Systems, apparatus, and methods for monitoring viruses in wastewater

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a system for monitoring viruses in wastewater, the system including: a biosensor including a graphene-based field-effect transistor having a capture protein conjugated thereto; a flow channel configured to allow the capture protein to bind viruses and disposed over the graphene-based field-effect transistor such that wastewater fluid flows over the graphene-based field-effect transistor; and a processing circuit configured to: apply a gate voltage to the graphene-based field-effect transistor, measure a conductance across the graphene-based field-effect transistor that reflects the amount of viruses bound to the capture protein, compare the measured conductance to a threshold conductance, and, if the comparison indicates that the measured conductance meets the threshold conductance, transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of viruses in the wastewater. In certain embodiments, the capture protein can be a SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 070,308, filed on 14 October 2020, entitled “System, apparatus, and method for monitoring viruses in wastewater,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This disclosure relates to continuous monitoring of fluids for detecting hazardous viral loads in the environment. [Background technology]

[0003] Rapid and accurate identification of potential pathogens and elucidation of their characteristics are crucial for disease control and the prevention of epidemics caused by emerging infectious diseases.

[0004] Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human infectious disease characterized by severe respiratory distress. In December 2019, a series of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Subsequently, the novel coronavirus 2019 was identified from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients and was later renamed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Due to the rapid spread of human-to-human transmission, the World Health Organization classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 12, 2020. Coronaviruses (CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 in particular, cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections in both humans and animals. As there is still no effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, the development of highly sensitive and rapid biodetectors is becoming increasingly important for early diagnosis, potential contact management, and epidemic containment.

[0005] Both viable SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA are excreted in bodily fluids such as saliva, sputum, and feces, and subsequently treated as wastewater. While the primary routes of transmission for this virus are thought to be person-to-person aerosol / droplet transmission and inhalation via contaminated hands, currently available evidence indicates a need for a better understanding of the role of wastewater as a potential source of infection for epidemiological data and as a factor in public health risks. Indeed, recent findings suggest that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater presents opportunities to utilize wastewater as a monitoring tool for the potential of viral entry, outbreaks, molecular epidemiology, and eradication within communities.

[0006] However, wastewater monitoring has primarily relied on benchtop testing equipment and complex biological analysis methods that require extracting wastewater samples from the drain and transporting them to a testing facility. Furthermore, these available testing methods are expensive, time-consuming, and require specialized expertise. Therefore, there is a need for a wastewater monitoring solution that provides continuous on-site monitoring while eliminating the need for excessively cumbersome and costly sample acquisition methods. Moreover, a process applicable to various infectious pathogens is desired.

[0007] The preceding “Background Art” description is intended to provide a general context for this disclosure. The inventor’s work, to the extent described in this “Background” section, is not expressly or implicitly recognized as prior art to the present invention, similar to any description that may not be recognized as prior art at the time of filing. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0008] This disclosure relates to the monitoring of viral load in wastewater.

[0009] According to one embodiment, the disclosure further relates to a system for monitoring viruses in wastewater, comprising: at least one field-effect transistor arranged along the length of the apparatus, wherein the at least one field-effect transistor has one or more capture proteins conjugated thereto, and the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind to viruses in the wastewater; and a fluid channel, positioned above the at least one field-effect transistor and arranged along the length of the apparatus such that the fluid of the wastewater flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor, comprising a biosensor and a gate voltage applied to each of the at least one field-effect transistor, and at least The system comprises a processing circuit configured to measure the change in conductance across another field-effect transistor based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, compare the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors with a threshold conductance, and transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, wherein the at least one field-effect transistor is a graphene-based field-effect transistor, and the one or more capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0010] According to one embodiment, the Disclosure further provides an apparatus for monitoring a viral load in wastewater, comprising at least one field-effect transistor arranged along the length of the apparatus, having one or more capture proteins conjugated to the at least one field-effect transistor, wherein the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind viruses (or their degradation products) in the wastewater, a gate voltage is applied to each of the at least one field-effect transistor, the change in conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor is measured based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor is compared to a threshold conductance, and the comparison is The apparatus includes a processing circuit configured to transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus or degradation products in the wastewater if the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, wherein the gate voltage is applied to a fluid channel, which is located above the at least one field-effect transistor and is arranged along the length of the apparatus such that the fluid of the wastewater flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor, the at least one field-effect transistor is a graphene-based field-effect transistor, and the one or more capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0011] According to one embodiment, the disclosure further provides a method for monitoring a viral load in wastewater, comprising: applying a gate voltage by a processing circuit to each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors arranged along the length of the apparatus, each having one or more capture proteins conjugated to the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor, wherein the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind to viruses in the wastewater; and based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, the conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors. The present invention relates to a method for monitoring, comprising: measuring the change in conductance using the processing circuit; comparing the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors with a threshold conductance using the processing circuit; and, when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, transmitting information to a computing device via the processing circuit indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater, wherein the one or more capture proteins are one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0012] The preceding paragraphs are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the following claims. The embodiments described will be best understood, together with further advantages, by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0013] As the following detailed explanation is considered in conjunction with the attached drawings, a better understanding of this disclosure will be achieved, and a more complete understanding of this disclosure, as well as the many benefits associated with it, will be easily attained. [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A] FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3C] FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3D] FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional schematic view of an apparatus for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a sub-process of a method for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A is a flowchart of a sub-process of a method for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a flowchart of a sub-process of a method for monitoring a virus load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows the hardware configuration of the apparatus of FIG. 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0014] As used herein, the terms "a" or "an" are defined as one or more. The term "plurality" as used herein is defined as two or more. The term "another" as used herein is defined as at least second or later. The terms "including" and / or "having" as used herein are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). References throughout this specification to "one embodiment", "a particular embodiment", "an embodiment", "an implementation", "an example", or similar terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of such phrases or in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments without limitation.

[0015] The progression of the COVID-19 pandemic has been monitored primarily by testing symptomatic individuals for the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and counting the number of positive cases over time. However, in the United States and other countries, the spread of COVID-19 has often exceeded the testing capacity of the public health system. Furthermore, testing is typically prompted by symptoms that appear two weeks after infection, and delays occur from the appearance of symptoms to testing and reporting of test results, so test results are a lagging indicator of pandemic progression.

[0016] Monitoring sewage from community collection and treatment systems, which has been used in the past to monitor disease outbreaks at a population level, particularly for polio, may be equally beneficial for the current COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 virus and its fragments have been confirmed to be present in sewage, albeit mostly non-infectious, and may serve as markers of infection hotspots and reflect recovery from pandemic conditions. For this reason, SARS-CoV-2 RNA is present in the feces and untreated wastewater of COVID-19 patients, and increased RNA concentrations in untreated wastewater have been associated with the recent increase in reported COVID-19 cases.

[0017] However, methods for testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been limited to those traditionally used on clinical specimens, such as molecular tests (e.g., polymerase chain reaction nucleic acid amplification), viral antigen tests (e.g., influenza-like readout tests), and antibody titer tests to determine acquired immunity. These tests can be expensive and require a series of rate-limiting steps, often limiting the ability to report results quickly, as they involve specialized equipment, manpower, and specialized laboratories.

[0018] Furthermore, the usefulness of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater for tracking the progression of COVID-19 infection in communities is not fully understood. For example, there is often a delay between the occurrence of an infection, the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater, and the acquisition of a positive test result that identifies the infection.

[0019] However, it is important to understand the potential benefits of continuous sample collection that cannot be achieved with current testing methods due to the burden on field scientists and other researchers. As a result, this disclosure describes a device for continuously monitoring the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater or discharge water, as well as a device for immediately transmitting these results to response centers for data evaluation and consideration of impacts on public health policy.

[0020] In other words, this disclosure describes an apparatus that provides an automated test that is inexpensive and capable of continuously monitoring the presence of a virus or its degradation products, without requiring sampling or human intervention.

[0021] Therefore, this disclosure describes a device comprising a field-effect transistor circuit that can be adapted to bind to and thereby detect SARS-CoV-2 antigens(s). Among the many diagnostic methods currently available, field-effect transistor-based biodetectors have several advantages, including the ability to measure with high sensitivity and instantaneously using small amounts of analytes or antigens. Field-effect transistor-based biosensors are considered potentially useful in clinical diagnosis, point-of-care testing, and in-situ detection. In one embodiment, this disclosure describes a device comprising a graphene-based field-effect transistor. Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern, with all carbon atoms exposed on its surface. Due to its excellent properties, such as high electronic conductivity, high carrier mobility, and large specific surface area, graphene has proven to be a useful material for a variety of detection platforms. Graphene-based field-effect transistor biosensors can detect ambient changes on their surface and can provide an optimal detection environment for ultra-high sensitivity and low noise detection. From this perspective, graphene-based field-effect transistor technology is very attractive in applications related to highly sensitive immunological diagnostics.

[0022] As described herein, a graphene-based field-effect transistor (GRAP) based device can be used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage wastewater, i.e., wastewater. Wastewater can flow over the detection surface of the GRAP. When SARS-CoV-2 antigens bind to biomolecules conjugated to the detection surface of the GRAP., the conductance of the GRAP. changes, thereby allowing for the quantification of the amount of bound antigen. Immediately, the change in conductance indicates the presence or absence of the virus in the wastewater. Over time, as the binding of SARS-CoV-2 antigens leads to an increase in the conductance of the GRAP., the increase in conductance indicates the emergence or expansion of an infection hotspot. Conversely, a decrease in conductance over time indicates a decrease in the infection rate.

[0023] SARS-CoV-2 is a beta-coronavirus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. The CoV genome encodes four structural proteins: spike, envelope, matrix, and nucleocapsid. The viral etiology of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown, but recent studies have reported that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) as a cell entry receptor, and that ACE2 is also a well-known host cell receptor for SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 co-localizes with ACE2 in animal cells, and its spike protein binds to ACE2 with high affinity.

[0024] According to one embodiment, a graphene-based field-effect transistor can be functionalized by the coupling of a capture protein to a graphene detection surface. The capture protein may be an antibody and may be designed to bind to a SARS-CoV-2 fragment such as a spike protein or receptor-binding domain, also known as an ACE2 receptor. Thus, as in this disclosure, a spike protein capture antibody can be coupled to the graphene detection surface by the method outlined below. For simplicity, the binding between a SARS-CoV-2 fragment or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and a capture protein or spike protein capture antibody may be generally referred to herein as virus binding, conjugated virus, etc.

[0025] According to one embodiment, the apparatus may include a power supply, an ammeter, or a similar method for measuring conductivity across a graphene-based field-effect transistor, a comparator or a similar method for calculating changes in conductivity, and a telemetry device or a similar method for transmitting data signals from the apparatus to a remote monitoring station, a response center, or a portable device.

[0026] In one embodiment, all components of the device, except for the fluid channel through which wastewater flows, are covered with an impermeable layer such as silica to prevent water from seeping into the device. The device may be designed to be inserted, for example, into a wastewater line from a sewage treatment plant to continuously monitor and identify potential environmental "hot spots."

[0027] In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a method for removing bound antigens(s) from captured proteins(s). In one example, a buffered washing system may be included as a component of the apparatus. In another example, a gate polarity reversal method may be implemented to expel bound antigens(s) from captured proteins(s).

[0028] Thus, the apparatus and methods of this disclosure enable continuous, real-time, automated, and inexpensive monitoring of viral particles in wastewater without the need for sample transport, laboratories, or personnel. They are particularly applicable to the COVID-19 pandemic and can be readily adapted to other infectious agents or organic substances that serve as indicators of health or disease. Such apparatus can also be used as immediate, point-of-care clinical tests for the presence of viruses or antibodies in bodily fluid samples.

[0029] Referring here to the figures, Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an apparatus for monitoring viral load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In this specification, the apparatus may be referred to as a viral load monitoring apparatus (VLMD).

[0030] As shown in Figure 1, the VLMD100 may be a device having a housing 101. The housing 101 may be configured to hold a biosensor, processing circuit, power supply, buffer tank, wireless communication device, etc., as will be further described with reference to Figure 2. The housing 101 of the VLMD100 may be designed so that a fluid flow 102 can pass through it via a fluid channel 104. The fluid channel 104 may be a component of the biosensor or a component of the housing 101 of the VLMD100. Nevertheless, the fluid channel 104 may be positioned so that the fluid flow 102 of wastewater moves over the detection surface of the graphene-based field-effect transistor of the biosensor.

[0031] Although Figure 1 shows a rectangular shape, it can be understood that the housing 101 of the VLMD100 can be any design that allows drainage to be brought close to the biosensor and provides a structure sufficient to accommodate the aforementioned components, for example.

[0032] In one embodiment, the dimensions of the housing 101 of the VLMD100 may be governed by the design of the biosensor, as well as the size and shape of the accompanying circuitry and other necessary components. For example, assuming that graphene-based field-effect transistors are arranged along the z dimension, the z dimension of the housing 101 of the VLMD100 may be lengthened to accommodate an increasing number of graphene-based field-effect transistors in the biosensor. Similarly, the x dimension of the housing 101 of the VLMD100 may be lengthened to accommodate the x dimension of each graphene-based field-effect transistor in each biosensor. Furthermore, the y dimension of the housing 101 of the VLMD100 may be adjusted to accommodate a predetermined volume of drainage fluid on the sensing surface of each graphene-based field-effect transistor, where the y dimension is determined in conjunction with the x dimension.

[0033] To further illustrate the internal components of the VLMD100, Figure 2 provides a schematic cross-sectional view according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The schematic cross-sectional view provides a diagram of the VLMD200 along the x-dimension, and it can be understood that the dashed lines indicate the components located within the housing 201 of the VLMD200.

[0034] According to one embodiment, the VLMD200 in Figure 2 includes a housing 201 and a fluid channel 204 through which drainage fluid flows, indicated by a large colored arrow. Components that may be functionally appropriate arranged within the housing 201 include a biosensor 205, a controller 220, a power supply 225, a wireless communication device 284, a buffer tank 215, and a pump 216. The controller 220 may include processing circuits configured to control the above components of the VLMD200. In one embodiment, the controller 220 may include component-specific controllers, as described with reference to Figure 7.

[0035] In one embodiment, and as shown by the solid-line box, the controller 220 may be a remotely located controller 220'. In such an embodiment, the controller 220' may be wired or wireless. The controller 220 may communicate electrically with the power supply 225, the wireless communication network 284, the biosensor 205, and the pump 216, respectively. The buffer tank 215 may contain a buffer that can be supplied to the fluid channel 204 of the VLMD 200 by the pump 216. Such introduction of the buffer to the fluid channel 204 can be initiated in response to the biosensor 205 determining that a threshold amount of antigen has been detected, and the buffer thereby removes the bound antigen from the biosensor 205 so that an additional cycle of measurement can be performed.

[0036] As can be seen from Figure 2, the biosensor 205 may include one or more graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFETs) 203. Each of the one or more GFETs 203 can be positioned along the z dimension of the housing 201 of the VLMD 200. The fabrication of one or more GFETs 203 is described in more detail with reference to Figure 3B.

[0037] Figures 3A to 3D provide further explanation of the VLMD of this disclosure, with specific reference to the biosensor.

[0038] First, referring to Figure 3A, a schematic cross-sectional view of an apparatus for monitoring viral load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. The schematic cross-sectional view can be understood as providing a diagram of the VLMD300 along the y dimension. According to one embodiment, the VLMD300 in Figure 3A includes a housing 301 and a fluid channel 304 adjacent to a biosensor 305, and the fluid of the wastewater, indicated by tapered colored arrows, flows through the fluid channel 204 onto the detection surface of the GFET of the biosensor 305.

[0039] Referring to Figure 3B, an enlarged view of the VLMD300 biosensor 305 is shown in Figure 3A. It can be understood that the VLMD biosensor 305 can consist of one or more GFETs, as shown in Figure 2, but for the sake of simplification, the description of the biosensor 305 is given with respect to a single GFET 303.

[0040] Electrical detection of biomolecules using nanomaterials can frequently achieve high sensitivity because nanomaterials are extremely sensitive to electronic perturbations in the surrounding environment. Graphene, a monolayer of carbon atoms in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, is expected to have applications in the electrical detection of biospecies due to its unique physical properties. Because graphene base sheets are flat and have large lateral dimensions, device fabrication (such as electrical contact with electrodes) is easier compared to, for example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Compared to CNTs, graphene base sheets have higher carrier mobility and specific surface area, improving sensor performance.

[0041] According to one embodiment, the disclosure describes a biosensor comprising at least one GFET immobilized with a linker-biomolecular conjugate. For brevity, a biosensor comprising at least one GFET may interchangeably be referred to herein as a GFET-based biosensor. Referring to Figure 3B, the GFET-based biosensor 305 comprises, as components of the GFET 303, a substrate 309 having an inactivation layer 306, a source electrode 310 and a drain electrode 311 disposed on one side of the substrate 309, respectively, and a graphene base sheet 307 configured to electrically connect the source electrode 310 and the drain electrode 311, which is a conductive channel suspended on the substrate 309. The graphene base sheet 307 may be decorated with a linker-biomolecular conjugate 312 that immobilizes biomolecules on the surface of the graphene base sheet 307. The linker-biomolecular conjugate 312 may include, for example, 1-pyrenebutyrate N-hydroxysuccinimide (PBASE) conjugated with a capture antibody. The capture antibody functions as a specific recognition group for the target biomolecule, as described with reference to Figures 3C and 3D. In one embodiment, the GFET-based biosensor 305 may include an additional substrate 309' that is formed on the upper surface of the fluid channel 304 of the GFET-based biosensor 305 and serves a function.

[0042] In some embodiments, the source electrode 310 and drain electrode 311 may be formed from any conductive material. Examples include, but are not limited to, gold (Au), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), palladium (Pd), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate 309 and additional substrate 309' may include silicon (Si), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide, sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon-germanium alloys, or indium phosphide. Exemplary substrates 309 and 309' include Si wafers. In some embodiments, the inactivation layer 306 may include aluminum, zinc, titanium, Si, or oxides or nitrides thereof, or synthetic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyester, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyvinylidene chloride, or triacetate. Exemplary inactivation layer 306 includes SiO2.

[0043] In some embodiments, linker-conjugated biomolecules may include proteins, nucleic acid molecules, microorganisms, and low molecular weight organic compounds. Examples may include, but are not limited to, immunoproteins, antigens, enzymes, non-immunoproteins, immunoglobulin-binding proteins, sugar-binding proteins, sugar-recognizing sugars, fatty acids or fatty acid esters, ligands, aptamas, and ligand-binding polypeptides or oligopeptides. Examples of immunoproteins may include antibodies whose target biomolecule is an antigen. In one example, such antibodies may include various immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgD. In a specific example, such antibodies include anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies that can be linker-conjugated and used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the target biomolecule.

[0044] According to one embodiment, and as it relates to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the GFET of the GFET-based biosensor 305 in Figure 3B can be manufactured as follows, with reference to Figure 3C.

[0045] In one embodiment, graphene can be transferred to an SiO2 / Si substrate using a conventional wet transfer method. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be spin-coated onto graphene on copper foil at 500 rpm for 10 seconds and at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. The PMMA / graphene on the copper foil can be etched with a copper etching solution. After etching the copper foil, the PMMA / graphene layer may be moved into a deionized (DI) water bath using a clean glass slide, and the copper etching solution may be washed away. The PMMA / graphene layer can then be transferred to an SiO2 / Si substrate and dried overnight under ambient conditions. The PMMA layer can be removed in an acetone solution bath for 2 hours. Finally, the graphene can be transferred onto the substrate, washed with isopropyl alcohol, and then dried under a nitrogen gas stream. To fabricate a practical graphene-based apparatus, the transferred graphene can be linearly patterned by photolithography and etched by reactive ion etching. Metallization was performed on the etched graphene layer using thermal deposition and lift-off methods to create, for example, an Au / Cr electrode layer. The dimensions of the GFET's detection surface are, for example, 100 × 100 μm. 2 It can be expressed as (L × W).

[0046] According to one embodiment, after the GFET is fabricated, it can be functionalized with a linker-biomolecular conjugate to detect aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To immobilize the biomolecule, SARS-CoV-2 antibody or capture protein, onto the graphene detection surface, the fabricated GFET can first be immersed in 2 mM PBASE in methanol as a linker for 1 hour at room temperature and washed several times with phosphate buffer (PBS) and deionized water. Finally, the functionalized GFET can be exposed to 250 μg / mL SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody as the biomolecule or capture protein for 4 hours to generate a GFET-based biosensor 305 visualized through Figures 3B to 3D.

[0047] Referring here to Figures 3C and 3D, a schematic cross-sectional view of the GFET-based biosensor 305 in Figure 3B is shown. The GFET-based biosensor 305 in Figure 3C is described in the context of voltage application via the back gate (Figure 3C) and voltage application via the liquid gate (Figure 3D), and in the presence of a target biomolecule or viral particle.

[0048] Measurement of a typical GFET-based biosensor 305 involves a constant bias voltage (V) between the source electrode 310 and drain electrode 311 of the graphene channel 307. S This consists of applying a gate voltage V and monitoring the resulting source-drain current (I). G By changing this, the electrochemical potential (i.e., Fermi energy) of the charge carriers can be modulated. As a result, the type of charge carrier (flowing through the graphene channel and giving rise to a current I) can be continuously adjusted from holes to electrons, producing so-called "bipolar behavior".

[0049] The change in the electric field can be achieved using the back-gate approach shown in Figure 3C or the liquid-gate approach shown in Figure 3D, in combination with binding the target biomolecule 330 to the capture protein 331 on the detection surface of graphene 307. For example, a bias voltage (V S ) and gate voltage (V G When the voltage is maintained at a constant level, any measured change in the current (I) between the drain electrode 311 and the source electrode 310 can be considered as the target biomolecule 330 or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein bound to the capture protein 331 or SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody conjugated on the detection surface of graphene 307 via the linker. In contrast to the back gate configuration of Figure 3C, Figure 3D provides a liquid gate configuration, where the gate voltage (V) is maintained. G The ) is applied to the fluid (i.e., drainage) in the fluid channel 304 via the reference electrode 313. The reference electrode 313 has a series of two capacitances, namely the quantum capacitance (C) of graphene. Q ) and the double layer volume of the electrolyte (CDL ) is connected to graphene 307 via an interfacial capacitance C consisting of... The double-layer capacitor is a virtual capacitor formed by separated charges on the solid side and the solution side of the interface, as described by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The liquid-gate GFET biosensor belongs to a large family of ion-sensitive FETs. The choice of channel material, reference electrode, operating mode, and final encapsulation for the liquid handling method varies depending on the case, but the heart of the ion-sensitive FET is located at the interface between the electrolyte and the solid FET material.

[0050] Considering FIGS. 3C and 3D above, and as in the present disclosure, the GFET-based biosensor 305 can operate at a low gate voltage (V G ) such that any electrochemical processes and exchange ion currents can be ignored (i.e., the interface is considered inert and purely capacitive), although this assumption is not always explicitly stated. Experimental artifacts at moderate or relatively high gate voltages (V G ) due to such a simple assumption are considered to be mainly of an electrochemical nature.

[0051] The operating principle of the liquid-gate GFET-based biosensor, as described with reference to FIG. 3D, is explained below. In fact, the liquid-gate GFET-based biosensor can be incorporated into a microfluidic system, such as the VLMD of the present disclosure, which confines a fluid channel 304 that brings the target biomolecule 330 or virus particle to the detection surface of graphene 307 and helps it adhere to the capture protein 331 attached to the detection surface of graphene 307.

[0052] Generally, as described above, in a typical measurement, the receptor molecule, or capture protein 331, is immobilized on the detection surface of graphene 307 in order to selectively recognize the target biomolecule, or the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 330. The I-V corresponding to such a liquid-gate GFET (FIG. 3D) GThe curve shows similar characteristics to those observed in the back-gate GFET (Figure 3C). When a positively charged target is coupled in either the hole region or the electron region, the field effect causes depletion of hole carriers (and accumulation of electron carriers, respectively) in graphene 307. Such a doping effect is I(V G This causes a shift towards the negative side.

[0053] Time-dependent measurements show that when positively charged molecules bind, it causes a decrease in the current I in the hole region and an increase in the current I in the electron region. Conversely, when negatively charged molecules bind, I(V) G This induces a positive shift in the curve and an increase in I in the hole region. On the other hand, in the electron region, the occurrence of the same event induces an increase in I(V). G This induces a negative shift in the curve and a decrease in current I. This current modulation in the graphene channel can be expressed as a function Δn of the carrier density change, and this current change is proportional to the total number N of charged biomolecules adsorbed on the graphene surface.

number

[0054] Nevertheless, as outlined above with respect to equation (1) and as seen in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, an increase in the number of bound viral particles 330 to the GFET-based biosensor 305 of the present disclosure inevitably results in a proportional increase in the current (I) measured across the source electrode 310 and the drain electrode 311.

[0055] During the implementation of the VLMD of this disclosure, the GFET-based biosensor has a bias voltage (V) between -1000mV and 0mV or 0mV and +1000mV. Sd ), and the gate voltage (V) maintained between -1000mV and 0mV or 0mV and +1000mV. G ) can be supplied. For example, a bias voltage (V Sd ) can be maintained at -100mV within VLMD, and the gate voltage (V G A voltage of +100mV can be applied to the drain in the fluid channel. In one embodiment, the detected electrical response signal I can be either I or normalized as [ΔI / I0]=(I-I0) / I0, where I is the detected real-time current and I0 is the initial current measured across the source and drain electrodes.

[0056] Returning to the figures, Figure 4 describes a method for monitoring the viral load in wastewater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0057] Method 440 of the present disclosure can be performed following the placement of the VLMD at a monitoring location. The monitoring location may be, for example, a sewage discharge point or a water treatment plant discharge point. To enable repeated use of the VLMD, the VLMD can be configured to remove bound viruses from the surface of the GFET-based biosensor, thereby allowing the VLMD to be left at the testing location for an extended period to provide continuous measurement and viral load monitoring. For this purpose, the VLMD may transmit data regarding the results of viral load monitoring to a monitoring center or response center. In relation to extending the lifespan in the field, the VLMD may generate a single signal when the battery powering the VLMD has a storage energy capacity lower than the required energy threshold. In this case, the VLMD can be recovered from the field and replaced.

[0058] In one embodiment, the VLMD may include a GFET-based biosensor having one or more GFETs. Reflecting a practical implementation, Method 440 is described assuming that the VLMD is arranged together with a GFET-based biosensor having multiple GFETs arranged along the fluid channels of the VLMD, as shown in Figure 2.

[0059] In step 445 of Method 440, a gate voltage may be applied to each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor in the VLMD. In one example, each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor may be a liquid-gate GFET, as described with reference to Figure 3D. The applied gate voltage may be, for example, +100mV and may be given to facilitate the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody (i.e., capture protein) conjugated to each GFET to the virus in the wastewater. However, it can be understood that a different gate voltage may be used depending on the purpose of the particular biodetection.

[0060] In subprocess 450 of Method 440, the state of the VLMD can be determined. Determining the current state of the VLMD to determine whether a sufficient level of virus can be found in the wastewater involves evaluating the conductance of each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor individually and globally. Subprocess 450 of Method 440 is described in more detail with reference to Figure 5.

[0061] In step 460 of method 440, the current status of the VLMD can be transmitted to a remote processing unit, monitoring station, etc. The transmission can be done wirelessly by the VLMD's wireless communication device or by wired transmission, where the wired transmission is integrated, for example, into the existing communication infrastructure of the testing environment. The remote processing unit or monitoring station may be, for example, an environmental monitoring agency, epidemiological agency, or other public health group that is in a position to evaluate the results of the VLMD and direct appropriate stakeholders in order to identify potential “hotspots” and mitigate epidemiological events.

[0062] In one embodiment, the transmission status of VLMDs can be examined instantaneously or longitudinally based on data collected from a large number of transmissions. In this way, as will be detailed later, an increase or decrease in viruses or viral fragments in wastewater can be monitored over time as an indicator of upstream infection.

[0063] In one embodiment, the transmission in step 460 of method 440 may be a binary representation of the presence of the virus against a virus detection threshold. In another embodiment, the transmission in step 460 of method 440 may be a binary representation of the presence of the virus against a virus detection threshold, accompanied by a quantitative measurement of the estimated virus concentration in the wastewater. The estimated concentration may be based on a correlation between the bound virus and conductance (see equation (1)), where an increase in conductance follows an increase in the amount of virus bound to the capture protein of each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor.

[0064] Here, subprocess 450 of method 440 is described further with reference to Figure 5. After applying a gate voltage to each GFET in step 445 of method 440, the determination of the VLMD state begins in step 554 of subprocess 450. Step 554 includes receiving the source-drain current from each GFET of the GFET-based biosensor. Based on the source-drain current from each GFET of the GFET-based biosensor and the respective source-drain voltages applied thereto, the conductance of each GFET of the GFET-based biosensor can be calculated in step 552 of subprocess 450.

[0065] As shown above and with reference to equation (1), the conductance determined for each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor is expected to increase as the binding of the virus to the capture protein coupled to the surface of each GFET increases. In step 553 of subprocess 450, the conductance calculated for each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor can be compared to their respective conductance thresholds. In one example, the respective conductance threshold for each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor can be based on the concentration of virus in the wastewater that defines the virus "hot spot". In one embodiment, it is assumed that the viral load composition of the wastewater is homogeneous over the length of the fluid channel of the VLMD, thereby allowing the same conductance threshold to be used for each GFET positioned along the length of the fluid channel of the VLMD. In another embodiment, it can be assumed that the viral load composition of the wastewater is heterogeneous over the length of the fluid channel traversing the VLMD, thereby allowing different respective conductance thresholds to be applied to each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor. For example, the conductance threshold of a GFET located "upstream" in a GFET-based biosensor may be higher than that of a GFET located "downstream" in the same biosensor.

[0066] In this way, a global comparison of the responses from each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor can be performed in step 554 of subprocess 450. In other words, after determining whether each GFET meets its respective conductance threshold, it can be globally determined whether the number of GFETs in the GFET-based biosensor that meet their respective conductance thresholds is sufficient to meet the global conductance threshold. The global conductance threshold may, for example, be a simple majority of the GFETs in the GFET-based biosensor, or it may be any other number, proportion, or similar metric that sufficiently identifies the presence of the virus in the wastewater.

[0067] Therefore, in step 555 of subprocess 450, the current state of the VLMD can be determined based on the above comparison with the conductance threshold. Thus, if the number of GFETs that satisfy each conductance threshold satisfies the global conductance threshold, it can be determined that the virus is present in the wastewater at a level indicating a viral "hot spot".

[0068] Therefore, in step 460 of method 440, this determination can be transmitted, for example, to a response center. If, as described above, it is determined that the virus is present in the wastewater at a level indicating a viral "hotspot," public health professionals can take appropriate action to prevent further spread of the disease in upstream locations. Furthermore, the transmission may include, as described above, the estimated concentration of the virus in the wastewater, in parallel with the binary representation. The estimated concentration of the virus in the wastewater can be used as an immediate and time-series guideline for assessing the virus in a human population. For example, if the relative estimated concentration of the virus in the wastewater at time t=2 is lower than the estimated concentration of the virus in the wastewater at time t=1, it can be reasonably assumed that there are fewer active infection cases in the upstream community.

[0069] According to one embodiment, and to enable continuous monitoring following the binding of a virus to a capture protein of a GFET-based biosensor, as described above, the Disclosure also includes a method for removing the bound virus from the capture protein, as described with reference to Figures 6A and 6B.

[0070] Referencing Figure 6A, Method 440 is described with respect to subprocess 550 and subprocess 665. For example, if in subprocess 550 it is determined that the binary representation of the current state of the VLMD is negative (i.e., no virus is detected in the wastewater), Method 440 proceeds to step 660 while subprocess 550 is repeated. In step 660 of Method 440, the negative binary representation of the current state of the VLMD may be transmitted to a response center, for example. The transmission may include, as a component of the current state, an estimated concentration of the virus based on the conductance of the GFET. However, if in subprocess 550 of Method 440 it is determined that the binary representation of the current state of the VLMD is positive (i.e., the virus is detected at a level that is considered to indicate a virus "hotspot"), Method 440 simultaneously proceeds to step 660 and subprocess 665. In step 660 of Method 440, as above, a positive binary representation of the current state of the VLMD is transmitted to a response center so that appropriate action can be taken by public health authorities. As before, the transmission of the current state may include the estimated concentration of the virus in the wastewater. At the same time, subprocess 665 of method 440 may be performed to remove at least a portion of the bound virus from the GFET capture protein of the GFET-based biosensor so that the wastewater can be continuously monitored to determine whether the concentration of the virus in the wastewater increases, decreases, or stabilizes over time.

[0071] Referring now to Figure 6B, subprocess 665 of method 440 may proceed to perform one of two approaches, depending on the positive binary representation of the current state determination in subprocess 450 of method 440.

[0072] In step 666 of subprocess 665, the graphene detection surface of each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor may be washed with a buffer to detach the bound virus. The buffer may be supplied to the fluid channel by a processing circuit configured to control a buffer tank and a pump fluid-connected to the fluid channel of the VLMD. The amount of buffer in the buffer tank may be sufficient to immerse the fluid channel. The buffer in the buffer tank may be, for example, PBS, or other buffers known to remove bound antigens from receptors. The buffer may be supplied to the fluid channel in subprocess 450 of method 440 until it is determined that the binary representation of the current state of the VLMD is no longer positive.

[0073] Alternatively, in step 667 of subprocess 665, the gate polarity of each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor may be inverted. In other words, if a positive gate voltage of +100mV is applied to the liquid gate of the GFET, a negative gate voltage of -100V may be applied to expel the virus from the capture protein (or expel the antigen from the receptor). Again, as described above, the inverted gate polarity may be applied to the GFETs of the GFET-based biosensor until the current state of the VLMD is determined to be negative in subprocess 450 of method 440.

[0074] Naturally, for either step 666 of subprocess 665 or step 667 of subprocess 665, each process may be executed until a different threshold is reached that is outside the threshold related to subprocess 450 of method 440. For example, each of steps 666 and 667 may continue until the conductance of each GFET in the GFET-based biosensor falls below a minimum acceptable threshold. The minimum acceptable threshold may be, for example, a conductance value that reflects <5% of bound virus.

[0075] The embodiments of the subject matter and embodiments of functional operation described herein can be implemented in digital electronic circuits, in clearly embodied computer software or firmware, in computer hardware including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents, or in one or more combinations thereof.

[0076] Embodiments of the subject matter described herein can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded in a specific, non-transient program carrier to control execution by a data processing device or operation of a data processing device. Alternatively or additionally, program instructions can be encoded on artificially generated propagating signals, such as machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiving device for execution by a data processing device. The computer storage medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage board, a random-access or serial-access memory device, or a combination of one or more thereof.

[0077] The term "data processing device" refers to data processing hardware and encompasses all kinds of devices, machines, and equipment for processing data, including, for example, programmable processors, computers, or multiple processors or computers. Furthermore, a device may be or further include special-purpose logic circuits, such as FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) or ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits). In addition to hardware, a device may optionally include code that constitutes the execution environment for computer programs, such as processor firmware, protocol stacks, database management systems, operating systems, or one or more combinations thereof.

[0078] The processes and logic flows described herein can be executed by one or more programmable computers running one or more computer programs to perform their functions by operating on input data and generating outputs. Alternatively, the processes and logic flows can be executed by special-purpose logic circuits, such as FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) or ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits), and the devices can also be implemented in this manner.

[0079] Computers suitable for running computer programs include, as an example, general-purpose or special-purpose microprocessors or both, or any other type of central processing unit. Generally, the central processing unit receives instructions and data from read-only memory, random-access memory, or both. The most important elements of a computer are the central processing unit for executing or generating instructions, and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer also includes, or is operablely connected to, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, such as magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks, in order to receive data from them, transfer data, or both. However, a computer is not required to have such devices. Furthermore, a computer can be incorporated into other devices, such as, to name just a few examples, mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable audio or video players, game consoles, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, or portable storage devices, such as Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives. Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices, including, for example, semiconductor memory devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. Processors and memory can be supplemented by or incorporated into special-purpose logic circuits.

[0080] Embodiments of the subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computing system that includes, for example, a data server as a backend component, a middleware server as a middleware server, or a client computer having, for example, a graphical user interface or web browser on which a user can interact with the embodiment of the subject matter described herein, or any combination of one or more such backend, middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks include local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs), such as the Internet.

[0081] Returning to the figures, Figure 7 provides an exemplary hardware configuration of the VLMD shown in the prior art according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The components of the hardware configuration in Figure 7 may be contained within the VLMD housing 701 or located remotely, as necessary.

[0082] In Figure 7, the VLMD includes a CPU 761 that performs the processes described above / below. Process data and instructions may be stored in memory 764. These processes and instructions may also be stored in a storage medium disk 773 such as a hard drive (HDD) or portable storage medium, or remotely. Furthermore, the inventive step of the present invention is not limited by the form of the computer-readable medium in which the instructions for the process of the present invention are stored. For example, instructions may be stored on a CD, DVD, FLASH® memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, hard disk, or in other information processing equipment with which the VLMD communicates, such as a server or computer.

[0083] Furthermore, the inventive step of the present invention may be provided as a utility application, background daemon, or operating system component, or a combination thereof, that runs in combination with the CPU761 and an operating system such as Microsoft Windows® 7, UNIX®, Solaris, LINUX®, Apple MAC-OS, or other systems known to those skilled in the art.

[0084] Hardware elements for realizing VLMD can be implemented by various circuit elements known to those skilled in the art. These hardware elements may include a CPU 761, which can include, without limitation, one or more processors, one or more special-purpose processors (such as digital signal processing (DSP) chips, graphics acceleration processors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), and / or other processing structures or means. For example, the CPU 761 may be an Intel Xenon or Core processor, or an AMD Opteron processor, or any other processor type that would be recognized by those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the CPU 761 may be implemented on an FPGA, ASIC, or PLD, or using discrete logic circuits as recognized by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the CPU 761 may be implemented as multiple processors working in parallel to execute instructions for the inventive process described above. These processors can be specifically programmed to perform operations including image processing and data processing. In some embodiments, a separate DSP 763 may be included, depending on the desired functionality.

[0085] The VLMD in Figure 7 further includes a network controller 765, such as an Intel Ethernet Pro network interface card from Intel, for connecting to network 766, which is connected to monitoring stations, public health databases, etc. As can be understood, network 766 can be a public network such as the Internet, or a private network such as a LAN or WAN network, or any combination thereof, and may also include a PSTN or ISDN subnetwork. Network 766 can be wired, such as an Ethernet network, or wireless, such as a cellular network, including EDGE, 3G and 4G wireless cellular systems. Wireless networks can also be WiFi, Bluetooth®, or any other known form of wireless communication.

[0086] The VLMD may further include a GFET controller 762, which can be integrated with the CPU 761, and may be a microcontroller configured to control each GFET in a GFET-based biosensor. The GFET microcontroller may be a semiconductor analyzer and probe station, such as the 2634B semiconductor analyzer and probe station (Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, Ohio), or may perform similar functions. Thus, the microcontroller may be configured to supply bias voltage, gate voltage, and measure the current across the source-drain electrodes of each GFET in the VLMD.

[0087] A pump controller 770, which can be integrated with the CPU 761, is also provided in the VLMD. The pump controller 770 may be, for example, an AT89C2051, and can be connected to and controlled by a pump 771 that is fluidly connected to a buffer tank in order to supply buffer to the fluid channel when needed.

[0088] The general-purpose storage controller 772 connects to the storage medium disk 773 via a communication bus 767, such as ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, or similar, for interconnecting all components of the VLMD. A general description of the features and functions of the pump controller 770, storage controller 772, network controller 765, and GFET controller 762, as well as the pump 771, is omitted here for brevity, as these features are publicly known.

[0089] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of highly sensitive and rapid biodetection devices has become increasingly important. This disclosure describes a COVID-19 GFET-based biosensor in which a SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody is conjugated to the detection surface of a graphene channel. This sensor can detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater, and as a result, this sensor platform can detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus in situ and continuously, easily, rapidly, and with high responsiveness. Furthermore, this technology may also be applicable to the diagnosis of other emerging viral diseases.

[0090] This specification includes many specific details of implementation, but these should not be interpreted as limitations on the claims, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments.

[0091] Certain features described herein in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented separately in multiple embodiments or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, although features are described above as acting in a particular combination and initially further claimed in this manner, one or more features from a claimed combination may, in some cases, be removed from the combination, and the claimed combination may be moved to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.

[0092] Similarly, although the drawings depict operations in a specific order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the specific order shown, or sequentially, or that all illustrated operations be performed, in order to obtain the desired results. In certain situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Furthermore, the separation of various system modules and components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and moreover, the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

[0093] Specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions enumerated in the claims can be performed in a different order and still yield the desired results. As an example, the process depicted in the attached diagram does not necessarily require the specific order shown, i.e., sequential order, to obtain the desired results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.

[0094] Clearly, numerous modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. As a result, it should be understood that the present invention may be implemented in ways other than those specifically described herein, within the scope of the attached claims.

[0095] Embodiments of this disclosure may also be as described in the following insertions.

[0096] (1) A system for monitoring viruses in wastewater, comprising: a biosensor comprising: at least one field-effect transistor arranged along the length of the apparatus, having one or more capture proteins conjugated to the at least one field-effect transistor, the one or more capture proteins configured to bind to viruses in the wastewater; and a fluid channel, arranged above the at least one field-effect transistor and arranged along the length of the apparatus such that the fluid of the wastewater flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor; and a processing circuit configured to apply a gate voltage to each of the at least one field-effect transistor, measure the change in conductance across the at least one field-effect transistor based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, compare the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor to a threshold conductance, and transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0097] (2) The system according to (1), wherein at least one field-effect transistor is a graphene-based field-effect transistor.

[0098] (3) The system according to either (1) or (2), wherein one or more of the capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0099] (4) The system according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the at least one field-effect transistor is liquid-gated by the drainage flowing over the at least one field-effect transistor.

[0100] (5) The system according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the processing circuit is configured to reverse the polarity of the applied gate voltage to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, and to maintain the reversed polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0101] (6) The system according to any one of (1) to (5), further comprising a tank containing a buffer, wherein the processing circuit is configured to supply the buffer to a fluid channel via a pump when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one field-effect transistor to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0102] (7) The system according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to transmit information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device via wireless communication.

[0103] (8) The system according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the virus is bound to one or more capture proteins via an inactivating component of the virus.

[0104] (9) A device for monitoring the amount of virus in wastewater, comprising at least one field-effect transistor arranged along the length of the device, having one or more capture proteins conjugated to the at least one field-effect transistor, wherein the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind the virus in the wastewater, a gate voltage is applied to each of the at least one field-effect transistor, and the change in conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor is measured based on the amount of virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, and across each of the at least one field-effect transistor The apparatus includes a processing circuit configured to compare the measured conductance with a threshold conductance, and if the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, it transmits information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater, wherein the gate voltage is applied to a fluid channel, which is located above the at least one field-effect transistor and is arranged along the length of the apparatus such that the fluid of the wastewater flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor.

[0105] (10) The apparatus according to (9), wherein at least one of the field-effect transistors is a graphene-based field-effect transistor.

[0106] (11) The apparatus according to either (9) or (10), wherein one or more capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0107] (12) The apparatus according to any one of (9) to (11), wherein the processing circuit is configured to reverse the polarity of the applied gate voltage to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, and maintain the reversed polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0108] (13) The apparatus according to any one of (9) to (12), wherein the processing circuit is configured to supply a buffer to the fluid channel via a pump when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one field-effect transistor to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0109] (14) The apparatus according to any one of (9) to (13), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to transmit information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device by wireless communication.

[0110] (15) The apparatus according to any one of (9) to (14), wherein the virus is bound to one or more capture proteins via an inactivating component of the virus.

[0111] (16) A method for monitoring a viral load in wastewater, comprising: applying a gate voltage by a processing circuit to each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors arranged along the length of the apparatus, each having one or more capture proteins conjugated to the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor, the one or more capture proteins configured to bind to viruses in the wastewater; and measuring the conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins A method comprising: measuring the change in conductance using the processing circuit; comparing the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors with a threshold conductance using the processing circuit; and transmitting information to a computing device by the processing circuit indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater when the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, wherein the one or more capture proteins are one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

[0112] (17) The method according to (16), wherein the gate voltage is applied to a fluid channel located above the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor along the length of the apparatus, and the wastewater fluid flows over the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor through the fluid channel.

[0113] (18) The method of either (16) or (17), further comprising: if the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the processing circuit inverts the polarity of the applied gate voltage to reduce the amount of virus bound to the one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies, and the processing circuit maintains the inverted polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0114] (19) The method of any one of (16) to (18), further comprising supplying a buffer to the fluid channel when the comparison indicates by a processing circuit and via a pump that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

[0115] (20) The method according to any one of (16) to (19), further comprising transmitting information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device via wireless communication using the processing circuit.

[0116] Therefore, the foregoing description merely discloses and explains exemplary embodiments of the present invention. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characterization. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative and not to limit the scope of the invention or the claims. Including readily recognizable variations of the teachings herein, this disclosure, in part, defines the scope of the terms of the foregoing claims in such a way that the subject matter of the invention is not dedicated to the public.

Claims

1. A system for monitoring viruses in wastewater, comprising a biosensor and a processing circuit, The biosensor comprises at least one field-effect transistor arranged along the direction of extension of the biosensor, having one or more capture proteins coupled to the at least one field-effect transistor, the one or more capture proteins configured to bind to viruses in the wastewater, and A fluid channel positioned above the at least one field-effect transistor, the fluid channel being positioned along the extending direction of the biosensor such that the wastewater fluid flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor, and The aforementioned processing circuit is A gate voltage is applied to each of the at least one field-effect transistors, The change in conductance across the at least one field-effect transistor is measured based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins. The measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors is compared to the threshold conductance. A system configured to transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater when the comparison shows that the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one field-effect transistor is a graphene-based field-effect transistor.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the one or more capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one field-effect transistor is liquid-gated by the wastewater flowing over the at least one field-effect transistor.

5. The aforementioned processing circuit If the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, then in order to reduce the amount of the virus bound to one or more capture proteins, the polarity of the applied gate voltage is reversed, and Maintain the inverted polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance. The system according to claim 2, configured as described above.

6. A system further comprising a tank containing a buffer, wherein the processing circuit is The system according to claim 2, wherein the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the buffer is supplied to the fluid channel via a pump, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one field-effect transistor to reduce the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to transmit information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device via wireless communication.

8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the virus is bound to one or more capture proteins via an inactivated component of the virus.

9. A biosensor for monitoring the amount of virus in wastewater, A gate voltage is applied to each of the at least one field-effect transistors, each of which is arranged along the extending direction of the biosensor and has one or more capture proteins coupled to the at least one field-effect transistor, wherein the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind the virus in the wastewater. The change in conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors is measured based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins. The measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors is compared to the threshold conductance. The processing circuit is configured to transmit information to a computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater if the comparison shows that the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance. The gate voltage is applied to a fluid channel, which is located above the at least one field-effect transistor and is positioned along the direction of extension of the biosensor such that the wastewater fluid flows through the fluid channel over the at least one field-effect transistor. A biosensor characterized by the following features.

10. The biosensor according to claim 9, wherein the at least one field-effect transistor is a graphene-based field-effect transistor.

11. The biosensor according to claim 10, wherein one or more of the capture proteins are SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.

12. The aforementioned processing circuit If the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, then in order to reduce the amount of the virus bound to one or more capture proteins, the polarity of the applied gate voltage is reversed, and Maintain the inverted polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistor no longer satisfies the threshold conductance. The biosensor according to claim 10, configured as described above.

13. The aforementioned processing circuit If the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, a buffer is supplied to the fluid channel via a pump, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one field-effect transistor to reduce the amount of the virus bound to one or more capture proteins, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance. The biosensor according to claim 10, configured as described above.

14. The biosensor according to claim 9, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to transmit information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device via wireless communication.

15. The biosensor according to claim 9, wherein the virus is bound to one or more capture proteins via an inactivated component of the virus.

16. A method for monitoring viruses in wastewater, The process involves applying a gate voltage by a processing circuit to each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors, each of which is arranged along the extending direction of the biosensor and has one or more capture proteins coupled to the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor, wherein the one or more capture proteins are configured to bind to the virus in the wastewater. The processing circuit measures the change in conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors based on the amount of the virus bound to the one or more capture proteins. The steps include comparing the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors with a threshold conductance using the processing circuit, When the comparison shows that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the processing circuit transmits information to the computing device indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater. Equipped with, The one or more capture proteins are one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies. A method characterized by the following features.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gate voltage is applied to a fluid channel located above the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor along the extending direction of the biosensor, and the wastewater fluid flows over the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor through the fluid channel.

18. If the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, the process involves reversing the polarity of the applied gate voltage by the processing circuit in order to reduce the amount of the virus bound to one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies. The processing circuit maintains the inverted polarity of the applied gate voltage until the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistor no longer satisfies the threshold conductance. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:

19. If the comparison indicates that the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors satisfies the threshold conductance, a buffer is supplied to the fluid channel, the supplied buffer flows over the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors to reduce the amount of the virus bound to one or more SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies, and the supplied buffer is supplied to the fluid channel until the measured conductance across each of the at least one graphene-based field-effect transistors no longer satisfies the threshold conductance. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:

20. The method according to claim 16, further comprising the processing circuit transmitting information indicating the presence of the virus in the wastewater to the computing device via wireless communication.

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