2-0.4% relative to the 0W-8 base oil.

[0171] Example C Impact of VM. A series of VMs of different classes were evaluated for their suitability for flat viscosity oils at different temperatures, utilizing the relative viscosity contribution properties. Binary blends of VMs with Yubase4 were prepared to have the same thickening power (KV100=8 cSt) and the viscosities of the binary blends and Yubase4 were measured at different temperatures from 20 to 150 °C. The relative viscosity to Yubase4 was calculated as the ratio of the KV of the binary blend to the KV of Yubase4 at the same temperature (see formula below and Table 1 below). The lower the relative viscosity (to Yubase4), the lower the viscosity contribution of the VM to Yubase4. The data are reported in Table 1 and Figure 3.

number

[0172] As can be seen from Figure 3, the comb PMAs (comparative VMs: VM-1, VM-9, VM-10, and VM-11, and VM-16 of the present invention) show good viscosity profiles suitable for flat viscosity oils: (1) the viscosity contribution to the base oil is minimal (low relative KV value to the base oil) in the low temperature range, especially at 20-70°C, which is related to the operating temperature of the JASO M366 fuel economy test; (2) the thickening efficiency is excellent or the relative KV value is high at 100-150°C, ensuring reliability and engine durability. In particular, VM-16 has very good low temperature properties and high thickening efficiency compared to other comb PMAs in its series, which can be seen from the lowest relative KV at 70-90°C and the highest relative KV at 130-150°C. As can be observed from Table 1, viscosity modifiers useful for flat viscosity oils exhibit one, two, or three of the following: 1. The ratio of the relative KV140 to the relative KV20 is 1.9 or more, for example 2.1 or more (this is an indication of the ultra-high temperature thickening versus ultra-low temperature viscosity contribution); and / or 2. The ratio of relative KV100 to relative KV70 is 1.3 or more, for example 1.35 or more (this is an indicator of high temperature thickening versus low temperature viscosity contribution); and / or 3. The viscosity index (VI) is 320 or more, for example, 340 or more.

[0173] [Table 11-1] [Table 11-2] [Table 11-3]

[0174] The effect of cleaning agents. Example Oils 1 and 2 were prepared and tested for simulated %FEI (fuel economy improvement) as described above. The data are reported in Table 2 and Figure 4. Example 1 and Example 2 are SAE viscosity grade 0W-16 oils based on mixed Ca / Mg salicylate detergents with the same viscosity modifier and base stock type, with the same target NOACK level (about 20%) and similar soap content, but different Ca / Mg ratios. [Table 12-1] [Table 12-2] [Table 13]

[0175] As can be seen in Table 3 and Figure 4, Example 2 has a higher dispersant treat rate than Example 1 (3.1% compared to 2.8% for Example 1), and as expected from its slightly higher KV40, Example 2 performs slightly worse than Example 1. The difference in performance is particularly pronounced at low temperatures and high speeds (mixed lubrication region), as expected. However, it is surprising that Example 2 outperforms Example 1 in Stages 1 and 2, which operate at the lowest speeds and highest temperatures of the six stages. Therefore, in stage 1 (oil temperature = 64°C; engine speed = 1000 min -1 ) and stage 2 (oil temperature = 67°C; engine speed = 1300 min -1 ), where superior additive technology is desired, Example 2 having a salicylate detergent with a Ca / Mg ratio of about 5.4 appears to be advantageous. Examples 3-17. Example oils 3-17 were prepared and tested for simulated %FEI (fuel economy improvement) as described above. Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 was used as the reference oil. The data are reported in Tables 4-9 and Figure 5.

[0176] As can be seen from Table 6, Example 3 using the mixed salicylate detergent with Ca / Mg of 5.4 outperformed Examples 4-6 (mixed sulfonate candidates) in overall % FEI against the 0W-8 reference oil in stages 1 and 2 (high temperature and low speed operation) despite having a similar KV40. This is consistent with previous observations (Example 1 vs. Example 2) and supports the finding that additive type impacts fuel economy performance even at similar KV40 levels (which is contrary to the general teaching of Yamamori, K. et al., "Research on Ultra-High Viscosity Index Engine Oil Part 1-'Flat Viscosity' Concept and Contribution to Carbon Neutrality", SAE Technical Paper, 2022, 2022-01-0525). Similarly, the mixed salicylate detergents with a Ca / Mg ratio of 5.4 (Examples 11 and 12) outperformed the mixed sulfonate candidates in stages 1 and 2 (Examples 9 and 10) despite having similar KV40 values.

[0177] Effect of dispersants. As can be seen from Table 6, in stages 1 and 2, the EC capped dispersant with Mn=1300 of Examples 9-12 performed better than the uncapped precursor of Examples 7 and 8. This indicates that the capped dispersant reduces the dispersant-ZDDP interaction, theoretically freeing up ZDDP to increase the formation of MoS2, which in turn results in better friction performance at more limiting conditions (high temperature and low speed operation). Example 12 (a combination of capped low viscosity dispersant, mixed salicylate detergent with Ca / Mg ratio of 5.4, and secondary ZDDP) shows a high simulated %FEI of 0.48% versus the Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 reference oil as a benchmark.

[0178] Impact of interdigitated PMA candidates.In Examples 13 and 14-16, the comb copolymer PMAs of the present invention (VM-3, VM-4, VM-5, and VM-16) were compared to the commercial comb PMAs VMs (VM-1 and VM-2). As can be seen from Table 9, VM-3, VM-4, VM-5, and VM-16 PMAs provided much better fuel economy performance than the commercial comb PMAs VMs (VM-1 and VM-2) when formulated to the same viscosity grade and NOACK limit using additive technology and base oil type. This is surprising considering that all formulations achieved the same level of KV40.

[0179] [Table 14-1] [Table 14-2] [Table 14-3]

[0180] [Table 15-1] [Table 15-2]

[0181] [Table 16] [Table 17]

[0182] [Table 18] [Table 19]

[0183] All documents described herein are incorporated herein by reference and include any priority documents and / or test procedures to the extent not inconsistent therewith. As is apparent from the general description and specific embodiments above, while aspects of the invention have been shown and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, no limitation of the invention is intended. The term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including". Similarly, whenever the transition phrase "comprising" precedes a composition, element, or group of elements, it is understood that the same composition or group of elements also has the transition phrase "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," "selected from the group consisting of," or "is" preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or group of elements, and vice versa.

Claims

1. 1. A lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) at least 50 wt.% of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant derived from a polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing detergent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one copolymer viscosity modifier, such as: 1) The ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; 3) A copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein a blend of said copolymer viscosity modifier and a Group III base oil having a KV100 (ASTM D445) of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, having a KV100 of about 8 cSt, has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when 1), 2), and 3) are measured. A lubricating oil composition comprising or blending these.

2. The capped dispersant is represented by the formula: 【Chemistry 1】 In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10; each R 13 are each an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 The groups may be bonded to each other. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1.

3. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the copolymer viscosity modifier is a comb copolymer having repeat units derived from a hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomer.

4. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the Group III base oil of component (v) has a KV140 of 2 cSt, a KV20 of 44 cSt, and a KV70 of 19 cSt (ASTM D445).

5. 1. A lubricating oil composition comprising: (i) at least 50% by weight of a base oil, based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant derived from a polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole and represented by the formula: 【Chemistry 2】 In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10; each R 13 are each an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 A capped dispersant, wherein the groups may be linked together; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing detergent; (iv) at least one calcium-containing detergent; (v) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C having the following structure (II): 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap type or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 Oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: 【Chemistry 3】 In the formula, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents alkyl, m is -(CH 2 ) m - is 2 to 6 so as to represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10; R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 a monomer exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises more than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer. A lubricating oil composition comprising or blending these.

6. The lubricating oil composition of claim 5, further comprising a metal alkylthiophosphate, wherein the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol.

7. 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 6, wherein the alkyl groups of the metal alkylthiophosphate are derived from at least one primary alcohol and at least one secondary alcohol.

8. 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 6, wherein the metal alkylthiophosphate comprises one or more zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, the alkyl groups being at least partially derived from a secondary alcohol or a mixture of primary and secondary alcohols.

9. The metal alkylthiophosphate has the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR 1 ) (OR 2 ) ] 2 In the formula, R 1 and R 2 are each individually C 1 -C 18 The lubricating oil composition of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl group is an alkyl group.

10. R 1 and R 2 One, two, three, and / or four of these are secondary C 2 -C 12 The lubricating oil composition of claim 9, wherein the alkyl group is an alkyl group.

11. In the lubricating oil composition: a) a volatility, as measured by the Noack test (ASTM D5800, Procedure B), of 30% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; and / or b) the ratio of calcium from the detergent to magnesium from the detergent is from 10:1 to 2:1; and / or c) The total soap content is less than 30 millimoles. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1.

12. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the capped dispersant is an ethylene carbonate-capped PIBSA PAM composition derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mole, and a polyamine.

13. Additionally, one or more of the following ingredients: D) one or more friction modifiers; E) one or more antioxidants; F) one or more pour point depressants; G) one or more antifoam agents; H) one or more viscosity modifiers other than the comb copolymers of (v); I) one or more dispersants; J) one or more corrosion and / or rust inhibitors; and / or K) One or more antiwear agents The lubricating oil composition of claim 1 comprising:

14. In the lubricating oil composition: A) the base oil is contained in an amount of 50 to 99 mass % based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition; B) the capped dispersant is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 10 mass % based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; C1) the detergent is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20 mass % based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition; C2) The copolymer viscosity modifier is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 10 mass % based on the total mass of the lubricating oil composition. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1.

15. In the lubricating oil composition: D) the one or more friction modifiers are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; E) the one or more antioxidants are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; F) the one or more pour point depressants are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; G) the one or more antifoam agents are optionally present in an amount of 0.001 to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; H) the one or more viscosity modifiers other than (v) are optionally present in an amount of 0.001 to 6 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; I) the one or more dispersants optionally comprised between 0.01 and 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition; J) The one or more corrosion inhibitors and / or rust inhibitors are optionally present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. The lubricating oil composition of claim 14.

16. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is a passenger car motor oil, a light duty diesel engine oil, or a heavy duty diesel engine oil.

17. 1. A method of lubricating an internal combustion engine during operation of said internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of: (i) supplying the lubricating oil composition of claim 1 to a crankcase of an internal combustion engine; (ii) supplying a hydrocarbon fuel, a renewable fuel, and / or an alternative fuel to an internal combustion engine; and (iii) combusting fuel in the internal combustion engine. The method includes:

18. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the internal combustion engine is an automotive internal combustion engine.

19. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the internal combustion engine is a gasoline or diesel automotive internal combustion engine.

20. 1. A concentrate comprising: (i) less than 50 mass% of a base oil, based on the mass of the lubricating oil composition; (ii) at least one capped dispersant having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 1600 g / mole and represented by the formula: 【Chemistry 4】 In the formula, R 11 and R 12 are each independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, provided that R 11 and R 12 are not both hydrogen; z is an integer from 0 to 10; each R 13 are each an acetyl group, or two adjacent R 13 A capped dispersant, wherein the groups may be linked together; (iii) at least one magnesium-containing detergent and at least one calcium-containing detergent, wherein the ratio of calcium from the detergent to magnesium from the detergent is from 10:1 to 2:1; (iv) at least one comb copolymer viscosity modifier comprising the reaction product of at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C having the following structure (II): 1 -C 18 Alkyl end cap type or C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 Oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers and / or hydroxyalkyl- or H-end-capped oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomers comprising: 【Chemistry 5】 In the formula, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents alkyl, m is -(CH 2 ) m - is 2 to 6 so as to represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10; R 1 is H, C 1 -C 18 Linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl end caps or C 6 -C 20 a monomer exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap; a comb copolymer viscosity modifier, wherein the combination of (c) and (d) collectively comprises greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; (v) optionally, a metal alkylthiophosphate, where the alkyl group is derived from at least one secondary alcohol; (vi) optionally, a molybdenum-containing compound, and (vii) optionally, an antioxidant Concentrate containing.

21. A lubricating oil composition comprising a PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition derived from a first polyamine and a first PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol, the PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition having a viscosity of 100 sec. -1 At a shear rate of 0.01 to 0.03 Pa.s, -1 At a shear rate of 100 Pa.s, the viscosity is 0.15 Pa.s or less (Haake carbon black test, 9 mass% carbon black, 1 to 10 s -1 and 10 to 1000s -1 (a shear rate range of 100 / g), lubricating oil composition.

22. A lubricating oil composition comprising a first PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition derived from a first polyamine and a first PIB having a number average molecular weight of 1200 to 1400 g / mol, the viscosity of the first PIBSA-PAM dispersant composition being greater than or equal to 100 sec in comparison to a lubricating oil composition in which the first PIBSA-PAM composition is replaced with a physical mixture of two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants based on second and third polyamines that are identical to each other and to the first polyamine, and second and third PIB polymers having number average molecular weights of 800 to 1000 g / mol and 2100 to 2400 g / mol, respectively. -1 At a shear rate of at least about 30% lower, -1 At shear rates of 10 s, the shear rate is at least about 55% lower (Haake carbon black test, 9 wt.% carbon black, 1-10 s -1 and 10 to 1000s -1 shear rate range), where the amounts of two different PIBSA-PAM dispersants are selected such that the weighted average number average molecular weight of the number average molecular weights of the combined second and third PIBs is approximately equal to the number average molecular weight of the first PIB.

23. An ethylene carbonate capped dispersant derived from polyisobutylene having a Mn of 800-1600 g / mole.

24. 24. The ethylene carbonate capped dispersant of claim 23 wherein the ethylene carbonate capped dispersant is derived from a polymer having a Mn of 1200 to 1400 g / mole.

25. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization comprising at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) C 3 -C 8 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; (c) C 12 -C 24 Alkyl (alk)acrylate monomers; and (d) C having the following structure (II): 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 1. An oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer comprising: 【Chemistry 6】 In the formula, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents alkyl, m is -(CH 2 ) m - is 2 to 6 so as to represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10; R 1 is C 6 -C 20 Monomers exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap Where: 1) (c) C 12 -C 24 The repeating units of the alkyl (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer are contained in an amount of 16 to less than 21 mass % based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer, 2) (d) C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 The repeating units of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer are contained in an amount of 3 to 7% by mass based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 3) the combination of (c) and (d) collectively contains greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; Polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

26. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier prepared by polymerization comprising at least the following monomers: (a) hydrogenated polybutadiene-based (alk)acrylate macromonomers; (b) butyl methacrylate; (c) lauryl methacrylate; and (d) C having the following structure (II): 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 1. An oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylate monomer comprising: 【Chemistry 7】 In the formula, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 represents alkyl, m is -(CH 2 ) m - is 2 to 6 so as to represent a linear, branched, and / or cyclic alkyl group between the oxygen atoms; n is 1 to 10; R 1 is C 6 -C 20 Monomers exhibiting an aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end cap Where: 1) (c) the repeating unit of lauryl methacrylate monomer is contained in an amount of 16.5 to less than 20 mass% based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 2) (d) C 6 -C 20 Aryl-, aralkyl-, or alkaryl-end-capped C 2 -C 6 Oxyalkyl or C 2 -C 6 The repeating units of the oligo(alkylene glycol)-based (alk)acrylic acid ester monomer are contained in an amount of 3 to 7% by mass based on the mass of all repeating units in the copolymer; 3) the combination of (c) and (d) collectively contains greater than 20.0% by weight of comb copolymer viscosity modifier repeat units, based on the weight of all repeat units in the copolymer; 26. The polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier of claim 25.

27. 1. A polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier, such as: 1) The ratio of relative KV140 / relative KV20 is 1.9 or more; 2) the ratio of relative KV100 / relative KV70 is 1.30 or more; 3) A blend of a copolymer viscosity modifier and a Group III base oil having a KV100 of about 4 cSt and a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of about 120, having a KV100 of about 8 cSt, has a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 320 or greater when 1), 2), and 3) are measured. Polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier.

28. VI is about 120 and Kv 100 Group III base oils having a Kv of about 4 cSt also have 140 is about 2 cSt, and Kv 20 is about 44 cSt, and Kv 70 28. The polymethacrylate comb copolymer viscosity modifier of claim 27, wherein the viscosity modifier has a viscosity of about 19 cSt.

29. 13. A method for improving fuel economy such that the FEI (Fuel Economy Improvement) is greater than 10% compared to Toyota 0W-8 GLV-1 lubricant, comprising introducing into an internal combustion engine the lubricating oil composition of claim 1 and operating said engine.

30. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising: 1) a molybdenum-containing material providing 20-40 ppm Mo to the lubricating oil composition; 2) a zinc alkylthiophosphate, the alkyl group being derived from at least one secondary alcohol; and 3) about 3.3 wt. % of a capped dispersant.

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