Systems and methods for capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric point, and molecular weight analysis

Abstract

To provide systems that are configured to perform multiple types of analysis, such as electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric electrophoresis within a single device, and that are automated so that multiple samples are analyzed simultaneously or in rapid succession with ease and robustness while consuming minimal volumes of expensive reagents and disposables.SOLUTION: A system includes: a housing; a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing; a detection assembly disposed within the housing; and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration, in which a first detector detects a first output of at least one emitter, and a second configuration, in which a second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillary of a capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 278,159, filed January 13, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] background

[0001] Embodiments described herein generally relate to systems and methods for electrophoretically separating and / or analyzing a sample mixture by molecular weight and / or isoelectric point. Some embodiments described herein relate to the separation, detection, identification, classification, and / or quantification of one or more analytes present in a sample. More particularly, embodiments described herein relate to systems and methods configured to perform capillary-based electrophoresis. [Background technology]

[0003] Electrophoresis has been used to separate mixtures of molecules based on differences in their migration rates in an electric field. Generally, electrophoresis refers to the migration of molecules suspended or dissolved in a fluid or gel under the action of an electromotive force applied to one or more electrodes or conductive members in contact with the fluid or gel. Some known electrophoretic separation modes include those that separate molecules at least in part based on their differences in mobility in a buffer solution (commonly referred to as zone electrophoresis), those that separate molecules based on their differences in mobility in a gel or polymer solution (commonly referred to as gel electrophoresis), or those that separate molecules based on their differences in mobility in a hydrogen ion potential (pH) gradient (commonly referred to as isoelectric focusing). Because molecular migration during electrophoresis can be highly variable, its interpretation depends on comparison to electrophoretic standards whose behavior and identity have been previously characterized. Electrophoretic standards include, for example, molecular weight (MW) standards in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) size standards in agarose gels. In some cases, biomolecule separation can be performed by capillary electrophoresis in a capillary tube. In some cases, biomolecules (e.g., proteins) can then be visualized by immobilizing the biomolecules on the walls of the capillary tube. However, capillary electrophoresis and biomolecule visualization can be difficult to perform consistently.

[0004] Biomolecular visualization can be performed using digital imaging. Such known analyses use an imaging device (e.g., a charge-coupled device, a photodiode, etc.) and a lens or microscope to capture an image of the sample and / or otherwise detect the sample. In some cases, as the sample flows through the optical system, a light source flashes relatively rapidly to illuminate and / or otherwise image the flowing biomolecules in a column (e.g., a capillary). The captured image is filtered and / or separated, for example, to generate an image of features associated with the biomolecules, such as label fluorescence, intrinsic fluorescence, and / or absorbance. This information can then be compared with known data to characterize and / or identify the biomolecules in the sample.

[0005] While several methods perform electrophoretic analysis to determine information related to analytes, proteins, molecules, etc., such methods are typically performed in complex and expensive equipment capable of performing a single analytical mode. Furthermore, some known methods and systems require extensive and / or time-consuming handling and processing steps that adversely affect reproducibility and make automation difficult. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for improved systems and methods configured to perform multiple types of analyses, such as electrophoretic mobility and / or isoelectric focusing, within a single device. It is also desirable to automate such techniques so that multiple samples can be analyzed simultaneously or continuously, simply and robustly, while minimizing the consumption of expensive reagents and / or disposables. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] overview Described herein are systems and methods for capillary electrophoresis and analytical visualization and characterization. In one aspect, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having capillaries. The detection assembly includes at least one emitter, a first detector, and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration in which the first detector detects a first output of the at least one emitter and a second configuration in which the second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.

[0008] In another aspect, the device includes a cartridge body, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a conductive vial disposed within the cartridge body, a first electrode electrically coupled to the conductive vial, and a second electrode. The capillary defines an internal volume configured to contain a sample containing an analyte. The capillary has a first end defining a first end of the internal volume and a second end defining a second end of the internal volume. The conductive vial contains a buffer solution and has a first septum and a second septum. The buffer solution is electrically coupled to the first end of the internal volume of the capillary through the first septum when the internal volume contains the sample, such that the sample is electrically coupled to the vial. The second electrode is electrically coupled to the second end of the capillary, such that the first electrode, the second electrode, and the sample form part of a circuit when the internal volume contains the sample. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a system configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or image analytes separated by capillary electrophoresis, according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] 1 is a perspective view of a system configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or image analytes separated by capillary electrophoresis, according to an embodiment. FIG. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a door assembly included in the housing of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a door assembly included in the housing of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 5] 3 is a front perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2 without a portion of the housing and with the door assembly of FIG. 3 shown in a closed configuration. [Figure 6] 3 is a front perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2 without a portion of the housing and with the door assembly of FIG. 3 shown in an open configuration. [Figure 7] 3A and 3B are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 8] 3A and 3B are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 9] 3A and 3B are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 10] FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of a reagent assembly and a portion of the housing of the system shown in FIG. 3. [Figure 11] FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of a reagent assembly and a portion of the housing of the system shown in FIG. 3. [Figure 12] FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the tray portion of the reagent assembly shown in FIG. 10. [Figure 13] FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 14] FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a capillary cartridge retainer and an optical system assembly included in the system of FIG. 2. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a front perspective view of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 16] FIG. 15 is a partial exploded view of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 17]15 is a rear right-side perspective view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 18] FIG. 15 is a front left perspective view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 19] FIG. 15 is a front view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. [Figure 20] 15 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. 14 and the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly of FIG. 14. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a single point detection portion of the optical assembly shown in FIG. 20. [Figure 22] FIG. 21 is an exploded view of the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 20. [Figure 23] 23 is a cross-sectional view of the single point detection portion of the optical assembly taken along line 23-23 of FIG. 21. [Figure 24] 15 is a perspective view of the cartridge retainer of FIG. 14 and the entire column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of an illumination assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 26] FIG. 25 is an exploded view of the illumination assembly included in the full-column detection section of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 27] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a camera assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 28] FIG. 25 is an exploded view of the camera assembly included in the full-column detection section of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 29] FIG. 3 is a left perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during molecular weight analysis. [Figure 30] FIG. 3 is a right-side perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during molecular weight analysis. [Figure 31] FIG. 30 is a side view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 29 shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Figure 32] 14. FIG. 30 is a right-side perspective view of the capillary cartridge shown in FIG. 29 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. [Figure 33] 14. FIG. 30 is a left perspective view of the capillary cartridge shown in FIG. 29 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. [Figure 34] 29 and the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. 14 shown without the sidewall. [Figure 35] 35 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge and capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 35-35 of FIG. 31. [Figure 36] 14. FIG. 29 is a front perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 29, the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 20, and a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. [Figure 37] 37 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge, the single point detection portion of the optical assembly, and the capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 37-37 of FIG. 36. [Figure 38] 3 is a left perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during capillary electrophoresis analysis. [Figure 39] 3 is a right-side perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during capillary electrophoresis analysis. [Figure 40] FIG. 39 is a side view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Figure 41] FIG. 39 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Figure 42] 39 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38, the full column imaging portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24, and the cartridge retainer of FIG. 14. [Figure 43] 39 is a left perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 44] 44 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge and capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 44-44 of FIG. 43. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Detailed Description Described herein are devices, methods, and systems for performing capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric point, and / or molecular weight analysis of a sample. The devices and systems are configured to detect analytes in the sample during and / or after electrophoretic separation.

[0011] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having capillaries. The detection assembly includes at least one emitter, a first detector, and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration in which the first detector detects a first output of the at least one emitter and a second configuration in which the second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.

[0012] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a light source disposed within the housing, and a detection assembly disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer includes a first side and a second side. The first side and the second side are substantially parallel and define a space therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the capillary cartridge. The first side and the second side each define a first opening and a second opening. The first opening and the second opening of the second side are substantially aligned with the first opening and the second opening of the first side, respectively. The light source is configured to emit a first beam of light and a second beam of light. At least a portion of the first beam of light is directed through the first opening of the first side and the first opening of the second side. At least a portion of the second beam of light is directed through the second opening of the first side and the second opening of the second side. The detection assembly includes a first detector configured to detect at least a portion of the first beam of light and a second detector configured to detect at least a portion of the second beam of light.

[0013] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing, the cartridge retainer, and a control assembly disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having capillaries. The cartridge retainer includes a plurality of contact surfaces configured to contact the capillary cartridge and align the capillary cartridge within the cartridge retainer. The detection assembly includes a first emitter and a second emitter, and a first detector and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first form and a second form based at least in part on one or more characteristics associated with the capillary cartridge. The first detector is configured to detect an output of the first emitter when the detection assembly is in the first form. The second detector is configured to detect an output of the second emitter when the detection assembly is in the second form. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume. The control assembly is configured to receive data associated with the capillary cartridge when the capillary cartridge is disposed in the cartridge retainer, and to send a signal to the detection assembly to place the detection assembly in the first configuration or the second configuration based on the data associated with the capillary cartridge.

[0014] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a conductive vial disposed within the cartridge body, a first electrode electrically coupled to the conductive vial, and a second electrode. The capillary defines an internal volume configured to contain a sample containing an analyte. The capillary has a first end defining a first end of the internal volume and a second end defining a second end of the internal volume. The conductive vial contains a buffer solution and has a first septum and a second septum. The buffer solution is electrically coupled to the first end of the internal volume of the capillary through the first septum when the internal volume contains the sample, such that the sample is electrically coupled to the vial. The second electrode is electrically coupled to the second end of the capillary, such that the first electrode, the second electrode, and the sample form part of a circuit when the internal volume contains the sample.

[0015] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be disposed within an analyzer, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, and a tube disposed within the cartridge body. The cartridge body defines an opening. The capillary is configured for analyte separation. The tube is coupled to an end of the capillary such that the analyzer can apply at least one of pressure or vacuum to the capillary. At least a portion of the tube is exposed through the opening. The opening is configured to receive a portion of a pinch valve from the analyzer. The pinch valve is configured to pinch the tube.

[0016] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be disposed in an analyzer, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, an outlet tubing, an outlet port fluidly coupled to the outlet tubing, and a waste container defined within the cartridge body. The capillary is configured for analyte separation. The capillary has an outlet disposed within the cartridge body. The outlet tubing is coupled to the capillary output. The waste container is fluidly coupled to the outlet tubing and configured to prevent liquid from flowing from the outlet tubing to the outlet port.

[0017] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be placed in an analyzer, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a buffer solution disposed in a vial within the cartridge body, a first partition disposed between the buffer solution and the capillary, and a second partition disposed between the buffer solution and the analyzer. The capillary is configured to separate analytes based on their isoelectric points. The buffer solution is configured to induce a pH gradient along the length of the capillary. The second partition is configured to be ruptured by the analyzer to allow at least one of pressure and vacuum to be applied to the vial.

[0018] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term "element" is intended to mean a single element or a combination of elements, and "material" is intended to mean one or more materials or combinations thereof.

[0019] As used herein, the terms "about" and "approximately" generally mean plus or minus 10% of the stated value. For example, about 0.5 includes 0.45 and 0.55, about 10 includes 9-11, and about 1000 includes 900-1100.

[0020] As used herein, the term "set" can refer to multiple features or a singular feature having multiple portions. For example, when referring to a set of walls, the set of walls can be considered a single wall having multiple portions, or can be considered multiple separate walls. Thus, an element constructed with a monolithic structure can include a set of walls. Such a set of walls can include multiple portions that are either continuous or discontinuous with one another. A set of walls can also be manufactured from multiple elements that are fabricated separately and then joined (e.g., by welds, adhesives, or any suitable method).

[0021] As used herein, the terms "orthogonal" and / or "perpendicular" generally describe a relationship between two geometric structures (e.g., two lines, two planes, a line and a plane, etc.) in which the two geometric structures are disposed at substantially 90°. For example, a line is said to be "perpendicular" to another line if the two lines intersect at an angle substantially equal to 90°. Similarly, when a planar surface (e.g., a two-dimensional surface) is said to be "perpendicular" to another planar surface, the planar surfaces are disposed at substantially 90° (e.g., substantially orthogonal) as they extend to infinity.

[0022] As used herein, the term "module" refers to any assembly and / or set of operatively coupled electrical components, which may include, for example, memory, a processor, electrical traces, optical connectors, software (executed in hardware), etc. For example, a module executed in a processor may be any combination of hardware-based modules (e.g., field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or software-based modules (e.g., modules of computer code stored in memory and / or executed in a processor) that can perform one or more predetermined functions associated with the module.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "analyte" and / or "target analyte" refer to any molecule or compound to be separated and / or detected by the methods, devices, and systems provided herein. Suitable analytes include, but are not limited to, small chemical molecules, such as environmental molecules, clinical molecules, chemicals, pollutants, and / or biomolecules. More specifically, such chemical molecules may include, but are not limited to, insecticides, insect repellents, poisons, therapeutic and / or drugs of abuse, antibiotics, organic materials, hormones, antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody molecule complexes (e.g., antibody-drug conjugates), antigens, cell membrane antigens, proteins (e.g., enzymes, immunoglobulins, and / or glycoproteins), nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and / or RNA), lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, whole cells (e.g., prokaryotic cells such as pathogenic bacteria and / or eukaryotic cells such as mammalian tumor cells), viruses, spores, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, metabolites, cofactors, nucleotides, polynucleotides (including ribonucleic acid and / or deoxyribonucleic acid), transition state analogs, inhibitors, receptors, receptor ligands (e.g., neuroreceptors or their ligands, hormone receptors or their ligands, nutrient receptors or their ligands, and / or cell surface receptors or their ligands), receptor-ligand complexes, nutrients, electrolytes, growth factors, and other biomolecules and / or non-biomolecules, as well as fragments and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the analyte is a protein or protein complex and the sample is a cell lysate or purified protein. Other suitable analytes can include aggregates, clumps, flocs and / or dispersed phase droplets or particles of colloids and / or emulsions.

[0024] As used herein, the term "sample" refers to a composition containing one or more analytes to be detected. In some embodiments, a sample is heterogeneous, containing various components (e.g., various proteins), or homogeneous, containing a single component (e.g., a population of proteins). In some cases, a sample can be natural biological material and / or artificial material. Furthermore, a sample can be in a native form (e.g., a cell suspension) or a denatured form (e.g., a lysate). In some cases, a sample can be a single cell (or a cell lysate from a single cell, or the contents of a single cell as purified proteins), or multiple cells (or a cell lysate from multiple cells, or the contents of multiple cells as purified proteins), a blood sample, a tissue sample, a skin sample, a urine sample, a water sample, and / or a soil sample. In some cases, a sample can be derived from an organism, such as a eukaryote, a prokaryote, a mammal, a human, yeast, and / or bacteria, or the sample can be derived from a virus.

[0025] In some embodiments, the sample is a heterogeneous biological sample or is derived from a heterogeneous biological sample, e.g., a mixture of biomolecules, such as a tissue lysate, a cell lysate, or a protein (e.g., purified protein). In further embodiments, proteins in a cell lysate are the analyte to be detected by the methods and systems described herein. In further embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods provided herein enable the detection of specific forms of proteins, e.g., phosphorylated proteins. The cell lysate can be, for example, a lysate of a single cell or a mixture of cells. Furthermore, the cell lysate can contain a single cell type or multiple cell types. In some embodiments, the cell type includes stem cells or cancer cells, or a stem cell population, or a cancer cell population. In one embodiment, the sample contains one or more stem cells (e.g., any cell that has the ability to differentiate indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells). Suitable examples of stem cells include, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells (e.g., human embryonic stem cells (hES)) and non-embryonic stem cells (e.g., mesenchymal cells, hematopoietic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), or adult stem cells (MSCs)).

[0026] In some cases, a sample can be subjected to processing before detecting analytes in the sample using the devices and systems provided herein. For example, the sample can be subjected to a lysis step, a denaturation step, a heating step, a purification step (e.g., protein purification), a precipitation step, an immunoprecipitation step, a column chromatography step, centrifugation, etc. In some embodiments, a sample is subjected to a denaturation step before detecting and / or separating target analytes in the sample using the methods, devices, and systems described herein. In some embodiments, the processing step on the sample is performed in one of the devices or systems described herein. In other embodiments, the processing step is performed before introducing the sample into one of the devices or systems described herein.

[0027] As used herein, the terms "standard" and / or "internal standard" refer to a well-characterized substance of known quantity and / or identity (e.g., known isoelectric point, known molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility profile, number of base pairs in the case of nucleic acids, molecular composition, etc.) that can be added to a sample containing an analyte for comparison purposes. In some embodiments, a known amount of the standard is added to a sample containing one or more analytes, and both the standard and the molecules in the analyte-containing sample are separated by electrophoresis based on their isoelectric points. Comparison of the standard signal with the analyte signal then provides a quantitative or semi-quantitative measure of the amount of analyte originally present in the sample.

[0028] Generally, isoelectric focusing (IEF) standards are known based on their established isoelectric points. Similarly, molecular weight standards are known. In some cases, the standards and / or analytes can be detected by one or more detection molecules or reagents, such as by a label moiety attached to an antibody against the analyte or to the standard. In some embodiments, a primary antibody is used to bind to the target analyte, and a secondary antibody conjugated to a fluorescent or chemiluminescent reagent is introduced to bind the primary antibody or the primary antibody-analyte complex. The signal of the fluorescent or chemiluminescent molecule is then detected. In other cases, the standards and / or analytes can be detected via intrinsic fluorescence (e.g., via the fluorescence of tryptophan amino acids in the standards and / or analytes) and / or absorbance.

[0029] The standard signal can then be compared to the analyte signal to determine the concentration of the analyte in the sample. Additionally or alternatively, the relative properties of the analyte (e.g., isoelectric point, molecular weight, etc.) can be determined by comparison with the standard.

[0030] In some embodiments, the internal standard can be a purified form of the analyte itself, which is generally distinguishable in some way from the analyte. Any method for obtaining a purified form of the analyte can include, but is not limited to, purification from nature, purification from laboratory-grown organisms (e.g., by chemical synthesis), etc. The distinguishing property of the internal standard can be any suitable modification, including, but not limited to, a dye label, a radiolabel, or modifying the mobility of the standard during electrophoretic separation so that the standard is distinguishable from the analyte. For example, the analyte and internal standard can each be labeled with fluorescent dyes that are each detectable at discrete emission wavelengths, thereby making the analyte and standard individually detectable. In some cases, the internal standard is different from the analyte but behaves similarly or identically to the analyte, allowing for relevant comparative measurements. In some embodiments, standards suitable for use may be any of those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0062813, filed September 20, 2006, entitled "Electrophoresis Standards, Methods and Kits," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0031] In some cases, the devices, systems, and methods provided herein detect and characterize multiple analytes from a single sample in a single capillary tube. For example, in some embodiments, the multiple analytes are a protein population or a protein subpopulation. In this regard, it may be impractical to include an internal standard corresponding to each individual protein in the protein population or protein subpopulation. Therefore, in some embodiments, a common isoelectric point standard is introduced into the systems and devices provided herein. In some embodiments, the standard is a ladder standard operable to exhibit different isoelectric points along the capillary tube. Proteins in the sample migrating during electrophoresis are compared to the ladder to determine the isoelectric points of the proteins present in the sample. In some embodiments, multiple ladder standards are used.

[0032] The analytes and / or standards described above, in some embodiments, are separated by any suitable mobility parameter, such as charge, molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, etc. (e.g., influenced by molecular weight, characteristic length, area or volume, oligonucleotide length, or other suitable property). For example, in some embodiments, a sample is subjected to electrophoretic separation in a capillary tube containing a separation matrix based on a mobility parameter, such as isoelectric point. The capillary tube may include a separation matrix that can be automatically added. The separation matrix, in some embodiments, is an isoelectric separation matrix, which has properties similar to or substantially the same as those of polymer gels used in conventional electrophoresis experiments, such as pH gradients. Capillary electrophoresis in a separation matrix is ​​similar to separation in a polymer gel, such as polyacrylamide gel or agarose gel, in which molecules are separated based on the mobility parameters of molecules in a sample by providing porous channels through which the molecules can migrate.

[0033] In some embodiments, once separation is complete, components of the separated sample (e.g., including analytes and / or standards) can be immobilized on the walls of the capillary using any suitable method, including, but not limited to, chemical, photochemical, and thermal treatments. In some embodiments, components of the separated sample are immobilized within a fluidic path (e.g., defined by a capillary) after the molecules have been separated by electrophoresis. For example, in some embodiments, immobilization occurs by exposing the separated sample and capillary to ultraviolet (UV) light, which serves to immobilize analytes (if present in the sample) and molecules in the sample to the walls of the capillary. Immobilization can be by covalent or non-covalent means, such as through hydrophobic or ionic interactions. In another embodiment, a reactive moiety can be used to covalently immobilize one or more analytes within the fluidic path after degradation. The reactive moiety can be directly or indirectly attached to the fluidic path (e.g., to the walls of the capillary tube). In some embodiments, the reactive moieties can be provided in solution or suspension and can be configured, upon activation, to form crosslinks between the walls of the fluidic channel and molecules in the sample. The reactive moieties can coat the interior of the fluidic channel or can be present on linear or crosslinked polymers of the fluidic channel that may or may not bind to the walls of the fluidic channel before and / or after activation. The reactive moieties can be and / or include any reactive group capable of forming covalent bonds with corresponding reactive groups on individual molecules of the sample, such as, for example, those described above.

[0034] In some embodiments, the reactive moieties include functional groups that can be converted to functionality that attaches to analytes through hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, etc. In some embodiments, such reactive moieties can be activated with ultraviolet light, laser, temperature, or any other energy source to immobilize analytes on the surfaces of the fluidic path and / or on the surfaces of particles attached to the surfaces of the fluidic path. In some embodiments, the surfaces of the fluidic path are functionalized with thermoresponsive polymers that allow the hydrophobicity of the surface to change with a change in temperature. In some embodiments, analytes are immobilized on such surfaces by increasing the hydrophobicity of the thermoresponsive polymer when a certain temperature is reached within the fluidic path. In still other embodiments, analytes can be probed and / or detected without first being immobilized on the surfaces of the fluidic path. As an example, analytes can be separated based on their isoelectric points (e.g., by isoelectric focusing) and maintained at their respective isoelectric points for at least as long as an electric current is applied to the sample within the fluidic path. In other words, once the analytes and / or standards are separated, the devices and / or systems described herein can continue to provide a current flow operable to maintain (e.g., immobilize) the analytes and / or standards at their respective isoelectric points.

[0035] The immobilized and / or otherwise separated analytes and / or standards are then probed and detected with one or more detection reagents. The detection reagents can bind to or interact with the analytes and / or standards to be detected. The detection reagents allow for detection of the standards and analytes by any means, including, but not limited to, fluorescent dyes, optical dyes, chemiluminescent reagents, radioactivity, particles, magnetic particles, paramagnetic particles, etc. The detection reagents can include any organic or inorganic molecule, such as, for example, proteins, peptides, antibodies, enzyme substrates, transition state analogs, cofactors, nucleotides, polynucleotides, aptamers, lectins, small molecules, ligands, inhibitors, drugs, and other biomolecules, as well as non-biomolecules that can bind to the analytes to be detected. In some embodiments, the detection reagents include one or more labeling moieties (as described above). In some embodiments, the detection reagents include one or more labeling moieties. In embodiments using two or more labeling moieties, each labeling moiety can be the same, or some or all of the labeling moieties can be different.

[0036] In some embodiments, the detection reagent is used as a secondary reagent. For example, in some embodiments, the detection reagent is designed to bind a first molecule or a complex of first molecules introduced to bind to the analyte and / or standard with the analyte and / or standard. For example, in some embodiments, a "primary" monoclonal or polyclonal antibody is first introduced into a capillary tube containing an immobilized sample. This "primary" antibody binds to the analyte of interest (if present in the sample), and unbound primary antibody is washed away. Next, a "secondary" antibody is introduced, designed to bind either to the primary antibody or to the region where the primary antibody-analyte complex spreads. The secondary antibody contains a labeling moiety for detecting and / or visualizing the presence / absence of the analyte of interest.

[0037] In some embodiments, the devices and systems provided herein perform multiplex immunoassays to detect the presence or absence of two or more analytes of interest (e.g., two, three, four, or five analytes) in a sample or to quantify the amount of two or more analytes in a sample. In further embodiments, the detection reagent is the same for each of the analytes of interest. For example, the detection reagent for each analyte is a secondary antibody conjugated to a chemiluminescent label, such as horseradish peroxidase. Differentiation between analytes is achieved by first introducing unique primary antibodies into the capillary tube, where each primary antibody is specific for a unique analyte of interest.

[0038] The label moiety attached to the secondary antibody can be any suitable label. For example, common labels can include optical dyes (e.g., colored or fluorescent dyes); chemiluminescent labels, phosphorescent labels, enzyme labels (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and / or horseradish peroxidase), bioluminescent labels, isotopic labels (e.g., radioactive or heavy isotopes), mass labels, and / or particle labels (e.g., colloids, magnetic particles, etc.). In some embodiments, the label moiety is a chemiluminescent moiety. In further embodiments, the chemiluminescent moiety is horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In some embodiments, HRP is attached to the secondary antibody and used to detect an analyte or analytes in a sample in an immunoassay. In some embodiments, the label moiety can be a single isomer dye. In some embodiments, the label moiety can be a fluorescent dye, which can include any entity that produces a fluorescent signal. For example, the fluorescent dye can comprise a resonance-delocalized system or an aromatic ring system that absorbs light at a first wavelength and emits fluorescence at a second wavelength in response to the absorption event. The fluorescent dye can be any of various classes of fluorescent compounds, such as xanthenes, rhodamines, fluoresceins, cyanines, phthalocyanines, squaraines, bodipy dyes, coumarins, oxazines, and carbopyronines. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA) and / or any other suitable class of fluorescent compound.

[0039] In some embodiments, the labeling moiety can be and / or include a chemiluminescent label. Suitable labeling moieties can include enzymes capable of reacting with a chemiluminescent substrate to induce chemiluminescent photon emission. For example, enzymes can induce chemiluminescence in other molecules through enzymatic activity. Such enzymes can be and / or include peroxidases, e.g., horseradish peroxidase (HRP), β-galactosidase, phosphatase, etc. In some embodiments, the chemiluminescent label can be selected from any of various classes of luminol labels, isoluminol labels, etc. In some embodiments, the detection reagent can include a secondary antibody covalently linked to a chemiluminescent-labeled antibody, e.g., HRP. In some embodiments, the detection reagent includes a chemiluminescent substrate, such as Galacton substrate available from Applied Biosystems of Foster City, California, or SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity substrate available from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. of Rockford, Illinois, or any other suitable substrate. In some embodiments, the detection reagent may be any of those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,689,576, 6,395,503, 6,087,188, 6,287,767, 6,165,800, and 6,126,870, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0040] In some embodiments, the labeling moiety may be and / or include a bioluminescent compound (e.g., found in biological systems where a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of a chemiluminescent reaction). The presence of the bioluminescent compound is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Suitable bioluminescent compounds include, but are not limited to, luciferin, luciferase, and aequorin.

[0041] In some embodiments, the labeling moiety can be and / or include a fluorescent dye. Such fluorescent dyes can include resonant delocalized systems or aromatic ring systems that absorb light at a first wavelength and emit fluorescence at a second wavelength in response to the absorption event. The fluorescent dye can be any of various classes of fluorescent compounds, including, but not limited to, xanthenes, rhodamines, fluoresceins, cyanines, phthalocyanines, squaraines, bodipy dyes, coumarins, oxazines, and carbopyronines. In some embodiments, for example, when the detection reagent includes a fluorophore such as a fluorescent dye, the fluorescence of the fluorophore is detected by exciting the fluorophore with an appropriate light source and monitoring the fluorescence of the fluorophore with a detector sensitive to the fluorophore's characteristic fluorescence emission wavelength.

[0042] As described above, in some embodiments, two or more different agents can be used to bind to or interact with two or more different analytes, allowing two or more types of analytes to be detected simultaneously. In some embodiments, two or more different detection reagents that bind to or interact with one analyte can be detected simultaneously. In various embodiments, by using two or more different detection reagents, one agent, e.g., a first primary antibody, can bind to or interact with one or more analytes to form a first agent-analyte complex, and a second reagent, detection reagent, e.g., a secondary antibody, can be used to bind to or interact with the first agent-analyte complex.

[0043] In another embodiment, two different detection reagents, e.g., antibodies for both the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the target analyte, may allow for detection of both forms of the target analyte. In some embodiments, a single given detection reagent, e.g., an antibody, may allow for detection and analysis of both the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the analyte. In some embodiments, multiple detection reagents may be used with multiple substrates to allow for color multiplexing. For example, different chemiluminescent substrates may be used to emit photons of different colors. Selective detection of different colors (e.g., by a diffraction grating, prism, series of color filters, etc.) may allow for determination of which color photons are being emitted at any location along the fluid path (e.g., along a molecular weight gradient), and therefore which detection reagent is present at each emission location. In some embodiments, different chemiluminescent reagents may be delivered sequentially, allowing for sequential detection of different bound detection reagents.

[0044] Generally, during a standard immunoassay process performed in the devices and systems described herein, some of the internal standard is lost due to various washing processes. Therefore, it is generally desirable to load a sufficient amount of internal standard into the sample at the beginning of the assay so that the internal standard remaining in the capillary after the immunoassay can generate a sufficient signal to calibrate the curve and allow adjustment to analyze the molecular weight and / or identity (e.g., the number of amino acids or the number of oligonucleotide base pairs) of the analyte. However, a relatively large amount of internal standard may interfere with the capture of the analyte when the standard and the analyte are co-located. Therefore, some standards are not co-located with the analyte during and / or at the end of electrophoresis. However, such standards may not generate a reliable calibration curve for the detection of the analyte. Therefore, in some embodiments, a sample may contain two or more standards. For example, the internal standard may be formed by and / or include a first standard (referred to as a "bright standard" or "positioning standard") and a second standard (referred to as a "dim standard"). The bright standard may be a standard having properties (such as an isoelectric point) different from those of the analyte. Therefore, after electrophoresis, the positions of the positioning standard and the analyte are located apart from each other in the capillary. Therefore, the fluorescence emitted from the bright standard and the analyte does not overlap and do not interfere with each other. The dim standard may be a standard having properties (such as an isoelectric point) similar to those of the analyte. Therefore, after electrophoresis, the positions of the positioning standard and the analyte are located close to each other in the capillary.

[0045] The high-brightness standard can be positioned at a location along the flow path (e.g., defined by a capillary, etc.) different from the location of the analyte, providing a coordinate (e.g., anchor point) for the low-brightness standard to locate close to or co-located with the analyte, thereby providing an accurate calibration curve. Generally, after separation of the internal standard and analyte, the high-brightness standard generates a fluorescent light that is brighter than the fluorescent light emitted by the low-brightness standard. The difference in brightness between the high-brightness standard and the low-brightness standard may be due to differences in emission properties and / or the amount of the two standards contained in the internal standard. For example, a large amount of the high-brightness standard and a small amount of the low-brightness standard may be mixed to form a standard that can generate a "bright" signal from the high-brightness standard and a "low" signal from the low-brightness standard. Thus, after the electrophoretic separation step, a "bright" signal from the high-brightness standard and a "low" signal from the low-brightness standard are detected. In some embodiments, the internal standard can include a high-brightness standard and a low-brightness standard, such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0011740, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0046] The embodiments described herein can be used to facilitate one or more analyses of one or more analytes (e.g., by molecular weight analysis and / or isoelectric focusing) in a single system, followed by visualization and detection of the analytes in the sample. The embodiments described herein can provide the functionality of a pipette and a microfluidic channel, thereby enabling the analysis of very small sample volumes. Such devices and / or systems can include any suitable devices, mechanisms, assemblies, subassemblies, electronic devices, actuators, etc. that can enable the device and / or system to, for example, separate, immobilize, and / or detect any suitable target analytes. More specifically, the devices and systems described herein are configured to accept a cartridge including one or more capillaries and expose at least a portion of the cartridge to a negative pressure differential (e.g., generated by a vacuum source) operable to draw a volume of fluid (e.g., one or more reagents, sample, buffer, wash solution, detector, analyte, ampholyte, etc.) from one or more wells or trays included in the device and / or system into the capillaries of the cartridge.

[0047] In some embodiments, such cartridges can have at least one capillary fixedly coupled to the cartridge body. The capillary (hereinafter referred to in the singular for simplicity) is configured to fluidly communicate with one or more fluid reservoirs (e.g., disposed within the cartridge body and / or disposed within or defined by a reagent tray, etc.). In some embodiments, the one or more fluid reservoirs can be wells or the like containing fluids containing components having any of the chemistries described above. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the cartridge can be electrically conductive (e.g., formed from copper, platinum, stainless steel, conductive microplate plastic, carbon-infused plastic, conductive polymers, and / or any other suitable material). In some embodiments, such portions of the cartridge can have a volume resistivity of less than 25 ohm-centimeters (Ω·cm) and a surface resistivity of 1000 ohms (or 1 kiloohm (kΩ)) to 100 kΩ. In other embodiments, the cartridge and / or portions thereof are substantially non-conductive.

[0048] The capillary of the cartridge defines a lumen for receiving at least a portion of a sample, solution, reagent, analyte, and / or any other suitable fluid or gel. The capillary may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be formed from any suitable material (e.g., glass, plastic, silicon, fused silica, gel, PYREX™ (amorphous glass), etc.) that allows liquids and / or dissolved molecules to flow through the lumen. For example, in some embodiments, the length of the capillary may be based, at least in part, on factors such as the size or amount of the sample and the magnitude of sample separation (e.g., about 2 centimeters (cm) to about 20 cm) required for resolving analytes or analytes of interest, where a longer capillary may increase sample separation, thereby facilitating the resolution of complex mixtures and / or mixtures with low-abundance analytes. In some embodiments, the capillary of the cartridge may be an elongated member having a round or circular cross-sectional shape or a polygonal (e.g., trapezoidal, rectangular, square, pentagonal, octagonal, etc.) cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the shape and / or size of the lumen defined by the capillary may be based at least in part on the sample, sample amount, and / or analyte type (e.g., having an internal diameter of about 10 micrometers or "microns" (μm) to about 1000 μm). For example, a capillary having a relatively small internal diameter may be associated with and / or otherwise usable for relatively small sample amounts, which may be suitable for expensive samples or reagents. Conversely, a capillary defining a relatively large internal diameter may be associated with and / or otherwise usable for relatively large sample amounts, possibly resulting in improved signal detection, etc. In other embodiments, the internal diameter may be based at least in part on the analysis to be performed (e.g., molecular weight-based separation, isoelectric focusing, etc.).

[0049] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a system 1000 configured to perform capillary electrophoresis (e.g., based on molecular weight and / or isoelectric point), according to an embodiment. For example, in some cases, a user can load a capillary cartridge into the system 1000 and initiate and / or otherwise provide instructions to the system 1000 to cause the system to at least semi-automatically separate analytes (e.g., proteins) in a sample by molecular weight. In such cases, the system 1000 captures digital or analog images associated with the detection of analytes in a sample (e.g., including any suitable agents, reagents, proteins, analytes, buffers, lysates, etc.) drawn into the capillaries of the capillary cartridge. Thus, the system 1000 can analyze the images and / or other data associated with the detection to provide molecular weight and / or morphological data of the components of the sample. In other cases, a user can load a capillary cartridge into the system 1000 and initiate and / or otherwise provide instructions to the system 1000 to cause the system 1000 to at least semi-automatically separate analytes in a sample by isoelectric point. In such cases, system 1000 draws a sample (e.g., including any suitable agents, reagents, proteins, analytes, buffers, lysates, etc.) into the capillary, separates and / or focuses analytes in the sample within the capillary, detects the presence or absence of target analytes, and / or detects the positions of analytes in the sample (e.g., analytes that have migrated to different positions along the capillary relative to their isoelectric points). Optionally, system 1000 can immobilize at least some components of the sample within the capillary (e.g., by heat, UV exposure, etc.) before detecting the target analytes.

[0050] 1 , system 1000 includes housing 1100, reagent tray assembly 1300, capillary cartridge retainer 1400, and detection assembly 1700. Although not shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, system 1000 can include any suitable electronic system or assembly (e.g., hardware modules, and / or software modules stored in memory and executed on the processor) with at least a power source, a processor, and memory that can be configured and / or otherwise programmed to perform one or more processes associated with performing at least semi-automated electrophoretic separations. Similarly, system 1000 can include any suitable fluid path system or assembly defining one or more fluid flow paths configured to receive fluids, such as a sample, one or more reagents, air, etc., that can flow through system 1000, as described in further detail herein with respect to specific embodiments.

[0051] As described above, the system 1000 is configured to receive a capillary cartridge 1500 (also referred to herein as a "cartridge"). The cartridge 1500 can include at least one body 1510 fixedly coupled to at least one capillary 1530. The cartridge 1500 can be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. In some embodiments, the cartridge 1500 can be associated with and / or otherwise configured for use in a particular analysis. For example, in some cases, the system 1000 can receive a cartridge configured for use in a molecular weight analysis. In other cases, the system 1000 can receive a cartridge configured for use in an isoelectric focusing process. In some embodiments, the cartridge 1500 can have a size, shape, and / or configuration that makes it suitable for any analysis. Additionally, the cartridge 1500 can include any suitable identification tag, code, and / or device that can be automatically detected by the system 1000 when a user places the cartridge 1500 in the system 1000.

[0052] The housing 1100 of the system 1000 can be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and can be arranged to at least partially enclose or at least partially house any suitable component of the system 1000. For example, the housing 1100 can at least partially enclose the reagent tray assembly 1300, the capillary cartridge retainer 1400, and the detection assembly 1700. Although not shown in FIG. 1 , in some embodiments, the housing 1100 can be configured to form one or more portions, chambers, internal volumes, etc., configured to allow at least some of the components of the system 1000 to be disposed therein. In some embodiments, the housing 1100 can include a door, the door configured to allow access to the internal volume defined by the door. For example, a user can open the door of the housing 1100 to place the capillary cartridge 1500 into the capillary cartridge retainer 1400, as described in further detail herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the housing 1100 may be opaque, such that a substantial amount of light does not leak through the housing into the chamber defined by the housing. In some embodiments, the housing 1100 may define at least one conditioned chamber. Similarly, the system 1000 may be operable to maintain the chambers of the housing at constant and / or preset temperatures, humidity, and / or other environmental parameters (e.g., illuminance).

[0053] The capillary cartridge retainer 1400 (also referred to herein as the "cartridge retainer") is fixedly disposed within the housing 1100. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can be coupled to a frame or the like that maintains the cartridge retainer 1400 in a substantially fixed position within the housing 1100. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can also be coupled to and / or otherwise disposed in a fixed position relative to the detection assembly 1700, as described in more detail herein.

[0054] The cartridge retainer 1400 can be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. For example, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include a set of sidewalls defining an interior volume configured to receive at least a portion of, for example, a capillary cartridge 1500 (also referred to herein as a “cartridge”). More specifically, the cartridge retainer 1400 can have or define a substantially C-shaped cross-section, with at least one side of the cartridge retainer 1400 being substantially open. Thus, a user can insert the cartridge 1500 through the substantially open side of the cartridge retainer 1400 to position at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 within the interior volume. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include a latching mechanism suitable for forming a friction fit, a snap fit, a threaded connection, or the like with at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 to couple the cartridge 1500 to the cartridge retainer 1400. In other words, the cartridge retainer 1400 at least temporarily couples to the cartridge 1500 when a portion of the cartridge 1500 is inserted into the internal volume to maintain the cartridge 1500 in a substantially fixed position relative to the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0055] The cartridge retainer 1400 is configured to receive the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined orientation (e.g., only one orientation or direction). Although not shown in FIG. 1 , the cartridge retainer 1400 may include any suitable alignment feature or sensor configured to engage with and / or sense a portion of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is disposed within the cartridge retainer 1400. More specifically, the cartridge retainer 1400 may include, for example, any number of features (e.g., protrusions, openings, grooves, etc.), assemblies, mechanisms, sensors, etc., each of which engages with and / or senses a portion of the cartridge 1500 to ensure that the cartridge 1500 is retained in a desired position and / or orientation within the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0056] In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include and / or otherwise be coupled to any suitable assembly, mechanism, device, etc. configured to engage with the cartridge 1500, e.g., to control fluid flow through at least a portion of the cartridge 1500. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include and / or be coupled to a vacuum source or assembly configured to generate a negative pressure within a volume of the cartridge 1500, e.g., the lumen of a capillary. The vacuum source can be fluidly coupled to a portion of the cartridge retainer 1400, e.g., via a port that places the vacuum source in fluid communication with the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400. Optionally, the vacuum source can be activated (e.g., by a manual switch and / or by an electrical switch included in an electrical circuit and controlled by a processor) to generate a negative pressure within the cartridge 1500, as described in more detail below with respect to specific embodiments. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include a device or mechanism configured to engage with the cartridge 1500 to selectively restrict bulk flow of fluid through a portion of the cartridge 1500. For example, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include an actuator or the like that selectively contacts a pinch valve or the like included in the cartridge 1500 to, for example, restrict and / or substantially prevent bulk flow of fluid through the lumens of capillaries included in the capillary cartridge 1500.

[0057] The cartridge retainer 1400 can also include any number of electrical contacts or the like configured to electrically couple a portion of the cartridge 1500 to an electrical or electronic assembly included in the system 1000. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 includes one or more conductive contact members, clips, surfaces, or the like that contact associated conductive contact members, clips, surfaces, or the like of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is retained therein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 can be formed from a conductive material, such as stainless steel, conductive plastic, or the like. Thus, when the cartridge 1500 is retained in a desired position within the cartridge retainer 1400, one or more conductive members or the like of the cartridge retainer 1400 contact one or more predetermined conductive portions of the cartridge 1500, thereby placing the cartridge 1500 in electrical or electronic communication with the electrical and / or electronic assembly included within the system 1000. For example, as described in further detail herein, the cartridge retainer 1400 can electrically connect the conductive capillaries of the cartridge 1500 and / or the conductive fluid within the capillary lumens to the electrical and / or electronic assemblies of the system 1000.

[0058] The reagent tray assembly 1300 of the system 1000 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be arranged to receive, accommodate, and / or store at least a portion of a reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1 ). The reagent tray assembly 1300 may receive and / or include any suitable reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1 ). For example, the reagent tray may hold and / or otherwise define a set of wells, well plates, microwell plates, troughs, etc. The wells and / or microwells may be of any suitable size and may be arranged along and / or otherwise defined by a surface of the reagent tray in any suitable arrangement. Although specific examples of reagent trays are described herein, the reagent tray assembly 1300 may be configured to receive and / or include any suitable reagent tray of similar size and / or shape that may define any number and / or arrangement of wells and / or microwells. The wells and / or microwells included in or defined by the reagent tray can receive any suitable amount of a solution, fluid, gel, lysate, buffer, sample, analyte, ampholyte, drug, reagent, protein, substrate, etc. In some embodiments, the wells and / or microwells can receive a vial or the like containing a quantity of any suitable fluid. In some embodiments, the reagent tray assembly 1300 and / or portions thereof are electrically conductive and electrically coupled to an electrical and / or electronic assembly included in the system 1000. In such embodiments, the reagent tray and / or portions thereof may also be electrically conductive, and coupling the reagent tray to the reagent tray assembly 1300 can facilitate electrical connection to the fluid disposed within the reagent tray.

[0059] At least a portion of the reagent tray assembly 1300 is movably disposed within and / or movably coupled to the housing 1100. For example, the reagent tray assembly 1300 may be movably coupled to one or more tracks, racks, lead screws, slides, pistons, etc., which may be operable to move the reagent tray assembly 1300 relative to the housing 1100. As shown by arrow AA in FIG. 1 , the reagent tray assembly 1300 (or at least the reagent trays contained therein) may be moved closer to or farther away from the cartridge retainer 1400. In other words, when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400, the reagent tray assembly 1300 may be moved in a direction parallel to an axis defined by the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Furthermore, the reagent tray assembly 1300 may be moved in one or more directions along a plane perpendicular to the cartridge retainer 1400, as shown by arrow BB. That is, when cartridge 1500 is held by cartridge retainer 1400, reagent tray assembly 1300 (or a reagent tray included therein) can be moved along a plane perpendicular to an axis defined by capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500. In other words, reagent tray assembly 1300 (or at least a reagent tray included therein) can be moved within housing 1100 relative to cartridge retainer 1400 in an X direction (e.g., left or right), a Y direction (e.g., up or down), and a Z direction (e.g., front or back).

[0060] In this manner, the reagent tray assembly 1300 is configured to move at least the reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1 ) relative to the cartridge 1500 held by the cartridge retainer 1400 to position at least ends of one or more capillaries 1530 of the cartridge 1500 in wells, microwells, vials, etc. of the reagent tray. Furthermore, the reagent tray assembly 1300 can move at least the reagent tray through any suitable number of positions relative to the cartridge 1500 and / or cartridge retainer 1400 to position one or more capillaries 1530 in any of the wells, microwells, and / or vials included in the reagent tray, or any suitable combination thereof. Thus, with the capillaries 1530 in fluid communication with a vacuum source (as described above), a negative pressure can be generated in the capillaries 1530, which is operable to draw a quantity of fluid into the capillaries 1530 from any suitable well or wells of the reagent tray, such as those described above. Additionally or alternatively, the well, microwell, vial, etc. can be fluidly coupled to a source of positive pressure via a pressure conduit (not shown in FIG. 1 ) inserted into the well, microwell, vial, etc. along with the capillary 1530. The reagent tray assembly 1300, the capillary 1530, and / or a portion of the cartridge 1500 can be operable to seal the well, microwell, vial, etc. against the cartridge 1500 such that positive pressure can force fluid from the well, microwell, vial, etc. into the capillary 1530.

[0061] The detection assembly 1700 of the system 1000 is fixedly disposed within the housing 1100. As described above, the detection assembly 1700 is also disposed in a predetermined and fixed position relative to the cartridge retainer 1400. For example, the detection assembly 1700 can be disposed within the housing 1100 such that a predetermined portion of the detection assembly 1700 is aligned with a predetermined portion of the cartridge retainer 1400 and / or is otherwise disposed in a desired position relative thereto. In some embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 and / or the cartridge retainer 1400 can include any suitable adjustment mechanism or the like to ensure a desired alignment between the detection assembly 1700 and the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0062] Detection assembly 1700 may be any suitable device, mechanism, and / or assembly configured to, for example, capture and / or detect digital or analog data (e.g., images) of analytes and / or standards and / or detect signals emitted by analytes and / or standards. For example, in some embodiments, detection assembly 1700 includes first emitter 1705, second emitter 1751, first detector 1728, and second detector 1760. First emitter 1705 of detection assembly 1700 may be any suitable device, member, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to emit energy (e.g., heat, photons, radiation, etc.). For example, in some embodiments, first emitter 1705 may be one or more LEDs, deuterium lamps, lasers, incandescent light sources, fluorescent sources, or any other suitable light source. In some embodiments, the first emitter 1705 can be optically coupled to the cartridge retainer 1400, the cartridge 1500, and / or the capillary 1530 via one or more lenses, mirrors, prisms, optical fibers, etc. For example, the first emitter 1705 can be powered and / or excited to emit photons having a predetermined wavelength and / or range of wavelengths. In some embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 can include one or more mirrors, lenses, filters, etc. configured to direct, focus, and / or wavelength convert the photons emitted by the first emitter 1705. For example, the detection assembly 1700 can include any suitable lenses and / or filters (e.g., TAMRA filters) associated with chemiluminescence, fluorescence (e.g., intrinsic fluorescence, fluorescence of a label moiety, etc.), absorbance, etc.

[0063] Similarly, second emitter 1751 may be any suitable device, member, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to emit energy in the form of photons, heat, radiation, etc. In some embodiments, second emitter 1751 may be, for example, an array of LEDs and / or any of the light sources described with respect to first emitter 1705. In some embodiments, first emitter 1705 is configured to emit photons, for example, during molecular weight analysis, and second emitter 1751 is configured to emit photons, for example, during isoelectric focusing. In such embodiments, first emitter 1705 may be, for example, a single fiber optic output (e.g., a single focused beam of light), while second emitter 1751 may be, for example, a grid array of fiber optic outputs, LEDs, etc. (e.g., an array of light rather than a single focused beam of light). In other embodiments, a single emitter may be used (e.g., via one or more apertures, filters, blockers, reflectors and / or refractors, etc.) during molecular weight analysis and isoelectric focusing. In still other embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 can include more than the first emitter 1705 and the second emitter 1751. As described in further detail herein, the first emitter 1705 (or multiple emitters) and the second emitter 1751 (or multiple emitters) can emit energy that interacts with at least a portion of the sample contained within the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0064] First detector 1728 and second detector 1760 may be any suitable digital or analog detector. For example, in some embodiments, first detector 1728 and / or second detector 1760 may be and / or include a photodiode, an array of photodiodes, a charge-coupled device (CCD) array, etc. Detectors 1728 and 1760 may be used to capture images and / or signals related to the analytes and / or standards in the sample. In some embodiments, detectors 1728 and 1760 may be operable to periodically and / or continuously capture images and / or signals emitted from the analytes and / or standards. In some embodiments, detectors 1728 and 1760 may be operable to monitor the analytes and / or standards in real time or substantially real time, thereby allowing a user to quickly determine whether an analyte is present in a sample, the amount or activity of the analyte, the molecular weight of the analyte, etc. In some embodiments, for example, during molecular weight analysis, first detector 1728 can be used to detect and / or image the flow of a sample through capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in molecular weight analysis) in substantially real time while cartridge 1500 is held by cartridge retainer 1400. In some embodiments, second detector 1760 can be used during and / or after isoelectric focusing. For example, second detector 1760 can be used to detect the separation of analytes in substantially real time as the analytes separate and focus, and / or after the analytes have been focused and optionally immobilized. Similarly, second detector 1760 can detect a signal (e.g., fluorescence, absorbance, etc.) associated with one or more analytes in a sample separated within capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) while cartridge 1500 is held by cartridge retainer 1400.Additionally, detection assembly 1700 may be operably coupled to any suitable electrical or electronic circuitry and configured to send signals to and / or receive signals from a processor or the like (e.g., detection assembly 1700 may send one or more signals to a processor or the like such that data related to the captured image and / or detected signals is stored, for example, in a memory or database). Although detection assembly 1700 is described as including first detector 1728 and second detector 1760, in other embodiments, detection assembly 1700 may include a single detector or multiple (e.g., three or more) detectors configured to detect a portion of the energy (e.g., photons) generated by emitters 1705 and / or 1751.

[0065] For example, in use, system 1000 can be set up, programmed, and / or otherwise configured to perform molecular weight analysis of a sample, which can include preparing cartridge 1500, e.g., along with preparing the sample and / or reagents. A user can then insert cartridge 1500 into cartridge retainer 1400 in a single, predetermined orientation, as described above. Cartridge retainer 1400 thereby at least temporarily couples to cartridge 1500 and holds cartridge 1500 in a substantially fixed position. The arrangement of cartridge retainer 1400 and detection assembly 1700 within housing 1100 is such that predetermined portions of detection assembly 1700 (e.g., first emitter 1705 and first detector 1728) are aligned with predetermined portions of cartridge retainer 1400 (e.g., first set of openings, etc.). Thus, by aligning the detection assembly 1700 with the cartridge retainer 1400, and with the cartridge retainer 1400 holding the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined, fixed position, for example, the first emitter 1705 and the first detector 1728 can be aligned with a portion of the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Thus, energy and / or photons emitted by the first emitter 1705 can be directed to a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530.

[0066] As described above, cartridge 1500 (e.g., including capillary 1530) is fluidly coupled to a vacuum source when disposed within cartridge retainer 1400. Accordingly, the vacuum source can then be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to create a negative differential pressure within capillary 1530 operable to draw a substantially continuous flow of sample through capillary 1530. In this manner, with sample flowing through capillary 1530, first emitter 1705 can emit energy or photons, which illuminate and / or activate a volume of sample flowing through a predetermined portion of capillary 1530 (at which the energy or photons are directed). First detector 1728 can thereby capture and / or detect one or more images, image data and / or signals related to the illuminated and / or activated analytes, standards, etc. in the volume of sample. Additionally or alternatively, first detector 1728 may capture and / or detect one or more images, image data and / or signals related to light absorbed by analytes, standards, etc. The images and / or data may then be analyzed to determine molecular weight-based data, electrophoretic mobility, size-based data and / or morphological data related to the analytes in the sample.

[0067] Similarly, system 1000 can be set, programmed, and / or otherwise configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or detect signals of one or more analytes contained in a sample separated and / or focused within capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) when cartridge 1500 is held by cartridge retainer 1400. In such a case, a user can insert cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) into cartridge retainer 1400 in a single, predetermined orientation, as described above. Thus, by aligning the detection assembly 1700 with the cartridge retainer 1400 (e.g., so that the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 are aligned with, for example, the second set of openings), and with the cartridge retainer 1400 holding the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined, fixed position, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 can be aligned with, for example, a portion of the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Thus, the second emitter 1751 can emit energy or photons that are directed toward a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530 (e.g., a predetermined length or corresponding column of the capillary 1530).

[0068] In some cases, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 can collectively capture a “full-column” image and / or perform “full-column” detection of the sample in the capillary 1530. Similarly, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 may be operable to capture and / or detect more than a single point along the capillary 1530. For example, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 may be operable to capture a length sufficient to visualize the separation and / or focusing of analytes during the electrophoresis process. The second emitter 1751, the second detector 1760, and optionally additional optical components may be operable to define an optical path of about 1 cm, about 3 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 20 cm, about 50 cm, or any other suitable length in the capillary 1350. Additionally or alternatively, second emitter 1751 and second detector 1760 may be operable to capture intrinsic fluorescence, label fluorescence, and / or absorbance of analytes, standards, etc. within capillary 1530. For example, a filter wheel (not shown in FIG. 1 ) may be operable to modify the optical signal presented to second detector 1760 while analytes are being separated and / or focused within capillary 1530. Thus, samples can be characterized for intrinsic fluorescence, label fluorescence, absorbance, and / or any other suitable optical property along the entire column while analytes are being separated and / or focused during a run.

[0069] As described above, a negative pressure differential generated by a vacuum source can draw a volume of a mixture (e.g., one or more reagents, sample, buffer, wash solution, detector, analyte, ampholyte, antibody, label, etc.) into capillary 1530. However, if system 1000 is configured to perform isoelectric focusing, once a desired volume of sample or other desired fluid has been drawn into capillary 1530, cartridge retainer 1400 and / or any other suitable portion of system 1000 can engage a portion of cartridge 1500, transitioning, for example, a pinch valve or the like, to a closed position, thereby restricting and / or substantially preventing bulk flow of fluid through capillary 1530. Additionally, system 1000 can apply an electric field to a conductive portion of cartridge 1500 (e.g., fluid within capillary 1530 and / or capillary 1530, as described above). Thus, a current can flow along the capillaries 1530, and the analytes in the mixture are separated by an isoelectric gradient (e.g., along the length of each capillary). Optionally, in some embodiments, system 1000 can be configured to immobilize the molecules in the capillaries of cartridge 1500 once the molecules have been sufficiently separated and / or focused. For example, second emitter 1751 can emit energy or photons (e.g., a train of light or fluorescence) that are directed to a predetermined portion of capillary 1530 (e.g., a predetermined length or corresponding column of capillary 1530), thereby illuminating, activating, and immobilizing the quantity of the separated sample or mixture in the corresponding column of capillary 1530 within capillary 1530.

[0070] Once the sample components (e.g., including one or more analytes) have been separated, the separated analytes and / or standards contained in the sample are probed with one or more reagents, which may include a detection reagent (e.g., any suitable agent, reagent, analyte-specific antibody, HRP-conjugated secondary antibody, etc., or any combination thereof, as described in detail above). The detection reagent is then used to generate a signal from one or more label moieties (e.g., isotope labels, immunolabels, optical dyes, enzymes, particles, or particle combinations such as chemiluminescently labeled antibodies, fluorescently labeled antibodies, etc.), which is captured or detected by the second detector 1760. In other embodiments, the intrinsic fluorescence and / or absorbance characteristics of the analyte can generate a signal that is captured by the second detector 1760. For example, the analyte (e.g., a protein, a portion of a protein, such as a constituent tryptophan amino acid) can be excited with the second emitter 1751 and detected by the second detector 1760. In other cases, the second detector 1760 can detect a reduction in light emitted from the second emitter 1751 that is characteristic of an analyte absorbance peak. In this manner, the system 1000 can be used to perform molecular weight analysis and / or isoelectric focusing in an at least semi-automated manner.

[0071] Although described above as immobilizing molecules in a sample, in other embodiments, system 1000 need not immobilize molecules in a sample. For example, after a sample is separated and / or focused, first detector 1728 and / or second detector 1760 can capture a final image of capillary 1530 and / or detect molecules in the sample before the sample is washed into a waste container and / or the sample is recaptured or otherwise discarded. In such embodiments, cartridge 1500 may be reusable so that the same cartridge 1500 and / or capillary 1530 can be used to separate and / or focus subsequent samples.

[0072] 2-44 illustrate a system 2000 configured to perform capillary electrophoresis, such as molecular weight and / or isoelectric focusing, measurements, according to embodiments. System 2000 includes a housing 2100 and / or support structure (FIGS. 2-8), an electronics assembly 2200 (FIG. 8), a reagent assembly 2300 (FIGS. 9-13), a cartridge retainer 2400 (FIGS. 14-20), and an optical assembly 2700 (FIGS. 20-28). System 2000 is configured to receive a cartridge, such as a molecular weight cartridge 2500′ (FIGS. 29-37) and / or an isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ (FIGS. 38-44). As described in further detail herein, system 2000 is capable of at least semi-automatically characterizing analytes in a sample by molecular weight and / or isoelectric point. System 200 may be operable to draw a sample (e.g., comprising any suitable agent, reagent, protein, analyte, buffer, lysate, and / or any other substance described herein) into one or more capillaries of cartridge 2500′ and / or 2500″ (generally referred to herein as “cartridge 2500″ (see, e.g., FIG. 7 )) and image a volume of the sample flowing therethrough. Additionally, system 2000 may at least semi-automatically separate samples (by capillary electrophoresis) and image the samples during and / or after separation, e.g., by whole-column detection.

[0073] 2-8 , the housing 2100 and / or support structure (hereinafter referred to as the “housing”) may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration and may be arranged to at least partially enclose or at least partially support any suitable components of the system 2000. The housing 2100 includes a cover 2110, a base 2112, a theater cover 2114, a frame 2120, a door 2130, and a door retention assembly 2140. As shown in FIG. 2 , the cover 2110 is coupled to the base 2112 and collectively covers, houses, and / or otherwise encloses at least a portion of the system 2000.

[0074] The door 2130 of the housing 2100 is coupled to a portion of the cover 2110 and / or the frame 2120 and may move relative to the cover 2110 between a closed configuration and an open configuration to respectively isolate or provide access to the portion of the system 2000 disposed within the cover 2110. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , the door 2130 of the housing 2100 includes a door frame 2131, a hinge 2132, a door cover 2133, a handle 2134, a latch 2135, a sensor 2136, and a sensor plate 2137. The door frame 2131 supports and provides structural rigidity to the door 2130. The hinge 2132 is coupled to the door frame 2131 and a portion of the frame 2120 of the housing 2100. The hinge 2132 may include, for example, a first portion rotatably coupled to a second portion. In this manner, the first portion and / or the second portion may be configured to rotate and / or pivot about an axis (not shown) to transition the door 2130 between a closed configuration (e.g., FIG. 5) and an open configuration (e.g., FIG. 6).

[0075] The door cover 2133 is disposed around the door frame 2131. In some embodiments, the door cover 2133 is transparent and can be configured to limit the amount of light entering the interior volume defined by the cover 2110. In other embodiments, the door cover 2133 can include an observation window or the like configured to allow a user to visualize a portion of the system 2000 disposed within the cover 2110. The handle 2133 of the door 2110 is operatively coupled to the latch 2135 and can be manipulated by a user to transition the latch 2135 between a first configuration (e.g., a latched or locked configuration) and a second configuration (e.g., an unlatched or unlocked configuration). The latch 2135 is configured to selectively engage the door retention assembly 2140 to selectively prevent movement of the door 2130 relative to the cover 2110. As described in further detail herein, the sensor 2136 is configured to sense and / or detect the relative position of the door 2130.

[0076] 6 and 7, the door retention assembly 2140 includes a release mechanism 2141 and one or more actuators 2142. The release mechanism 2141 is configured to selectively engage the latch 2135 of the door 2130 to selectively retain the latch 2135 in a fixed position (e.g., at least temporarily retain the door 2130 in a closed configuration). The actuator 2142 may be any suitable actuator or the like configured to transition the release mechanism 2141 between a first configuration in which the release mechanism 2141 engages the latch 2135 and a second configuration in which the release mechanism 2141 disengages the latch 2135. For example, in some embodiments, the actuator 2142 may be an electromechanical actuator or the like configured to mechanically move a portion of the release mechanism 2141 in response to, for example, a signal or command received from the electronics assembly 2200 or other control device.

[0077] The door retaining assembly 2140 further includes one or more proximity sensors 2143 configured to detect the relative position of the door 2130. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more proximity sensors 2143 can be configured to detect proximity of and / or contact with a portion of a sensor plate 2137 of the door 2130. In this manner, the sensor 2136 of the door 2130 and the proximity sensor 2143 of the door retaining assembly 2140 can collectively sense and / or detect, for example, the position and / or configuration of the door 2130 relative to the cover 2110 and / or other portions of the housing 2100. Further, in some cases, sensors 2136 and / or 2143 may be configured to transmit signals related to the position and / or configuration of door 2130, for example, to electronics assembly 2200 and / or other control devices, thereby activating portions of system 2100 (e.g., when door 2130 is in a closed configuration) and / or preventing portions of system 2100 from being activated (e.g., when door 2130 is in an open configuration).

[0078] The frame 2120 is configured to support one or more portions of the system 2100. For example, the frame 2120 includes at least an optical system support member 2121 configured to support at least a portion of the optical system assembly 2700 and an electronics assembly support member 2122 configured to support at least a portion of the electronics assembly 2200 and / or the optical system assembly 2700. The theater cover 2114 is coupled to the frame 2120 and configured to at least partially isolate portions of the system 2100 (see, e.g., FIGS. 6 and 7). In some embodiments, the theater cover 2114 can be a shield or the like configured to block, limit, and / or substantially prevent undesired exposure of portions of the system 2000 to light (e.g., from outside the cover 2110).

[0079] The electronics assembly 2200 may be of any suitable configuration and may include any suitable components that enable the electronics assembly 2200 to at least partially control the system 2000. For example, as shown in FIG. 8 , the electronics assembly 2200 includes at least a power supply 2210, a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) 2212, and one or more fans 2215 configured to cool the components of the electronics assembly 2200. As described in further detail herein, the PCBA 2212 is in electrical communication with one or more system components, such as, for example, pumps, lights, cameras, detectors, motors, sensors, auxiliary PCBAs, and / or any other suitable devices. Although not shown in FIG. 8 , the power supply 2210 may be electrically connected (e.g., “plugged in”) to an external electrical circuit to receive a current flow from a power grid. The power supply 2210 may then condition, transform, and / or convert (e.g., convert from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)) the current flow before being sent to the electronics PCBA 2212. Additionally, the power supply 2210 may be configured to provide electrical current flow to one or more pumps, motors, actuators, lights, detectors, cameras, sensors, etc., as described in more detail herein.

[0080] The PCBA 2212 may include any suitable electronic device or component. For example, the PCBA 2212 includes at least a memory and a processor (not shown). The memory may be, for example, a random access memory (RAM), a memory buffer, a hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), etc. In some embodiments, the memory may store instructions for causing the processor to execute modules, processes, and / or functions associated with controlling at least a portion of the system 2000. The processor may be any suitable processing device capable of running and / or executing a set of instructions or code. For example, the processor may be a general-purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor may run and / or execute a set of instructions or code stored in the memory associated with controlling at least a portion of the system 2000. For example, the processor may execute a set of instructions or code stored in the memory associated with controlling one or more pumps, motors, actuators, sensors, lights, cameras, etc. Additionally, as described in more detail herein, the processor may execute a set of instructions or codes stored in the memory related to sending a flow of electrical current to a portion of the cartridge assembly 2500 to initiate and / or perform electrophoresis.

[0081] 9-13, the reagent assembly 2300 of the system 2000 includes at least a drive unit 2310 and a tray unit 2340. The drive unit 2310 is configured to move the tray unit 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 in response to one or more signals received, for example, from the electronics assembly 2200. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the drive unit 2310 includes a first motor 2311 coupled to a first drive screw 2312, a second motor 2315 coupled to a second drive screw 2316, and a third motor 2320 coupled to a third drive screw 2321. The drive unit 2310 further includes a first slide track 2313, a second slide track 2317, and a third slide track 2322. The first motor 2311 is fixedly coupled to a base plate 2113, which is further coupled to a portion of the frame 2120 to support at least the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300. In other words, the first motor 2311 is coupled to the base plate 2113 and is maintained in a substantially fixed position.

[0082] Although not shown in FIGS. 9-13 , the first slide track 2313 is configured to slidably receive a slide block. For example, in some embodiments, the first slide track 2313 can include one or more grooves, channels, slots, tracks, etc. configured to receive and / or slidably engage a portion of the slide block (not shown). The slide block is then coupled to the slide plate 2318. In other embodiments, the slide block and slide plate 2318 are monolithic or integrally formed. Additionally, the slide plate 2318 is coupled to an end of the first drive screw 2312. For example, in some embodiments, the slide plate 2318 can include and / or be coupled (e.g., via one or more mechanical couplers, welds, adhesives, etc.) to a mounting plate or bracket that further forms a threaded coupling with the first drive screw 2312. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when the first motor 2311 is actuated, the output of the first motor 2311 rotates the first drive screw 2312 relative to the mounting plate or bracket of the slide plate 2318, thus moving the slide plate 2318 in a linear direction along the length of the first slide track 2312 (e.g., toward or away from the first motor 2311).

[0083] The second motor 2315 and second slide track 2317 of the drive portion 2310 are each coupled to the slide plate 2318. More specifically, the second slide track 2317 is coupled to and / or included within the slide plate 2318 and extends along the length of the slide plate 2318 in a direction perpendicular to the first slide track 2313. As described above with respect to the first slide track 2313, the second slide track 2317 is configured to slidably receive a slide block (not shown), which is further coupled to a slide bracket 2323. The slide bracket 2323 is further coupled to an end of the second drive screw 2316. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when the second motor 2315 is actuated, the output of the second motor 2315 rotates the second drive screw 2316 relative to the slide bracket 2323, thus moving the slide bracket 2323 in a linear direction along the length of the second slide track 2316 (e.g., toward or away from the second motor 2315).

[0084] 10 and 12, the third slide track 2322 is coupled to the slide bracket 2323 and configured to extend along the length of the slide block 2323 in a direction perpendicular to each of the first slide track 2313 and the second slide track 2316. As described above with respect to the first slide track 2313 and the second slide track 2316, the third slide track 2322 is configured to slidably receive the slide block 2342 (FIG. 12), which is further coupled to the mounting plate 2344 of the tray portion 2340. The third motor 2320 is coupled to a motor mount 2345 of the mounting plate 2344 such that an end of the third drive screw 2321 extends through the motor mount 2345 and is rotatably coupled to the slide bracket 2323. 10 and 11 , the third drive screw 2321 extends in a direction substantially parallel to the third slide track 2322 (e.g., perpendicular to the base plate 2113 and / or perpendicular to both the first drive screw 2312 and the second drive screw 2316). When the third motor 2320 is actuated, the output of the third motor 2320 rotates the third drive screw 2321 relative to the third motor 2320, and thus the third motor 2320 moves along the length of the third drive screw 2321. Thus, with the third motor 2320 coupled to the mounting plate 2344, movement of the third motor 2320 along the length of the third drive screw 2321 causes the mounting plate 2344 (and slide block 2342) to move in a linear direction along the length of the third slide track 2322 (e.g., toward or away from the slide plate 2318).

[0085] The drive unit 2310 is arranged such that, in response to one or more signals from the electronic assembly 2200, the drive unit 2310 can move the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 in any suitable direction along a plane parallel to the base plate 2113 and in a direction perpendicular or to that plane. In other words, the drive unit 2310 can move the tray portion 2340 in the X, Y, and Z directions. Furthermore, by coupling the second motor 2315 to a slide plate 2318 that is movably coupled to the first slide track 2313 and the third motor 2320 to a mounting plate 2344 that is movably coupled (at least indirectly) to the second slide track 2316 and the third slide track 2322, the drive unit 2310 can be configured to simultaneously operate the first motor 2311, the second motor 2315, and the third motor 2322 to move the tray portion 2340 in any suitable direction in the XY, XZ, and / or YZ planes. 10 and 11, the drive portion 2310 also includes a cable track 2325 that can receive one or more wires and / or conduits. In this manner, the one or more wires and / or conduits can move relative to the sliding plate 2318 and the sliding bracket 2323 (e.g., within and / or simultaneously with the cable track 2325) in response to actuation of the first motor 2311, the second motor 2315, and / or the third motor 2320.

[0086] 12 , the tray portion 2340 includes a mounting plate 2344, a cooler 2350, a cold block 2360, a tray holder 2362, a reagent tray 2365, and a shroud 2368. Each of the cooler 2350, cold block 2360, reagent tray 2365, and shroud 2368 is coupled to the tray holder 2362, which is further coupled to and / or otherwise supported by the mounting plate 2344. Thus, with the mounting plate 2344 coupled to the slide block 2342 (as described above), the mounting plate 2344 and the slide block 2342 slidably couple the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 to the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300. In some embodiments, the drive unit 2310 can position the tray unit 2310 in a default or other predetermined position when the system 2000 is not in use and / or before or after moving the tray unit 2310. In some embodiments, the shroud 2368 can be coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that at least a portion of the shroud 2368 is substantially aligned with an associated portion of the theater cover 2114 (see, e.g., FIG. 6 ). In this manner, the shroud 2368 and the theater cover 2114 can collectively isolate a portion of the system 2000 within the housing 2100.

[0087] The reagent tray 2365 is configured to be at least temporarily coupled to the tray holder 2362. For example, the reagent tray 2365 may be removably coupled to the tray holder 2362, thereby allowing a user to remove and / or replace the reagent tray 2365 (e.g., for cleaning, etc.). As described in further detail herein, the reagent tray 2365 may be coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that a surface of the reagent tray 2365 contacts a surface of the cold block 2360. The reagent tray 2365 may be any suitable tray or the like. For example, the reagent tray 2365 may hold and / or otherwise define a set of wells 2366 configured to receive any suitable solution, fluid, gel, lysate, buffer, sample, analyte, ampholyte, drug, reagent, protein, substrate, etc. In other embodiments, the wells 2366 may receive one or more vials 2367, etc., which may contain any of the samples and / or mixtures described herein. The wells 2366 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be arranged in any suitable arrangement. For example, the wells 2366 may be a well plate, a microwell plate, etc. As shown in FIG. 12 , the reagent tray 2365 includes 42 wells 2366. In other embodiments, the reagent tray may include any number of wells (e.g., 43 or more wells or fewer than 42 wells). In some embodiments, the reagent tray 2365 is removably coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that a reagent tray having any suitable number and / or arrangement of wells can be at least temporarily coupled to the tray holder 2362. Furthermore, as described in further detail herein, the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300 can move the tray portion 2340 within the housing 2100 to selectively place one or more wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365 in fluid communication with a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 and / or a cartridge 2500 disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0088] The cooler 2350 of the tray portion 2340 is coupled to the tray holder 2362. The cooler 2350 may be any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to transfer thermal energy to or from the cooler 2350. For example, as shown in FIG. 12 , the cooler 2350 includes a fluidic block 2351 and a thermoelectric cooling device 2355. The fluidic block 2351 has an inlet 2352 configured to receive an inlet flow of fluid into the fluidic block 2351 and an outlet 2353 configured to receive an outlet flow of fluid from the fluidic block 2351. As shown in FIG. 13 , the fluidic block 2351 is fluidly coupled to a pump 2385, which is further fluidly coupled to a heat exchanger 2390 (e.g., a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a radiator, etc.). In this manner, pump 2385 can receive a flow of relatively hot or heated fluid (e.g., water, coolant, etc.) from outlet 2353 of fluid block 2351 and can pump a quantity of the fluid to heat exchanger 2390. Heat exchanger 2390 includes and / or is coupled to a fan 2395 configured to provide a flow of bulk fluid (e.g., air) across an exterior surface of heat exchanger 2390, thereby removing thermal energy from the fluid flowing within heat exchanger 2390. The relatively cool or cooled fluid can then flow into inlet 2352 of fluid block 2351. Thus, fluid flowing through fluid block 2351 can be configured to transfer thermal energy from or to fluid block 2351.

[0089] The thermoelectric cooling device 2355 (also referred to herein as a "cooling device") may be any suitable cooling device, such as, for example, a Peltier element configured to create a temperature gradient in response to an electrical input (e.g., a voltage or change in voltage). In some embodiments, the cooling device 2355 has a hot side in at least thermal communication with the fluid flowing through the fluid block 2351 and a cold side in at least thermal communication with the cold block 2360. The cooling device 2355 can therefore receive a flow of electrical current (e.g., from the power supply 2210 of the electronic assembly 2200) operable to create a temperature gradient between the cold side and the hot side of the cooling device 2355. Thus, with the cold block 2360 in contact with the reagent tray 2365 (as described above), thermal energy can be transferred from the reagent tray 2365, through the cold block 2360, to the cold side of the cooling device 2355, through the cooling device 2355, and to the fluid flowing within the fluid block 2351. Thereafter, as described above, at least a portion of the thermal energy is removed from the fluid as it flows through the heat exchanger 2390. Thus, the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 can cool, chill, and / or otherwise condition the sample and / or other mixture in the reagent tray 2365.

[0090] Alternatively, the hot side of the cooling device 2355 can be in thermal communication with the cold block 2360, and the cold side of the cooling device 2355 can be in thermal communication with a fluid passing through the fluid block 2351, such that the cooling device is operable to transfer thermal energy to the reagent tray 2365 (e.g., operable to function as a heater). For example, by changing the polarity of a voltage applied to the cooling device 2355, the cooling device 2355 can be operable to alternate between being a heating device and a cooling device. In some cases, a controller, such as a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, can be operable to vary the polarity, duty cycle, duration, potential, etc., supplied to the cooling device 2355 to maintain the temperature of the reagent tray 2365 within a particular temperature range. In some embodiments, such a controller can be and / or include a set of instructions stored in a memory and executed in a processor of the PCBA 2212 of the electronic assembly 2200.

[0091] The capillary cartridge retainer 2400 (also referred to herein as the "cartridge retainer") of the system 2000 is disposed within the housing 2100. For example, as shown in FIG. 14 , a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is fixedly coupled to an optics support member 2121 of the frame 2120. In this manner, at least a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is maintained in a substantially fixed position within the housing 2100. More specifically, as described in further detail herein, a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is coupled to the optics support member 2121 and maintained within a range of fixed positions relative to the detection assembly 2700, thereby maintaining a desired alignment therebetween.

[0092] The cartridge retainer 2400 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. For example, as shown in FIGS. 15-20 , the cartridge retainer 2400 includes a frame 2410, a vacuum portion 2440, a latching mechanism 2455, and a pipette portion 2470. As described in further detail herein, the frame 2410 couples the cartridge retainer 2400 to the optics support member 2121 and is configured to receive and selectively engage at least a portion of the cartridge 2500. Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 15-18 , each of the vacuum portion 2440, the latching mechanism 2455, and the pipette portion 2470 is coupled to and / or otherwise supported by the frame 2410.

[0093] 15 and 16 , the pipette portion 2470 is coupled to a side wall of the frame 2410 (e.g., the second side wall 2421, as described in further detail herein) and includes a pipette 2481 configured to move linearly relative to the frame 2410. The pipette portion 2470 further includes a mounting block 2471, a motor 2472, a rack 2473, a pinion 2474, a belt 2475, a support member 2476, a slide track 2478, and a slide block 2479. The mounting block 2471 and the support member 2476 are each configured to couple to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410. The motor 2472 is coupled to the mounting block 2471 and includes an output (not shown). The output of the motor 2472 is operatively coupled to the pinion 2474 via a belt 2475. The pinion 2474 is rotatably coupled to the mounting block 2471 and configured to rotate by the belt 2475 in response to rotation of the output of the motor 2472. The rack 2473 is configured to engage a gear or the like (not shown) of the pinion 2474 and move in a linear motion relative to the mounting block 2471. As shown in FIG. 16 , an end of the rack 2473 and the pipette 2481 are coupled to a slide block 2479. The slide block 2479 is slidably disposed around a portion of a slide track 2478, which is coupled to the support member 2476 and further configured to be maintained in a substantially fixed position relative to the frame 2410. Additionally, as described in further detail herein, the support member 2476 defines a notch 2477 configured to movably receive a portion of the latch mechanism 2455.

[0094] With this arrangement of the pipette portion 2470, when the motor 2472 is actuated, the belt 2475 rotates the pinion 2474 relative to the rack 2473. With the pinion 2474 rotatably coupled to the mounting block 2471, and with a gear portion of the pinion 2474 engaged with the rack 2473, rotation of the pinion 2474 advances the rack 2473 relative to the pinion 2474. With an end of the rack 2473 coupled to the slide block 2479, advancement of the rack 2473 relative to the pinion 2474 results in linear motion of the slide block 2479 along the length of the slide track 2478. Thus, with the pipette 2481 coupled to the slide block 2479, the pipette 2481 moves simultaneously with the slide block 2479 as the slide block 2479 moves along the length of the slide track 2478. In this manner, the electronic assembly 2200 can send signals and / or power to the motor 2472 to move the pipette 2481 in a linear direction along the length of the slide track 2478 (e.g., along the length of the centerline defined by the pipette 2481).

[0095] Optionally, the pipette 2481 can be moved from a first position to a second position to be disposed within one or more wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365. For example, optional, the motor 2472 can be actuated (e.g., in response to a signal and / or power received from the electronic assembly 2200) to dispose a first end of the pipette 2481 within a well 2366 of the reagent tray 2465. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 16 , a second end of the pipette 2481 opposite the first end is in fluid communication with at least one fluid conduit 2480. Thus, the pipette 2481 can be configured to deliver fluid to and / or receive fluid from the well 2366 in which it is disposed. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more fluid conduits 2480 are in fluid communication with a pump 2490 or the like (see, e.g., FIG. 13 ). The pump 2490 is further in fluid communication with at least one fluid reservoir 2495. In this manner, electronic assembly 2200 and / or other control device can send a signal to pipette assembly 2470 to operate motor 2472 such that a first end of pipette 2481 is positioned within a desired well 2366. Electronic assembly 2200 can also send a signal to pump 2490 (e.g., a syringe pump or other suitable pump), in response, pump 2490 can draw a predetermined amount of fluid from one or more fluid reservoirs 2495 and deliver the predetermined amount of fluid via one or more fluid conduits 2480 and pipette 2481 to well 2366. In some embodiments, this arrangement enables system 2000 to at least semi-automatically fill and / or otherwise prepare one or more wells 2366 of reagent tray 2365 with a desired sample or mixture, such as those described herein.

[0096] In some embodiments, the fluid reservoir 2495 can be sized to contain a relatively small amount of fluid, such as 20 milliliters (mL), 50 mL, 100 mL, etc. The fluid reservoir 2495 can store a sufficient amount of fluid for one or several runs (e.g., 2, 5, 10, etc.). Optionally, the interior of the housing 2100 can be conditioned to maintain the fluid reservoir 2495 at a preset and / or substantially constant temperature. For example, fans 2215 and / or 2395 can circulate heat generated by system components (e.g., electrical components, power supplies, transformers, cooling devices 2355, etc.) at a controlled rate to maintain a preset and / or substantially constant temperature. The fluid reservoir 2495 can be sized to contain a relatively small amount of fluid, the temperature of which can be more easily controlled than, for example, a multi-liter bulk fluid reservoir.

[0097] Optionally, fluid reservoir 2495 can be fluidly coupled to a bulk fluid container (not shown), for example, located outside housing 2100. Fluid reservoir 2495 can be operable to draw and / or otherwise receive fluid from the bulk fluid container. In some embodiments, the fill level of a bulk fluid container having a known volume can be determined by supplying a known amount of gas at a known pressure to the bulk fluid container. By calculating the change in pressure in the bulk fluid container (e.g., the volume of headspace in fluid reservoir 2495 and / or in the bulk fluid container) can be determined. That is, the change in pressure in the bulk fluid container decreases as the headspace increases. The headspace can be subtracted from the known volume of the bulk fluid container to calculate the fill level. In some embodiments, system 2000 can prompt a user to refill one or more bulk fluid containers when the fill level drops below a predetermined level and / or otherwise modify the behavior of the run (e.g., system 2000 can prevent an assay from being performed until the bulk fluid container is refilled).

[0098] The frame 2410 of the cartridge retainer 2400 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. As shown in FIGS. 16-19 , for example, the frame 2410 includes a first side wall 2411, a second side wall 2421, a first contact bracket 2438 (e.g., an upper contact bracket), and a second contact bracket 2439 (e.g., a lower contact bracket). The first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 are disposed between the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421, respectively, and are configured to couple to the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421. More specifically, the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 are coupled to and disposed between the side walls 2411 and 2421 such that the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421 are spaced a predetermined distance apart (see, for example, FIG. 19 ). In some embodiments, the predetermined distance can be related to, for example, the width of the cartridge 2500. In other words, the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 couple the side walls 2411 and 2421 together such that a space sufficient to receive at least a portion of the cartridge 2500 is defined therebetween. As described in further detail herein, the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 are each coupled to a contact member 2485 that contacts a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is positioned between the second side wall 2421 and the first side wall 2411.

[0099] 17 , first sidewall 2411 defines one or more spring openings 2412, first optics opening 2414, and second optics opening 2415. First optics opening 2414 is configured to align with a first portion of optics assembly 2700 (e.g., size imaging portion 2701, as described in further detail herein) to allow visualization of a first portion of cartridge 2500 when cartridge 2500 is held by cartridge retainer 2400. Similarly, second optics opening 2415 is configured to align with a second portion of optics assembly 2700 (e.g., full-column detection portion 2750, as described in further detail herein) to allow visualization of a second portion of cartridge 2500 when cartridge 2500 is held by cartridge retainer 2400.

[0100] One or more spring openings 2412 defined by the first sidewall 2411 are configured to receive a portion of the spring 2450. For example, as shown in FIG. 17 , the first sidewall 2411 defines two spring openings 2412 that receive different portions of the spring 2450. The spring 2450 (e.g., a leaf spring, etc.) can be a relatively thin, elongated member that can be bent, deformed, biased, and / or otherwise reconfigured to exert a reaction force accordingly. In this manner, a portion of the spring 2450 can be disposed within the spring openings 2412 to place the spring 2450 in a biased configuration configured to convert potential energy into kinetic energy in response to a force exerted on at least a portion of the spring 2450. As shown, the spring 2450 includes a roller 2451 disposed at an end of the spring 2450 that contacts a surface of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is inserted into the cartridge retainer 2400. In some embodiments, the cartridge 2500 exerts sufficient force on the spring 2450 to bias or temporarily deform the spring 2450 when it contacts the roller 2451 .

[0101] 18 and 19 , the second side wall 2421 has an inner surface 2427 that includes and / or forms a first guide rail 2428 (e.g., an upper guide rail) and a second guide rail 2429 (e.g., a lower guide rail). The first guide rail 2428 and the second guide rail 2429 are configured to selectively engage with, guide, and / or support an associated portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed within the space defined between the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421. More specifically, the first guide rail 2428 and the second guide rail 2429 may engage with and / or guide a portion of the cartridge 2500 to ensure that the cartridge 2500 is retained in a desired position and / or orientation within the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, in some embodiments, the alignment of the cartridge 2500 within the cartridge retainer can have a tolerance of 1.0 microns (μm) to about 500 μm (0.5 millimeters (mm)) or less.

[0102] As described in more detail herein, the second side wall 2421 defines a latch opening 2422, a vacuum motor opening 2423, a first optics opening 2424, a second optics opening 2425, and a notch 2426. The notch 2426 defined by the second side wall 2421 is configured to receive and / or be otherwise disposed about a portion of the optics support member 2121 of the frame 2120 to facilitate coupling of the cartridge retainer 2400 to the optics support member 2121. The latch opening 2422 and the vacuum motor opening 2423 are configured to receive a portion of the latch mechanism 2455 and a portion of the vacuum motor 2447, respectively. As described above with respect to first side wall 2411, first optics opening 2424 and second optics opening 2425 of second side wall 2421 are configured to align with first and second portions, respectively, of optics assembly 2700 to allow visualization of first and / or second portions, respectively, of cartridge 2500 when cartridge 2500 is retained by cartridge retainer 2400. Additionally, at least second optics opening 2425 may include and / or be capable of receiving focusing lens 2405 and / or any other suitable optical component.

[0103] The second sidewall 2421 also includes and / or is coupled to a shaft 2430 and an engagement member 2431. The shaft 2430 is an elongate member having a first end movably coupled to and / or movably disposed within the second sidewall 2421 and a second end opposite the first end that is coupled to the engagement member 2431. The shaft 2430 is configured to move relative to the second sidewall 2421 in response to an applied force. For example, in some embodiments, the reagent tray 2365 can be moved vertically such that a portion of the reagent tray 2365 and / or sample vials contained within the reagent tray 2365 contact the engagement member 2431. Accordingly, further movement of the reagent tray 2365 (in the same direction) exerts a force on the engagement member 2431 that is sufficient to move the shaft vertically relative to the second sidewall 2421. More particularly, in some embodiments, a portion of the shaft 2430 is movably disposed within an opening defined by the second sidewall 2421. In such embodiments, the force applied to the engagement member 2431 may be sufficient to increase the portion of the shaft 2430 that is disposed within the opening, thereby compressing and / or otherwise shortening the length of the shaft 2430 extending from the second side wall 2421. In some embodiments, the arrangement of the shaft 2430 and the engagement member 2431 may be configured to limit vertical movement of the reagent tray 2365 to substantially prevent damage to the cartridge 2500 and / or cartridge retainer 2400 that might otherwise result from their absence. In other embodiments, the shaft 2430 and / or the engagement member 2431 may include and / or be operably coupled to sensors or the like (e.g., proximity sensors, pressure sensors, accelerometers, etc.) configured to sense and / or detect position and / or force related to movement of the shaft 2430 (and / or reagent tray 2365) relative to the cartridge retainer 2400.Thus, based at least in part on data detected and / or determined by such sensors, the system 2000 can control movement of the reagent tray 2365 and / or any other suitable part of the system 2000 relative to the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0104] As described above, the vacuum section 2440 and latch mechanism 2455 are coupled to the frame 2410. As shown in FIGS. 16-19 , the vacuum section 2440 of the cartridge retainer 2400 includes a lever arm 2441, a pinch valve actuator 2444, a pressure nozzle 2445, a motor 2447, and a vacuum port 2448. The lever arm 2441 has a first end 2442 and a second end 2443. The first end 2442 of the lever arm 2441 is rotatably coupled to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410 via, for example, a bearing or pin (see, for example, FIG. 17 ). The second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441 is coupled to a connector 2446 or the like configured to connect and / or couple the second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441 to the motor 2447. More specifically, motor 2447 is coupled to second side wall 2421 of frame 2410 such that an output member or the like extends through vacuum motor opening 2423 (see, e.g., FIG. 18 ) and couples to connector 2446. Connector 2446 thus operatively couples lever arm 2441 to motor 2447. In this manner, motor 2447 can rotate its output in response to a signal and / or power (e.g., sent from electronic assembly 2200), causing lever arm 2441 to rotate and / or pivot about an axis defined by first end 2442 (e.g., about a pin, axle, pivot point, etc.).

[0105] The pinch valve actuator 2444 and the pressure nozzle 2445 are each coupled to the lever arm 2441 and configured to move with the lever arm 2441 in response to actuation of the motor 2447. More specifically, the pinch valve actuator 2444 is coupled to and / or otherwise disposed at or near the second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441, while the pressure nozzle 2445 is disposed closer to and / or substantially at the center of the lever arm 2441. As described in further detail herein, the pinch valve actuator 2444 and the pressure nozzle 2445 are each configured to selectively engage with a predetermined portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is retained by the cartridge retainer 2400 and the motor 2447 is actuated to rotate the lever arm 2441. For example, in some embodiments, the pinch valve actuator 2444 can be configured to actuate a pinch valve included in the cartridge 2500 to control fluid flow through one or more fluid flow paths. Similarly, pressure nozzle 2445 can be configured to engage and / or actuate a portion of cartridge 2500 configured to regulate pressure within one or more fluid flow paths and / or capillaries. For example, pressure nozzle 2445 can be fluidly coupled (e.g., via any suitable fluid conduit, tube, pipe, etc.) to a pump 2497 or the like that can be actuated to generate positive pressure. Thus, as described in further detail herein, pressure nozzle 2445 can engage a portion of cartridge 2500 to transfer at least a portion of the positive pressure to that portion of cartridge 2500.

[0106] 17 and 19 , the vacuum port 2448 is coupled to the first contact bracket 2438. As described in further detail herein, the vacuum port 2448 is configured to engage and / or contact a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400. Although not shown, the vacuum port 2448 can be coupled to any suitable fluid conduit, tube, pipe, or the like, thereby fluidly connecting the vacuum port 2448 to a vacuum source. For example, a fluid conduit or the like can be configured to fluidly connect the vacuum port 2448 to a vacuum source 2496 (see, e.g., FIG. 13 ). The vacuum source 2496 can be any suitable device or the like configured to create a negative pressure differential between the vacuum source 2496 and, for example, the vacuum port 2448. In some embodiments, the vacuum source 2496 can include an impeller or the like configured to rotate within a chamber to create a negative pressure. In other embodiments, the vacuum source 2496 can be a piston pump or other suitable pump. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when cartridge 2500 is in contact with vacuum port 2448, vacuum source 2496 can be activated (e.g., in response to a signal and / or power received from electronic assembly 2200) to generate a negative pressure within a portion of cartridge 2500.

[0107] The latch mechanism 2455 of the cartridge retainer 2400 can be any suitable member, device, mechanism, and / or assembly. For example, as shown in FIGS. 16, 18, and 19, the latch mechanism 2455 includes a latch arm 2456, a motor 2459, and a manual release member 2465. The latch arm 2456 can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. A first end of the latch arm 2456 is configured to couple to an output (not shown) of the motor 2459 such that rotation of the output results in similar and / or corresponding rotation of the latch arm 2456. As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the latch arm 2456 includes a pin 2457 and a latch member 2458. The pin 2457 is configured to contact a stop and / or a portion of the frame 2410 to limit rotation of the latch arm 2456. The latch member 2458 is coupled to an end of the latch arm 2456 opposite the end coupled to the motor 2459. The latch member 2458 may be any suitable pin, roller, knob, tab, protrusion, etc. configured to selectively engage with a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is positioned within the cartridge retainer 2400, as described in further detail herein.

[0108] The latch member 2458 is operable to reliably position the cartridge 2500 relative to the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 with a high degree of precision and repeatability. Thus, the latch member 2458, the guide rails 2428 and 2429, and the contact brackets 2438 and 2439 collectively can align the cartridge 2500 as it is inserted into the cartridge retainer 2400. In some cases, it may be desirable to tightly control the direction and / or alignment of the insertion of the cartridge 2500 (e.g., insertion of the cartridge 2500 into the cartridge retainer 2400) to ensure alignment with the optical system assembly 2700. In some embodiments, the latch member 2458, guide rails 2428 and 2429, and contact brackets 2438 and 2439 may be operable to reproducibly position the cartridge 2500 within a tolerance of, for example, 0.1 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.01 mm, 0.005 mm, or any other suitable distance. Additionally, the cartridge retainer 2400 may include one or more sensors 2488 (see, e.g., FIG. 19 ) configured to detect and / or sense the position or alignment of the cartridge 2500 within the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, the sensor 2488 may be a proximity sensor and / or any suitable switch, plunger, actuator (e.g., mechanical and / or electrical), or the like. In some embodiments, when the cartridge 2500 is positioned in a desired position within the cartridge retainer 2400, the sensor 2488 may send a signal to the motor 2459 indicating a command to rotate the latch arm 2456.

[0109] The manual release member 2465 includes a first end 2466, a second end 2467, and a contact portion 2468. The first end 2466 of the manual release member 2465 is rotatably coupled to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410, as shown in FIG. 18 . Furthermore, a portion of the manual release member 2465 is movably disposed within a notch 2477 defined by a support member 2476. The second end 2467 is opposite the first end 2466 and can be engaged and / or manipulated by a user to pivot and / or rotate the manual release member 2465 about an axis defined by the first end 2466 (e.g., a pin, screw, axle, coupler, bearing, etc.). Furthermore, when the manual release member 2465 rotates about the axis defined by the first end 2466, the contact portion 2468 contacts the pin 2457 of the latch arm 2456. In this manner, a user can apply force to the second end 2467 of the manual release member 2465 to cause the contact portion 2468 to contact the pin 2457 of the latch arm 2456, thereby allowing the latch arm 2456 to rotate and / or pivot relative to the frame 2410. Thus, in the event of a failure of the motor 2459 or the like, the cartridge 2500 can be manually released from the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0110] Optical system assembly 2700 of system 2000 is disposed within housing 2100 and coupled to optical system support member 2121 of frame 2120. More specifically, optical system assembly 2700 can be disposed within housing 2100 so as to at least partially surround cartridge retainer 2400. As shown in FIGS. 20-28, optical system assembly 2700 includes single-point detection portion 2701 (FIGS. 20-23) and full-column detection portion 2750 (FIGS. 24-28). Single-point detection portion 2701 can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. As shown in FIG. 20, single-point detection portion 2701 is coupled to and / or otherwise positioned around cartridge retainer 2400 at a predetermined position such that one or more of its components are substantially aligned with first optical system openings 2414 and 2424 in first side wall 2411 and second side wall 2421, respectively, enabling single-point detection portion 2701 to perform molecular weight analysis on a sample, etc., flowing through cartridge 2500 (e.g., molecular weight cartridge 2500'). As described in further detail herein, the full-column detection portion 2750 is positioned around the cartridge retainer 2400 in a predetermined position such that one or more of its components are substantially aligned with the second optical system openings 2415 and 2425 in the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421, respectively, to enable the full-column detection portion 2750 to detect the migration of analytes (e.g., proteins) along the length of the capillary 2500 (e.g., isoelectric focusing cartridge 3500'') before, during and / or after separation.

[0111] 21-23, single point detection unit 2701 includes an illumination assembly 2705, a central member 2710, a first side member 2720 coupled to a first imaging device 2725, and a second side member 2730 coupled to a second imaging device 2735. Additionally, as described in more detail herein, single point detection unit 2701 can include any number of filters, lenses, holders, mirrors, etc. configured to direct at least a portion of the light emitted from illumination assembly 2705.

[0112] Illumination assembly 2705 includes an entrance block 2706 and a fiber optic member 2707 (also referred to herein as a "light output"). Entrance block 2706 is coupled to a side of a central member 2710 and is further coupled to light output 2707. In this manner, as described in further detail herein, entrance block 2706 can direct and / or guide a beam of light (e.g., photons) emitted from light output 2707 into one or more bores defined by central member 2710. Light output 2707 can be optically coupled to a light source 2795 (e.g., see FIG. 13 ), such as a deuterium lamp, an incandescent lamp, an LED, or any other suitable fiber optic light source, which can be excited and / or otherwise activated in response to a signal and / or power received from electronics assembly 2200 (e.g., power supply 2210) and / or any other suitable control device. In some embodiments, the optical output 2707 can be configured to emit energy and / or photons generated by the light source 2795 having a desired wavelength (e.g., wavelengths in the infrared spectrum, the visible spectrum, the ultraviolet spectrum, etc.).

[0113] The central member 2710 may be of any shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in Figures 22 and 23, the central member 2710 defines a central bore 2711, side bores 2712, a cartridge retainer notch 2713, a mirror notch 2714, and a filter notch 2715. The central bore 2711 has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape and extends laterally along the length of the central member 2710. In this embodiment, the central bore 2711 receives a filter holder 2743 that holds or includes, for example, three lenses 2741, a mirror 2742, and a filter 2744. More specifically, central bore 2711 has a first lens 2741 positioned adjacent to entrance block 2706 of illumination assembly 2705, a second lens 2741 positioned adjacent to and on a first side of cartridge retainer cutout 2713, and a third lens 2741 positioned adjacent to and on a second side opposite the first side of cartridge retainer cutout 2713 (see, e.g., FIG. 23 ). As described in more detail herein, mirror 2742 is positioned within mirror cutout 2714, which positions mirror 2742 in a desired position to direct at least a portion of the light emitted from light output 2707 toward side bore 2712. The filter holder 2743 is positioned within the filter cutout 2715, which positions the filter 2744 (held by and / or coupled to the filter holder 2743) in a desired position between the first lens 2741 and the side bore 2712. In this manner, the first lens 2741 can focus at least a portion of the light emitted from the light output 2707, and further, the filter 2744 can filter that portion of the light before it enters the side bore 2712 and / or the remainder of the central bore 2711 (see, e.g., FIG. 23 ).

[0114] 20 , the single-point detection portion 2701 of the optical system assembly 2700 is positioned relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 such that at least a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is disposed within a cartridge retainer cutout 2713 defined by the central member 2710. More specifically, the single-point detection portion 2701 and the cartridge retainer 2400 are collectively positioned such that the central bore 2711 of the central member 2710 is substantially aligned with portions of the first optical system openings 2414 and 2424 defined by the first and second side walls 2411 and 2421, respectively, of the frame 2410. In this manner, the lens 2741, the filter 2744, and the mirror 2742 disposed within the central bore 2711 collectively direct a focused and filtered portion of the light emitted by the optical output portion 2707 through a predetermined portion of the cartridge retainer 2400. Thus, when cartridge 2500 is held by cartridge retainer 2400, as described in more detail herein, the focused and filtered portion of light similarly passes through a predetermined portion of cartridge 2500.

[0115] The first side member 2720 of the single point detection portion 2701 defines a bore 2721 and a notch 2722. The first side member 2720 is coupled to the central member 2710 such that the bore 2721 is substantially aligned with the side bore 2712 of the central member 2710. The bore 2721 of the first side member 2720 receives and / or houses a lens 2741. In this manner, a mirror 2742 disposed within the central bore 2711 of the central member 2710 can direct at least a portion of the light emitted by the light output portion 2707 into the bore 2721 of the first side member 2720, which is then focused by the lens 2741 disposed within the bore 2721.

[0116] The first side member 2721 is also coupled to a first imaging device 2725 (see, e.g., FIG. 21 ). The first imaging device 2725 includes a thermal mass reference member 2726, an insulating material 2727, and a photodiode printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) 2728. As shown in FIG. 22 , the thermal mass reference member 2726 is disposed within the insulating material 2727, which insulates (e.g., insulates) the thermal mass reference member 2726. The insulating material 2727 and the thermal mass reference member 2726 are disposed within a notch 2722 defined by the first side member 2722 (e.g., between the first side member 2722 and the photodiode PCBA 2728). The thermal mass reference member 2726 can be any suitable device, sensor, or the like. The thermal mass reference member 2726 can be configured to maintain the first imaging device 2725 at a substantially constant and / or reference temperature. Photodiode PCBA 2728 (also referred to herein as a "photodiode") may be any suitable device configured to sense and / or detect an input of light (e.g., photons) and convert the input into an electrical current. In this manner, photodiode 2728 may generate a signal related to the scattering of light emitted by light output 2707 and / or an image of a volume of sample flowing through the capillary of cartridge 2500. Such signals may be interpreted by a processor (e.g., of electronics assembly 2200) to determine characteristic molecular weights, electrophoretic mobility, morphology, etc., of analytes in the sample. While described as a photodiode, in other embodiments, single point detector 2701 may include any suitable imaging device, such as a CCD camera.

[0117] The second side member 2730 of the single point detection portion 2701 includes a mirror block 2740 coupled to and / or otherwise configured to hold a mirror 2742, and defines a bore 2731 and a notch 2732. The second side member 2730 is coupled to and / or positioned adjacent to the central member 2710. As shown in FIG. 21 , the single point detection portion 2701 is positioned such that the first side member 2720 is coupled to and / or positioned on a first side of the cartridge retainer notch 2713, and the second side member 2730 is coupled to and / or positioned on a second side of the cartridge retainer notch 2713 opposite the first side. Further, the second side member 2730 is positioned relative to the central member 2710 such that a portion of the light emitted from the light output portion 2707 is redirected by the mirror 2742 into a bore 2731 defined by the second side member 2730, and thereby focused by one or more lenses 2741 positioned within the bore 2731.

[0118] As described above with respect to the first side member 2720, the second side member 2730 is also coupled to a second imaging device 2735 (see, e.g., FIG. 21 ). The second imaging device 2735 includes a thermal mass reference member 2736, a shielding material 2737, and a photodiode PCBA 2738. The second imaging device 2735 may be substantially similar to the first imaging device 2725 described above, and therefore will not be described in specific detail herein.

[0119] First imaging device 2725 and second imaging device 2735 can individually and / or collectively generate signals (e.g., electronic signals containing data and / or information) related to the production, scattering, and / or absorption of light in both forward and backward directions as affected by analytes, standards, labeled moieties, etc. in a volume of sample flowing through the capillaries of cartridge 2500. For example, in some cases, first imaging device 2725 can be operable to detect emitted, scattered, and / or absorbed light from a dark field and / or rear viewpoint (e.g., from about 95 degrees to 265 degrees opposite the beam direction), and second imaging device 2735 can be operable to detect emitted, scattered, and / or absorbed light from a bright field and / or front viewpoint (e.g., from about 85 degrees to 275 degrees in the direction of the beam). Thus, the single-point detection unit 2701 of the system 2000 can be operable to detect, for example, when analytes separated by molecular weight and / or electrophoretic mobility flow through a portion of the capillary of the cartridge 2500, as described in further detail herein. The molecular weight of each analyte can be determined based on the time and / or sequence in which it is detected. For example, an analyte detected after a 10,000 Da standard is detected but before a 15,000 Da standard is detected can be determined to have a molecular weight between 10,000 and 15,000. The molecular weight can be more accurately determined by considering the timing between the detection of the 10,000 Da standard, the analyte, and the 15,000 Da standard.

[0120] Full-column detection portion 2750 of optics assembly 2700 can be any suitable device, mechanism, subassembly, etc. As discussed above with respect to single-point detection portion 2701, optics assembly 2700 is positioned within housing 2100 such that full-column detection portion 2750 surrounds at least a portion of cartridge retainer 2400. As discussed in more detail herein, full-column detection portion 2750 and single-point detection portion 2701 of optics assembly 2700 can each surround a portion of cartridge retainer 2400 such that either imaging mode can be used depending, for example, on the configuration of cartridge 2500 inserted into cartridge retainer 2400.

[0121] As shown in FIGS. 24-28 , full-column detector 2750 includes illumination assembly 2751, imaging assembly 2760, and focusing assembly 2770. Illumination assembly 2751 can be any suitable device and / or assembly configured to generate an output of optical energy. As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 , for example, illumination assembly 2751 includes linear light output array 2752, mounting structure 2753, and lens 2759. Linear light output array 2752 (also referred to herein as “light output”) can be any suitable emitter (e.g., light or photon emitter). For example, in some embodiments, light output 2752 can be an array of fiber optic outputs configured to emit optical energy generated by a light source (e.g., light source 2795). In some embodiments, light output 2752 can be an array of LEDs, or the like. In still other embodiments, light output 2752 can be a single emitter configured to emit light through an elongated aperture, or the like, defined by light output 2752. In this way, the light output unit 2752 can output, for example, a string of light having a predetermined length.

[0122] In some embodiments, light output 2752 can output light energy and / or photons having wavelengths in the ultraviolet spectrum, etc. In some embodiments, light output 2752 can be a narrowband light source and / or generate a stream of light having a single wavelength. In other embodiments, light output 2752 can include a filter or monochromator configured to output a stream of light having a single wavelength. In this manner, light output 2752 can emit photons having a desired wavelength and / or energy (e.g., ultraviolet wavelength or energy) that is absorbed by one or more analytes, standards, fluorescent labels, etc. in a sample contained in the capillaries of cartridge 2500. Furthermore, as described in further detail herein, one or more analytes, standards, labels, etc. can therefore emit one or more photons (e.g., via fluorescence, phosphorescence, etc.) that are detected by imaging assembly 2760.

[0123] In some cases, the light output 2752 may be operable and / or optimized for whole-column and / or real-time detection. For example, the light output 2752 may be an LED array configured to output a relatively constant light output for a relatively long period of time, e.g., compared to a laser light source. More specifically, some known electrophoresis methods use a laser to illuminate a single point on a column at a high intensity for a relatively short period of time. While such methods are suitable for delivering sufficient energy to a single point to achieve accurate measurements, such methods are generally not suitable for whole-column or real-time detection because the intensity of the laser can damage detectors if applied for long periods of time. However, an LED array can illuminate all columns for a longer period of time at a lower intensity to generate enough energy to achieve accurate measurements for all columns while electrophoresis is occurring.

[0124] Mounting structure 2753 includes a first adjusting block 2754, a second adjusting block 2755, an adjusting plate 2756, and a pair of mounting clamps 2758. Mounting clamps 2758 are coupled to an end of adjusting plate 2756 to clamp, couple, and / or otherwise hold lens 2759 in a fixed position relative to the end of adjusting plate 2756, as shown in FIG. 25 . Mounting structure 2753 is configured to adjustably support and / or adjustably mount light output portion 2752 to, for example, optical system support plate 2121 of frame 2120. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 26 , mounting structure 2753 includes a first mounting plate 2757 configured to adjustably couple first adjusting block 2754 to second adjusting block 2755, and a second mounting plate 2757 configured to adjustably couple second adjusting block 2755 to adjusting plate 2756. In some embodiments, the mounting structure 2753 is arranged such that the first adjustment block 2754 allows for horizontal adjustment of at least a portion of the illumination assembly 2751 (e.g., relative to the cartridge retainer 2400), and the second adjustment block 2755 allows for vertical adjustment of at least a portion of the illumination assembly 2751 (e.g., relative to the cartridge retainer 2400). Similarly, the light output 2752 can be slidably coupled to the adjusting plate 2756 such that the light output 2752 can be slid along the length of the adjusting plate 2756, for example, to be positioned closer to or farther from the lens 2759. In this manner, the light output 2752 can be positioned in a desired position relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 and / or the cartridge 2500 held by the cartridge retainer 2400, as described in further detail herein.

[0125] Imaging assembly 2760 of whole-column detection portion 2750 may be and / or include any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, etc. As shown in FIGS. 27 and 28 , imaging assembly 2760 includes imaging device 2761, seal bracket 2762, one or more seals 2763, rotating flange 2765, and transition flange 2767. Imaging device 2761 may be, for example, any suitable camera or detector configured to detect signals emitted by analytes and / or standards (as described above). Imaging device 2761 may be, for example, a charge-coupled device (CCD) array or the like that can be used to continuously monitor signals emitted by analytes and / or standards in real time, allowing a user to quickly determine whether analytes are present in a sample, and optionally, the amount or activity of the analytes. In other embodiments, imaging device 2761 may be a photodiode, such as photodiodes 2728 and 2738 described above.

[0126] Seal bracket 2762, seal 2763, rotating flange 2765, and transition flange 2767 are collectively configured to couple imaging device 2760 to mounting block 2771 of focusing assembly 2770. Furthermore, the arrangement of imaging assembly 2760 is such that imaging device 2761 is isolated from light emitted by external light sources (e.g., other than light output 2752). In other words, seal bracket 2762, seal 2763, rotating flange 2765, and transition flange 2767 collectively form a light-tight seal between imaging device 2761 and mounting block 2771.

[0127] The focusing assembly 2770 includes a mounting block 2771, a lens holder 2774, a lens 2775, a mirror holding block 2776, a motor 2781, and a filter wheel 2784. As described above, the mounting block 2771 is coupled to the imaging assembly 2760 (e.g., to the transition flange 2767 or other portion of the imaging assembly 2760). The mounting block 2771 is also coupled to the mirror holding block 2776 (see, e.g., FIG. 27). In other words, the mounting block 2771 is disposed between the imaging assembly 2760 and the mirror holding block 2776. The mounting block 2771 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 28, the mounting block 2771 defines an opening 2772 and a motor recess 2773. The lens holder 2774 receives the lens 2775 and is movably disposed within the opening 2772. Motor 2781 is at least partially disposed within motor recess 2773 (see, e.g., FIG. 27 ) and is operable to move lens holder 2774 within opening 2772 defined by mounting block 2771. For example, in some embodiments, motor 2781 can be configured to rotate a pinion or the like such that a rack included in and / or formed by lens holder 2774 can advance relative to the pinion. Lens holder 2774 can thus move within mounting block 2771 to, for example, focus at least a portion of light passing through lens 2775 (e.g., emitted by light output 2752).

[0128] As described above, mirror holding block 2776 is coupled to mounting block 2771. Mirror holding block 2776 defines an opening 2778 and includes a mirror adjustment mechanism 2777. More specifically, mirror adjustment mechanism 2777 is disposed within opening 2778 defined by mirror holding block 2776 (see, e.g., FIG. 27 ). Mirror adjustment mechanism 2777 is configured to receive and / or couple to mirror 2790 and may be engaged, manipulated, and / or otherwise reconfigured to adjust and / or move mirror 2790 within mirror holding block 2776. The orientation of full-column detection portion 2750 is such that opening 2778 defined by mirror holding block 2776 is aligned with, for example, second optics openings 2415 and 2425 in first side wall 2411 and second side wall 2421, respectively, of cartridge retainer 2400. In this manner, light emitted from light output 2752 can pass through second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of cartridge retainer 2400 (and the portion of cartridge 2500 disposed therein) and into opening 2778 defined by mirror holding block 2776. Mirror 2790 can then be adjusted and / or positioned to direct at least a portion of the light toward imaging device 2761, as described in further detail herein.

[0129] The filter wheel 2784 is operably coupled to a motor 2781 (e.g., via one or more gears 2782) and rotatably disposed between the mounting block 2771 and the mirror-holding block 2776. The filter wheel 2784 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 28 , the filter wheel 2784 is a relatively thin plate that defines a set of apertures 2785. More specifically, in this embodiment, the filter wheel 2784 defines a set of six apertures 2785, each of which is configured to receive an optical filter or the like (not shown). The optical filters may be any suitable filters, lenses, and / or other optical devices configured to focus, filter, convert, and / or otherwise modify at least a portion of the light passing therethrough. In some embodiments, each aperture 2785 defined by the filter wheel 2784 may include a different filter and / or lens. In this manner, motor 2781 can rotate filter wheel 2784 to align any one of the filters with opening 2772 defined by mounting block 2771. Thus, at least a portion of the light directed by mirror 2790 to imaging device 2761 passes through the desired filter (and lens 2776) before entering imaging device 2761, as described in more detail herein.

[0130] In some cases, filter wheel 2784 can be rotated during the electrophoresis run. In this manner, alternative imaging modes can be used while the electrophoresis process is occurring. For example, filter wheel 2784 can be placed in a first position such that a first filter is aligned with opening 2772 defined by mounting block 2771, and then moved (e.g., rotated) to a second, third, and / or fourth position such that a second, third, and / or fourth filter is aligned with opening 2772, respectively. In some such cases, the first filter can, for example, enable imaging device 2761 to capture fluorescence induced within a label moiety bound to an analyte; the second filter can, for example, enable imaging device 2761 to capture the intrinsic fluorescence of the first analyte; the third filter can, for example, enable imaging device 2761 to capture the intrinsic fluorescence of the second analyte; and the fourth filter can, for example, enable imaging device 2761 to detect the absorbance of the analyte. In other embodiments, filter wheel 2784 can include any other suitable filter or combination of filters. By rotating filter wheel 2784, separate images of all columns (e.g., illuminated by light output 2752) can be captured at any time during a run. In this manner, label fluorescence, analyte intrinsic fluorescence, and / or analyte absorbance can each be tracked separately in a single run as the analyte moves through the columns (e.g., capillaries).

[0131] As mentioned above, system 2000, and specifically cartridge retainer 2400, can be configured to receive different cartridges, such as a molecular weight cartridge 2500' and an isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500". Other types of cartridges are also possible, such as isotachophoresis cartridges, capillary electrochromatography cartridges, etc. In some cases, cartridge 2500 may be reusable. Similarly, cartridge 2500 may be suitable for performing multiple analyses on the same or different samples.

[0132] 29-37, the molecular weight cartridge 2500' has a cartridge body 2501' and a capillary 2530'. The cartridge body 2501' defines at least one aperture 2505', at least one vertical alignment feature 2510', and at least one horizontal alignment feature 2515'. As described above with respect to FIGS. 18 and 19, the vertical alignment feature 2510' can be configured to slidably engage, mate with, and / or otherwise interact with the first guide rail 2428 (e.g., upper guide rail) and the second guide rail 2429 (e.g., lower guide rail) of the cartridge retainer 2400. More specifically, in this embodiment, cartridge body 2501′ includes a first vertical alignment feature (e.g., an upper alignment feature) configured to engage with first guide rail 2428 and a second vertical alignment feature (e.g., a lower alignment feature) configured to engage with second guide rail 2429. In some embodiments, vertical alignment feature 2510′ can be, for example, a groove, notch, slot, channel, etc. configured to receive a portion of first guide rail 2428 or second guide rail 2429 (see, e.g., FIGS. 29 , 33 , and 34 ). Thus, guide rails 2428 and 2429 and vertical alignment feature 2510′ collectively limit and / or substantially prevent vertical movement of molecular weight cartridge 2500′.

[0133] The horizontal alignment feature 2515′ can similarly be configured to mate with the latch member 2458 of the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, the horizontal alignment feature 2515′ can be a notch, groove, slot, channel, or the like configured to selectively receive and contact a portion of the latch member 2458 when the latch member 2458 is moved to a latched or locked configuration, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 33 and 34 . The horizontal alignment feature 2515′ can have a dogleg shape such that the latch member 2458 can rotate into and lock relative to a surface of the cartridge body 2501′ that defines the horizontal alignment feature 2515′. In this manner, the horizontal alignment feature 2515′ and the latch member 2458 can collectively prevent movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500′ in a horizontal direction (e.g., in the insertion direction). Additionally, as described in further detail herein, when the latch member 2458 engages the horizontal alignment feature 2515′, the molecular weight cartridge 2500′ can be retracted into the cartridge retainer 2400 such that one or more portions of the molecular weight cartridge 2500′ contact the contact member 2485. In some embodiments, the latch member 2458 can be moved into contact with the horizontal alignment feature 2515′ in response to a surface of the cartridge body 2501′ contacting the sensor 2488. In some embodiments, the cartridge body 2501′ can abut the inner surface of the first side wall 2411 and / or the inner surface of the second side wall 2421 of the cartridge retainer 2400 to prevent movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500′ in a horizontal direction (e.g., transverse or lateral) other than the direction of insertion of the cartridge 2500′. In this manner, the cartridge retainer 2400 can limit and / or substantially prevent horizontal and / or vertical movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 when the latch member 2458 is engaged.

[0134] The one or more apertures 2505′ defined by the cartridge body 2501′ can be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration, such as those shown in FIGS. 29-31 . The molecular weight cartridge 2500′ includes a first aperture 2505′ disposed on a first side of the cartridge body 2501′ and a second aperture 2505′ disposed on a second side of the cartridge body 2501′ opposite the first side. More specifically, the first aperture 2505′ and the second aperture 2505′ are disposed in opposite and / or aligned positions. The position of the aperture 2505′ is such that, when the molecular weight cartridge 2500′ is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400, the aperture 2505′ is substantially aligned with, for example, a central bore 2711 of a central member 2710 included in the single-point detection portion 2701 of the optical system assembly 2700. Furthermore, the capillary 2530' is positioned within the cartridge body 2501' such that a portion of the capillary 2530' is aligned with and / or between the aperture 2505' (see, for example, Figures 29 and 30), thereby allowing a portion of the capillary 2501' to be visualized by the single-point detection portion 2701 of the optical system assembly 2700.

[0135] The capillary 2530' can be configured to be in fluid communication with a sample contained in a sample vial 2367 disposed in the reagent tray 2365, for example. In some embodiments, the end 2532' of the capillary 2530' can extend outside the cartridge body 2501' of the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. In other embodiments, the capillary 2530' can be in fluid communication with a sample in one or more sample vials 2367 and / or wells 2366 via a pipette tip or other suitable structure protruding from the cartridge body 2501'. In some embodiments, a sleeve 2535', such as a plastic or carbon sleeve, can be disposed around a portion of the capillary 2530' to, for example, increase the rigidity of the capillary 2530'. In this manner, the sleeve 2535' can protect the end 2532' of the capillary 2530' and prevent it from undesired deformation or breakage. Such a sleeve 2535' can be rigid enough to, for example, puncture a septum or other covering of a sample vial. In some embodiments, the sleeve 2535' can further provide insulation (eg, thermal insulation and / or insulation) for the end 2532' of the capillary 2530'.

[0136] The molecular weight cartridge 2500' also includes a pressure line 2550', a pressure port 2551', and a seal 2552', as shown in FIGS. 31-35. When the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is placed in the cartridge retainer 2400, the pressure line 2550' can be fluidly coupled to the pressure nozzle 2445 via the pressure port 2551' (see, e.g., FIG. 35). The seal 2552' is configured to press against the sample vial 2367 or container when the reagent tray 2365 is moved relative to the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. For example, the reagent tray 2365 can be configured to move vertically such that the capillary 2530' is in fluid communication with the sample vial and the seal 2552' abuts the sample vial. The system 2000 can be configured to activate a pressure source 2497 that can pressurize the sample vial to force the sample from the vial into the capillary 2530'. Additionally or alternatively, capillary 2530' can be fluidly coupled to vacuum source 2496 via vacuum port 2448 and vacuum interface 2541'. System 2000 can be configured to activate vacuum source 2496 and / or pressure source 2497 to force a flow of sample from the vial into capillary 2530'. In some cases, by applying both negative and positive pressure to the sample vial, a volume and / or flow rate of sample having a desired set of properties (e.g., low bubbles, turbulence, etc.) can be drawn into capillary 2530'.

[0137] The molecular weight cartridge 2500' further includes a double-walled vial 2540' having an inlet septum 2543' and an outlet septum 2542' (see, e.g., FIGS. 31 and 35). The inlet septum 2543' and / or the outlet septum 2542' can be substantially impermeable to liquids. The inlet septum 2543' is configured to be pierced by the end 2531' (opposite end 2532') of the capillary 2530' to place the capillary 2530' in fluid and electrical communication with the interior volume of the double-walled vial 2540'. For example, the double-walled vial 2540' can contain a working buffer that can be delivered to the capillary 2530' and / or can receive and store waste samples from the capillary 2530' during the current run or a previous run. Additionally, at least end 2531' of capillary 2530' is electrically conductive, so that when end 2531' pierces inlet septum 2543', it electrically connects or couples capillary 2530' to double-walled vial 2540'.

[0138] In some embodiments, outlet septum 2542' can be gas permeable, such that when sample is drawn through capillary 2530' and into double-walled vial 2540', air, but not liquid, can be forced through outlet septum 2542'. Additionally or alternatively, double-walled vial 2540' can include a sponge, filter, and / or other absorbent material to prevent sample from exiting molecular weight cartridge 2500'. In this embodiment, outlet septum 2542' is pierced by vacuum interface 2541'. Optionally, once a run is completed, system 2000 can be configured to dry double-walled vial 2540', for example, by circulating air through double-walled vial 2540'. In some embodiments, the system 2000 can be configured to track and / or determine the amount of sample aspirated into the double-septum vial 2540' and alert the user to replace the double-septum vial 2540' and / or the molecular weight cartridge 2500' when the double-septum vial 2540' is full and / or after a predetermined number of runs. Optionally, the system 2000 can be configured to shut down at least a portion of the operation of the double-septum vial 2540' when it is full.

[0139] The double-walled vial 2540' is configured to be electrically coupled to at least a portion of the system 2000 when the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400'. For example, when the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is held by the cartridge retainer 2400, a portion of the contact member 2485 extending from the first contact bracket 2438 is positioned within the molecular weight cartridge 2500' to contact the double-walled vial 2540'. As described above, the contact member 2485 is electrically coupled to a voltage (or current) source, such as the power supply 2210. Thus, the contact member 2485 electrically contacts the double-walled vial 2540' with the voltage (or current) source. Similarly, the contact member 2485 extending from the second contact bracket 2439 can be in contact with a portion of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' and / or a portion of the capillary 2530' to establish an electrical connection therebetween. Thus, an electric potential can be applied to capillary 2530' via contact bracket 2485 and double-walled vial 2540', thereby inducing an electromotive force in the analytes within capillary 2530'. If the analytes are charged, the electric potential can attract the analytes to end 2531' of capillary 2530' (e.g., toward double-walled vial 2540'). Optionally, the analytes and / or other portions of the sample can flow toward the end of capillary 2530' with a set of characteristics (e.g., mobility parameters, etc.) based at least in part on molecular weight, where analytes with smaller molecular weights can migrate faster than analytes with larger molecular weights.

[0140] As shown in FIGS. 35-37 , molecular weight cartridge 2500′ can be placed in cartridge retainer 2400, and system 2000 can be configured to perform molecular weight analysis. Optionally, before inserting molecular weight cartridge 2500′, a user can prepare reagent tray 2365 and / or molecular weight cartridge 2500′. Then, as described above, a user can insert molecular weight cartridge 2500′ into cartridge retainer 2400 in a single, predetermined orientation. In this manner, molecular weight cartridge 2500′ can be placed in a desired position within cartridge retainer 2400, such that aperture 2505′ is aligned with single-point detection optics 2701, as shown in FIG. 37 . More specifically, molecular weight cartridge 2500′ is placed in system 2000 such that aperture 2505′, and therefore capillary 2530′, is aligned with central bore 2711 of central member 2710. Thus, by aligning molecular weight cartridge 2500' with single point detection optics 2701, the energy and / or photons emitted by optical output 2707 can be directed to a predetermined portion of capillary 2530'.

[0141] Once the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is held within the cartridge retainer 2400, the reagent tray 2365 can be moved relative to the molecular weight cartridge 2500' to position at least a portion of the capillary 2530' within a well and / or sample vial of the reagent tray 2365, as described above. Additionally, the capillary 2530' is fluidly coupled to the vacuum source 2496 once the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is positioned within the cartridge retainer 2400. Thus, the vacuum source 2496 can be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to generate a negative differential pressure within the capillary 2530' operable to draw sample into the capillary 2530'. When capillary 2530' is placed in a well and / or sample vial, contact member 2485 can transfer electrical energy (e.g., current) to double-walled vial 2540' and to molecular weight cartridge 2500' and / or a portion of capillary 2530' to apply a potential to the sample, resulting in migration of analytes within the sample. The rate at which analytes migrate within capillary 2540' can be correlated to one or more mobility coefficients, such as, for example, molecular weight.

[0142] Thus, as analytes migrate within capillary 2530′, optical output 2707 can emit energy or photons, thereby illuminating and / or exciting a volume of sample flowing through a predetermined portion of capillary 2530′ (at which the energy or photons are directed). Photodiodes 2728 and 2738 then capture and / or detect at least a portion of the energy and / or photons reflected, refracted, and / or absorbed by the illuminated and / or excited analytes, standards, labeled moieties, etc. in that volume of sample. Photodiodes 2728 and 2738 can then transmit signals that include data related to and / or concerning the detection, and system 2000 (e.g., processor of electronics assembly 2200) can analyze the data to determine molecular weight-based data and / or electrophoretic mobility data related to the analytes in the sample. For example, the length of time between an applied potential and the analyte being detected can be correlated to the molecular weight and / or mobility coefficient of the analyte. In other embodiments, the sample flow can be induced by a vacuum source 2496 and / or a pressure source 2497 .

[0143] Although system 2000 has been described above as accepting molecular weight cartridge 2500′ and performing molecular weight analysis, system 2000 can alternatively be configured to accept isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ and perform electrophoresis followed by visualization and detection. As shown in FIGS. 38-44 , isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ has cartridge body 2501″, capillary 2530″, and a set of electrodes 2560″. Cartridge body 2501″ defines at least one aperture 2505″, at least one vertical alignment feature 2510″, and at least one horizontal alignment feature 2515″. Vertical alignment feature 2510″ and horizontal alignment feature 2515″ can be similar to those described above with respect to molecular weight cartridge 2500′. Thus, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ can be similarly positioned and temporarily secured within cartridge retainer 2400.

[0144] The aperture 2505'' defined by the cartridge body 2501'' can be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIGS. 38-41, the aperture 2505'' is an elongated opening disposed on an opposite side of the cartridge body 2501'' (as described above with respect to the molecular weight cartridge 2500''). Thus, when the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is disposed therein, the aperture 2505'' can be optically aligned with the second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of the cartridge retainer 2400. Additionally, the aperture 2505'' can allow optical access to the length of the capillary 2530'' such that the whole-column detection portion 2750 of the optical assembly 2700 can image the sample before, during, and / or after isoelectric focusing. Aperture 2505'' and full-column detection portion 2750 of optics assembly 2700 can collectively be configured to perform full-column imaging. Similarly, aperture 2505'' can expose substantially the entire length (e.g., more than 90% of the length) of capillary 2530'' disposed between a set of electrodes 2560''.

[0145] Isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' further includes a slit plate 2520''. Slit plate 2520'' can be optically aligned with aperture 2505'' and / or capillary 2530''. Slit plate 2520'' can improve the resolution of isoelectric focusing images, for example, by reducing lensing effects associated with the curvature of capillary 2530''. Similarly, slit plate 2520'' can occlude the edges of capillary 2530'' while exposing the center of capillary 2530'' to full-column detection portion 2750 of optical system assembly 2700. In some embodiments, slit plate 2520'' can define a slit width of 100 microns, 200 microns, 300 microns, 500 microns, or any other suitable width.

[0146] As shown in FIGS. 40 and 41 , isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ includes capillary 2530″, pressure line 2550″, pressure port 2551″, seal 2552″, and sleeve 2535″, each of which may be structurally and / or functionally similar to capillary 2530′, pressure line 2550′, pressure port 2551″, seal 2552′, and sleeve 2535′ described above with respect to molecular weight cartridge 2500′. Thus, a sample from one or more vials 2367 or wells 2366 of reagent tray 2365 can be aspirated into capillary 2530″ in a manner similar to that described above with respect to molecular weight cartridge 2500′. Isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ can be configured to analyze a sample in the substantial absence of bulk fluid flow. Thus, once a sample is aspirated into capillary 2500″, bulk fluid flow can be prevented, as described in further detail herein.

[0147] As shown in FIGS. 40-44 , isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ includes pinch valve assembly 2570″, which includes vacuum line 2572″ and pinch plate 2571″. Pinch valve opening 2520″ defined by cartridge body 2501″ is configured to receive pinch valve actuator 2444, described above with respect to vacuum portion 2440 of cartridge retainer 2400. Vacuum line 2572″ is fluidly coupled to the top of capillary 2530″. When sample is aspirated into capillary 2530″, lever arm 2441 of cartridge retainer 2400 can be rotated such that pinch valve actuator 2444 applies a force to vacuum line 2572″. The force can deform vacuum line 2572″ relative to pinch plate 2571″, reducing the cross-section of vacuum line 2572″ and thereby closing pinch valve assembly 2570″. When pinch valve assembly 2570'' closes, it can block or impede bulk fluid flow within capillary 2530''. Optionally, pinch valve assembly 2570'' can be closed while a vacuum is applied, thereby applying a negative pressure to the top of capillary 2530''. Such negative pressure can counteract and / or overcome gravity. Similarly, negative pressure applied to pinch valve assembly 2570'' and / or capillary 2530'' can block or impede bulk fluid movement within the vertical column under gravity.

[0148] Although not shown, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' can include a double-walled vial fluidly coupled to capillary 2530'' similar to double-walled vial 2540' of molecular weight cartridge 2500'. Double-walled vial 2540'' can contain a working buffer, such as a solution having a relatively high or low pH. The bottom septum can be configured to allow ion flow between the working buffer and capillary 2530'' while blocking and / or restricting bulk fluid flow. In this manner, the double-walled vial can induce a pH gradient within capillary 2530''.

[0149] In addition to the double-walled vial, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' includes waste container 2540''. Waste container 2540'' can also be fluidly coupled to capillary 2530''. Similarly, waste container 2540'' can be fluidly parallel to the double-walled vial. Waste container 2540'' can comprise a sponge, filter, or other suitable material. Once the run is complete, pinch valve assembly 2570'' can be opened and the sample can be aspirated into waste container 2540'' via vacuum source 2496. For example, the bottom septum of the double-walled vial can direct the sample into waste container 2540'' to prevent the fluid sample from being drawn from cartridge 2500''. In some embodiments, waste container 2540'' can function similarly to waste container 2540' included in molecular weight cartridge 2500'.

[0150] The isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' further includes a set of electrodes 2560''. In this embodiment, the set of electrodes 2560'' includes two electrodes. The electrodes 2560'' can be configured to abut corresponding contact members 2485 when the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is disposed in the cartridge retainer 2400 (FIG. 44). The contact members 2485 can then be electrically coupled to a voltage (or current) source, such as, for example, the power supply 2210 of the electronics assembly 2200. The two electrodes 2560'' are also electrically coupled to the capillary 2530'' and / or the sample within the capillary 2530''. For example, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 44, the capillary 2530'' can be electrically conductive, with a first end 2531'' electrically coupled to the first electrode 2560'' and a second end 2532'' electrically coupled to the second electrode 2560''. In some embodiments, one of the electrodes 2560" can be coupled to the double-walled vial described above. In such embodiments, the double-walled vial can be electrically conductive such that a working buffer within the double-walled vial can be electrically coupled to the electrode 2560". The system 2000 can be configured to operate the power supply 2210 to induce an electric potential along the capillary 2530" that contains the sample. The electric potential can cause analytes in the sample to migrate along the pH gradient within the capillary 2530" to their isoelectric point, as described in detail above.

[0151] As described above with respect to molecular weight cartridge 2500′, a user can place isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ in cartridge retainer 2400 and set system 2000, for example, for an electrophoresis analysis setup and / or configuration. Optionally, prior to inserting isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″, a user can prepare reagent tray 2365 and / or isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″. As described above, a user can then insert isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ into cartridge retainer 2400 in a single, predetermined orientation. In this manner, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ can be positioned in a desired position within cartridge retainer 2400 such that aperture 2505″ is aligned with full-column detection portion 2750 of optical system assembly 2700, as shown in FIG. 42 . More specifically, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is positioned within system 2000 such that aperture 2505'' and therefore capillary 2530'' are aligned with second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of cartridge retainer 2400, optical output 2752, and opening 2778 in mirror retaining block 2776. Thus, by aligning isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' with whole-column detection 2750, energy and / or photons emitted by optical output 2752 can be directed to a predetermined portion of capillary 2530''.

[0152] Once isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is held within cartridge retainer 2400, reagent tray 2365 can be moved relative to isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' to position at least a portion of capillary 2530'' within a well and / or sample vial of reagent tray 2365, as described above. Additionally, when isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is positioned within cartridge retainer 2400, capillary 2530'' is fluidly coupled to vacuum source 2496. Accordingly, vacuum source 2496 can then be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to generate a negative differential pressure within capillary 2530'' operable to draw a volume of sample within capillary 2530''.

[0153] Once a mixture having desired components (e.g., a sample) has been drawn into capillary 2530″, system 2000 can, for example, actuate vacuum portion 2440 of cartridge retainer 2400 to insert at least a portion of pinch valve actuator 2444 into pinch valve opening 2520″ of cartridge body 2501″ and into contact with pinch valve assembly 2570″ of isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″. Thus, pinch valve actuator 2444 can place pinch valve assembly 2570″ in a closed configuration by deforming a portion of vacuum line 2572″ relative to pinch plate 2571″, as described above. Thus, with pinch valve assembly 2570″ in the closed configuration, bulk fluid flow through capillary 2530″ is restricted, restricted, and / or substantially prevented. System 2000 can then apply an electric field to capillary 2530″, for example, by providing a flow of current to contact member 2485. Thus, with contact member 2485 in contact with electrode 2560'', current is likewise passed through electrode 2560'', creating a voltage difference between ends 2531'' and 2532'' of capillary 2530''. Thus, in response to the current supplied to capillary 2530'', analytes in the sample migrate and / or separate along the length of capillary 2530'', such as according to the isoelectric point of each analyte, as described in detail above.

[0154] Optionally, whole-column detection portion 2750 may detect a "whole-column" image or signal and / or otherwise perform "whole-column" detection of the sample in capillary 2530". Similarly, imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture more than a single point along capillary 2530". For example, imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture and / or detect a length (e.g., about 1 cm, about 3 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 20 cm, about 50 cm, or any other suitable length of capillary 2530") sufficient to visualize separation and / or focusing of analytes during the electrophoresis process. Additionally or alternatively, imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture and / or detect the intrinsic fluorescence and absorbance of the analytes in capillary 2530". For example, while analytes are being separated and / or focused within capillary 2530'', filter wheel 2784 can be rotated to modify the optical signal presented to imaging device 2761. Thus, while analytes are being separated and / or focused during a run, samples can be characterized for intrinsic fluorescence, absorbance, and / or any other suitable optical property along the entire column.

[0155] In some embodiments, reagents, reagent trays, capillary cartridges, etc. can be packaged separately or collectively as a kit for analyte detection, e.g., using any of the systems or methods described herein. In some embodiments, the kit can include materials that provide molecular weight, isoelectric point, and / or any other suitable standards, such as those described herein. Additionally, one or more mobility moieties, one or more reactive moieties, and one or more labeling moieties can be packaged singly or collectively. In some embodiments, the kit can include one or more electrophoretic standards, including peptides, one or more fluorescent dyes, and one or more photoreactive groups. Additionally, buffers, macromolecular or polymerizable materials, blocking solutions, and wash solutions can be packaged with or separately from the reagents, reagent trays, capillary cartridges, etc. Components can be provided separately or mixed with each other in dry or liquid form.

[0156] Some embodiments described herein relate to computer storage products with a non-transitory computer-readable medium (which may also be referred to as a processor-readable medium) having instructions or computer code for performing various computer-implemented operations. The computer-readable medium (or processor-readable medium) is non-transitory in the sense that it does not inherently include a transient propagating signal (e.g., a propagating electromagnetic wave that carries information in a transmission medium such as space or a cable). The medium and computer code (which may also be referred to as code) may be designed and configured for a specific purpose or purposes. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as compact disks / digital video disks (CDs / DVDs), compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), and holographic devices; magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks; carrier wave signal processing modules; and hardware devices specifically configured to store and execute program code, such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), and read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM) devices. Other embodiments described herein relate to computer program products that may include, for example, instructions and / or computer code discussed herein.

[0157] Some embodiments and / or methods described herein may be implemented by software (executed in hardware), hardware, or a combination thereof. Hardware modules may include, for example, general-purpose processors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Software modules (executed in hardware) may be expressed in various software languages ​​(e.g., computer code), including C, C++, Java™, Ruby, Visual Basic™, and / or other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming languages ​​and development tools. Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, microcode or microinstructions such as those produced by a compiler, machine instructions, code used to create web services, and files containing high-level instructions executed by a computer using an interpreter. For example, embodiments may be implemented using imperative programming languages ​​(e.g., C, FORTRAN, etc.), functional programming languages ​​(Haskell, Erlang, etc.), logic programming languages ​​(e.g., Prolog), object-oriented programming languages ​​(e.g., Java, C++, etc.), or other suitable programming languages ​​and / or development tools. Further examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encryption code, and compression code.

[0158] While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they are presented by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. While the schematic diagrams and / or embodiments described above show certain components arranged in certain orientations or positions, the arrangement of the components may be varied. While certain embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and detail may be made. While various embodiments have been described as having particular features and / or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible having any feature and / or combination of components from any of the embodiments described above.

[0159] Where the methods and / or events described above depict certain events and / or steps occurring in a certain order, the order of certain events and / or steps may be changed. Furthermore, certain events and / or steps may be performed simultaneously in parallel processes where possible, as well as sequentially as described above.

Claims

1. Housing and a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, the cartridge retainer configured to receive a capillary cartridge having a capillary; a detection assembly disposed within the housing, the detection assembly including at least one emitter and a first detector and a second detector, the first detector configured to transition between a first configuration in which the first detector detects a first output associated with the at least one emitter and a second configuration in which the second detector detects a second output associated with the at least one emitter; a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing, the reagent tray holder configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume; A system including:

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge retainer maintains the capillary cartridge in a substantially fixed position within the housing.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the detection assembly is configured to transition between the first and second configurations based at least in part on one or more characteristics associated with the capillary cartridge.

4. the capillary defines an axis when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer; The system of claim 1 , wherein the reagent tray holder is configured to move in a first direction and a second direction within the housing, the first direction and the second direction being perpendicular to the axis.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the reagent tray holder is configured to move in a third direction, the third direction being parallel to the axis.

6. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum source disposed within the housing and fluidly coupled to the cartridge retainer, the cartridge retainer configured to fluidly connect a portion of the capillary cartridge to the vacuum source when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer.

7. the at least one emitter is a light source; the first detector is a first optical detector configured to detect a first optical output associated with a first sample being illuminated by a first beam of light emitted from the light source, the first beam converging to a substantially point; 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second detector is a second optical detector configured to detect a second optical output associated with a second sample being illuminated by a second beam of light emitted from the light source forming a column of light.

8. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first beam of light is configured to illuminate a position along the capillary when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer, and the first optical detector is configured to detect an analyte in a sample contained in the capillary when the first beam of light illuminates the position along the capillary.

9. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first output is at least one of an absorbance of the first light output, a fluorescence of a label moiety induced by the first light output, or an intrinsic fluorescence of an analyte induced by the first light output.

10. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the second output is at least one of an absorbance of the second light output, a fluorescence of a label moiety induced by the second light output, or an intrinsic fluorescence of an analyte induced by the second light output.

11. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the cartridge retainer is electrically coupled to a power source, the cartridge retainer configured to electrically couple the capillary to the power source when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer.

12. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the second beam of light is configured to illuminate a length of the capillary when the capillary cartridge is disposed in the cartridge retainer, and the second light detector is configured to detect one or more analytes in a sample contained within the capillary when the second beam of light illuminates the length of the capillary.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the detection assembly is configured to calibrate at least one of the first detector, the second detector, or the at least one emitter.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge retainer includes a plurality of contact surfaces configured to contact the capillary cartridge to align the capillary cartridge within the cartridge retainer.

15. Housing and a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, the cartridge retainer including a first side and a second side, the first side and the second side being substantially parallel and defining a space therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of a capillary cartridge, the first side defining a first opening and a second opening, the second side defining a first opening substantially aligned with the first opening of the first side, and the second side defining a second opening substantially aligned with the second opening of the first side; a light source disposed within the housing, the light source configured to emit a first beam of light and a second beam of light, at least a portion of the first beam of light configured to be directed through the first opening on the first side and the first opening on the second side, and at least a portion of the second beam of light configured to be directed through the second opening on the first side and the second opening on the second side; a detection assembly disposed within the housing, the detection assembly configured to be transitioned between a first configuration in which the detection assembly detects light associated with at least a portion of the first beam of light and a second configuration in which the detection assembly detects light associated with at least a portion of the second beam of light; A system including:

16. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the cartridge retainer is configured to receive at least one of a first capillary cartridge and a second capillary cartridge in the space defined between the first side and the second side, the first beam of light is configured to illuminate a portion of a capillary of the first capillary cartridge when the cartridge retainer receives the first capillary cartridge, and the second beam of light is configured to illuminate a portion of a capillary of the second capillary cartridge when the cartridge retainer receives the second capillary cartridge.

17. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the cartridge retainer is fluidly coupled to a pressure source, the cartridge retainer configured to fluidly communicate the capillary cartridge with the pressure source when at least the portion of the capillary cartridge is disposed within the space between the first side and the second side, and the pressure source configured to selectively increase or decrease pressure within the portion of the capillary cartridge.

18. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the cartridge retainer includes a valve actuator configured to engage a pin valve of the capillary cartridge to move the pinch valve between a first configuration and a second configuration, and bulk flow within a capillary of the capillary cartridge is substantially prevented when the pin valve is in the second configuration.

19. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the cartridge retainer includes a plurality of surfaces configured to contact the capillary cartridge when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the space defined between the first side and the second side.

20. the first opening on the first side and the first opening on the second side are substantially circular having a diameter; 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the second opening on the first side and the second opening on the second side are substantially elongated openings having a length and a width, and the length of the second opening is greater than the width of the second opening.

21. the first side has an inner surface and an outer surface opposite the inner surface, and the second side has an inner surface and an outer surface opposite the inner surface of the second side, the inner surface of the first side and the inner surface of the second side defining the space; 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the detection assembly includes a first portion adjacent the outer surface of the first side and a second portion adjacent the outer surface of the second side, the second portion of the detection assembly being spaced apart from the outer surface of the second side.

22. 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing, the reagent tray holder configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to fluidly connect capillaries of the capillary cartridge to a reagent volume when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the space defined between the first side and the second side.

23. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the cartridge retainer includes an engagement portion configured to selectively contact a surface of the reagent tray holder when the reagent tray holder is moved relative to the cartridge retainer.

24. Housing and a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, the cartridge retainer configured to receive a capillary cartridge having capillaries and including a plurality of contact surfaces configured to contact the capillary cartridge and align the capillary cartridge within the cartridge retainer; a detection assembly disposed within the housing, the detection assembly including first and second emitters and first and second detectors, the detection assembly being configured to transition between a first configuration and a second configuration based at least in part on one or more characteristics associated with the capillary cartridge, the first detector being configured to detect an output associated with the first emitter when the detection assembly is in the first configuration, and the second detector being configured to detect an output associated with the second emitter when the detection assembly is in the second configuration; a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing, the reagent tray holder configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume; a control assembly disposed within the housing, the control assembly configured to receive data associated with the capillary cartridge when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer, and configured to send a signal to the detection assembly to place the detection assembly in the first configuration or the second configuration based on the data associated with the capillary cartridge; A system including:

25. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the cartridge retainer is configured to send a signal to the control assembly when at least one of the contact surfaces of the cartridge retainer is in contact with the capillary cartridge.

26. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control assembly is configured to send one or more signals operable to move the reagent tray holder relative to the cartridge retainer.

27. 25. The system of claim 24, further comprising a pressure source disposed within the housing, the pressure source being in fluid communication with the cartridge retainer, the cartridge retainer being configured to fluidly connect the capillary cartridge to the pressure source when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer, the pressure source being configured to reduce a pressure within a first portion of the capillary cartridge and to increase a pressure within a second portion of the capillary cartridge.

28. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the first portion of the capillary cartridge includes a lumen defined by the capillary, and the reduction in pressure within the first portion of the capillary cartridge is operable to draw reagent into the lumen of the capillary when the capillary is in fluid communication with the reagent volume.

29. a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with at least one of the capillary retainer or the reagent tray holder via one or more fluid flow paths; 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the control assembly is configured to receive a signal related to pressure in the one or more fluid flow paths and to determine a fill volume of the fluid reservoir based at least in part on the pressure, and a portion of the control assembly is configured to provide an indication when the fill volume of the fluid reservoir is below a threshold fill level.

30. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the cartridge retainer includes a pinch valve actuator, and the control device is configured to send a signal to a motor indicating a command to move the pinch valve actuator between a first position and a second position relative to the cartridge retainer, and the pinch valve actuator is configured to contact a pinch valve of the capillary cartridge when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer and the pinch valve actuator is in the second position.

31. A cartridge body; a capillary defining an internal volume configured to accommodate a sample including an analyte, the capillary being disposed within the cartridge body and having a first end defining a first end of the internal volume and a second end defining a second end of the internal volume; a conductive vial containing a buffer solution disposed within the cartridge body, the conductive vial having a first septum and a second septum, the buffer solution being electrically coupled to the first end of the internal volume of the capillary through the first septum such that the sample is electrically coupled to the vial when the internal volume contains the sample; a first electrode electrically coupled to the conductive vial; a second electrode electrically coupled to the capillary between the conductive vial and the second end of the capillary, whereby the first electrode, the second electrode and the sample define a portion of a circuit when the interior volume contains the sample; An apparatus comprising:

32. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the conductive vial is constructed from a conductive plastic.

33. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising an inlet tube configured to be inserted into a sample well containing the sample such that the fluid can be aspirated into the interior volume of the capillary.

34. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the inlet tube is constructed from carbon.

35. 32. The device of claim 31 , wherein the second septum is configured to be broken when the cartridge body is placed into an analyzer whereby the capillary is fluidly coupled to the analyzer through the conductive vial.

36. 32. The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the cartridge body defines a pressure port and a vacuum port, the pressure port configured to be fluidly coupled to a pressure source and the vacuum port configured to be fluidly coupled to a vacuum source.

37. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, further comprising a pressure line disposed within the cartridge and configured to extend from a port defined by the cartridge body, thereby being fluidly coupled to a pressure source of an analyzer via the port, the pressure line configured to extend into a reagent vial external to the cartridge such that the reagent vial can be pressurized via the pressure line while reagent is being aspirated into the capillary.

38. the capillary is disposed parallel to a longitudinal axis of the cartridge body; and 32. The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the cartridge body is configured to be placed in an analyzer such that the longitudinal axis is vertical.

39. a cartridge body configured to be placed within an analyzer; a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, the capillary configured for analyte separation; a tube disposed within the cartridge body and coupled to an end of the capillary, whereby the analyzer can apply at least one of pressure or vacuum to the capillary; an opening defined by the cartridge body, at least a portion of the tubing being exposed through the opening, the opening configured to receive a portion of a pinch valve actuator of the analyzer, the pinch valve actuator configured to pinch the tubing; An apparatus comprising:

40. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, further comprising a membrane disposed between a conductive vial and an interior volume of the capillary, the membrane configured to prevent bulk fluid flow from the conductive vial to the interior volume of the capillary.

41. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the membrane is configured to allow ion flow from the conductive vial to the interior volume of the capillary.

42. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the pinch valve actuator is configured to pinch the tube such that a sample disposed in the capillary is prevented from flowing.

43. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, further comprising a plurality of electrodes configured to apply a potential along a length of the capillary such that the analyte migrates within the capillary.

44. 44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the pinch valve actuator is configured to pinch the tube such that the bulk flow is prevented while the analyte moves within the capillary.

45. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the tube is configured to apply at least one of the pressure or the vacuum to the capillary such that fluid is drawn into the capillary.

46. 40. The device of claim 39, wherein the capillary is positioned behind a window in the cartridge body such that movement of the analyte can be optically detected.

47. 47. The apparatus of claim 46, further comprising a slit plate, the slit plate defining a slit having a width less than a diameter of the capillary such that the movement of the analyte through a portion of the capillary can be optically detected.

48. the capillary is disposed parallel to a longitudinal axis of the cartridge body; 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the cartridge body is configured to be placed in an analyzer such that the longitudinal axis is vertical.

49. a cartridge body configured to be placed within an analyzer; a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, the capillary configured for analyte separation and having an output disposed within the cartridge body; an outlet tube coupled to the capillary output; an outlet port fluidly coupled to the outlet tube; a waste container defined within the cartridge body and fluidly coupled to the outlet tube, the waste container configured to prevent liquid from flowing from the outlet tube to the outlet port; An apparatus comprising:

50. 50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the waste container comprises an absorbent material configured to contain the liquid.

51. 50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the waste container is configured to allow gas to flow through the outlet port while preventing liquid from flowing through the outlet port.

52. 50. The device of claim 49, wherein the liquid is a first liquid associated with a first assay, and the waste container is configured to prevent a second liquid associated with a second assay from flowing from the outlet tube to the outlet port such that the device is reusable.

53. 50. The device of claim 49, wherein the analyte is a first analyte associated with an assay from a plurality of assays, and the cartridge body is configured to be removably positioned within the analyzer such that the cartridge body may be removed from the analyzer between assays from the plurality of assays, and the device further comprises a unique identifier associated with the cartridge body such that the analyzer can identify the plurality of assays performed using the cartridge body.

54. 54. The device of claim 53, wherein the waste container is configured to prevent a predetermined amount of liquid from flowing to the outlet port, the predetermined amount of liquid associated with a predetermined number of assays.

55. the capillary is disposed parallel to a longitudinal axis of the cartridge body; 50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the cartridge body is configured to be placed in an analyzer such that the longitudinal axis is vertical.

56. a cartridge body configured to be placed within an analyzer; a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, the capillary configured to separate analytes based on their isoelectric points; a buffer disposed in a vial within the cartridge body, the buffer configured to induce a pH gradient along a length of the capillary; a first partition disposed between the buffer solution and the capillary; a second septum disposed between the buffer solution and the analyzer, the second septum configured to be broken by the analyzer so that at least one of pressure or vacuum may be applied to the vial; An apparatus comprising:

57. 57. The device of claim 56, wherein the cartridge body defines a window so that the analytes can be imaged during separation.

58. 58. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein the window is configured to allow the analyte to be imaged at multiple locations within the capillary.

59. a first electrode coupled to the vial; a second electrode coupled to an inlet tube coupled to the bottom of the capillary; 57. The apparatus of claim 56, further comprising:

60. 60. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein the vial and the outlet tube have a conductivity greater than a conductivity of the capillary.

61. 60. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein the first electrode is configured to be electrically coupled to a top of an interior volume defined by the capillary through the vial and the buffer solution.

62. 60. The device of claim 59, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are collectively configured to complete an electrical circuit involving an analyte-containing fluid disposed within the interior volume of the capillary.

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