Cross-link interference (CLI) measurement
By configuring reference signal resources for CLI measurements in SBFD, the method optimizes UE-to-UE interference assessment, addressing CLI challenges and enhancing DL throughput in 5G NR systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/077210
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-02-14
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
In 5G NR systems with sub-band non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD) operation, there is a challenge in performing effective cross-link interference (CLI) measurements due to the introduction of various CLI types, which affect DL throughput, especially for cell-edge UEs.
A method where a network device configures a reference signal resource and provides an indication for using it to perform device-to-device CLI measurements, specifically utilizing reference signal resources that overlap with UL subbands for UE-to-UE CLI assessment, optimizing the use of CSI-RS resources.
Enhances CLI measurement efficiency by effectively utilizing non-contiguous CSI-RS resources for UE-to-UE interference assessment, improving DL throughput and reducing CLI impact on cell-edge UEs.
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Figure CN2024077210_21082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CROSS-LINK INTERFERENCE (CLI) MEASUREMENT
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Various example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication and in particular, to methods, devices, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium of cross-link interference (CLI) measurement.BACKGROUND
[0003] In some communication systems such as fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) system, various duplexing modes are supported. For example, frequency division duplexing (FDD) for paired bands and time division duplexing (TDD) for unpaired bands are supported. In TDD, the time domain resource is split between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) . Allocation of a limited time duration for the uplink in TDD may result in reduced coverage, increased latency, and reduced capacity. To address these issues, an evolution of duplexing operation has been proposed. In some mechanism, sub-band non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD) such as simultaneous DL and UL transmission on different physical resource blocks (PRBs) or sub-bands within an unpaired wideband NR cell is proposed. SBFD introduces various kinds of cross-link interferences (CLI) in SBFD operation. How to perform a CLI measurement in SBFD mode has become a concerning problem.SUMMARY
[0004] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus at least to: receive, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; receive, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; and based on the indication, perform the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.
[0005] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus to: transmit, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; and transmit, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0006] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; receiving, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; and based on the indication, performing the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.
[0007] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method. The method comprises: transmitting, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; and transmitting, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0008] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; means for receiving, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; and means for based on the indication, performing the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.
[0009] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0010] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium comprises instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus to perform the method according to the third or fourth aspect.
[0011] It is to be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0014] FIG. 2A illustrates an example diagram of frequency-time resource partitioning for FDD;
[0015] FIG. 2B illustrates an example diagram of frequency-time resource partitioning for TDD;
[0016] FIG. 2C illustrates an example diagram of frequency-time resource partitioning for SBFD;
[0017] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of SBFD slots and non-SBFD slots;
[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates several examples of co-channel cross-link interference types in SBFD deployment;
[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates an example diagram of the UE behavior;
[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow for CLI measurement according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates an example diagram of a new UE behavior for SBFD aware UEs according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a first apparatus according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a second apparatus according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0025] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0026] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0028] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0029] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0030] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second” and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0031] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0032] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step has to be performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.
[0033] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0034] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0035] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0036] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0037] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0038] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0039] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0040] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0041] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0042] As used herein, the term “network device” or “network access device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0043] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0044] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “resource block, ” “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0045] As briefly mentioned above, various duplexing modes such as FDD and TDD are supported in the communication networks. In TDD, the time domain resource is split between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) . Allocation of a limited time duration for the uplink in TDD may result in reduced coverage, increased latency, and reduced capacity. To address these challenges, simultaneous DL and UL transmission on different PRBs or sub-bands within an unpaired wideband NR cell is proposed. As used herein, the set of PRBs assigned to a specific link direction is known as subband, and this new way of duplexing is referred to as “SBFD” . As used herein, the term “SBFD” may also be referred to as cross division duplexing (xDD) or flexible division duplexing (FDU) .
[0046] Principle and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 1-10. FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, a plurality of communication apparatuses, including a first apparatus 110, a second apparatus 120 and a third apparatus 130 can communicate with each other. In some example embodiments, there may be additional apparatuses such as a fourth apparatus 140 in the communication environment. The fourth apparatus 140 may communicate with the second apparatus 120.
[0047] The communication environment 100 may support various of duplexing modes, such as FDD and TDD. In some example embodiments, SBFD may be supported by the first apparatus 110, the second apparatus 120 and the third apparatus 130.
[0048] In some example embodiments, if the first apparatus 110 and the third apparatus 130 are terminal devices and the second apparatus 120 is a network device serving the terminal devices, a link from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 (or the third apparatus 130) is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the first apparatus 110 (or the third apparatus 130) to the second apparatus 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In DL, the second apparatus 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the first apparatus 110 (or the third apparatus 130) is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In UL, the first apparatus 110 (or the third apparatus 130) is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second apparatus 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0049] In some example embodiments, if the first apparatus 110 and the third apparatus 130 are in an SBFD mode. Assuming that a transmission from the third apparatus 130 to the second apparatus 120 and a transmission from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 is in SBFD, the first apparatus 110 may be referred to as a “victim apparatus” or “victim device” , and the third apparatus 130 may be referred to as an “aggressor apparatus” or “aggressor device” . In embodiments where the first and third apparatuses are terminal devices or UEs, the first apparatus 110 may be referred to as “victim terminal device” or “victim UE” , and the third apparatus 130 may be referred to as “aggressor terminal device” or “aggressor UE” .
[0050] In some example embodiments, there may be more than one victim apparatus or more than one aggressor apparatus. For example, the fourth apparatus 140 may be another victim apparatus of the aggressor third apparatus 130. For another example, the fourth apparatus 140 may be another aggressor apparatus of the victim first apparatus 110.
[0051] It is to be understood that the roles of these apparatuses may be varied. For example, in a first time period, the first apparatus 110 may be a victim apparatus and the third apparatus 130 may be an aggressor apparatus. In a different second time period, the first apparatus 110 may become an aggressor apparatus, and the third apparatus 130 or the fourth apparatus 140 may become a victim apparatus. In a third time period, if the second apparatus 120 performs uplink transmission while the first apparatus 110 does not perform any downlink or uplink transmission, the first apparatus 110 may be referred to as a listening apparatus. As used herein, the listening apparatus may be a listening terminal device or a listening UE.
[0052] It is to be understood that the number of apparatuses and their connections shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of apparatuses configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0053] In the following, for purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a first terminal device, the second apparatus 120 operating as a network node (also referred to as a network device) and the third apparatus 130 operating as a second terminal device. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented at a network node or other device, and operations described in connection with a network node may be implemented at a terminal device or other device.
[0054] In addition, for purpose of illustration, some example embodiments are described with the first apparatus 110 operating as a victim UE or listening UE while the third apparatus 130 operating as an aggressor UE. However, in some example embodiments, operations described in connection with a victim UE or a listening UE may be implemented at an aggressor UE or other device, and operations described in connection with an aggressor UE may be implemented at a victim UE, a listening UE or other device.
[0055] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) , and the like, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) , Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) , Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) , Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0056] As discussed, various of duplexing modes, such as FDD and TDD are supported. FIG. 2A illustrates an example diagram 210 of frequency-time resource partitioning for FDD. As illustrated, the resources for the DL transmission and UL transmission may be partitioned by frequency. That is, the DL transmission and UL transmission use resources in different frequency sub-bands.
[0057] FIG. 2B illustrates an example diagram 230 of frequency-time resource partitioning for TDD. As illustrated, the resources for the DL transmission and UL transmission may be partitioned by time. That is, the DL transmission and UL transmission use resources corresponding to different time slots.
[0058] FIG. 2C illustrates an example diagram 250 of frequency-time resource partitioning for SBFD. As illustrated, in SBFD, simultaneous DL and UL transmission on different PRBs or sub-bands are supported. Each sub-band for DL transmission is not overlapped with a sub-band for UL transmission.
[0059] In some example embodiments, a plurality of time slots supporting SBFD may be divided into two slot types, that is an SBFD slot type and a non-SBFD slot type. As used herein, the term “SBFD slot” refers to a slot during which the non-overlapping DL sub-band (s) and UL sub-band (s) both exist. As used herein, the term “non-SBFD slot” refers to a slot during which the entire band is used for either DL or UL. The non-SBFD slot may be also referred to as a legacy slot or a full DL / UL slot. FIG. 2D illustrates an example diagram showing a plurality of slots, including SBFD slot (s) 270, and non-SBFD slots 260 and 280. In SBFD slot (s) 270, a guard band is expected to be placed between DL and UL resource blocks (RBs) . This provides better isolation between UL and DL transmissions and is expected to be essential for reducing the impact of the self-interference (due to gNB’s own DL transmissions and the gNB’s own UL reception) as well as CLI between UE-to-UE links, and gNB-to-gNB links.
[0060] In some mechanisms, several SBFD operation modes have been studied including whether time and frequency locations of subbands for SBFD operation are known to the SBFD-aware UE or not. It however has been agreed in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) radio access network (RAN) 1#110 meeting that at least the operation mode with time and frequency locations of subbands for SBFD operation being known to the SBFD-aware UE is prioritized. This means that SBFD slots should be known by the (SBFD-aware) UE in one way or another.
[0061] SBFD introduces several new types of CLI, such as co-channel inter-subband CLI from non-overlapping frequency resources. This interference may be better classified depending on the source of the interference. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of co-channel cross-link interference types in SBFD deployment. As illustrated, a UE 310 and a UE 330 are served by a gNB 320, and a UE 340 and a UE 360 are served by a gNB 350. The gNB 320 includes a sector 322 and a sector 324. In the showing time instant, the UE 310 performs a UL transmission to the gNB 320, and the UE 330 receives DL transmission from the gNB 320. Likewise, the UE 340 transmits a UL transmission to the gNB 350, and the UE 360 receives a DL transmission from the gNB 360. It is assumed that a same frequency domain partitioning may be applied in the SBFD deployment.
[0062] In the environment of FIG. 3, the co-channel inter-subband CLI from non-overlapping frequency resources may include a self-interference between DL and UL. The co-channel inter-subband CLI from non-overlapping frequency resources may further include intra-cell UE-to-UE interference between the UE 340 and the UE 360. In addition, the co-channel inter-subband CLI from non-overlapping frequency resources may include inter-cell UE-to-UE interference such as the CLI between the UE 330 and the UE 340 and inter-site gNB-to-gNB interference between the gNB 320 and the gNB 350. The co-channel inter-subband CLI from non-overlapping frequency resources may further include inter-sector gNB-to-gNB interference between the sector 322 and the sector 324.
[0063] Several examples of CLI in SBFD operation have been described with respect to FIG. 3. The importance of SBFD-specific interference types has been extensively studied by system-level simulations during the 3GPP study item. In the present disclosure, it focuses on the UE-to-UE CLI measurements, especially the intra-cell UE-to-UE interference and inter-cell UE-to-UE interference.
[0064] Several studies and experiments have been conducted for the DL UE throughput for an urban macro scenario adopting SBFD. In such scenario, the UEs are dropped in confined areas (such as clusters) , so that the UE-to-UE CLI is present. Comparing the DL user perceived throughput (UPT) for SBFD and TDD with different configurations, it was detected that DL throughput such as UPT for SBFD with any of the SBFD configurations is lower than that of the static TDD. The DL performance degradation is especially noticeable on a lower percentile DL average UPT such as 5th-percentile DL average UPT, which represents the UEs deployed at a cell edge. That is, in case that a cell-edge UE transmitting in with high transmit power while another (for example nearby) cell-edge UE is receiving in DL, the CLI level may be quite high and significantly impact the DL throughput of the cell-edge UE.
[0065] In some mechanisms, the serving gNB needs to be aware of the DL UE CLI conditions, such that the gNB can apply CLI mitigation schemes. Therefore, CLI measurements are needed for an optimal SBFD operation. For example, UE-to-UE CLI measurements are needed.
[0066] The frequency resource allocation for SBFD slots has been extensively discussed in RAN1 during the study item in Release 18. Specifically, for the channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) , the following conclusions and agreements have been reached. It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112 that frequency resource allocation for CSI-RS across downlink subbands for SBFD-aware UEs are studied considering the following options. Option 1 is two contiguous CSI-RS resources that are linked. Option 2 is one CSI-RS resource. Option 2-1 is non-contiguous CSI-RS resource allocation and Option 2-2 is one contiguous CSI-RS resource allocation with non-contiguous CSI-RS resource derived by excluding frequency resources outside DL subband (s) .
[0067] It has been concluded in the RAN1 #112bis-e that for the options agreed to study in RAN1#112 for frequency resource allocation for CSI-RS across downlink subbands for SBFD-aware UEs, the following observations are agreed. For all the options, there is no impact on CSI-RS sequence generation. Option 1 requires additional signalling to link two CSI-RS resources in two DL subbands. Option 2-1 requires new radio resource control (RRC) structure to configure non-contiguous RBs for one CSI-RS resource, which may require additional signalling overhead. Option 2-2 can reuse the existing signalling design for CSI-RS resource configuration. Option 2-2 can be used to resolve the potential unaligned boundaries between CSI-RS resource configuration and SBFD subbands. Further discussion is required on the UE complexity due to UE capability of maximum number of configured CSI-RS resources and / or processing non-contiguous CSI-RS.
[0068] It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112bis-e that for SBFD-aware UEs, the following options are studied for CSI report associated with periodic / semi-persistent CSI-RS in case the periodicity is such that CSI-RS instances occur in both SBFD and non-SBFD symbols. Option 1 is two CSI-ReportConfigs, where one is associated with SBFD symbols and the other is associated with non-SBFD symbols. Option 1-1 is one CSI-ReportConfig being associated with a CSI-RS restricted to SBFD symbols only and the second CSI-ReportConfig being associated with a second CSI-RS restricted to non-SBFD symbols only. Option 2 is one CSI-ReportConfig associated with both SBFD symbols and non-SBFD symbols. Option 2-1 is one CSI-ReportConfig being associated with two CSI- RSs which are restricted to SBFD symbols and non-SBFD symbols respectively. Separate CSI measurements are derived based on the first and second CSI-RSs respectively. Option 2-2 is one CSI-ReportConfig being associated with one CSI-RS. The CSI report is derived based on CSI-RS which can be in SBFD symbols or non-SBFD symbols in different time instances. FFS impact on UE CSI processing and reporting timeline. It is to be noted that whether the CSI-RS resource can be used for SBFD and non-SBFD symbols may depend on, e.g., gNB implementation of same / different antenna configuration in both symbols. Option 1-1 may be supported according to existing specification by gNB configuration of appropriate periodicities to ensure that the CSI-RS associated with each CSI-ReportConfig is confined to either SBFD symbols or non-SBFD symbols only. But it may restrict the gNB configuration flexibility and enhancements can be considered by additional indication or rules to determine the CSI-RS is valid within one symbol type and is invalid in the other symbol type. Option 2-2 may be supported according to existing specification to configure measurement restriction so that UE would not average CSI measurements across SBFD and non-SBFD symbols.
[0069] It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112bis-e that for semi-static SBFD, for a CSI-RS resource which overlaps with SBFD subband boundaries, only CSI-RS resources within DL subband (s) are valid for SBFD-aware UE. In addition, for semi-static SBFD, for a CSI reporting subband which overlaps with SBFD subband boundaries, CSI report is derived based on CSI-RS resources excluding CSI-RS resources outside DL subband (s) .
[0070] On the other hand, there is interest in measuring the UE-to-UE CLI interference experienced by SBFD UEs. The following has been discussed in RAN1. It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112 that for inter-UE inter-subband CLI measurement, at least the following methods are studied. Method#1 is victim UE measuring RSSI within DL subband. Whether SINR may be measured is for further study. Method#2 is victim UE measuring reference signal receiving power (RSRP) of aggressor UE within UL subband. Method#3 is victim UE measuring received signal strength indicator (RSSI) within UL subband. It is to be noted that the restriction in Rel-16 that CLI is only measured within DL bandwidth part (BWP) does not forbid UE to measure CLI in UL subband when UL subband is confined within DL BWP.
[0071] It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112bis-e that for inter-UE inter-subband CLI measurement, Method#2 and Method#3 are studied considering necessity / benefit compared with measurement within DL subband, whether / how to estimate CLI from RSRP / RSSI measurements within UL subband / guard band, whether UE is required to measure RSRP / RSSI within UL subband and receive DL in DL subband (s) simultaneously, or whether existing CLI measurement and report framework can be reused to support RSRP / RSSI measurements within UL subband. If not, the potential impact is identified.
[0072] It has been agreed in the RAN1 #112bis-e that for semi-static SBFD, a SBFD aware UE does not transmit UL channels / signals or receive DL channels / signals on the guard band (s) that the UE is aware of. Measurement in guard band for the purpose of CLI measurement is for further study.
[0073] It has been agreed in the RAN1 #113 that the following conclusion is to be captured in the technical report (TR) . For the methods agreed to be studied for inter-UE inter-subband CLI measurement, Method #2 and Method #3 may be used for identifying the aggressor UE (s) if orthogonal resources are allocated for different aggressor UE (s) ; and Method #2 and #3 may at least provide higher interference signal strength than inter-subband interference leakage based measurements in Method #1. Furthermore, such measurement is not subject to inter-cell DL interference. It is feasible for UE to measure RSRP / RSSI within UL subband if within active DL BWP and receive DL in DL subband (s) simultaneously similar as simultaneous RSRP / RSSI measurement and DL reception in Rel-16. The existing CLI measurement and report framework can be reused to support RSRP / RSSI measurements within UL subband when UL subband is confined within active DL BWP.
[0074] As shown in FIG. 2D, the SBFD slot may have discontinuous downlink subbands, while CSI-RS only supports continuous RB configuration. Thus, the problem is how to use / configure CSI-RS such that the UE performs CSI-RS measurements over the DL subbands in SBFD slots. As mentioned above, 3GPP agreements define several options for how to configure the CSI-RS resource for SBFD-aware UEs.
[0075] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure assume Option 2-2 as a starting point. The behavior according to Option 2-2 may be described with reference to FIG. 4, which illustrates an example diagram 400 of the UE behavior. As illustrated, it is to be noted that part of the originally configured CSI-RS resources (those overlapping with the UL subband) are neglected by the UEs. In view of the present disclosure, these resources are still relevant from an interference measurement point of view but are neglected / wasted.
[0076] In order to solve at least part of the above problems or other potential problems, according to the present solution on CLI measurement, a second apparatus (for example, a network device) transmits, to a first apparatus (for example, a terminal device) , a configuration of a reference signal resource. The second apparatus further transmits, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device CLI. For example, the indication may indicate to the first apparatus that the reference signal resource, that overlaps with a subband (e.g. first subband) for transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, is to be used or at least can be used for device-to-device CLI measurement. Based on the indication, the first apparatus performs the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus. In this way, a new UE interpretation of the reference signal resources is proposed such that reference signal resources overlapping with the first subband such as a UL subband are not neglected or wasted, but instead, are used for performing UE-to-UE CLI measurements.
[0077] FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow 500 for CLI measurement according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 500 involves the first apparatus 110 and the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1. For purpose of illustration, the signaling flow 500 will be described with respect to FIG. 1.
[0078] For purpose of discussion, some example embodiments are described where the first apparatus 110 is implemented as a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is implemented as a network device. In the following description, it is assumed that a transmission from the network node (such as, the second apparatus 120) to the first terminal device (such as, the first apparatus 110) and a transmission from a second terminal device (such as, the third apparatus 130 in FIG. 1) to the network node may be SBFD.
[0079] In operation, the second apparatus 120 transmits (510) a configuration of a reference signal resource. The first apparatus 110 receives (515) the configuration. For example, the configuration may indicate the type of the reference signal resource, the time and / or frequency location of the reference signal resource, and the like. The configuration may also indicate a usage of the reference signal resource, such as for a channel measurement or an interference measurement. By way of example, the reference signal resource may include but not limited to an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a ZP-CSI-RS resource. In the following description, some example embodiments will be described with respect to the NZP-CSI-RS resource or CSI-IM resource for the purpose of discussion. It is to be understood that any other suitable reference signal resource may also be applied. Scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0080] The second apparatus 120 transmits (520) an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device CLI. The first apparatus 110 receives (525) the indication. That is, the second apparatus 120 may indicate the first apparatus 110 to perform the device-to-device CLI measurement on the overlapping first subband. As used herein, the term “measurement of the device-to-device CLI” may also be referred to as a “device-to-device CLI measurement” or “UE-to-UE CLI measurement” .
[0081] In embodiments where the first apparatus 110 is implemented as a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is implemented as a network node, the first subband may be referred to as a UL subband and the second subband may be referred to as a DL subband. Assuming that the first subband is a UL subband, the transmission from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120 may be referred to as a UL transmission.
[0082] Based on (e.g., in response to) receiving the configuration, the initially configured reference signal resource may be interpreted by the first apparatus 110 as resource or resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement. Embodiments of using the configured reference signal resource to perform UE-to-UE CLI measurement will be described with respect to FIG. 6, which illustrates an example diagram 600 of a new UE behavior for SBFD aware UEs according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the initially configured NZP-CSI-RS resource or resources 610 overlapping with the UL subband (i.e., the first subband) are interpreted by a UE (as an example of the first apparatus 110) as resource or resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement and these may be referred to as zero power (ZP) -CSI-RS resources 620.
[0083] In the example of FIG. 6, the channel measurements (CMR) and interference measurements (IMR) resources that overlaps with the UL subband may be the ZP-CSI-RS resource or resources 620 and may be used for UE-to-UE CLI measurements. That is, the first apparatus 110 may measure device-to-device CLI using the ZP-CSI-RS resource or resources 620. Hence, the first apparatus 110 may use a part of the resource, configured by the second apparatus 120 in the transmitted (510) configuration, for CLI measurement. Particularly, the part of the configured resource may refer to the part that overlaps with the first subband. So, a part or parts of the resource that do not overlap with the first subband may not be used for CLI measurement by the first apparatus 110.
[0084] The measured CLI may be reported together with other CSI metrics, such as channel quality index (CQI) , rank indicator (RI) , layer indicator (LI) , and / or signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) , etc. For example, a part of the reported CQI may indicate the measured CLI, while a remaining part of the CQI may indicate another measurement result such as a channel measurement result. Alternatively, or in addition, the measured CLI may be reported as an independent metric or integrated as part of the calculation of other CSI metrics. For example, the CSI report may include a metric such as CQI for a further measurement different from the UE-to-UE CLI measurement and another dedicated CSI metric for the measured CLI. For example, the CQI in the CSI report may be the result of a channel measurement, while the dedicated CSI metric is for the measured CLI. The gNB (as an example of the second apparatus 120) may benefit by knowing whether the reported CSI is affected by CLI or not.
[0085] Still referring to FIG. 5, based on the indication, the first apparatus 110 performs (530) the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus 110 to the second apparatus 120. In this way, the measurement of CLI can be performed on the reference signal resource that overlapping with the UL subband for the UL transmission.
[0086] Therefore, the present disclosure proposes a new UE behavior to utilize the CSI-RS resources overlapping with the UL subband to perform UE-to-UE CLI measurements. In other words, the present disclosure tackles the following problem: how efficiently utilize the configured CSI-RS resources when accounting for the non-contiguous DL allocation during SBFD slots. It is to be understood that a pre-requisite for the present disclosure to work that the UEs are aware of the SBFD time and frequency configuration, which should be the case for SBFD-aware UEs in Rel-19. By utilizing the overlapping reference signal resource for UE-to-UE CLI measurements, example embodiments of the present disclosure focuses on the consequence in case the above Option 2 is adopted and proposes optimization solutions.
[0087] In some example embodiments, the reference signal resource may include at least one of: an NZP-CSI-RS resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a ZP-CSI-RS resource. The first apparatus 110 may measure a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) on the reference signal resource overlapping with the first subband. The UE may then measure the RSSI over those resources that overlaps with the UL subband, potentially capturing any power for neighbor UEs having an active UL transmission.
[0088] In some example embodiments, the indication may include at least one of: a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, or a second parameter for reporting CLI. In an example, a gNB (as an example of the second apparatus 120) may be expected to indicate via RRC whether a UE (as an example of the first apparatus 110) should use the overlapping CSI-RS resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurements. This requires changes in the CSIReportConfig information element (IE) in a standard such as technical specification (TS) 38.331. One possible implementation is to introduce the new capability indication by a new higher layer parameter, e.g., “measureInterferenceOnULResources” (as an example of the first parameter) . Alternatively, or additionally, a new reporting metric is defined by another higher layer parameter, e.g., “cri-CLI-RSSI” (as an example of the second parameter) . The UE may be expected to report the UE-to-UE measurement if at least one (or both) of parameters are enabled.
[0089] The IE CSI-ReportConfig is used to configure a periodic or semi-persistent report sent on Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) on the cell in which the CSI-ReportConfig is included, or to configure a semi-persistent or aperiodic report sent on PUSCH triggered by downlink control information (DCI) received on the cell in which the CSI-ReportConfig is included (in this case, the cell on which the report is sent is determined by the received DCI) . A predefined standard such as TS 38.214
[0019] , clause 5.2.1 may be referred to. An example IE CSI-ReportConfig including at least one of the first parameter or the second parameter proposed by the present disclosure is shown in Table 1 as follows.
[0090] Table 1
[0091] As shown in Table 1, the parameter “measureInterferenceOnULResources” may operate as the first parameter and the parameter “cri-CLI-RSSI” may operate as the second parameter.
[0092] There are several cases described in TS 38.214 about the configuration of the CSI-RS resources. In the following, how the UE would interpret the CSI-RS if it is configured with RRC configuration above will be described.
[0093] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from the second apparatus 120, the configuration of a NZP-CSI-RS resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 and a part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource may overlap with the first subband. As used herein, assuming that the first apparatus 110 is a terminal device and the second apparatus 120 is a network node, the transmission from the second apparatus 120 to the first apparatus 110 may be referred to as a DL transmission, and the second subband may be referred to as a DL subband.
[0094] After receiving the configuration, the measurement of the CLI may be performed on a ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband. In this case, the NZP-CSI-RS resource may be configured for CMR on the DL subband (i.e., the second subband) for a transmission from a gNB to a UE, and the UE may assume that the initially configured NZP-CSI-RS resources overlapping with the UL subband are resource for UE-to-UE CLI measurement, e.g., ZP-CSI-RS, and measure the UE-to-UE CLI over those resources.
[0095] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from the second apparatus 120, the configuration of a first NZP-CSI-RS resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a second NZP-CSI-RS resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource may overlap with the first subband.
[0096] After receiving the configuration, the measurement of the CLI may be performed on at least one of: a first ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource, or a second ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource. In this case, the NZP-CSI-RS resource may be configured for CMR and another NZP-CSI-RS resource may be configured for IMR. The UE may be indicated by a network (NW) (as an example of the second apparatus 120) or specified to use the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR that overlap with UL subband as resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement, e.g., ZP-CSI-RS and drop the NZP-CSI-RS for IMR.
[0097] Alternatively, or in addition, the UE may be indicated by the NW or specified to drop the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR and use the NZP-CSI-RS resources for IMR that overlap with UL subband as resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement, e.g., ZP-CSI-RS.
[0098] Alternatively, or in addition, the UE may be indicated by the NW or specified to use both the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR and IMR that overlap with UL subband as resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement, e.g., ZP-CSI-RS.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may receive, from the second apparatus 120, the configuration of a NZP-CSI-RS resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a CSI-IM resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, and a first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the CSI-IM resource may overlap with the first subband.
[0100] After receiving the configuration, the measurement of the CLI may be performed on at least one of: a ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource, or the second part of the CSI-IM resource. In this case, the NZP-CSI-RS resource may be configured for CMR and the CSI-IM resource may be configured for IMR. The UE may be indicated by a NW or specified to use the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR that overlap with UL subband as resources for UE-to-UE CLI measurement, e.g., ZP-CSI-RS, and drop the CSI-IM resources for IMR.
[0101] Alternatively, or in addition, the UE may be indicated by the NW or specified to drop the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR that overlap with UL subband and use the CSI-IM resources that overlap with UL subband to measure UE-to-UE CLI.
[0102] Alternatively, or in addition, the UE may be indicated by the NW or specified to use both the NZP-CSI-RS resources for CMR and CSI-IM resources for IMR that overlap with UL subband to measure UE-to-UE CLI.
[0103] The above embodiments work for periodic, semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI-RS. The examples of implementation explained above assumed that the same CSI-RS configuration may be used for both DL and SBFD slots for cases of periodic and semi-persistent configurations. In a similar manner, a gNB may configure an aperiodic CSI-RS with CSI-RS resources overlapping with the UL subband and request the UE to report the UE-to-UE CLI measurements together with legacy CSI as explained above. The request may be semi-statically configured by higher-layer parameter, e.g., “cri-CLI-RSSI” as explained above, or can be dynamically signaled via DCI, e.g., the DCI that triggers aperiodic measurement.
[0104] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may transmit a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI. The second apparatus 120 may receive the CSI report. After the measurement, the UE may indicate the measurement results as part of the CSI report. The CSI report thus contains additional information about the current UE-to-UE CLI conditions of the UE.
[0105] In this way, the additional information in form of CLI measurement can be used by the gNB to better understand the interference conditions of the UE than by only reporting the interference conditions on the DL subband (s) and detect if the UE is affected by inter or intra cell interference. If no other UE in the cell is scheduled in UL during the slot overlapping with the CSI-RS measurement, and the UE reports high UE-to-UE CLI, this CLI comes from inter-cell UEs transmissions. In addition, the gNB may configure / activate UE-to-UE CLI mechanisms to individually identify the aggressor (s) UE (if high RSSI CLI is reported) and trigger CLI mitigation mechanisms to cope with the high interference.
[0106] It is to be noted that if the above Option 2 (from 3GPP agreements) is adopted without any optimization, then the UE only reports the CSI according to the signal and interference conditions in the DL subbands. In that case, the gNB is unaware of the UE- to-UE CLI conditions and it may not decide whether a poor reported CSI is due to strong UE-to-UE CLI, strong legacy interference, wrong beam selection, etc.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement may be indicated by a part of the CSI report. For example, the CLI measurement result may be included in the CSI report as a CSI metric or CSI quantity.
[0108] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement may be indicated by a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report. In an example, a CSI report may be configured to be wideband or per subband (it is to be noted that the CSI reporting subband is different from the SBFD subband both in terms of size and concept) . If configured as wideband, the UE-to-UE CLI is reported as a single value representing the RSSI measurement over the entire UL subband. In the case of subband reporting, the measured CLI RSSI will be reported per CSI subband. Each CSI reporting subband overlapping with the UL subband will contain a CLI RSSI value.
[0109] Alternatively, or in addition, the measurement result of the CLI measurement may be indicated by a part of a CQI in the CSI report. One of the fundamental metrics for CSI report by a UE is CQI, which corresponds to a modulation coding scheme (MCS) value that NW may use to schedule DL transmission for the UE. In an example, the UE may report CQI per CQI subband, which is at a finer granularity compared to the wideband, to improve the accuracy of the reported CQI. Therefore, in one example implementation, the CQI reporting framework can be leveraged such that, the UE also reports CQI indices for the CQI subbands within the SBFD UL subband, as per legacy. However, each of these CQI indices corresponds to a quantity of CLI (e.g., amplitude) , instead of a MCS value. In other words, a new column is added to CQI table for interpreting CLI from the CQI indices reported for the CQI subbands within the SBFD UL subband. In another example of implementation, in case the bitwidth used for reporting CQI is smaller than the bitwidth needed for indicating CLI-RSSI, the quantity of CLI could be a range of CLI-RSSI values (or an absolute value with a coarser step size) .
[0110] Alternatively, the first apparatus 110 may compute the wideband or subband CQI including the measurement result of the CLI measurements. It is to be understood that for CSI metric (s) other than CQI, such as SINR, the first apparatus 110 may also report the CLI measurement result as a part of the corresponding CSI metric in a similar way. For example, the first apparatus 110 may compute the CSI metric such as SINR including the CLI measurement result.
[0111] Therefore, the present disclosure proposes a new way of measuring UE-to-UE CLI without the need of a dedicate RS signal for such measurements and a dedicated reporting channel for reporting the measurement results. Instead, it re-uses the existing CSI measurement and reporting framework. Moreover, the present disclosure also works for dynamic SBFD cases (i.e., SBFD frame structure is dynamically changed by the network) as long as the UE is aware of the new SBFD frame structure. It is to be noted that the proposed method does not prevent the UE from performing the legacy CSI measurements over the DL subbands.
[0112] It is to be mentioned that the UE-to-UE CLI is measured over UL resources (UL subband) and therefore, it does not directly indicate the inter-subband UE-to-UE CLI that a victim UE would experience while receiving over the DL resources in the DL subbands. However, it is still relevant for the gNB to know the interference measured as an indication of the expected UE-to-UE CLI (Method #3 in the 3GPP agreements) .
[0113] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus 110 may transmit a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI and the transmission of the measurement result may be separated from a transmission of a CSI report. The second apparatus 120 may receive the measurement result and the reception of the measurement result may be separated from a reception of a CSI report.
[0114] Several example embodiments of performing the UE-to-UE CLI measurement on the overlapping reference signal resource have been described. With these embodiments, the UE-to-UE CLI measurement can be improved. The UE-to-UE CLI measurement result can be reported to the network. With the UE-to-UE CLI measurement result, the network can perform suitable CLI mitigation to reduce the interference. In other words, the present improved interference detection mechanisms can be beneficial for the interference reduction.
[0115] It would be appreciated that some example specifications and embodiments are provided above, and the detailed description may be varied.
[0116] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a first apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0117] At block 710, the first apparatus 110 receives, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource.
[0118] At block 720, the first apparatus 110 receives, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0119] At block 730, based on the indication, the first apparatus 110 performs the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.
[0120] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus, a part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a first non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a second NZP-CSI-RS resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a first zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource, or a second ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource.
[0122] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the CSI-IM resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource, or the second part of the CSI-IM resource.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: transmitting, to the second apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.
[0124] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of: a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report, a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, or a part of the CSI report.
[0125] In some example embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: transmitting, to the second apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the transmission of the measurement result being separated from a transmission of a channel state information (CSI) report.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises at least one of: a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, or a second parameter for reporting CLI.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the reference signal resource comprises at least one of: a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a ZP-CSI-RS resource, and wherein the performing the CLI measurement comprises measuring a received signal strength indicator on the reference signal resource.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is or comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus is or comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is SBFD.
[0129] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a second apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0130] At block 810, the second apparatus 120 transmits, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource.
[0131] At block 820, the second apparatus 120 transmits, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0132] In some example embodiments, the method 800 further comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.
[0133] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of: a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report, a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, or a part of the CSI report.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the method 800 further comprises: receiving, from the first apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the reception of the measurement result being separated from a reception of a channel state information (CSI) report.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises at least one of: a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, or a second parameter for reporting CLI.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the reference signal resource comprises at least one of: a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a ZP-CSI-RS resource.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) .
[0138] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing any of the method 700 (for example, the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first apparatus 110 in FIG. 1.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; means for receiving, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; and means for based on the indication, performing the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.
[0140] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus, a part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband.
[0141] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a first non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a second NZP-CSI-RS resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a first zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource, or a second ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource.
[0142] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the CSI-IM resource overlapping with the first subband, wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource, or the second part of the CSI-IM resource.
[0143] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.
[0144] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of: a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report, a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, or a part of the CSI report.
[0145] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the transmission of the measurement result being separated from a transmission of a channel state information (CSI) report.
[0146] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises at least one of: a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, or a second parameter for reporting CLI.
[0147] In some example embodiments, the reference signal resource comprises at least one of: a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a ZP-CSI-RS resource, and wherein the performing the CLI measurement comprises measuring a received signal strength indicator on the reference signal resource.
[0148] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus is or comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus is or comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) .
[0149] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 700 or the first apparatus 110. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the performance of the first apparatus.
[0150] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus capable of performing any of the method 800 (for example, the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module. The second apparatus may be implemented as or included in the second apparatus 120 in FIG. 1.
[0151] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; and means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .
[0152] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the first apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.
[0153] In some example embodiments, the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of: a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report, a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, or a part of the CSI report.
[0154] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from the first apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the reception of the measurement result being separated from a reception of a channel state information (CSI) report.
[0155] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises at least one of: a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, or a second parameter for reporting CLI.
[0156] In some example embodiments, the reference signal resource comprises at least one of: a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource, a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource, a CSI-RS resource, or a NP-CSI-RS resource.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) .
[0158] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 800 or the second apparatus 120. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the performance of the second apparatus.
[0159] FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of a device 900 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 900 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first apparatus 110 or the second apparatus 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 900 includes one or more processors 910, one or more memories 920 coupled to the processor 910, and one or more communication modules 940 coupled to the processor 910.
[0160] The communication module 940 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 940 has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. The communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some example embodiments, the communication module 940 may include at least one antenna.
[0161] The processor 910 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 900 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0162] The memory 920 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 924, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , an optical disk, a laser disk, and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 922 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0163] A computer program 930 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 910. The instructions of the program 930 may include instructions for performing operations / acts of some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 930 may be stored in the memory, e.g., the ROM 924. The processor 910 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 930 into the RAM 922.
[0164] The example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 930 so that the device 900 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 5 to FIG. 8. The example embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the program 930 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 900 (such as in the memory 920) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 900. The device 900 may load the program 930 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 922 for execution. In some example embodiments, the computer readable medium may include any types of non-transitory storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0166] FIG. 10 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1000 which may be in form of CD, DVD or other optical storage disk. The computer readable medium 1000 has the program 930 stored thereon.
[0167] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, and other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0168] Some example embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to carry out any of the methods as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0169] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0170] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0171] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0172] Further, although operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, although several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Unless explicitly stated, certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, unless explicitly stated, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in a plurality of embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0173] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus to:receive, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource;receive, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; andbased on the indication, perform the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.2.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:receive, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus, a part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband,wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband.3.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:receive, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a first non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a second NZP-CSI-RS resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource overlapping with the first subband,wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a first zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the first NZP-CSI-RS resource, or a second ZP-CSI-RS resource corresponding to the second part of the second NZP-CSI-RS resource.4.The first apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:receive, from the second apparatus, the configuration of a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource for a channel measurement on a second subband for a transmission from the second apparatus to the first apparatus and a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource for an interference measurement on the second subband, a first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource and a second part of the CSI-IM resource overlapping with the first subband,wherein the measurement of the CLI is performed on at least one of: a zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource corresponding to the first part of the NZP-CSI-RS resource, or the second part of the CSI-IM resource.5.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-4, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit, to the second apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.6.The first apparatus of claim 5, wherein the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of:a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report,a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, ora part of the CSI report.7.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-4, wherein the first apparatus is caused to:transmit, to the second apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the transmission of the measurement result being separated from a transmission of a channel state information (CSI) report.8.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-7, wherein the indication comprises at least one of:a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, ora second parameter for reporting CLI.9.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-8, wherein the reference signal resource comprises at least one of:a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource,a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource,a CSI-RS resource, ora zero-power (ZP) CSI-RS resource, andwherein the performing the CLI measurement comprises measuring a received signal strength indicator on the reference signal resource.10.The first apparatus of any of claims 1-9, wherein the first apparatus is or comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus is or comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) .11.A second apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus to:transmit, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; andtransmit, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .12.The second apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive, from the first apparatus, a channel state information (CSI) report including a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI.13.The second apparatus of claim 12, wherein the measurement result of the CLI measurement is indicated by at least one of:a CSI metric for the measurement of CLI in the CSI report,a part of a channel quality index (CQI) in the CSI report, ora part of the CSI report.14.The second apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second apparatus is caused to:receive, from the first apparatus, a measurement result of the measurement of the CLI, the reception of the measurement result being separated from a reception of a channel state information (CSI) report.15.The second apparatus of any of claims 11-14, wherein the indication comprises at least one of:a first parameter for measuring interference on an uplink resource, ora second parameter for reporting CLI.16.The second apparatus of any of claims 11-15, wherein the reference signal resource comprises at least one of:a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) resource,a CSI for interference measurement (CSI-IM) resource,a CSI-RS resource, ora zero-power (ZP) -CSI-RS resource.17.The second apparatus of any of claims 11-16, wherein the first apparatus comprises a first terminal device, the second apparatus comprises a network node, the third apparatus comprises a second terminal device, and a transmission from the network node to the first terminal device and a transmission from the second terminal device to the network node is sub-band non-overlapping full-duplex (SBFD) .18.A method comprising:receiving, at a first apparatus from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource;receiving, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; andbased on the indication, performing the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.19.A method comprising:transmitting, at a second apparatus to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; andtransmitting, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .20.A first apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource;means for receiving, from the second apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) ; andmeans for based on the indication, performing the measurement of the CLI on the reference signal resource that overlaps with the first subband for the transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus.21.A second apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a configuration of a reference signal resource; andmeans for transmitting, to the first apparatus, an indication for using the reference signal resource overlapping with a first subband for a transmission from the first apparatus to the second apparatus, for performing a measurement of a device-to-device cross-link interference (CLI) .22.A computer readable medium comprising instructions stored thereon for causing an apparatus at least to perform the method of claim 18 or the method of claim 19.
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