Sleeper pad and elastic sleeper

Abstract

Provided are: a sleeper pad with which it is possible to sufficiently and stably obtain adhesive strength between the sleeper pad and a concrete sleeper; and an elastic sleeper comprising the same. This sleeper pad includes: a pad body 5 comprising an elastic body; and an anchor member 4 joined to one surface of the pad body 5. The anchor member 4 is a sheet formed by integrating a mesh outer material and a mesh lining material by joining the two materials with a joining thread for joining same.

Description

Sleeper pads and elastic sleepers

[0001] The present invention relates to a sleeper pad to be installed on the bottom of a concrete sleeper and an elastic sleeper provided with the same.

[0002] In railway tracks, rails are generally laid on sleepers. In recent years, sleepers made of concrete have become the norm, and sleeper pads made of elastic material are installed at the bottom of the sleepers to prevent ballast from getting under them and to suppress noise and vibrations when railway vehicles are running.

[0003] The sleeper pad, for example, has an anchor member that is embedded in ready-mixed concrete poured into a sleeper mold, and when the ready-mixed concrete hardens with the anchor member embedded, it is bonded to the bottom of the concrete sleeper.

[0004] Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses a sleeper foundation (sleeper pad) in which synthetic resin fibers are formed into a three-dimensional mesh structure (steel wool-like) as a bonding layer (anchor member). Patent Document 2 discloses a hook-and-loop fastener with engaging projections as an anchor member.

[0005] JP-T-2011-513610A JP-A-2015-121028A

[0006] However, the anchor member with a three-dimensional mesh structure as disclosed in Patent Document 1 has an indefinite fiber direction, making it difficult to uniformly impregnate the fresh concrete. Furthermore, the anchor member is crushed during the fresh concrete impregnation, making it difficult to maintain a constant thickness. This can result in insufficient adhesive strength between the sleeper pad and the concrete sleeper.

[0007] Furthermore, as disclosed in Patent Document 2, when the anchor member is formed of a hook-and-loop fastener, the density of the engaging projections needs to be increased in order to increase the adhesive strength between the sleeper pad and the concrete sleeper, but this results in narrower gaps between the engaging projections, which makes it difficult for the fresh concrete to penetrate the pad and makes it more likely that air voids will form, resulting in insufficient adhesive strength.

[0008] The present invention has been made in consideration of the above circumstances, and aims to provide a sleeper pad that can obtain sufficient and stable adhesive strength with concrete sleepers, and an elastic sleeper equipped with the same.

[0009] The present invention is based on the discovery that the use of a specified anchor member enables good impregnation of fresh concrete and good impregnation and adhesion of elastic bodies, resulting in stable and sufficient adhesive strength with concrete sleepers.

[0010] The present invention provides the following means. [1] A sleeper pad having a pad body made of an elastic material and an anchor member bonded to one side of the pad body, wherein the anchor member is a sheet formed by connecting a mesh surface and a mesh lining together with a connecting thread. [2] The sleeper pad of [1], wherein the mesh surface and lining of the sheet have an opening rate of 40 to 80%. [3] The mesh surface and lining of the sheet have an opening area of ​​0.1 to 60.0 mm. ２ [4] The sleeper pad of [1] or [2], wherein the anchor member has a thickness of 2.0 to 15.0 mm. [5] The sleeper pad of [1] to [4], wherein the anchor member protrudes from the joining surface of the pad body with the anchor member by 0.8 to 13.0 mm. [6] The sleeper pad of [1] to [5], wherein the ratio of the anchor member protrusion to the anchor member thickness is 0.10 to 0.95. [7] The sleeper pad of [1] to [6], wherein the pad body is made of urethane elastomer. [8] The sleeper pad of [1] to [7], wherein the elastic body is bonded to the backing surface of the anchor member by impregnation adhesion. [9] A sleeper pad according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein the constituent material of the anchor member includes any one selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, protein, acrylic resin, polyurethane, fluororesin, phenolic resin, polyether ester, polylactic acid, polyimide fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber and metal fiber.

[0011]

[10] An elastic sleeper having a sleeper pad according to any one of [1] to [9] and a concrete sleeper joined to the surface of the anchor member of the sleeper pad.

[11] The elastic sleeper according to

[10] , in which the concrete sleeper is joined to the anchor member by impregnation bonding.

[0012] The sleeper pad of the present invention can provide sufficient and stable adhesive strength to concrete sleepers. Therefore, by using the sleeper pad of the present invention, it is possible to provide elastic sleepers that are less likely to peel off and have excellent durability.

[0013] Fig. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an elastic sleeper according to one embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the sleeper pad in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the anchor member in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the protrusion and adhesive strength of each anchor member in the adhesion test of the examples.

[0014] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the present embodiment) will be described with reference to the drawings. Note that the preferred numerical ranges in this specification can be arbitrarily combined with each other.

[0015] The sleeper pad of this embodiment is used for an elastic sleeper as shown in Fig. 1. The elastic sleeper 1 in Fig. 1 has a sleeper pad 2 and a concrete sleeper 3 joined to the surface of the anchor member of the sleeper pad 2 on the surface side of the ground.

[0016] 2, the sleeper pad 2 has a pad body 5 made of an elastic material and an anchor member 4 joined to one side of the pad body 5. The anchor member 4 has a protruding portion 6 exposed from the pad body 5.

[0017] As shown in Figure 3, the anchor member 4 in the sleeper pad 2 of this embodiment is an integrated sheet formed by connecting a mesh surface 4a and a mesh lining 4b with connecting threads 4c. Thus, the sleeper pad of the present invention is characterized in that the anchor member 4 is a three-layer sheet consisting of a mesh surface 4a layer, a connecting thread 4c layer, and a mesh lining 4b layer. Because the surface 4a and lining 4b are meshes with openings, impregnation into the anchor member 4 is facilitated when the anchor member 4 is impregnated with ready-mixed concrete and when the elastic body of the pad body 5 is impregnated and bonded, as described below. Furthermore, because the connecting threads 4c are sandwiched and supported between the surface 4a layer and the lining 4b layer, the anchor member 4 has elasticity (cushioning properties), resulting in good recovery and retention of thickness when impregnated under pressure. Therefore, with the anchor member 4 having the above-described configuration, the anchor member 4 is not crushed and the protruding portion 6 is not pushed down during the impregnation of the fresh concrete, and the impregnation can be performed uniformly while ensuring the impregnation thickness.

[0018] The mesh outer fabric 4a and the mesh lining 4b are not particularly limited as long as they are mesh-shaped with a plurality of openings, and examples thereof include woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and resin punching. The outer fabric 4a and the lining 4b may be the same or different. The shape of the mesh openings is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include triangular, rectangular, hexagonal, circular, elliptical, and the like. The shape of the mesh openings in the outer fabric 4a and the lining 4b may be the same or different.

[0019] The anchor member 4 is preferably formed as a three-dimensional knitted fabric in which a knitted mesh outer layer 4a and a knitted mesh inner layer 4b are connected by a connecting thread 4c. The anchor member 4 preferably has good elasticity, and is not crushed when impregnated with ready-mixed concrete, and the outer layer 4a and the inner layer 4b are firmly integrated while ensuring a sufficient impregnation thickness.

[0020] The connecting threads 4c may be, for example, a pillar structure, a truss structure, a cross structure, or a combination thereof between the surface layer 4a and the lining layer 4b in the cross section of the thickness direction of the anchor member 4. From the viewpoint of forming a layer that can ensure a sufficient impregnation thickness and is resistant to crushing when impregnating with fresh concrete, the connecting threads 4c are preferably monofilaments connecting the surface layer 4a and the lining layer 4b in a combined pillar structure and cross structure. Since the surface layer 4a and the lining layer 4b are meshes with openings, the surface layer 4a and the lining layer 4b exert an anchoring effect in the plane direction of the anchor member 4 sheet when the anchor member 4 is impregnated with fresh concrete and when the elastic body of the pad body 5 is impregnated and bonded, as described below. Furthermore, the connecting threads 4c that integrate the surface layer 4a and the lining layer 4b exert an anchoring effect in the thickness direction of the anchor member 4 sheet, and the synergistic effect of both anchoring effects ensures sufficient and stable adhesive strength between the sleeper pad 2 and the concrete sleeper.

[0021] The mesh opening rate of the surface 4a is preferably 40 to 80%, more preferably 45 to 75%, and even more preferably 48 to 72%, from the viewpoint of allowing the anchor member 4 to maintain the surface shape of the projection 6 and to easily impregnate the fresh concrete. The mesh opening rate of the lining 4b is also preferably within the same numerical range as that of the surface 4a, from the viewpoint of good bonding density with the pad body 5, and is preferably 40 to 80%, more preferably 45 to 75%, and even more preferably 48 to 72%. The mesh opening rates of the surface 4a and the lining 4b may be the same or different.

[0022] The surface 4a allows the anchor member 4 to be easily impregnated with fresh concrete, and from the viewpoint of obtaining sufficient adhesive strength between the sleeper pad 2 and the concrete sleeper 3 due to the anchor effect, the mesh opening area is preferably 0.1 to 60.0 mm ２ / piece, more preferably 0.2 to 58.0 mm ２ / piece, more preferably 0.5 to 55.0 mm ２From the viewpoint of good adhesion density with the pad body 5, the opening area of ​​the mesh of the lining 4b is also preferably in the same range as that of the outer surface 4a, and is preferably 0.1 to 60.0 mm ２ / piece, more preferably 0.2 to 58.0 mm ２ / piece, more preferably 0.5 to 55.0 mm ２ The opening area of ​​the mesh may be the same or different between the outer layer 4a and the inner layer 4b.

[0023] The mesh opening area S is the area per opening calculated based on the actual size. The mesh opening ratio is the ratio of the total area occupied by openings per unit area, and the opening area S [mm ２ / piece] and the predetermined area S １ [mm ２ ] and the number of openings per unit area S １ [mm ２ Specifically, it can be calculated by the method described in the Examples.

[0024] The thickness of the anchor member 4 may be any thickness that provides sufficient adhesive strength between the sleeper pad 2 and the concrete sleeper 3 through the anchor effect, and is preferably 2.0 to 15.0 mm, more preferably 3.0 to 12.0 mm, and even more preferably 4.0 to 10.0 mm.

[0025] The protrusion 6 of the anchor member 4 in the pad body 5 is preferably 0.8 to 13.0 mm, more preferably 1.0 to 12.0 mm, and even more preferably 1.2 to 10.0 mm, from the viewpoint of impregnating the ready-mixed concrete and obtaining sufficient adhesive strength between the sleeper pad 2 and the concrete sleeper 3 through the anchor effect.

[0026] From the same viewpoint, the ratio of the projection 6 of the anchor member 4 to the thickness of the anchor member 4 is preferably 0.10 to 0.95, more preferably 0.40 to 0.80, and even more preferably 0.50 to 0.70.

[0027] Examples of materials constituting the anchor member 4 include polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, protein, acrylic resin, polyurethane, fluororesin, phenolic resin, polyether ester, polylactic acid, polyimide fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber, metal fiber, etc. Since the anchor member 4 comes into contact with concrete, it is preferable that it be alkali-resistant, and from the viewpoints of appropriate elasticity and ease of handling, among these, polyamide, polyester, and polyethylene are preferred, with nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), etc. being suitably used.

[0028] The anchor member 4 may be made of the same constituent material for the outer fabric 4a, lining 4b, and connecting thread 4c, or any or all of them may be made of different constituent materials. For example, the outer fabric 4a, lining 4b, and connecting thread 4c may all be nylon, or the outer fabric 4a and lining 4b may be polyester and the connecting thread 4c may be nylon. The constituent materials for the outer fabric 4a, lining 4b, and connecting thread 4c can be selected appropriately so as to obtain good bonding strength depending on the constituent materials of the pad body 5. A commercially available sheet may also be used as the anchor member 4.

[0029] The pad body 5 is made of an elastic material so as to satisfy the standard spring constant of the sleeper pad 2 required for suppressing noise and vibration during railway vehicle operation. From the viewpoint of weather resistance, examples of the elastic material include rubber such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), and polyurethane. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of good elasticity and vibration damping, foam is preferred. Urethane elastomer is preferred as the elastic material.

[0030] The anchor member 4 and the pad body 5 may be joined using an adhesive, but from the viewpoint of a strong bond between them, it is preferable that the elastic body constituting the pad body 5 is joined to the lining surface of the anchor member 4 by impregnation adhesion to the anchor member 4. In Figures 1 and 2, part D is the part with only the elastic body (not impregnated in the anchor member), and part A is the part where the elastic body is impregnated and adhered to the anchor member 4.

[0031] From the viewpoint of stably supporting the concrete sleeper 3, it is preferable that the pad body 5 is joined to the entire surface of the backing side of the anchor member 4. The sleeper pad 2 is cut to the required size as appropriate depending on the size of the concrete sleeper 3 to be joined.

[0032] As described above, the anchor member 4 in the sleeper pad 2 of this embodiment has a surface layer 4a and a lining layer 4b on both outer layers. Therefore, compared to when the anchor member 4 has only a surface layer 4a and a lining layer 4b on one side, or when the anchor member 4 does not have a surface layer 4a or a lining layer 4b (for example, a steel wool-like anchor member), even if the impregnation depth of the elastic body in the anchor member 4 is small, sufficient adhesive strength can be obtained between the anchor member 4 and the pad main body 5 made of an elastic body, and a sleeper pad 2 that meets the spring constant standard can be obtained.

[0033] The thickness of the pad body 5 can be set appropriately depending on the desired spring constant. When the pad body 5 is formed by joining an elastic body to the anchor member 4 by impregnation bonding, the thickness of the pad body 5 is preferably thicker than the impregnation thickness of the elastic body in the anchor member 4.

[0034] The sleeper pad 2 of this embodiment can be manufactured, for example, as follows: A predetermined polyurethane raw material liquid is poured into a predetermined mold, and the backside surface of the anchor member 4 is immersed in it to a predetermined depth and allowed to harden. By demolding the mold, the sleeper pad 2 is obtained in which the pad body 5 made of urethane elastomer and the backside of the anchor member 4 are impregnated and bonded (part A), and the anchor member 4 has a protrusion 6 on the surface side. Note that the polyurethane raw material may be, for example, a known material for manufacturing urethane elastomers.

[0035] The elastic sleeper 1 of this embodiment has a sleeper pad 2 and a concrete sleeper 3 joined to the surface of the anchor member 4 of the sleeper pad 2. The elastic sleeper 1 equipped with the sleeper pad 2 of this embodiment has good durability as the sleeper pad 2 is less likely to peel off.

[0036] From the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient adhesive density with the sleeper pad 2, the concrete sleeper 3 is preferably bonded to the anchor members 4 by impregnation bonding. The elastic sleeper 1 can be manufactured, for example, using the sleeper pad 2 of this embodiment as follows: Ready-mixed concrete is poured into a predetermined sleeper mold, and the projection 6 on the surface side of the sleeper pad 2, cut to the size of the sleeper bottom, is immersed in the ready-mixed concrete and allowed to harden. The hardened product is demolded to obtain the elastic sleeper 1 in which the concrete sleeper 3 is impregnated and bonded to the anchor members 4 of the sleeper pad 2. In FIG. 1 , part C is the area containing only concrete (not impregnated with the anchor members), and part B is the area in which the projection 6 of the sleeper pad 2 is impregnated and bonded with concrete. The elastic sleeper 1 obtained in this manner has the anchor members 4 well-held with almost no reduction in thickness, and the anchor members 4 exert a good anchoring effect on both the pad body 5 and the concrete sleeper 3, thereby providing sufficient adhesive strength between the sleeper pad 2 and the concrete sleeper 3.

[0037] The present embodiment will be described below based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0038] [Manufacturing of Sleeper Pads] Sleeper pads of the type shown in Figure 2 were manufactured using various anchor members. Details of the various anchor members used are shown in Table 1. The mesh opening area S of the surface and lining of the anchor member was calculated based on the dimensions of the openings measured with a ruler. The mesh opening rate P was calculated based on the size of the surface or lining, 50 mm long x 50 mm wide (area 2500 mm ２ The numerical aperture N per square millimeter was measured visually and calculated using the following formula: P [%] = S [mm ２ / piece]×N / 2500[mm ２ ]×100

[0039]

[0040] In Table 1, "AKE65714," "AKE64036," and "AKE69440" in the anchor member types are product numbers for "Fusion (registered trademark)," a product name manufactured by Asahi Kasei Advance Corporation. Anchor members (A), (B), and (C) have monofilament connecting threads, and the outer and inner fabrics are connected by the connecting threads in a structure that combines a pillar structure and a cross structure. Anchor members (A1) and (A2) are formed by cutting the outer or inner fabric of anchor member (A) with scissors to expose the connecting thread. Anchor member (D) is formed into a three-dimensional mesh structure (steel wool-like) using polypropylene (PP) fibers (fiber diameter 0.4 mm).

[0041] (Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3) Liquid T and liquid R were each charged into the raw material tank of a low-pressure injection machine ("A-240," manufactured by Toho Machinery Industry Co., Ltd.), discharged at 50°C, and mixed and stirred with a stirring blade (3000 rpm) to prepare a polyurethane raw material liquid. The liquid T in the urethane raw material liquid (two-component type) was a polyisocyanate prepolymer, and liquid R was a mixture of polyether polyol, tertiary amine catalyst, silicone-based antifoaming agent, phosphate ester-based flame retardant, and carbon black. The polyurethane raw material liquid was poured to a depth (thickness) of 16 mm into a mold (made of aluminum, 1015 mm long x 200 mm wide) coated with a release agent at 55°C. A mold lid with an anchor member attached was placed over the mold, and the protrusion was adjusted with a spacer. The mold was immersed in the urethane raw material liquid from the backside of the anchor member, and left to harden for 30 minutes. The pad was removed from the mold and left to cure at room temperature (25°C) for 24 hours to obtain a sleeper pad. Sleeper pads with various projection lengths were manufactured.

[0042] [Preparation of Elastic Sleeper Specimens] Using each sleeper pad prepared as described above, specimens for elastic sleeper adhesion tests were prepared. For the specimens, the hardened mortar was used as a substitute for concrete sleepers. 4.7 kg of premixed mortar ("Tight Glaster," manufactured by Manol Co., Ltd.) was mixed with 0.99 kg of water and mixed using a drill mixer to prepare the mortar. The prepared mortar was poured into a 200 mm x 200 mm mold to a depth of 60 mm, and a 200 mm x 200 mm cut-out sleeper pad was placed on the surface side. The mold was vibrated to degas the interior of the sleeper pad and the interface with the mortar, and then allowed to stand for 60 minutes for hardening. The specimens were demolded and cured at room temperature (25°C) for 24 hours to obtain specimens.

[0043] [Adhesion test] Using a hole saw (inner diameter 50 mm) attached to a bench drill press, four notches (depth 30 mm) were made at intervals on the surface of the sleeper pad side of the obtained specimen, and a test jig (made of high-tensile aluminum, bottom: 50 mm diameter circle, top: gripping protrusion) was adhered to the circular part inside the notch with adhesive ("Aron Alpha (registered trademark)" manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) and left to stand for 24 hours or more. The specimen with the test jig adhered was fixed to a tensile tester ("Autograph AG-I" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) with the test jig side facing up. An attachment was attached to the test jig and pulled in the vertical direction (tensile speed 0.03±0.02 MPa / sec), and the load at the yield point was measured. The load at the yield point [N] was calculated based on the adhesion area (1963 [mm ２ ]=25×25×π) was used as the adhesive strength (average value of four points).

[0044] If the adhesive strength between the test specimen's sleeper pad and the mortar is 0.5 MPa or more, it can be said that the adhesive strength is sufficient and that the sleeper pad and the concrete sleeper are unlikely to separate, resulting in a good elastic sleeper. Therefore, the evaluation standard for good adhesive strength in the adhesive test was set at 0.5 MPa or more.

[0045] The adhesive strength of the anchor members of each Example and Comparative Example was measured when the protrusion length was changed. Figure 4 shows a graph of the relationship between the protrusion length and adhesive strength for each anchor member. As can be seen from the graph in Figure 4, the sleeper pads (Examples 1 to 3) using the anchor members of this embodiment achieved sufficient adhesive strength with mortar regardless of the length of the protrusion length of the anchor member. On the other hand, the anchor member (Comparative Example 1) without a surface layer and with the connecting thread exposed on the surface layer side (a two-layer structure consisting of connecting thread and lining) did not achieve adhesive strength that met the standard. The anchor member (Comparative Example 2) without a lining and with the connecting thread exposed on the lining side (a two-layer structure consisting of connecting thread and surface layer) also did not achieve adhesive strength that met the standard. The anchor member (Comparative Example 3) with an overall three-dimensional mesh structure (single-layer structure) also did not achieve adhesive strength that met the standard.

[0046] The following observations were made based on the results of the observations of each specimen and its fracture state after the adhesion test. In Comparative Example 1, the anchor member was impregnated with mortar while the connecting threads were crushed or tilted at an angle, and there were portions where the connecting threads were cut. Therefore, it is believed that the anchoring effect of the anchor member on the mortar was insufficient, and sufficient adhesive strength was not obtained. In Comparative Example 2, the connecting threads were also crushed or tilted at an angle, and the polyurethane raw material liquid impregnated into the anchor member hardened in a state where it partially seeped out toward the surface material, reducing the thickness of the anchor member itself. Therefore, the length of the protrusion for impregnating and bonding the mortar was insufficient, and the insufficient anchoring effect was likely to have prevented sufficient adhesive strength from being obtained. In Comparative Example 3, the anchor member did not have a structure equivalent to the surface material and lining material, and the fiber direction was indefinite. Therefore, it is believed that the anchoring effect was insufficient for both the pad body and the mortar, and sufficient adhesive strength was not obtained.

[0047] In contrast, in the anchor members of Examples 1 to 3, the connecting threads were not crushed or tilted, and the thickness of the anchor member was maintained without decreasing in the test specimens, and the adhesive interface between the pad body and mortar at the connecting thread portion was adhered almost parallel to the bottom surface of the pad body. It is believed that the outer and inner fabrics provided a good anchoring effect for both the pad body and mortar, and adhesive strength that met the standards was obtained.

[0048] REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 Elastic sleeper 2 Sleeper pad 3 Concrete sleeper 4 Anchor member 4a Surface 4b Lining 4c Connecting thread 5 Pad body 6 Projection allowance

Claims

1. A sleeper pad having a pad body made of an elastic material and an anchor member joined to one side of the pad body, the anchor member being an integrated sheet consisting of a mesh outer layer and a mesh inner layer connected together by a connecting thread.

2. The sleeper pad according to claim 1, wherein the mesh opening rate of the front and back fabrics of the sheet is 40 to 80%.

3. The front and back fabrics of the sheet have a mesh opening area of ​​0.1 to 60.0 mm ２ 2. The sleeper pad of claim 1, wherein the sleeper pad comprises:

4. The sleeper pad of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the anchor member is 2.0 to 15.0 mm.

5. The sleeper pad according to claim 1, wherein the protrusion of the anchor member from the joint surface of the pad body with the anchor member is 0.8 to 13.0 mm.

6. The sleeper pad according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the projection of said anchor member to the thickness of said anchor member is 0.10 to 0.

95.

7. The sleeper pad of claim 1, wherein said pad body is made of a urethane elastomer.

8. The sleeper pad of claim 1, wherein said elastic body is bonded to the backing surface of said anchor member by impregnation adhesion to said anchor member.

9. The sleeper pad of claim 1, wherein the constituent material of the anchor member includes any one selected from the group consisting of polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, protein, acrylic resin, polyurethane, fluororesin, phenolic resin, polyether ester, polylactic acid, polyimide fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber and metal fiber.

10. A resilient sleeper comprising a sleeper pad according to any one of claims 1 to 9 and a concrete sleeper joined to the surface side of the anchor member of the sleeper pad.

11. The resilient sleeper of claim 10, wherein said concrete sleeper is bonded to said anchor members by impregnating adhesion.

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