Nanostructure nanoplasmon accelerator, high-energy photon source, and related methods

Abstract

The present invention provides an apparatus for accelerating charged particles and generating high energy photons. The apparatus comprises a nanostructure including at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by walls, the walls comprising a nanomaterial having wall electrons and wall ions, the nanostructure comprising: 18 cm -3 wherein the first beam of charged particles gains energy and / or momentum at a rate of greater than 1 TeV per metre along the longitudinal direction and is focused laterally, thereby forming, in use, a second beam of charged particles, the density of which is at least an order of magnitude greater than that of the first beam of charged particles.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related patent applications This patent application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 012,276, filed in the United States on April 20, 2020, entitled "Nano Wakefield Accelerator and High-energy Photo Source Using a Nanostructured Tube." U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 080,055, filed on September 18, 2020, entitled "Ultra-solid Beams using Nanostructure Nanoplasmonic Wiggler and Accelerator driven by sub-micro charged particle-beam," and U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 080,052, filed on September 18, 2020, entitled "Sub-micron Charged Particle-beam Driven Nanostructure Nanoplamonic Accelerator and Wiggler," are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] This disclosure relates to particle accelerators and related devices, systems, and methods. [Background technology]

[0003] Particle acceleration in nanomaterials uses plasmon excitation, an unprecedented TVm -1 This offers the possibility of realizing a field. Recent theoretical studies related to X-ray lasers with submicron charged particle fluxes and solid energy density suggest the use of solid plasmon modes, TVm -1 This suggests the ability to generate an acceleration gradient. The plasmon mode is TVm -1It has been theorized to maintain a nanoscale collective excitation mode that generates an accelerating field. These estimated fields are several orders of magnitude higher than those generated by conventional radio frequency acceleration techniques or gas plasma wakefield acceleration techniques. However, to date, TVm -1 There have been significant challenges in implementing plasmon modes in solids. Therefore, there remains a need to develop improved particle accelerators and light sources.

Summary of the Invention

[0004] In one aspect, a device is provided that accelerates charged particles and generates high - energy photons. The device can include a nanostructure including at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by a wall of a nanomaterial containing wall electrons and ions. The nanostructure is configured to interact with a first beam of charged particles having a quasi - solid beam density exceeding 10 18 cm -3 The first beam of charged particles acquires energy or momentum with an average acceleration gradient exceeding 1 teraelectronvolt (TeV) per meter along the longitudinal direction and converges laterally to become a second beam of charged particles having a beam density at least one order of magnitude greater.

[0005] In another aspect, a method of generating high - energy photons is provided. The method can include directing a first beam of charged particles toward a nanostructure including at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by a wall of a nanomaterial. The method can also include propagating the beam of charged particles through the nanostructure within the wall of the nanomaterial. The method can also include generating an electromagnetic (EM) field of 1 TeV -1 or more in plasmon mode for self - focusing and nano - modulation of the charged particle beam. The method can also increase the energy density along the longitudinal axis, by 10 22 cm -3This may include forming a second beam of charged particles having a solid density exceeding 1.5. This method may further include coherently generating photons with energies exceeding 1 MeV by nanometer-scale vibrations of the solid beam of charged particles, thereby providing a light source.

[0006] In a further embodiment, a system for generating high-energy photons is provided. The system may include a nanostructure comprising at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by walls of nanomaterial. The walls of nanomaterial contain wall electrons and ions. The system may further include a mechanical stage for holding the nanostructure. The stage includes a motor configured to move along three orthogonal axes, X, Y, and Z, in two directions along each of the X, Y, and Z axes. 18 cm -3 It is configured to interact with a first beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density exceeding 1 TeV. The beam of charged particles gains energy or momentum along the longitudinal direction at a rate exceeding 1 TeV per meter and is focused transversely to become a second beam of charged particles with a beam density at least an order of magnitude greater.

[0007] Further embodiments and features are partially described below and may become apparent to those skilled in the art by examining the specification or by the practice of the disclosed subject matter. A further understanding of the nature and merits of this disclosure may be achieved by referring to the remainder of the specification and drawings that form part of this disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0008] The description in this specification will be better understood by referring to the following figures and data graphs, which are presented as various embodiments of this disclosure. The description in this specification should not be construed as a complete enumeration of the scope of this disclosure.

[0009] Figure 1A shows an SEM image of the upper surface of a nanoporous alumina having a 100 nm core region according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0010] Figure 1B shows an oblique SEM image of nanoporous alumina having a 100 nm core region as shown in Figure 1A, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 2A shows a perspective view of a tube according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2B shows a cross-sectional view of the tube in Figure 2A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2C shows a simplified sketch of a nanostructure comprising multiple coupled arrays according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 3A shows a perspective view of the electron density in a tube having a surface plasmon crunch-in mode with an EM field of several tens of TV / m within a nanostructure driven by an electron beam interacting with the tube, using a 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 3B shows a cross-sectional view of the electron density inside the tube in Figure 3A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 3C shows the longitudinal field profile of the crunch-in tube wakefield of the tube in Figure 3A according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 4A shows a 3D PIC principle demonstration of a nanostructured accelerator module having a crunch-in mode electron density profile according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4B shows a 3D PIC principle demonstration of a nanostructure accelerator module having a crunch-in mode longitudinal EM field profile of several tens of TV / m according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 5A shows a 3D PIC model of a crunch-in mode focused field of several tens of TV / m in a nanoporous medium according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 5B shows a 3D PIC model of a self-focused and nanomodulated beam (on-axial density profile) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 6 shows a system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, including the beamline position and the layout of the nanostructure sample setup within the vacuum chamber.

[0022] Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the present disclosure, r t This shows a 2.5D PIC model of self-focusing and nanoslicing in a nanoporous material with a core region of 20 nm.

[0023] Figures 8A and 8B show a 3D PIC model of a beam profile in 2D, on-axis beam density (blue), and on-axis longitudinal electric field (red) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] This disclosure can be understood by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings described below. Note that, for clarity, certain elements of the various drawings are not drawn to scale. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0025] (Detailed explanation) This disclosure provides devices, systems, and methods for accelerating charged particles and generating high-energy photons. In certain embodiments, the devices and systems include a nanostructure comprising at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by walls. In certain embodiments, the walls are composed of a nanomaterial having wall electrons and wall ions. 18 cm -3It is configured to interact with a first beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density exceeding 1 teravolt (TV) per meter. The first beam of charged particles gains energy or momentum along the longitudinal direction with an average acceleration gradient exceeding 1 teravolt (TV) per meter, and then focuses laterally to form a second beam of charged particles during use. The density of the second beam of particles is at least an order of magnitude greater than that of the first beam of charged particles.

[0026] In certain embodiments, the nanostructure is a nanoplasmon wiggler and accelerator driven by a submicron charged particle beam to generate a supersolid beam of particles. In certain embodiments, as will be discussed in more detail herein, the submicron charged particle beam is driven by a nonlinear surface crunch-in mode in the nanostructure to generate a beam of tens of TVm -1 This can facilitate the generation of an electromagnetic field. According to aspects of the present disclosure, the nanostructures of the present disclosure, combined with attosecond charged particle beam bundle compression of solid energy density, enable the above crunch-in mode.

[0027] Without being limited by theory, according to aspects of this disclosure, the three-dimensional calculations and analytical modeling described herein involve the apparent conduction band electron density (effective wall electron density) in the nanostructured tube wall, 10 22 ~10 24 cm -3 n t It exhibits GeV energy gain utilizing nanostructures including hundreds of sub-millimeter length nanostructured tubes, near solid density, e.g., about 0.05 nucleotides. t The peak electron density n reaches b It is driven by the interaction of charged particles having with a beam. In certain embodiments, the nanostructure of the present disclosure is TVm -1 The average particle acceleration gradient, and tens of TVm -1It provides a crunch-in transverse electromagnetic field. The acceleration gradient and electromagnetic field result in self-focusing and nanomodulation of the charged particle beam, both driving beam compression from near-solid to supersolid peak beam density, resulting in an increase in crunch-in mode field intensity. This self-enhancing nanowiggler mechanism enables controlled coherent O(100MeV) photon generation.

[0028] According to aspects of this disclosure, it is possible to use a relativistic charged particle beam to strongly excite nanoplasmon modes within nanostructures that have properties suitable for generating supersolid particle beams using nanostructure nanoplasmon wigglers and accelerators. Although not limited by theory, these modes, 10 12 Electromagnetic field in V / cm (TV / cm) and TVm -1 The ability to generate an average particle acceleration gradient greatly facilitates the production of high-energy gamma-ray photons and particle acceleration without coherent background. For example, when the beam is near solid density, e.g., about 10⁻¹⁰ 20 cm -3 n b As we approach this point, we rely on submicron bunch compression (towards bunch lengths of tens of nanometers with nC charge) to provide peak currents of tens of kiloamperes to tens of megaamperes. Excitation of the desired nanoplasmon mode can generate an observable signature in the charged particle beam, including a driven TV / cm electromagnetic field, structured nanoslicing, self-focusing, nanomodulation, controlled high-energy photon generation, and acceleration of the TeV / cm beam.

[0029] In certain embodiments, the flexibility (composition, shape, etc.) in the design of the nanostructures of this disclosure provides a vacuum-like hollow core region surrounded by walls made of nanomaterials. In some embodiments, the nanomaterials provide nanoporous walls that are nanometer-thin. Using such nanostructures and nanomaterials, the dynamics of a charged particle beam can be determined by electromagnetic fields of collective surface plasmon modes, including electromagnetic fields of surface crunch-in modes in the core region (without collision or channeling).

[0030] While not limited by theory, in certain embodiments, charged particle fluxes undergo self-focusing and nanomodulation under the action of a transverse electromagnetic field of several tens of TV / m. These processes allow the charged particle beam to self-focus into a supersolid nanoslice. The aggregated radiation from the beam, propagating within the hollow core region and self-focusing into a supersolid nanoslice beam undergoing nanometer transverse vibrations, has significantly greater spatiotemporal coherence compared to collision-dominant bremsstrahlung or channeling radiation. This controlled radiation generation enables 0(100MeV) photon emission at nanometer source sizes. Compression of the beam waist to several microns to submicron dimensions, approaching the size of the tube's vacuum-like core region, allows these beams to be completely confined within the tube, enabling gamma-ray nanowiggler or 0(100MeV) photon proof. Furthermore, nanowiggler instability under a transverse magnetic field in crunch-in modes compresses the beam from near-solid density to a supersolid density that can be used for brighter radiation generation obtained from TV / m accelerators.

[0031] Light sources with photon energies of 0 (100 MeV) are not currently available. Therefore, the devices, systems, and methods of this disclosure enable an unprecedented range of applications, including, for example, semiconductor manufacturing, medical applications, and photon-driven quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In yet another embodiment, this disclosure provides a nanostructured nanoplasmon accelerator with a submicron-scale near-solid to supersolid density beam and an acceleration gradient of tens of TeV / m. Such devices can have GeV-scale energy gains in millimeter-scale nanostructures. A gradient of tens of TeV / m cannot be achieved by plasma accelerators. Therefore, the devices, systems, and methods of this disclosure enable novel methods in collider physics and non-collider paradigms, such as nonlinear quantum electrodynamics (QED). As shown in the figure, Figure 1A shows an SEM image of the top surface of nanoporous alumina having a 100 nm core region. Figure 1B shows an oblique SEM image of the nanoporous alumina having a 100 nm core region of Figure 1A according to one embodiment of this disclosure. As shown, the nanoporous material or nanostructure 100 has an internal core radius r t The nanostructure may include an array of tubes 108 containing a vacuum-like core region 102, the core region being surrounded by thin walls 104 having a thickness Δw. As shown, the nanostructure 100 includes a first end 106A and a second end 106B opposite the first end. Such a configuration, though not limited to it, would allow almost all of the charged particle beam to propagate within the vacuum-like core region of the nanostructure.

[0032] Those skilled in the art will understand that the material of the nanostructured tube 100 can vary. In some embodiments, the nanostructured tube may be formed from a nanomaterial. In some embodiments, the walls 104 of the tube 108 may contain a nanoporous metal. In some embodiments, the walls 104 of the tube 108 are solid.

[0033] Figure 2A shows a perspective view of a tube according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 2A, a single tube 200A has an internal tube radius r tThe cylindrical wall 204 has an inner surface 206 having a wall thickness Δw, as labeled. The wall 204 contains tube electrons or wall electrons 210, also referred to in this disclosure as free electrons or Fermi gas. As shown in the figures, the charged particles 212 are located inside the hollow portion of the tube 200A or the core 202.

[0034] Figure 2B shows a cross-sectional view of a tube having an inner coating according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Figure 2B, the coated tube 200B includes a coating 208 applied to the inner surface 206 of the tube 200A. The coating 208 can be formed from a nanomaterial.

[0035] In some embodiments, the nanostructure may include a coating material on the wall of at least one tube. The coating material may be a nanomaterial, such as a nanoporous metal, among other things. In some embodiments, the nanostructure and the nanomaterial wall may have tunable properties, including structure, dimensions, density, and composition. In some embodiments, the nanomaterial is TVm -1 It can have a conduction band electron density that influences surface plasmon modes that maintain an EM field exceeding 0.1 microns to 10. 6 It has a length in the range of microns.

[0036] Figure 2C shows a simplified diagram of a nanostructure comprising multiple joined arrays according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In a particular embodiment, the nanostructure comprises at least a first tube array and a second tube array, the first and second tube arrays provided to extend the effective length of the tubes in the nanostructure. As shown in Figure 2C, the nanostructure 216 may comprise a number of arrays (e.g., arrays 100 shown in Figures 1A-B) joined in a stacked orientation. For example, the first array of tubes 216A has two opposite ends 106A and 106B. The second array of tubes 216B also has two opposite ends 216A and 216B. The first end of the second array of tubes 216B can be joined to the second end 106B of the first array of tubes 216A to form a stacked orientation. The nanostructure 216 may include two or more arrays of tubes 108 to extend the effective length of the array of tubes. In some embodiments, the nanostructure 216 may include at least a third tube array, the first tube array, the second tube array, and the third tube array being provided in an orientation stacked to extend the effective length of the tubes.

[0037] In certain embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods of the present disclosure utilize a flat-top beam limitation in which the beam is much wider than the radius of a single tube, thereby generating the same underlying physical properties of a crunch-in regime across multiple tubes.

[0038] For mechanical stability, bundles of hundreds to thousands of tubes (i.e., 100-2000, 100-1500, 500-1000, etc.) can be used, with each tube having a total width of, for example, about 1 micron, resulting in a visible sample with a width on the centimeter scale. Apart from mechanical stability, such a visible sample containing thousands of tubes in a bundle allows for conversion, in particular in the event of tube damage or malfunction, so that a micron-scale beam spot can interact with another fresh area of ​​the sample.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides solid nonlinear surfaces or "crunch-in" modes to facilitate the implementation of nano-wakefield accelerators. Such crunch-in modes utilize attosecond compression techniques and the convergence of solid density particle fluxes to realize their acceleration fields. These advances enable radii r of several hundred nanometers t and effective wall density n t ~10 22-24 cm -3 A strong bunch propagates within the tube, which has a vacuum-like core, allowing tube electrons to enter its core. The strong electrostatic component of this surface wave allows TVm to enter without directly interacting with ions. -1 It helps maintain the acceleration field. The crunch-in modes of this disclosure can be verified using a 3D computational analysis model, although this is not limited to the theory.

[0040] In certain embodiments, the excitation of surface crunch-in modes as a wake field within nanostructured tubes is more practical than bulk modes in unstructured solids because nanofabrication allows for better control of structure, density, thickness, etc. This further mitigates the adverse effects of direct irradiation of bulk solids. Investigation of fibrous tubes using scanning electron microscopy revealed a vacuum-like core with wall-core transitions of several nanometers. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the effective density and other properties can be tuned by depositing porous material on the inner surface of the tube. Thus, the nanofabricated tubes of this disclosure enable vacuum propagation of the most densely packed portions of particle bunches, overcoming obstacles such as collisions, emittance reduction, and filamentation.

[0041] According to aspects of this disclosure, bunches with a length of several hundred nanometers have been found to be short enough to control the excitation of surface crunch-in modes. In certain embodiments, near-solid-density beam n b ~0.01n t The use of crunch-in mode is the coherence (wave) limit E of the gathering place. wb ~9.6(n t [10 22 cm -3 ])1 / 2 TVm -1 This facilitates the ability to approach the target. Such beams use the self-focusing effect described herein to break the wave wakefield (~E wb It can drive the following:

[0042] The electric field of a solid density charged particle beam is TVm -1 It approaches this. The potential of a solid beam over the atomic scale (~10 Å) is several hundred eV, which is significantly higher than the electron bonding energy of nanostructured materials, which is several eV. Furthermore, unbound electrons, or free electrons, or wall electrons, TVm -1 In the presence of a beam field, relativistic momentum is acquired across the atomic scale.

[0043] Solid modes based on the oscillation of the conduction band electron gas (plasmons) have a Fermi velocity v F These also have slightly higher vibrational velocities. In contrast, in aspects of the present disclosure, it has been found that the collisionless nature of conduction band electron vibrations in bulk solids or on their surfaces can be enhanced in nanostructures exhibiting mean free paths at the micron level. Due to these unique properties, the attosecond collective electron dynamics in relativistic excitations of nanostructures approximate the dynamics of a collisionless quasi-neutral electron gas in a background ion lattice.

[0044] The modeled nonlinear surface crunch-in modes exhibit several unique characteristics. First, there is a relativistic nonlinear generalization of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes. Second, while SPP modes are sustained by small surface electron oscillations, here the oscillation amplitude is large enough to crunch tube wall electrons deep into the core. Finally, typical solid-state properties such as energy quantization and periodic ionic lattice potential are less relevant.

[0045] The effective excitation of Wakefield, a quasi-neutral electron gas with density n0, is ω pe -1 =[4πn0e 2 m e -1 ] -1 / 2=177(n0[10 22 cm -3 ]) -1 / 2 attosecond, and λ pe =2πcω pe -1 =333(n0[10 22 cm -3 ]) -1 / 2 This can be facilitated by particle bunch compression on the order of nm. Wavebreaking field (E wb [n0]=m e cω pe e -1 Access to these particles is also facilitated by a sufficient energy density that minimizes the number of particles in the ultrashort bunch.

[0046] In certain embodiments of this disclosure, tunable nanofabrication offers advantages in atomic-scale structural design, for example, an internal tube radius r of several hundred nanometers. t and effective wall density n t Nanofabricated, nearly hollow tubes with tunable properties like these can be used to maintain a wake field where a significant portion of the vibrating tube wall electrons collide with the core. These crunch-in nonlinear surface wave wake fields create a wavebraking field (E) of wall density. wb [n t This enables excitation of ]).

[0047] In other embodiments, the Disclosure provides a method for self-focusing a particle beam into a supersolid nanoslice beam. This method includes self-focusing to the supersolid nanoslice, nanomodulation, and associated high-energy radiation generation. Beam waist size σ x,y The design tube radius r t Larger than, that is, σ x,y >r t It may also be the case that the charged particle beam density n b This is the effective wall electron density of the nanostructure n t Smaller, that is, n b <n t That's fine.

[0048] According to a particular embodiment, the density is 10 20 cm -3 Self-fields of hundreds of GV / m to several TV / m from charged particle bunches approaching and exceeding this range can strongly excite the Fermi electron gas and can occur when their length resonates with the plasmon wavelength.

[0049] Under strong excitation, the Fermi electron gas experiences potentials of tens to hundreds of eV at the atomic scale (approximately 10 to 100 angstroms) and can move freely across the solid surface. Not only is the Fermi electron gas unrestricted, but under the action of the beam self-focusing field, the Fermi electron gas or tube wall electrons can acquire relativistic momentum. This relativistic collective motion of the strongly driven Fermi electron gas excites relativistic nanoplasmon modes. Thus, the beam dynamics are defined by fields maintained by collective surface plasmon modes, including the field of nonlinear surface crunch-in modes exerted within the core region, in addition to the field in the surrounding wall region.

[0050] According to aspects of this disclosure, nanofabrication provides access to nanostructures, in which a beam can be guided within a vacuum-like core via the surface field of the encapsulated nanostructure. Nanofabrication also provides nanostructures having tunable properties, such as porous materials with tunable effective density and surface structure.

[0051] Nanofabrication offers a proven ability to precisely design the properties of nanogeometry, including, in particular, nanoscale structure and composition, thus allowing for substantial control over the properties of nanoplasmon modes in nanostructures. While portions of the charged particle beam interacting with thin walls, tube wall electrons, tube electrons, or wall electrons may be affected by collisions and destructive filamentation effects, the collective beam dynamics of the vacuum-like core region remain unaffected by these highly detrimental processes. Furthermore, as the intensity of the surface plasmon launch-in mode increases, the charged particle beam undergoes significant modulation under the action of the mode, further enhancing the intensity of the nanoplasmon mode field. Therefore, the use of nanostructured nanoplasmon modes, which eliminate interactions between the charged particle beam and the ion lattice, is substantially more beneficial than the use of bulk solid plasmon modes for crystal acceleration using particle beams and X-ray pulses.

[0052] In other embodiments, the Disclosure provides devices, systems, and methods comprising a gamma-ray nanowiggler having a supersolid beam. In some embodiments, the Disclosure provides, for example, beam and target characteristics (σ x、y ~r t and n b ~ <n t The present invention provides devices, systems, and methods including an efficient and bright supersolid beam gamma-ray source by reducing bremsstrahlung and channeling radiation background under the >) condition.

[0053] In other aspects, the present disclosure provides devices, systems, and methods for self-focusing a charged particle beam into super-solid nanoslices using a transverse focusing field in the bunching-in mode. In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure may include sub-micron isolated nanoslice beam self-focusing, nano-modulation, and TeV / m particle acceleration using a bunching-in mode field. In certain embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods may also include sub-micron isolated super-solid nanoslice generation and self-focusing-based super-solid beam generation using a controlled nano-wiggler mechanism for self-focusing instability. In some embodiments, the beam waist size is on the order of the design tube core radius σ x,y ~r t and n b ~<n t >.

[0054] In certain aspects, the on-axis peak beam density n b0 increases by more than one order of magnitude to obtain an unprecedented super-solid beam. The increase in peak beam density increases the amplitude of the bunching-in mode and the bunching-in focusing field, resulting in nano-wiggler instability. Importantly, the tube focusing field not only guides the beam by the net focusing force but also suppresses the beam breakup (BBU) instability that occurs due to insufficient focusing force in the conventional tube mode. In conventional tube modes such as the hollow channel plasma wakefield, the unwanted transverse field not only results in BBU but can also be disadvantageous in small misalignments.

[0055] In other aspects, without being limited to theory, the bunching mode has a significant electrostatic component and is not just electromagnetic. Instead, the disclosed EM field includes both an electrostatic field and an electromagnetic field having a net (radial) transverse EM field perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and in the radial direction. Pure electromagnetic linear surface modes, such as those excited in RF cavities, hollow channel plasma wakefield regions, dielectric wakefield regions, dielectric laser accelerators, etc., have been shown to have limited gradients, but also exhibit non-optimal transverse characteristics such as deflection of misaligned beams and beam breakup (BBU) driven by higher-order wakefields. The non-linear surface bunching mode of the present disclosure provides the ability to maintain fields near the coherence limit of collective oscillations, can also guide beams, and can provide several other controllable functions. Thus, the nanostructures of the present disclosure not only help to eliminate the adverse effects of direct beam-lattice interactions that disrupt the acceleration process in bulk crystals, but also help to eliminate well-established limitations and constraints of pure electromagnetic surface modes.

[0056] In yet other aspects, the present disclosure provides a system for generating a high-energy light source. The system can include a nanostructure that includes at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by a wall of a nanomaterial, the wall of the nanomaterial including wall electrons and ions. The nanostructure and the nanomaterial wall can have an effective wall electron density n in the range of 10 20-24 cm -3 . The nanostructure can be configured to interact with a first beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density greater than 10 t with respect to the nanostructure. In certain embodiments, the beam of charged particles can be focused by a focusing field of a plasmon mode to have a solid density greater than 10 18 cm -3 .

[0057] ​​​​In certain embodiments, the system may also include a mechanical stage for holding the nanostructure. The stage may include a motor configured to move along three orthogonal axes, X, Y, and Z, in two directions along each of the X, Y, and Z axes. The first beam of charged particles gains energy exceeding TeV per meter along the longitudinal direction and is focused transversely to become a second beam of charged particles with a beam density increased by at least an order of magnitude. In other embodiments, the system may also include a monitor module configured to provide analysis of the properties of electrons, positrons, protons, and photons.

[0058] In some embodiments, the system may also include a gas plasma ion column or plasma lens for compressing the charged particle beam waist size to several hundred nanometers. In some embodiments, the system is configured to interact with charged particles having bunch length and bunch waist size dimensions of 10 μm or less. In some embodiments, the system is configured to interact with charged particles having submicron length and waist size dimensions. In some embodiments, the system is configured to interact with charged particles having submicron length and waist size dimensions after acceleration. 22 cm -3 It is configured to interact with charged particles having a solid density exceeding a certain value.

[0059] In some embodiments, the inner radius r of the tube t The system is configured to interact with charged particles having a waist size of the charged particle beam in the range of 0.1 to 100 times the normal size. In some embodiments, the system is configured to interact with charged particles having a bunch length of the charged particle beam in the range of 10 nm to 30.0 μm.

[0060] In some embodiments, the inner radius r of the tube tThe system is configured to interact with charged particles having a larger beam waist size, such that at least 50 percent (half) of the beam of charged particles extends beyond the wall of one tube. In other embodiments, the system interacts with less than 50 percent (half) of the beam of charged particles that extends beyond the wall of one tube, at the internal radius r of the tube. t It is configured to interact with charged particles having a smaller beam waist size.

[0061] In some embodiments, the system is 10 -4 n t ~10 2 n t The effective wall electron density of a charged particle beam is less than the quasi-solid beam density n b It is configured to interact with charged particles having . In some embodiments, the nanostructure of the system is 10 20 ~24cm -3 Effective wall electron density n in the range t It possesses a high effective wall density, which demonstrates the porosity of the wall nanomaterial.

[0062] In some embodiments, the system is configured such that a beam of charged particles interacts with the walls of a tube, thereby moving electrons in the walls while ions within the nanomaterial walls remain stationary, thereby generating an electromagnetic (EM) field. In other embodiments, the system is configured such that a beam of charged particles propagates through a hollow core channel of a tube, thereby collectively driving the wall electrons, which move together away from their equilibrium positions within the walls, crunching into the hollow core of at least one tube and entering a plasmon mode.

[0063] In some embodiments, the system is configured such that collective vibrational motion of electrons in the tube walls excites plasmon modes. In certain embodiments, the amplitude of the plasmon modes increases as the beam bunch characteristics (e.g., length, waist size, number of charged particles in the beam) approach resonance with the plasmon modes.

[0064] In some embodiments, the system receives transverse nanometer vibrations from a beam of charged particles, TVm -1 It is configured to receive a lateral focused field exceeding λosc, thereby resulting in nanomodulation of a beam of charged particles having a spatial frequency corresponding to λosc~O (100 nm), and thereby enhancing the intensity of the electromagnetic field of the surface plasmon mode.

[0065] In some embodiments, the system is TVm -1 The system is configured to generate radiation by transverse nanometer vibrations of a beam of charged particles in a transversely focused field exceeding a certain value, and to provide a light source with photons having energies exceeding 1 MeV. In some embodiments, the photons have energies exceeding 10 MeV.

[0066] In some embodiments, the system has at least 1 TVm -1 It is configured to generate the average acceleration gradient of the beam of charged particles. In some embodiments, the average acceleration gradient is at least 2 TVm with respect to the beam of charged particles. -1 In some embodiments, the average acceleration gradient is at least 5 TVm with respect to the beam of charged particles. -1 In some embodiments, the average acceleration gradient is at least 10 TVm for a beam of charged particles. -1 That is the case.

[0067] In some embodiments, the system is configured to generate an energy gain of at least 1 GeV in a millimeter-length nanostructured tube with respect to a beam of charged particles. In some embodiments, the system has an energy gain of at least 2 GeV in a millimeter-length nanostructured tube with respect to a beam of charged particles. In some embodiments, the system is configured to generate an energy gain of at least 5 GeV in a millimeter-length nanostructured tube with respect to a beam of charged particles. In some embodiments, the system is configured to generate an energy gain of at least 10 GeV in a millimeter-length nanostructured tube with respect to a beam of charged particles.

[0068] Figure 6 shows an exemplary system 600 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, which includes a beamline position and layout of the nanostructures of the present disclosure set up in a vacuum chamber. System 600 may include a nanostructure subsystem 601 arranged in combination with a plasma source 618, such as FACET-II. System 600 may include a source that provides a beam of charged particles 612. System 600 may also include a beam focusing mechanism 616, which includes, for example, a final focusing magnet 614. The focusing mechanism 616 may be configured to focus the beam of charged particles before the beam of charged particles interacts with the nanostructure subsystem 601. The focusing mechanism 616 may be configured to compress the beam waist size to less than a micron. For example, the focusing mechanism may include one or more plasma lenses or magnets. In some embodiments, the beam waist size may be compressed to 100 nm or less.

[0069] The nanostructure subsystem 601 may include the arrangement and alignment of nanostructures 906 within a vacuum chamber 604 having a metal sealed box with a window. The vacuum chamber 904 can be used to redirect the laser to the path of the particle beam 612. The nanostructure subsystem 601 may also include a mechanical stage 602 for holding the nanostructures 606, the stage including motors configured to move along two directions on each of the three orthogonal axes X, Y, and Z. In certain embodiments, the stage 602 may have six-axis motorization (e.g., Thor labs apt-600 series) to enable precise positioning and alignment and raster scanning. The nanostructures 606 may be set up within a beamline in which the nanostructures 606 can be arranged using the mechanical stage 602.

[0070] In certain embodiments, when the nanostructure subsystem 601 is positioned closer to the final focusing magnet 614, the beam waist is closest to the nanostructure 606, which results in the highest density beam n on the nanostructure 606. bIt assists in the joining of.

[0071] Subsystem 601 also includes a laser 608 within a vacuum chamber 604. The laser 608 can be used to assist in the precise alignment of the nanostructure sample 606 with the charged particle beam 612. In some embodiments, the charged particles include one or more particles such as electrons, positrons, or protons.

[0072] The nanostructure 606 can be raster-scanned for systematic parameter scanning. Data acquisition can be performed using a DAQ system to automate data acquisition while raster-scanning the nanostructure 606. The motors of the multi-axis stage 602 for mounting the nanostructure 606 may need to be controlled by an XPS controller (or equivalent) integrated into the EPICS system.

[0073] System 600 may include a monitor module 610 configured to provide analysis of the properties of electrons, positrons, protons, and photons. In a non-limiting example, the monitor module may detect and analyze the submicron lateral dimension of the beam waist. In certain embodiments, the monitor module may include one or more sensors, imaging systems, or other particle property monitoring functions. The monitor module may include at least one processor configured to analyze particle properties and provide a display of those properties.

[0074] For example, a ~100 MeV spectrometer consisting of a D-type dipole magnet followed by a scintillator imaged by a scientific camera can be used to detect and analyze positron-electron production from the decay of high-energy gamma rays from nanowigglers. The camera can be positioned approximately 20 cm to 50 cm from the target to capture electron-positron pairs from the decay of high-energy gamma-ray photons.

[0075] The detection and analysis of nanowiggler-generated gamma-ray energy, yield, and angular distribution can be characterized using a detector containing a metal conversion foil target of varying thicknesses that generates photons capable of illuminating a scintillator imaged using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) camera. By using arrays of different types of metals of varying thicknesses, measurements of the transmittance and conversion to secondary particles behind each foil can provide measurements of the nanowiggler-driven gamma-ray energy spectrum.

[0076] To generate photon energy, the system may inject a first beam 912 of charged particles into a nanostructure 906 containing at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by a wall of nanomaterial. The beam of charged particles propagates through the nanostructure 906 within the wall of nanomaterial. This method also provides plasmon mode 1TV for self-focusing and nanomodulation of the charged particle beam. -1 This may include generating an electromagnetic (EM) field of the above magnitude. The energy density increases along the vertical axis, 10 22 cm -3 A second beam of charged particles with a solid density exceeding 10 is formed. This system generates a light source by coherently producing photons with energies exceeding 1 MeV through nanometer vibrations of the solid beam of charged particles. The nanomaterial is 10 21-24 cm -3の Effective wall electron density n t The system may include a beam 912 that reduces the beam waist size to less than 100 nm before the step of injecting a beam of charged particles into the nanostructure 906, thereby reducing the beam waist size to less than 10 nm. [Examples]

[0077] The following examples provide details of simulations, models, and experiments demonstrating the apparatus, systems, and methods of this disclosure. The examples can be carried out using equipment including, among other things, emittance spoiling systems, gamma-ray detectors, positron-to-electron-to-pair spectrometers, aspirators, cooling water, gases, electricity, magnets, and detectors. Examples include nanoslicing, self-focusing, nanomodulation in nanostructures, nanowigglers and supersolid self-focusing, nanoaccelerators, and supersolid self-focusing. As mentioned herein, FACET is the world's multi-GeV facility for advanced accelerator research. FACET-II is a test facility designed to provide unique capabilities for developing advanced acceleration and coherent radiation techniques using high-energy electron and positron beams.

[0078] In a particular embodiment, the embodiment is σ x,y >>r t and n b < <n t >Therefore, structured beam nanoslicing with supersolid self-focusing slices in nanostructures may be provided. The examples may also characterize the nanoslicing and self-focusing of the beam as a function of beam and nanostructure parameters. In certain embodiments, the examples may also be provided when the light source can emit a denser beam, or when the above self-focusing mechanism can generate a small number of nanosliced ​​beams, σ x,y ~r t and n b ~ <n t The above characterizations may be repeated.

[0079] The embodiments may also include monitoring and characterizing longitudinal nanomodulation of the beam envelope and its features, for example, using lateral deflection cavity diagnostics, including modifications for recording and monitoring the gamma-ray spectrum. In other embodiments, the embodiments may further monitor and measure gamma-ray photon generation and distinguish it from bremsstrahlung and channeling background. The embodiments may also characterize nanowiggler instability by measuring the beam waist and longitudinal profile by resolving submicron spatial dimensions and correlating them with gamma-ray properties, and characterizing the efficiency and characteristics of the gamma-ray photon source as beam functions and target parameters.

[0080] In yet another embodiment, the embodiment shows beam and target characteristics: σ x、y ~r t and n b ~ <n t This may also include monitoring and characterizing TeV / cm gradient particle acceleration with energy gains in the range of several hundred MeV to several GeV.

[0081] Example 1: Crunch-in mode particle simulation

[0082] According to embodiments of this disclosure, proof of the principle of the crunch-in-tube wakefield mechanism is established using 3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation.

[0083] Figures 3A and 3B show 3D PIC simulations based on electron density. Figure 3C shows σ z = 400 nm beam and core radius r t This shows a 3D PIC simulation of the longitudinal field profile of the crunch-in tube wakefield at approximately 20 μm, interacting with a nanostructured tube of 100 nm. In Figures 3A-B, the crunch-in tube surface modes driven as the electron beam wakefield are evident from the 3D PIC electron density. The ion lattice remains stationary for tens of electron oscillations, and the particle density is initialized to zero within the tube core (|r|). <r t ). 10 TVm-1 Vertical field exceeding 10 TVm -1 The wall-focused field (see below) is shown in Figure 3C(E wb [n t = 2 × 10 22 cm -3 ]=13.6TVm -1 This is evident in [the relevant section].

[0084] The 3D simulations shown in Figures 3A-C are run using epoch code incorporating quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects. The simulation uses a 3.6 × 1.52 × 1.52 μm cell with a 2 nm cubic cell. 3 Set up the Cartesian box. Wall density n t = 2 × 10 22 cm -3 The electrons within the tube are modeled using four particles per cell, including fixed ions. The core radius of the tube is r. t =100nm, and the wall thickness Δw = 250nm. Peak density n b0 = 5 × 10 21 cm -3 , waist size σ r =250nm and bunch length σ z The 400nm electron beam is initialized with one particle per cell. The box shows this hyper-relativistic beam gamma. b =10 4 It copropagates with γ. b This is a parameter (relativistic coefficient) that characterizes the energy of a beam of charged particles (generally, each particle in the beam has approximately equal energy). 10 4 The following are arbitrarily selected to suit FACET-II facilities. b >1 is applicable. Absorption boundary conditions are used for both the field and the particles.

[0085] The acceleration of particle bunches at the tail of the beam is demonstrated by these 3D simulations. Figures 4A-B show the 3D PIC simulation beam phase space after approximately 93 μm of interaction with the crunch-in tube wakefield in Figures 3A-3C (A) pk-z (energy spectrum inset) (B) pk-y. The energy gain of 1.1 GeV in a 93 μm tube is inferred from the beam longitudinal momentum phase space in Figures 4A-B by (A) longitudinal dimension and (B) transverse dimension. 11.6 TVm -1 The average acceleration gradient is obtained. The accelerated energy spectrum in Figure 4A is not optimized because the actual beam used to prove this principle loads the entire range of the acceleration phase.

[0086] The beam-driven surface crunch-in mode mechanism, developed by leveraging the tunability of nanostructures, is demonstrated using the aforementioned 3D proof-of-principle simulation. This simulation provides proof of the GeV energy gain in nanostructures with a length of 100 μm.

[0087] Example 2: Analysis model for crunch-in mode

[0088] The crunch-in-tube wakefield modes in Figures 3A-C are analytically modeled using collisionless dynamics theory. The charged particle beam has a density profile n b (r,z)=n b0 F(r,z) F(r,z) Initial Gaussian

number

number

number

[0089] To facilitate the tube wakefield, "blowout" is preferably reduced or mitigated. Blowout induces a net momentum flux Δp(r) for all tube electrons so that wall electrons completely escape the restoring force of the tube ion lattice. In extreme cases, the net charge

number

number

[0090] In the 3D model above, the ratio of the right-hand side to the left-hand side of equation (1) is greater than 20. However, it may be important to optimize Δw by considering the optimal wakefield spatial profile, vacuum, etc.

[0091] The crunch-in dynamics model defines the following: t <r0<r t r0 is the equilibrium position of tube electrons or wall electrons at +Δw; (z,t) is the instantaneous radial position of the vibrating tube electrons; and r is the maximum radius at which the driven tube electrons form the compression layer. max H(0+)=1 and H(0-)=0 are step functions used to model the effect of step transitions in tube wall density. Here, r(z,t) is the instantaneous position of the vibrating tube electrons. Parameter r0 is the initial state of the vibrating electrons. Parameter r t and r t+Δw” characterizes the tube. Condition "r t <r0<r t The condition "+Δw" means that initially all electrons are inside the tube wall. t " initially means that all tube electrons are outside the hollow core. Condition "r0 <r t +Δw" is "r t This means that there are no electrons outside of "+Δw".

[0092] r0(r0 and r t Tube electrons, which are charged particles under consideration (between ), and which are located at an equilibrium radius smaller than that of electrons, also move together and are compressed at the radial extremum. t If all tube electrons with an equilibrium radius between and r0 move together to form a compression layer at the new radial position r, the ionic force on the electrons under consideration is expressed by the following equation.

number

[0093] In addition to ionic forces, electrons with an equilibrium radius smaller than r0 that move with the electron under consideration bring about a collective field opposite to the ionic field. The collective oscillation condition is that electrons generated at equilibrium positions less than r0 move to a position just behind r. Therefore, r0 and r t The force resulting from the collective movement of tube electrons located between them is expressed by the following equation.

number

[0094] The dynamics differ during the radially inward movement phase of the vibration. Because the ion density in the core region of the tube is zero, the electrons moving collectively are not subject to ionic forces. However, r0 and r t The collectively moving tube electrons generated between the two sides crunch within the tube core. Inside the core, the mutual electrostatic field of the compressing electrons increases, and the electrons are returned to an equilibrium state. Therefore, the net force acting on the electrons is expressed by the following equation.

number

number

[0095] Relativistic (γ e The equation for collective surface electron vibrations is expressed as follows:

number

number

[0096] Gaussian beam envelope

number

number

[0097] The net charge entering the core region is expressed by the following formula.

number

number

number

[0098] The peak longitudinal electric field is given by the Panofsky-Wenzel theorem: E t-r Δr=E t?z It is derived using Δξ. E t The value of -z is κ√γ e 2πc / ω pe (n t (where κ is the shortened phase of the nonlinearly steepened surface wave) changes, and tube electrons collide with its core. Relativistic coefficient γ e ~[1+(p r / (m e c)) 2 ] 1 / 2 is, ω pe (n t ) / √γ e This reduces the oscillation frequency.

[0099] pr =F ビーム σ z / c=4πe 2 n t c -1 n b0 n t -1 r t σ z (4π) -1 Using this, the peak of the longitudinal electric field is expressed by the following equation. E t?z =E t-r r min (κ2πc) -1 ω pe (n t )γ e -1 / 2 or

number

[0100] The tube wakefields of equations (3) and (4) are applicable when the crunch-in condition of equation (1) is strictly satisfied. Furthermore, as the critical point of equation (1) is approached, the amplitude of the wakefield depends on that ratio.

[0101] n t = 2 × 10 22 cm -3 , r t =100nm, Q b =315pC, σ z =250nm, σ z =400nm;r m =74.5nm, E t-r =α8.96TV / m(Equation (3)) and E t-z =κ -1 The value 3.5 TV / m (Equation (4)) is in good agreement with the 3D simulation above.

[0102] The beam envelope in equation (2) is considered to be quasi-stationary over several surface vibrations. However, the transverse envelope vibration is related to the beam's spatial profile F(r,z,ξ) and peak density n b0 This causes a change in (ξ).

[0103] Example 3: Radiation generation-nanomodulation and self-focusing

[0104] Figures 5A and 5B show the (A) tube-focused wake field and (B) on-axis beam density demonstrating the nanomodulation effect of the 3D PIC. The tube-focused field and nanometer transverse beam oscillations from the above 3D simulation are elucidated in Figures 5A and 5B. m >r b >r t The beam of charged particles inside undergoes lateral focusing, and electrons from the tube walls are pushed into the core, resulting in the folding of the beam's "wings." Parameter r b This represents the radial position of the beam electrons. Beam electrons are different from tube electrons. Condition "r m >r b >r t This means that the beam is wider than the hollow core of the tube, so that the beam particles overlap with the tube wall. Parameter r m r is the extremum of the tube electrons when they oscillate radially like a pendulum. m is, r m ga r t It must be smaller than +Δw, or "r" in the sense that tube electrons or wall electrons fly out of the tube. t It is related to "+Δw". Parameter r m And r0 represents tube electrons, parameter r b The arrow indicates the position of the beam electrons. In cases like those shown in Figures 5A and 5B, the beam physically overlaps with the tube wall, and thus, r m >r b >r t The following conditions are met. The beam is λ as shown in Figure 5B. osc Significant nanomodulation is induced at spatial frequencies corresponding to ~0 (100 nm). Furthermore, the on-peak beam density n b0 (ξ) is the initial density n b0 (ξ=0)=5×10 21 cm -3It increases to 10 times that amount. With this rapid increase in beam density, the amplitude of the tube's wakefield approaches the wavebrainking limit.

[0105] Nanometer-sized radiation source (~r t ) Focusing the field from 10 TVm -1 High-energy radiation of 0 (100 MeV) produced by nanometer-scale oscillations of super-relativistic particles in the beam at the wall (E ph =hc2γ b 2 / λ osc This provides a nanowiggler photon source. Furthermore, beam oscillation and radiation characteristics can be further enhanced by using changes in tube wall density (nanolattice) or inner radius (wave-like nanostructure).

[0106] 3D PIC and analytical modeling demonstrates that near-solid submicron multi-GeV particle bunches (e.g., electron bunches) can be used in nanostructures such as tubes with a core diameter of 200 nm, with a density of O(TVm -1 This demonstrates that longitudinal crunch-in wake fields can be effectively excited. Surprisingly, nonlinear surface crunch-in waves can excite many TVm within the tube wall. -1 The converging wake field can be maintained, which has been found to increase peak beam density and 100 nm electron beam density modulation by more than an order of magnitude. The resulting accelerating field reaches unprecedentedly high levels, enabling the demonstration of O(GeV) energy gain in a millimeter-length tube. Furthermore, the induced nanomodulation facilitates controlled O(100 MeV) emission production using nanometer transverse vibrations of beam particles.

[0107] Example 4: Self-focusing onto supersolid nanoslices

[0108] Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the present disclosure, r tThis shows a 2.5D PIC model of self-focusing and nanoslicing in a nanoporous material with a core region of 20 nm. Submicron (e.g., several hundred nm) beam parameters are available in FACET-II for studies on the excitation of nanoplasmin modes suitable for nanostructure wigglers and accelerators. When sample dimensions and interaction lengths are in millimeters, the beam beta function can be several centimeters.

[0109] As shown in Figure 7, self-focusing (density increase) and nanoslicing beams are 2 × 10 22 cm -3 The tube wall density n is equal to n t , radius r equal to 20 nm t Regarding this, the color bar represents the electron beam density in meters. -3 It is a unit. Also, the left panel is 5x10 19 cm -3 Beam density n equal to (tens of kA) b It has, on the other hand, the right panel is 5x10 21 cm -3 Beam density n equal to (several hundred kA) b It has the following characteristics. For the simulation, the Gaussian beam waist size is 250 nm and the bunch length is 400 nm. In the left panel, the nanoslice density doubles due to self-focusing, and in the right panel, the beam density increases orders of magnitude towards the supersolid nanoslices.

[0110] Example 5: Gamma-ray nanowiggler with supersolid beam

[0111] The crunch-in region of the nanostructured tube is due to many TVm within the tube wall. -1 High-energy charged particle beams (different from linear surface fields) can be captured and guided in a continuous focusing channel that maintains a focused field and induces envelope modulation with a spatial scale of several hundred nanometers. Due to self-focusing and nanomodulation effects, the peak beam density for supersolid beams increases by more than an order of magnitude. The resulting significant increase in peak beam density leads to an even higher acceleration field (as shown in Figure 5A).

[0112] In the nonlinear crunch-in mode, r b The beam particles in r are subject to the focusing force of the mode. m >r b >r t Under these conditions, the beam is wider than the hollow core of the tube so that the beam particles overlap with the tube wall, and the particles are laterally focused under a transverse electric field of several tens of TV / m, and the beam electrons are pushed into the core. This self-focusing effect causes the beam's "wings" to fold. As a result of self-focusing, the beam becomes λ osc Significant longitudinal nanomodulation with a spatial frequency corresponding to ~0 (100 nm) is generated (as shown in Figure 5B).

[0113] Dozens of TVm -1 The nanometer oscillations of hyperrelativistic particles in a focused field give rise to a "nanowigler" light source, from a nanometer light source size (~rt) to 0 (100 MeV) high-energy photons (E). ph =2hcγ2 ビーム λ -1 osc This generates the beam envelope self-focusing and nanomodulation, which result in extreme compression of the beam to a supersolid density, as demonstrated using 3D PIC simulations in Figures 8A and 8B. Furthermore, changes in the tube wall density (nanolattice) or inner radius (wave-like nanostructure) enhance beam oscillations and improve radiation properties.

[0114] Example 6 - Particle tracking and bunch length

[0115] Based on the design parameters of FACET-II, a single electron bunch with the following parameters is provided. Using the FACET-II electron bunch, 10 19 cm -3 Near-solid beam densities exceeding [a certain value] can assist in the powerful excitation of nanoplasmon modes. Examples of beam characteristics are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Characteristics of charged particle beams TIFF0007847311000018.tif39153

[0116] In certain embodiments, a stepwise approach can be used to build up beam availability, starting from tens of kA in the initial stages and progressing to many MAs in later stages. Furthermore, surface crunch-in nanoplasmon modes are approximately 10 19 cm -3 Even when starting with a near-solid beam, it is possible to induce self-focusing of the beam to a supersolid density. Self-focused supersolid beams from the initial stages are very useful for experimental validation of TV / cm nanowigglers and nanoaccelerators.

[0117] The scope described herein is inclusive. The terms “substantially” and “about” used throughout this specification are used to describe small variations. For example, they may refer to ±5% or less, e.g., ±2% or less, ±1% or less, ±0.5% or less, ±0.2% or less, ±0.1% or less, and ±0.05% or less.

[0118] While several embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications, alternative structures, and equivalents can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention. Furthermore, many well-known processes and elements have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

[0119] Those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed embodiments are taught as examples and not as limitations. Accordingly, matters included in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should be construed as illustrative and not as limiting. The following claims are intended to cover all general and specific features, as well as all descriptions of the scope of methods and systems, as described herein.

Claims

1. A device for accelerating charged particles and generating high-energy photons, the device is A nanofabricated nanostructure comprising a conductive medium formed of at least one tube having a hollow core channel surrounded by walls, wherein the walls comprise a nanomaterial having wall electrons having a Fermi gas of free electrons or conduction charge atoms, and wall ions, The nanostructure has an internal tube radius rt of the wall and an effective wall electron density n t of the wall electrons which is 10²⁰ cm⁻³ to 10²⁴ cm⁻³. １８ cm －３ It is configured to interact with a first beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density exceeding a certain value, or the effective wall electron density is greater than or equal to the quasi-solid beam density; The quasi-solid beam density n b of the first beam of charged particles is selected from 0.01 to 100 times the effective wall electron density, and the beam waist radius is selected from 0.1 to 100 times the inner tube radius of the wall. A plasmon mode is excited within the nanostructure, and thus the first beam of charged particles gains energy and / or momentum at a rate of more than 1 TeV per meter along the longitudinal direction of at least one of the tubes; The first beam of charged particles is focused laterally to at least one of the tubes, thereby forming a second beam of charged particles during use, the second beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density at least an order of magnitude greater than the quasi-solid beam density of the first beam of charged particles; and, The apparatus is configured such that the nanostructure generates high-energy photons by modulating the second beam of the charged particles.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the beam waist size of the first beam of charged particles is between 100 nm and 15 microns, the beam waist size is greater than the tube internal radius rt, and at least half of the first beam of charged particles extends beyond a portion of the wall of at least one tube in a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the beam waist size of the first beam of charged particles is between 100 nm and 15 microns, the beam waist size is smaller than the tube internal radius rt, and less than half of the first beam of charged particles extends beyond a portion of the wall of at least one tube in a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first beam of charged particles is configured to interact with the wall of at least one tube to move the wall electrons while the wall ions are stationary, thereby generating an electromagnetic (EM) field during use.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, configured to generate the EM field including an electrostatic field and an electromagnetic field during use, and having a net transverse electromagnetic field in the radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. Device.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a first beam of charged particles propagates along at least a portion of the length of the hollow core channel of the at least one tube, and the wall electrons are configured to move away from equilibrium wall positions and collide with the hollow core of the at least one tube so as to excite the plasmon mode.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein vibrational motion of wall electrons of at least one tube is generated to excite the plasmon mode, and the amplitude of the plasmon mode is configured to increase as the at least one bunch characteristic of the first beam approaches resonance with the plasmon mode.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the at least one bunch characteristic of the first beam of charged particles is selected from the group consisting of particle beam length, beam waist size, number of particles in the first beam of charged particles, and combinations thereof.

9. The first beam of charged particles undergoes transverse nanometer vibrations, TVm -１ The apparatus according to claim 1, further configured to receive a lateral focused EM field exceeding λ, thereby causing nanomodulation of the first beam of charged particles having a spatial frequency corresponding to λosc ~ O (100 nm), which enhances the intensity of the plasmon mode EM field.

10. TVm -１ The apparatus according to claim 9, further configured to generate radiation from transverse nanometer vibrations of the first beam of charged particles in a transversely focused field exceeding 1 MeV, and to provide the high-energy photons having an energy exceeding 1 MeV to the light source.

11. The effective wall electron density n t of at least one of the tube walls is 10 ２１ cm －３ ~10 ２４ cm －３ The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the inner radius of at least one of the tube walls is 20 nm to 200 nm, thereby obtaining the porous wall structure of the nanomaterial.

12. The quasi-solid beam density n that is smaller than the effective wall electron density ｂ configured to interact with the first beam of charged particles having the same, and the quasi-solid beam density n ｂ is 10 －４ n ｔ to 10 ２ n ｔ The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the apparatus is as described above.

13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the wall of at least one of the tubes includes a nanomaterial coating.

14. The nanomaterial coating has a conduction band electron density configured to excite plasmon modes, and thus the plasmon modes are 1 TeVm -１ The apparatus according to claim 13, which maintains an electromagnetic (EM) field exceeding a certain value.

15. Configured to generate an energy gain of at least 1 GeV per millimeter of length of at least one of the tubes during use; or During use, the charged particles are at least 2 TeVm -１ The apparatus according to claim 1, configured to generate an average acceleration gradient.

16. 10 ２２ cm －３ The apparatus according to claim 1, configured to generate a second beam of charged particles having a solid beam density exceeding .

17. Each of the at least one tubes is 0.1 microns to 10 ６ The apparatus according to claim 1, having independently selected lengths within the range of microns.

18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first beam of charged particles has a bunch length of 10 nm to 30.0 microns.

19. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a mechanical stage for holding the nanostructure, the stage comprising a motor configured to move along two directions of each of the three orthogonal axes X, Y, and Z, X, Y, and Z.

20. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a beam focusing mechanism configured to focus the first beam of charged particles before the first beam of charged particles interacts with the nanostructure during use, thereby compressing the waist size of the first beam of charged particles to less than 1 micron.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the focusing mechanism includes one or more plasma lenses or magnets, or the focusing mechanism is configured to compress the beam waist size to 100 nm or less during use.

22. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first beam of charged particles comprises electrons, positrons, or protons, and the apparatus further comprises a monitor module configured to provide analysis of one or more properties of the electrons, positrons, or protons.

23. The charged particles have a bunch length of 10 microns or less and the beam waist radius; and / or The charged particles have submicron bunch lengths and beam waist radii; and / or The charged particle comprises one or more electrons, positrons, or protons. The apparatus according to claim 1.

24. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the nanostructure includes at least one first tube array having two or more instances of at least one of the tubes in an ordered arrangement.

25. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the nanostructure comprises at least the first tube array and the second tube array, and the first tube array and the second tube array are provided in an orientation such that they are stacked to extend the effective length of the tubes of the nanostructure.

26. The apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the nanostructure comprises at least a third tube array, and the first tube array, the second tube array, and the third tube array are provided in the stacked orientation such that the effective length of the tubes of the nanostructure is extended.

27. The apparatus according to claim 24, wherein the at least one tube array includes 100 to 1,000 instances of at least one of the tubes.

28. The wall of at least one of the tubes is made of a nanoporous metal; and / or The wall of at least one of the tubes is solid. The apparatus according to claim 1.

29. A method for generating high-energy photons, comprising the apparatus described in Claim 1, The first beam of charged particles is directed towards the nanostructure, Within at least a portion of the wall composed of the nanomaterial, the first beam of charged particles is propagated along the longitudinal axis of the nanostructure. In the plasmon mode, 1 TeV －１ The above electromagnetic (EM) field is generated, and the EM field provides the focusing and nanomodulation of the first beam of charged particles along the transverse direction. 10 ２２ cm －３ A second beam of charged particles having a quasi-solid beam density exceeding a certain value is formed, and the second beam of charged particles is formed by increasing the energy density of the first beam of charged particles along the longitudinal axis of the nanostructure. The high-energy photons having an energy exceeding 1 MeV are generated, and these high-energy photons are produced by nanometer vibrations of a second beam of charged particles. method.

30. The method according to claim 29, further comprising generating a light source from nanometer vibrations of a second beam of charged particles, wherein the light source includes the high-energy photons.

31. The method according to claim 30, further comprising using the light source in a semiconductor manufacturing, imaging system, or spectroscopic system.

32. The aforementioned nanomaterial is 10 ２１ cm －３ ~10 ２４ cm －３ The effective wall electron density n ｔ The method according to claim 29, comprising a wall having

33. The method according to claim 29, further comprising compressing the first beam of charged particles to reduce the beam waist size to 100 nm or less before directing the first beam of charged particles towards the nanostructure.

34. A system for generating high-energy photons, including the apparatus described in Claim 1, The system further includes a mechanical stage for holding the nanostructure, wherein the stage includes a motor configured to move within three orthogonal axes X, Y, and Z, and along two directions of each of the X, Y, and Z axes. system.

35. The system according to claim 34, wherein the first beam of charged particles comprises electrons, positrons, or protons, and the system further comprises a monitor module configured to provide analysis of one or more properties of the electrons, positrons, and protons.

36. The nanostructure uses an EM field in the plasmon mode to focus the first beam of charged particles, and during use, the second beam of charged particles is 10 ２２ cm －３ It is configured to achieve a quasi-solid beam density exceeding; and / or The aforementioned nanomaterial is 10 ２１ cm －３ ~10 ２４ cm －３ The effective wall electron density n ｔ The system according to claim 34, having the following features.

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