BaTiO3 NANOCRYSTALS AND NANOCOMPOSITES

Abstract

The synthesis of barium titanate nanocrystals, the capping of barium titanate nanocrystals to disperse into solvents, including polar and nonpolar solvents, polyalphaolefins, lubricants, oils, and greases, monomers, oligomers, and polymers including acrylics, epoxies, siloxanes, and the preparation of nanocomposites of barium titanate in combination with these monomers, oligomers, and polymers. The barium titanate nanocrystals are monodispersed with sizes between 1-200 nm and have an ideal barium to titanium ratio. The nanocrystals of size greater than 80 nanometer can possess high dielectric constants and can be ideal candidates of ceramic conductors and RF sensors. Nanocomposites resulting from the barium titanate nanocrystals of size less than 40 nanometer in combination with the monomers, oligomers, and polymers can possess high refractive index, high transparency, low absorbance, and minimal change when exposed to heat or UV light.

Description

[0001]BaTiO3 NANOCRYSTALS AND NANOCOMPOSITES CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 63 / 612,629, filed December 20, 2023, and 63 / 651,744, filed May 24, 2024, the entire contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT This application is partially supported by a U.S. Dept. of Energy Assistance Agreement No: DE- EE0010211. The government has certain rights in the invention. The present invention relates to the synthesis of barium titanate nanocrystals, dispersions of these BaTiO3nanocrystals into solvents, monomers, oligomers, and polymers, and the preparation of nanocomposites from these mixtures. The nanocrystals in this present disclosure exhibit mono-disperse size distributions with sizes in the range of 3-200 nm, as well as ideal barium to titanium ratios of 0.99-1.01. The BaTiO3 nanocrystals are modified with a variety of capping agents to modify their properties to give them good dispersibility in a wide range of solvents, including polar and nonpolar solvents, polyalphaolefins, lubricants, oils, and greases, monomers, oligomers, and polymers including acrylics, epoxies, siloxanes. These dispersions can have high nanocrystal loading, low viscosity, and good stability over time. Nanocomposites prepared from these nanocrystals can exhibit high refractive index, low absorbance, high transmittance, and minimal change when exposed to UV light, signifying good UV light stability. These nanocrystals can also exhibit high dielectric properties making them ideal for Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC). Background Barium titanate (BaTiO3), often referred to as BTO, represents a prominent perovskite-based oxide with widespread utilization in multifunctional ceramic applications. Distinguished by its remarkable ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric properties, BTO also exhibits the photorefractive effect. One exceptional characteristic setting it apart from other perovskite ceramic materials is its near room temperature Curie point at 120°C, marking the temperature at which the paraelectric-ferroelectric transition takes place. Commercially, BTO finds extensive application in capacitors, electromechanical transducers, and nonlinear optical devices. Notably, these perovskite nanocrystals exhibit nuanced structural and physical attributes, contingent upon factors such as size, shape, crystallinity, and surface composition. They can exist in one of four polymorphs depending on temperature. From high to low temperature, the crystal symmetries of the four polymorphs are cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic and rhombohedral crystal structure. Perovskites have the general formula ABO3, where A cation can be lanthanide, alkaline, or alkaline earth cation, and B cation is a transition metal. Additional perovskite forms may exist where either / both the A and B sites have a configuration of A1xA21-x and / or B1yB21-y and the oxygen (“O”) may deviate if the ions within the A and B sites undergo changes in their oxidation states to form n-type and p-type perovskite oxides. Examples of perovskite materials include, but are not limited to, SrTiO3, BeTiO3, MgTiO3, CaTiO3, ZnTiO3, CdTiO3, FeTiO3, PbTiO3, BaZrO3, SrZrO3, BeZrO3, MgZrO3, CaZrO3, ZnZrO3, CdZrO3, FeZrO3, PbZrO3, BiFeO3, LaYbO3, LaMnO3, BaxSr1-xTiO3, BaxBe1-xTiO3, BaxMg1-xTiO3, BaxCa1-xTiO3, BaxZn1- xZryTi1-yO3, BaxCa1-xZryTi1-yO3, BaxZn1-xZryTi1-yO3, BaxCd1-xZryTi1-yO3, BaxFe1-xZryTi1-yO3, BaxPb1-xZryTi1-yO3. As a ferroelectric material, barium titanate is a promising candidate for application in producing tunable radio-frequency (RF) and microwave circuits. For miniaturization of microstrip antenna for wireless communication, barium titanate as a composite material is an ideal candidate as its high permittivity allows for the replacement of conventional dielectric materials. At room temperature, the permittivity for nanosized barium titanate particles is estimated to be between 3500 and 6000. The Pockels coefficient of bulk barium titanate has drawn interest for photonic devices as the Pockels effect is intrinsically lossless and ultra-fast allowing high modulation efficiencies and achieving modulation bandwidths above 40 GHz. In addition to being a ferroelectric material, barium titanates are also ideal for optical applications due to their photostability and high refractive index. Titanium oxide has generated a great deal of interest for optical applications due to its high refractive index; however, its large energy band gap makes it photochemically active and results in degradation of polymers, leading to such defects as chalking and yellowing. With limited organic material options available, alternative materials to titanium oxide remain an option to attaining such higher refractive index demands. Sub-micrometer size BTO material with tight size control and stoichiometry is essential for a wide range of applications. For applications requiring high dielectric properties such as Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC), particle sizes of less than 200 nm are beneficial to make dense and uniform structures. In addition, near stoichiometric Ba:Ti ratio and tetragonal phase compared to cubic phase is also preferred. For optical applications, particle sizes less than 40 nm are needed to eliminate light scattering. Therefore, repeatable and scalable methods for the synthesis of BTO and similar perovskite materials are needed. Manufacturing sub-micrometer sized particles often results in agglomeration which leads to scattering and loss of transparency in resulting nanocomposites. The key to producing well-dispersed nanocomposites is to use nanocrystals that are not aggregated before the start of mixing with the matrix or media. One method to achieving nanocrystals that are not aggregated is to control the surface chemistry of the nanocrystals by surface passivation. The surface of the nanocrystal is modified with the introduction of ligand ions or molecules called capping agents. These capping agents are added to the surface of the nanocrystals to create a new effective surface of the nanocrystals. This effective surface is the surface of the nanocrystal created by the complete or partial surface coverage with capping agents. The chemistry of this effective surface can be tailored to create a chemical environment, distinct from the actual or initial surface of the nanocrystal, which facilitates dispersion while preventing or reducing aggregation. Barium titanate has generated a great interest for optical applications because of its high refractive index. Bulk BTO showcases a refractive index of approximately 2.37 – 2.43, offering minimal optical losses within the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. In addition, the energy band gap of barium titanate is approximately 3.2 eV, allowing the application of this material as a robust UV absorber. When combined with monomers, oligomers or polymers, these sub-50 nm sized particles of barium titanate demonstrate high transparency and high refractive index nanocomposites. UV-curable or thermo-curable formulations of BaTiO3can be formed with acrylate, epoxy, or other monomers / polymers and can be solvent-containing or solvent-free. These formulations can be applied on a surface by methods of spin-coating, inkjet-printing, slot-die coating, as well as screen-printing, dip coating, flow-coating, draw-bar coating, roll-to-roll printing and spray coating to obtain films or coatings. Furthermore, such films can be patterned using inkjet-printing, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) or photolithography or could be formulated to allow direct photopatterning in the creation of fine structures (5 nm - 500 um) such as nano- or microlenses, waveguides (such as surface- relief structures or volumetric Bragg gratings) or pixel-defining layers in displays, and combinations thereof. Consequently, BTO formulations emerge as an excellent nanocomposite candidate for a wide array of optical applications, encompassing photonic waveguides, electronic displays (i. e., OLED displays, MicroOLED displays, MicroLED displays, LCD displays), electro-optical devices, nonlinear optical materials, solar cells and infrared sensors. The formulations for inkjet printing applications need to have a strong resistance to inkjet nozzle faceplate wetting and appropriate wettability to desired substrates. A liquid will wet to a specific solid surface and a contact angle forms once the liquid has reached equilibrium. Very low values of contact angle are typically less than 10o, and the liquid has high wettability with the surface. With high wettability, uniform coatings can be achieved. Contact angles greater than 45oare suggestive of partially wetted or non- wetted cases. For such cases irregular surfaces and possible lens printing are possible outcomes and are often indicative of high surface tension liquids on low surface energy surfaces. The formulations, for nanoimprint lithography (NIL), need to have sufficient fluidity to fill nanostructures of different geometries, such as binary line gratings, slanted gratings, blazed gratings, and others with characteristic dimensions (e. g. height, width, pitch, slant angle) ranging from tens of nms to microns. The fluidity is governed by the nanoparticle size, capping agents, weight loading and base resin composition. The formulations, for nanoimprint lithography (NIL), would also have sufficient mechanical properties in which to hold up to the forces applied during the NIL process upon release of the stamp. Typically, relevant mechanical properties can include Young’s modulus, hardness and glass-transition temperature (Tg). Brief Summary Preparation of BaTiO3nanocrystals, their capping, and their dispersions in solvents, monomers, oligomers, and polymers, resulting nanocomposite films and their applications are described herein. The present disclosure provides a method of making mono-disperse BaTiO3 nanocrystals of particle sizes of 1 – 200 nm with narrow size distribution and near stoichiometric barium-to-titanium ratio. The present disclosure includes the method of surface passivation or capping of BaTiO3 nanocrystals. In some embodiments, the BaTiO3 nanocrystals of the present disclosure are capped with at least one capping agent. The at least partially capped nanocrystals are further purified and / or separated according to methods of the present disclosure. Nanocrystals and capped nanocrystals are dispersed in a material, including solvents, monomers, oligomers, polymer, or some combination thereof by methods of the present disclosure. The present disclosure further includes dispersions and formulations of the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals. The dispersions include nanocrystal dispersions in solvents, and monomers and the formulations include solvent containing and solvent free nanocrystal formulations in monomers, oligomers and / or polymers in addition to other additives. The dispersions or formulations have high loading, low viscosity and have high storage stability. The present disclosure further includes a nanocomposite or coating containing a polymer matrix and BaTiO3nanocrystals, which have been, for example, mixed, stirred, or dispersed therein. Nanocomposites according to the present disclosure are fabricated by, for example, UV curing, heat curing, melt blending, laminating, in situ polymerization, and / or solvent mixing of the nanocrystals and the matrix materials or precursors of the matrix. The present disclosure includes BaTiO3films that are formed by pressing, molding, and sintering. The present disclosure includes nanocomposites comprising of particle sizes less than 40 nm that have high refractive index, are optically transparent in the visible wavelengths with very little or no scattering and have high weight % of nanocrystals to resin. The present disclosure includes nanocomposite comprising of particles in the size range less than 200 nm that have high dielectric constants, near stoichiometric barium-to-titanium ratio and tetragonal phase. The present disclosure includes BaTiO3nanocrystals with low photocatalytic activity. The present disclosure includes exemplary embodiment of the dielectric applications of the Barium titanate particle. The present disclosure also provides exemplary embodiments such as those shown in the examples section. The present disclosure provides exemplary embodiment of the various end applications of the BaTiO3nanocrystal such as in optical devices, photonics devices, sensors, dielectric and radio frequency (RF) applications. Brief Description of Figures Figure 1: An exemplary XRD spectrum of BaTiO3 described in example 4. The spectrum shows peaks corresponding to BaTiO3(JCPDS #01-083-1875) with no additional peaks resulting from contaminants. Analysis of the XRD line at 31 degrees yields a crystallite size of 20.8 nanometer. Figure 2: An exemplary XRD spectrum of BaTiO3 described in example 6.5. The spectrum shows peaks corresponding to BaTiO3 (JCPDS #01-083-1875) with no additional peaks resulting from contaminants. Figure 3: An exemplary TEM image of at least partially capped BaTiO3 described in example 6.5 showing an average size of 120 nanometers with good size and shape uniformity. Figure 4: An exemplary TEM image of at least partially capped BaTiO3 described in example 7 showing an average size of 5 nanometer with good size and shape uniformity. Figure 5: An exemplary XRD spectrum of BaTiO3described in example 7. The spectrum shows peaks corresponding to BaTiO3(JCPDS #01-083-1875) with no additional peaks resulting from contaminants. Analysis of the XRD line at xx degrees yields a crystallite size of 4.5 nm. Figure 6: An exemplary TEM image of at least partially capped BaTiO3described in example 9. The particles have an average size of 20 nm. Figure 7: An exemplary transmittance spectrum of a 1-micron thick nanocomposite described in example 11 showing a transmittance above 80%. Detailed Description The barium titanate nanocrystals in the present disclosure are prepared by solvothermal methods wherein at least one barium precursor and at least one titanium precursor are mixed or dissolved in at least one reaction solvent and allowed to react for a certain period. Pressure and / or heating is used in some cases. A base may be used to facilitate the conversion of the barium and titanium precursors into barium titanate. A small amount of water can be used to facilitate the conversion of the barium and titanium precursors into barium titanate and to control the particle size. A templating agent can be added to better control the size and shape of the nanocrystals. The resultant BaTiO3 nanocrystals are optionally separated and purified by settling, centrifugation, filtration, and other separation methods known in the art. The barium precursor of the barium titanate nanocrystals is typically selected from one or more of inorganic barium salts, such as: barium hydroxide, barium nitrate, barium fluoride, barium chromate, barium phosphate, barium carbonate, barium iodide, barium bromide, barium sulfate, barium chloride, barium perchlorate, barium manganate, barium oxide, barium trifluoromethanesulfonate, barium thiosulfate, barium sulfide, or barium iodate, or hydrated versions of these barium salts; organometallic compounds including, but not limited to, alkoxides, such as: barium ethoxide, barium isopropoxide, barium tert-butoxide; or acetylacetonates, such as: barium acetylacetonate; or barium metal, or any combination or mixture thereof. The titanium precursor of the barium titanate nanocrystals is typically selected from one or more of alkoxides, such as: titanium methoxide (Ti(OCH3)4), titanium ethoxide (Ti(OCH2CH3)4), titanium n- propoxide (Ti(OCH2CH2CH3)4), titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4), titanium n-butoxide (Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4); acetylacetonates, such as titanium oxyacetylacetonate (TiO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2); halides, such as titanium chloride (TiCl4); and mixed halides and alkoxide, such as titanium chlorotriisopropoxytitanium (TiCl(OCH(CH3)2)3), chlorotributoxytitanium (TiCl(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)3), or titanium dichloride diethoxide (TiCl2(OCH2CH3)2) or other organometallic compounds. Reaction solvents of the present disclosure typically include one or more of alcohols such as: benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water and any combination or mixture thereof. Examples of bases that may be added to facilitate the conversion of the barium and titanium precursors into barium titanate include, but are not limited to, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, beryllium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide. Examples of templating agents that may be added to better control the size and shape of the nanocrystals include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acids, such as: benzoic acid, oleic acid, 2-[2-(2- methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid, stearic acid, or octanoic acid; amines, such as: oleylamine, hexylamine, octylamine, methoxypolyethylene glycol amine, or (2-methylbutyl)amine; or phosphates, such as: (2-{2- [2-Methoxy-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethyl)phosphonic acid, (6-{2-[2-(2-Methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}- hexyl)phosphonic acid, 11-Acryloyloxyundecylphosphonic acid; or any combination thereof. Examples of the solvent that is used for purification include but are not limited to water, THF, acetone, heptane, toluene, PGMEA, PGME, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystal core of the present disclosure can be doped with additional metals to form metal oxides with formula Ba(1-x)AxTi(1-y)ByO3., where 0≤x ≤1 and 0≤y ≤1. Dopant A is typically selected from one or more of inorganic metals, such as strontium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, cadmium, iron, lead, or any combination or mixture thereof. The dopant B is typically selected from one or more of zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, or any combination or mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the surface of the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are capped with at least one capping agent. The process of capping includes suspending the optionally separated and purified barium titanate nanocrystals in a capping solvent and adding a capping agent to this solution which is called a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is reacted for a period. Heat and / or pressure is optionally applied during the reaction. Optionally, water, a base and / or acid is added to the solution to facilitate the reaction. Optionally, a second capping agent is added to the reaction mixture and reacts for a period. Heat and / or pressure is optionally applied during the reaction. The resultant capped product is optionally separated and purified to produce at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals. Optionally, the separated and purified at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals are dried and then dispersed in a solvent. Examples of suitable capping agents include, but are not limited to, silanes, alcohols, phosphates or carboxylic acids. Examples of silanes of the present disclosure include, but not limited to, methyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n- octyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane, phenytrimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, octadecytrimethoxysilane, m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane, 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]- trimethoxysilane, methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-(acryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, and 3- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 1- hexenyltrimethoxysilane, 1-octenyltrimethoxysilane, N-phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(4- pyridylethyl)thiopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole, 2-(3- trimethoxysilylpropylthio)thiophene, (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine, phenyltrimethoxysilane, ((chloromethyl)phenylethyl) trimethoxysilane, 2-(Diphenylphosphino) ethyltriethoxysilane, 4-phenylbutyltrimethoxysilane, 2-phenylethyltrimethoxysilane, 4- Biphenylyltriethoxysilane, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] allylamine, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 8-glycidoxyoctyltrimethoxysilane, (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane, tetraethyl orthosilicate or any combination thereof. Examples of alcohols include, but are not limited to, heptanol, hexanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, oleylalcohol, dodecylalcohol, octadecanol and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether or any combination thereof. Examples of phosphate containing capping agents include, but are not limited to, (2-{2-[2- Methoxy-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethyl)phosphonic acid, (6-{2-[2-(2-Methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}- hexyl)phosphonic acid, 11-Acryloyloxyundecylphosphonic acid, or any combination thereof. Examples of carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, octanoic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, stearic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) acetic acid, methacrylic acid, mono-2- (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate, mono-2-(Acryloyloxy)ethyl succinate or any combination thereof. Examples of the base or acid include, but not limited to, trimethylammonium hydroxide, triethylammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid, acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid. Examples of the capping solvent includes but are not limited to alcohols such as: benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene; and water and any combination or mixture thereof. Examples of the solvent that is used for purification include but are not limited to water, THF, acetone, heptane, toluene, isopropanol, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), ethanol, methanol, toluene, benzyl alcohol or any combination thereof. Examples of the solvent that is used for dispersion include but are not limited to THF, acetone, heptane, benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water; and any combination or mixture thereof. Dispersion solvents of the present disclosure also include lubricants, greases, and oils including: polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1- decene tetramer, hydrogenated 1-decene homopolymer, Hydrogenated 1 decene polymer with 1-octene and 1-dodecene, hydrogenated 1-dodecene polymer with 1-decene, unhydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-octene homopolymer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral oils such as: American Petroleum Institute (API) group I base oils, API group II base oils, and API group III base oils; and synthetic oils such as: API group IV base oils and API group V base oils; hydrocarbons, esters, synthetic esters, polyglycols, polyalkylene glycols, silicones, polyalphaolefins, metallocene polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthalene, isoparaffin solvents, polyisobutylene, phosphate esters, alcohols such as: isotridecyl alcohol and isooctadecanol; and ionic liquids; and any combination or mixture thereof. The lubricants, greases, and oils may additionally contain anti-wear (AW) additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), or friction modifiers (FM), anti-oxidants, extreme pressure (EP) additives, anti-foams, detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, or any other commonly used lubricant additives. BaTiO3 nanocrystal synthesis process In an exemplary method, in some embodiments, barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are produced from a mixture of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and barium metal in an alcohol, such as benzyl alcohol which is sealed in an autoclave and heated under inert atmosphere. Barium is dissolved in benzyl alcohol by heating the solution to a temperature of 30-200oC, such as 30-40, or 40-50, or 50-60, or 60-80, or 80-100, or 100-125, or 125-150, or 150-175, or 175-200oC, and maintaining at this temperature for 1-72 hours, such as 1-2 hours, or 2-10 hours, or 10-24 hours, or 24-48 hours, or 48-72 hours. The molar ratio of barium to benzyl alcohol ranges from 1:120-1:1, such as 1:120-1:100, or 1:100-1:80, or 1:80-1:60, or 1:60-1:40, or 1:40-1:20, or 1:20-1:1. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide is added such that the molar ratio of barium to titanium ranges from 0.8:1-3:1, such as 0.8:1-0.9:1, or 0.9:1-1:1, or 1:1-1.2:1, or 1.2:1-1.3:1, or 1.3:1-1.4:1 or 1.4:1-1.5:1, or 1.5:1-1.75:1, or 1.75:1-2:1, or 2:1-2.25:1, or 2.25:1-2.5:1, or 2.5:1-2.75:1, or 2.75:1-3:1. Optionally, the reaction mixture is mixed at temperature between 20-150oC, such as 20-30, 30- 40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, 130-140, or 140-150oC for 0- 24 hours, such as 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-16, 16-20, or 20-24 hours to form an intermediate precursor. In some embodiments, water is added to control the size of the particles such that the molar ratio of water to titanium (IV) isopropoxide ranges from 1:2-60:1, such as 1:2-1:1, 1:1-3:1, 3:1- 6:1, 6:1-10:1, 10:1-15:1, 15:1-20:1, 20:1-25:1, 25:1-30:1, 30:1-35:1, 40:1-45:1, 45:1-50:1, 50:1-55:1, or 55:1-60:1 and in some embodiments, water is added such that water to alcohol weight ratio is less than 30% of the alcohol. The reaction mixture is then heated to a temperature between 150-400oC, such as 150-175, 175-200, 200-225, 225-250, 250-275, 275-300, 300-325, 325-350, 350-375, or 375-400oC at a heating rate is 0.1 – 5 ° C / min, such as 0.1 – 0.5, 0.5 – 1, 1 – 1.5, 1.5 – 2, 2 – 2.5, 2.5 -3, 3 – 3.5, 2.5 – 4, 4 - 4.5, or 4.5 – 5 ° C / min. Once the reaction mixture reaches the desired temperature, the temperature is maintained for 1-180 minutes, such as 1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, 120-130, 130-140, 140-150, 150-160, 160-170, or 170-180 minutes. The pressure of the reaction reaches 50-500 psi, such as 50-250 psi. After the reactor is cooled down to room temperature, the solution of synthesized BaTiO3nanocrystals is collected. In an exemplary method, barium titanate nanocrystals are produced by a solvothermal process from a mixture of barium nitrate, titanium (IV) butoxide, water, butanol, sodium hydroxide, and an organic acid such as oleic acid, benzoic acid or 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid in an inert atmosphere which is sealed within an autoclave. The molar ratio of barium nitrate to titanium (IV) butoxide ranges from 0.8:1- 2.0:1, such as 0.8:1-0.85:1, 0.85:1-0.90:1, 0.90:1-0.95:1, 0.95:1-1:1, 1:1-1.05:1, 1.05:1-1.10:1, 1.10:1- 1.15:1, 1.15:1-1.20:1, 1.20:1-1.25:1, 1.25:1-1.30:1, 1.30:1-1.35:1, 1.35:1-1.40:1, 1.45:1-1.50:1, 1.50:1- 1.55:1, 1.55:1-1.60:1, 1.60:1-1.65:1, 1.65:1-1.70:1, 1.70:1-1.75:1, 1.75:1-1.80:1, 1.80:1-1.85:1, 1.85:1- 1.90:1, 1.90:1-1.95:1, or 1.95:1-2.0:1. The molar ratio of sodium hydroxide to titanium (IV) butoxide ranges from 0.1:1-10:1, such as 0.1:1-0.5:1, 0.5:1-1:1, 1:1-2:1, 2:1-3:1, 3:1-4:1, 4:1-5:1, 5:1-6:1, 6:1-7:1, 7:1-8:1, 8:1-9:1, or 9:1-10:1. The molar ratio of oleic acid to titanium butoxide ranges from 0.1:1-10:1, such as 0.1:1-0.2:1, 0.2:1-0.4:1, 0.4:1-0.6:1, 0.6:1-0.8:1, 0.8:1-1:1, 1:1-2:1, 2:1-4:1, 4:1-6:1, 6:1-8:1, or 8:1-10:1. The molar ratio of titanium (IV) butoxide to butanol ranges from 1:0.1-1:50, such as 1:0.1-1:5, 1:5-1:10, 1:10-1:15, 1:15-1:20, 1:20-1:25, 1:25-1:30, 1:30-1:35, 1:35-1:40, 1:40-1:45, or 1:45-1:50. The volume ratio of water to butanol ranges from 0.1:1-100:1, such as 0.1:1-10:1, 10:1-20:1, 20:1-30:1, 30:1-40:1, 40:1-50:1, 50:1-60:1, 60:1-70:1, 70:1-80:1, 80:1-90:1, or 90:1-100:1. The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature between 120-300oC, such as 120-130, 130-140, 140-150, 150-160, 160-170, 170-180, 180-190, 190-200, 200-210, 210-220, 220-230, 230-240, 240-250, 250-260, 260-270, 270-280, 280-290, or 290-300oC at a heating rate is 0.1 – 5 ° C / min, such as 0.1 – 0.5, 0.5 – 1, 1 – 1.5, 1.5 – 2, 2 – 2.5, 2.5 -3, 3 – 3.5, 2.5 – 4, 4 - 4.5, or 4.5 – 5 ° C / min. Once the reaction mixture reaches the desired temperature, the temperature is maintained for 0-72 hours such as 0-0.5, or 0.5-1, or 1-1.5, or 1.5-2, or 2-3, or 3-4, or 4-5, or 5-10, or 10- 15, or 15-20, or 20-24, or 24-36, or 36-48, or 48-60, or 60-72 hours. The pressure of the reaction reaches 50-350 psi. After the reactor is cooled down to room temperature, a milky white solution of synthesized BaTiO3 nanocrystals is collected. The barium titanate nanocrystals are settled by gravity or centrifuged at 100-9000 rpm such as 100- 500, 500-1000, 100-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000 rpm, 3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-7000, 7000-7500, 7500-8000, 8000-8500, or 8500- 9000 rpm for 0-60 minutes such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 30-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50- 55, or 55-60 minutes. The supernatant is then decanted, and a wet cake of purified barium titanate nanocrystals is formed at the bottom of the centrifuge bottle. Solvent is added to wetcake and the centrifugation step is repeated 1-10 times, such as 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, or 9-10 times to yield purified barium titanate nanocrystals. Capping of Barium Titanate Nanocrystals In an exemplary method, the purified BaTiO3nanocrystals are capped with at least one capping agent in a solvent. The purified barium titanate nanocrystals obtained as a wetcake are dispersed in a solvent of choice for capping in a round bottomed flask. The wetcake is dispersed in the capping solvent at 5-80% of the wetcake to the solvent by weight such as 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% of the wetcake to the solvent by weight. At least one capping agent is added to the nanocrystal suspension at 0.1-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight such as 0.1 – 5%, 5 -10%, 10 - 15%, 15 -20%, 20 – 25%, 25% -30%, 30% - 35%, 35% -40%, 40% -45%, 45%-50%, 50%- 55%, 55%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, 90%-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight. The suspension is mixed and heated to 20-130° C such as 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90- 100, 100-110, 110-120, or 120-130 ° C for 5-300 min such as 5-30 min, 30-60 min, 60-90 min, 90-120 min, 120-150 min, 150-180 min, 180-210 min, 210-240 min, 240-270 min, or 270-300 min. Optionally, a second capping agent is added to the reaction mixture at 0.1-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight such as 0.1 – 5%, 5 -10%, 10 - 15%, 15 -20%, 20 – 25%, 25% -30%, 30% - 35%, 35% -40%, 40% -45%, 45%-50%, 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight. The suspension is continued to heat at 20-130° C such as 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, or 120-130 ° C for 5-300 min such as 5-30 min, 30-60 min, 60-90 min, 90-120 min, 120-150 min, 150-180 min, 180-210 min, 210-240 min, 240- 270 min, or 270-300 min. Optionally, a third capping agent is added to the reaction mixture at 0.1-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight such as 0.1 – 5%, 5 -10%, 10 - 15%, 15 -20%, 20 – 25%, 25% -30%, 30% - 35%, 35% -40%, 40% -45%, 45%-50%, 50%-55%, 55%-60%, 60%-70%, 70%-80%, 80%-90%, or 90%-100% of capping agent to wet cake by weight. The suspension is continued to heat at 20-130° C such as 20-30, 30- 40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120, or 120-130 ° C for 5-300 min such as 5- 30 min, 30-60 min, 60-90 min, 90-120 min, 120-150 min, 150-180 min, 180-210 min, 210-240 min, 240- 270 min, or 270-300 min. The reaction mixture is then cooled to room temperature to provide at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals. The capped barium titanate nanocrystals are purified by repeated precipitation in solvent or solvent combination to remove excess capping agent and other by-products. The capped barium titanate nanocrystals are precipitated from the reaction mixture by adding a solvent or solvent combination called an anti-solvent in a 0.1:1 -3:1 solvent to reaction mixture weight-to-weight ratio, such as 0.1:1 – 1:1, 1:1 - 1.25:1, 1.25:1 -1.5:1, 1.5:1 - 1.75:1, 1.75:1 - 2:1, 2:1 - 2.25:1, 2.25:1 - 2.5:1, 2.5:1 - 2.75:1, or 2.75:1 -3:1 solvent to reaction mixture weight-to-weight ratio. An anti-solvent is a solvent or solvent combination that is not compatible with the nanocrystals and causes the nanocrystals to precipitate out of a solution. This precipitate is centrifuged at 100-9000 rpm such as 100-500, 500-1000, 100-1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000 rpm, 3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500- 7000, 7000-7500, 7500-8000, 8000-8500, 8500-9000 rpm for 0-60 minutes such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15- 20, 30-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60 minutes. The resulting supernatant is decanted and discarded. The solids collected from the centrifuge step are then dispersed in a solvent that is compatible with the capped nanocrystals. The dispersed solids are then precipitated with an anti-solvent in a 0.1:1 -3:1 anti-solvent to solvent weight-to-weight ratio such as 0.1:1 – 1:1, 1:1 - 1.25:1, 1.25:1 -1.5:1, 1.5:1 - 1.75:1, 1.75:1 - 2:1, 2:1 - 2.25:1, 2.25:1 - 2.5:1, 2.5:1 - 2.75:1, or 2.75:1 -3:1 anti-solvent to solvent weight-to- weight ratio. This precipitate is collected by centrifuging at 100-9000 rpm such as 100-500, 500-1000, 100- 1500, 1500-2000, 2000-2500, 2500-3000 rpm, 3000-3500, 3500-4000, 4000-4500, 4500-5000, 5000-5500, 5500-6000, 6000-6500, 6500-7000, 7000-7500, 7500-8000, 8000-8500, or 8500-9000 rpm for 0-60 minutes such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 30-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60 minutes. The resulting supernatant was decanted and discarded. This process is repeated1-10 times, such as 1-2, 2-3, 3- 4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, or 9-10 times. The resulting solids containing capped barium titanate nanocrystals are then placed in a vacuum oven and dried for 0-72 hours such as 0-1, 1-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16- 20, 20-24, 24-48, 48-72 hours. The at least partially capped and / or dried BaTiO3 nanoparticles (solids) are redispersed in a solvent such as PGMEA, PGME, or ethanol at a ratio by weight of 0.01:1-1:0.1, such as 0.01:1-0.1:1, 0.1:1-0.2:1, 0.2:1-0.3:1, 0.3:1-0.4:1, 0.4:1-0.5:1.0.5:1-0.6:1, 0.6:1-0.7:1, 0.7-1:0.8:1, 0.8:1-0.9:1, 0.9:1-1:1, 1:1-1:0.9, 1:0.9-1:0.8, 1:0.8-1:0.7, 1:0.7-1:0.6, 1:0.6-1:0.5, 1:0.5-1:0.4, 1:0.4-1:0.3, 1:0.3-1:0.2, 1:0.2-1:0.1 to create a dispersion that has a solids weight content of 1-80% such as 1-5%, 5-10%, 10-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%. For example, in some embodiments, the dried solids are redispersed in a 1:1 ratio of solids to solvent such as PGMEA, PGME or ethanol to create a 50% by weight loaded dispersion. The resulting dispersion is filtered through a 0.2-micron absolute or nominal filter. Characterization The various embodiments described in the present disclosure is characterized by various analytical tools. The crystal structure, phase and crystallinity of the nanocrystals described in the present disclosure is analyzed by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). The XRD instrument model specifically used in this disclosure is Rigaku MiniFlex II. In certain instances, the crystallite size of the nanocrystal is determined with the Scherrer equation that can be written as ^=^λ ^cos Θwhere ^ is the size of the crystallites, ^ is a dimensionless shape factor, λ is the X-ray wavelength, ^ is the line broadening at the HWHM, and Θ is the Bragg angle. Another common technique to characterize the shape and size of the nanocrystal is by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). This technique is used to characterize nanocrystals in the present disclosure. The elemental composition of barium-to-titanium for the nanocrystals and at least partially capped nanocrystals described in the present disclosure is quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). One common technique to characterize the %solids, %inorganics and the %organics in a nanocrystal dispersion or nanocrystal formulation is Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In the present disclosure, nanocrystal dispersion is any dispersion that contains the as synthesized or at least partially capped nanocrystals described in the disclosure in a solvent. In the present disclosure, nanocrystal formulation is any dispersion that contains any at least capped nanocrystals described in this disclosure, monomers, oligomers, polymers and other additives. Optionally, the formulation will contain a solvent or combination of solvents. In this technique, the nanocrystals dispersion or nanocrystal polymer nanocomposite, i.e., the sample is kept in a crucible and heated up from room temperature up to about 800 ºC, while the weight is monitored. As the sample is heated, the solvent evaporates off leaving behind some solids in the crucible referred to as solid content. As the temperature continues to increase, any remaining solvent, polymer, and capping agent will decompose at high temperature, leaving only the inorganic nanocrystals behind. The relative weight percentage of various ingredients in the original sample can be obtained based on the weight change over specific temperature ranges. TGA results usually generate plots with temperature as the x-axis and the relative weight percentage as the y-axis. There are a variety of TGA instruments available, all based on similar principles and when operated properly, the results are interchangeable. The presently disclosed dispersion or formulation is analyzed using a TA instrument Q500 thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) to determine the solid content, organic content of uncapped or at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals and, subsequently, the inorganic content of the final dispersion or formulation. The percent mass at 200 °C (M200C) relative to the initial mass is regarded as capped nanocrystals present in the dispersion or the % solid or % solid content and the percent mass at 700 °C (M700C) relative to the initial mass is regarded as inorganic portion of the capped nanocrystal, i.e. inorganic solid content or % inorganic. The organic content or % organic is defined as the difference between the percent mass at 200 °C and at 700 °C divided by percent mass at 200 °C: M200C − M700C%^^^ =^ 100% M200C For a nanocomposite or a formulation, the percent nanocrystals (%S) is calculated from the inorganic content of the nanocomposite and organic content of the capped nanocrystals measured in solvent: %^ =M700C 100% − %Org^ 100% Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is used to characterize the size and size distribution of the at least partially capped nanocrystals in the dispersions described in this present disclosure. DLS usually measures nanocrystals dispersed in a liquid transparent to the measuring wavelength. In this technique, the liquid sample with proper concentration is kept in a plastic, glass, or fused silica cuvette, a laser beam is scattered off the liquid sample, and the time dependence of the scattered laser light, which is a result of the Brownian motion of the nanocrystals, is measured and the size and size distribution of the nanocrystal can be calculated. The result is usually the size distribution of the nanocrystals with equivalent diameter as the x- axis, the y-axis can represent scattering intensity, the volume of the scattering nanocrystals, or the number of scattering nanocrystals. The measured size often includes the size of the nanocrystals and the size of the capping agent and / or solvent group and / or precursor group along with a thin layer of solvent (solvent shell), therefore the actual nanocrystal size is often smaller than measured by DLS. In the present disclosure, except when noted as “as measured by DLS”, all references to nanocrystal size and size distributions refer to the actual nanocrystal size and not the nanocrystal size plus capping agent and / or solvent group and / or precursor group or nanocrystal plus capping agent and / or solvent group and / or precursor group plus solvent shell. D#, wherein # is 1-9999 is defined as the particle size of #% of the particles in the measured dispersion are less than reported value (in nanometers), as measured by volume. There are a variety of DLS spectrometers available, each vendor often develops its own proprietary methodology and algorithm, the results may not be interchangeable, the models that are specifically used to acquire the data in this disclosure is a Malvern Zetasizer Nano S DLS. One common technique to characterize optical transmittance and absorptance of nanocrystal dispersion, formulation and / or nanocomposites is UV-Vis Spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The UV-Vis technique measures the transmitted light vs. the incident light of a sample in the 200 nm – 900 nm wavelength range. The transmittance of a sample at a given wavelength is defined as:T =I where I is theI 0transmitted light intensity and I0is the incident light intensity, both at the same wavelength. The absorptance of a sample at a given wavelength is defined as: = I 0 − I A The absorbance of a sample, i.e., Optical , a given wavelength is defined as: OD= −I log100 Often a reference sample is used from other materials in the sample. For thin film samples, often there are multiple reflections involved, modeling and algorithm may be applied to extract the actual transmittance, absorptance, and absorbance. To measure a nanocrystal dispersion or formulation, the sample is usually kept in a plastic, glass, or fused-silica cuvette with 10 mm optical path. The sample is measured against a reference, which comprises the same solvent, monomer, or polymer used in the dispersion kept in the same or same type of cuvette to remove the effects from the cuvette and solvent, monomer, or polymer. To measure nanocrystal polymer nanocomposites, the nanocomposite is spin-cast on a glass or a fused-silica wafer to form a uniform thin film. The sample is then measured against a reference, which comprises the same wafer and / or the same polymer spin-cast on a wafer with same thickness to remove the effects from the wafer and polymer. Modeling and algorithms may be applied to extract the exact transmittance, absorptance, and absorbance of the nanocomposite. There are a variety of UV-Vis spectrometers available, they are all based on the same principle and when operated properly, the results are interchangeable. The model that was specifically used to acquire the data in this disclosure is a Perkin Elmer Lambda 850. One common technique to characterize the color of a nanocomposite is quantify the intensity of red, green, and blue wavelength light transmitted through a nanocomposite using a colorimetric spectrophotometer where the intensity of the light at each wavelength is multiplied with the illuminant to give X, Y, Z color values which are referred to as CIE color coordinates. The color coordinates reported in this disclosure are measured using Hunterlab’s Vista hazemeter which converts the CIE X, Y, Z color coordinates to a 3-dimensional rectangular color space through a series of equations to give L*, a*, and b* color space values. In a color space, ‘L*’ is in the ‘y-axis’ and denotes the lightness of the specimen, ‘a*’ is the ‘x-axis’ and denotes the red-green shift and ‘b*’ denotes the blue-yellow color shift and is the ‘z-axis. Typically, when a nanocomposite undergoes degradation, the color changes from clear or white to yellow and this change is measured in terms of change in ‘b*’. In addition to color, the Hunterlab’s Vista hazemeter is used to quantify the haze or clarity of the optical clear nanocomposite. The refractive index is measured using a Metricon’s 2010 / M model Prism Coupler which is equipped with 448 nm and 635 nm laser beam. One can calculate the estimated refractive index of the same material at a third wavelength. The calculation of the refractive index at 550 nm is based on a 2-term version of Cauchy’s equation: ^^^^^ = +" ^#The A and B parameters depend on the measured RI values at specific wavelengths, which were chosen to be 448 and 635 nm. By representing parameters A and B in terms of RI (448 nm) and RI (635 nm), the following equation allows for the calculation of the RI(550 nm): ^^^550 %&^ =1 ^^^448 %&^ +2 ^^^635 %& 3 3^One common technique to measure the dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate nanocrystal requires dispersing the nanocrystals into a resin, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and molded into a nanocomposite disc. The disc is then placed between two metallic plates and capacitance is measured using a multimeter. A second run is measured without the specimen between the two electrodes. The ratio of these two values is the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite disc. The dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate can then be obtained by combining experimental measurements with computational results, such as COMSOL finite element analysis simulations using a volumetric energy calculation. The dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate nanocrystal was calculated by determining the values of the barium titanate dielectric constants that resulted in matches between the dielectric constants of modeled nanocomposite and fabricated nanocomposites. Alternatively, the refractive index is measured using an ellipsometer (Model: J.A. Woollam M2000U). One common technique to measure the dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate nanocrystal requires dispersing the nanocrystals into a resin, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and molded into a nanocomposite disc. The disc is then placed between two metallic plates and capacitance is measured using a multimeter. A second run is measured without the specimen between the two electrodes. The ratio of these two values is the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite disc. The dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate can then be obtained by combining experimental measurements with computational results, such as COMSOL finite element analysis simulations using a volumetric energy calculation. The dielectric constant of the capped barium titanate nanocrystal was calculated by determining the values of the barium titanate dielectric constants that resulted in matches between the dielectric constants of modeled nanocomposite and fabricated nanocomposites. Measurement of the dielectric constant helps ensure that their capacitors store energy as efficiently as possible. Dielectrics are a class of electrical insulators that, instead of impeding current, maintain a charge after being exposed to a current. Electronics manufacturers value dielectric materials for their ability to store large electrical charges as compared to their size; this characteristic makes them perfect production materials for the insulator inside capacitors. The photocatalytic stability of the nanocomposites of the present disclosure is evaluated by measuring the change in nanocomposite or coating properties upon exposure to specific wavelength of light or regions of light for a set duration under different external environment. These exposure studies are done using specially designed equipment which include different segment of UV-A region and visible region of light. The UVA region exposure study of the nanocomposite of the present disclosure is performed using the QUV equipment from Q-Labs (model #: QUV / SE). The exposure wavelengths are between 280 nanometer and 380 nanometers with the peak at 340 nanometers with an irradiance of 0.89 W / m2 / nm. The coated nanocomposites on substrates such as glass or silicon wafer are placed flat with coated region are placed facing the UV lamps for a set period of cycle. A typical cycle includes 4 hours of light on and 4 hours of light off (dark). There is an option to do the exposure study under humidity or condensation at 50C. The method used for the nanocomposites in this present disclosure is the 4 hours light and 4 hours dark cycle with no condensation. The nanocomposite or film properties are measured before UV light exposure and at set exposure intervals for a total of 1-week. The photostability of the nanocomposite is quantified by measuring the degradation of the film / coating when exposed for a week which is the change in RI, b*, %haze and film thickness loss between the initial values and the final values. The photostability study of the nanocomposite of the present disclosure for the wavelength region between 400 – 800 nanometers is performed using the Q-SUN Xe-3 by Q-Lab with an irradiance of 1.2 W / m2 / nm at 420 nm at 50% humidity at 55C. The Q-SUN Xe-3 covers a region of range between 300 – 800 nanometers; however, for our studies the wavelengths above 400 nanometers is cut-off using a Window- Q and UV blocking filter. The coated nanocomposites on substrates such as glass or silicon wafer are placed flat with coated region are placed facing the UV lamps for a set period of cycle. The photostability of the nanocomposite is measured as described for QUV / SE. BaTiO3 Nanocrystal The crystalline phase of the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure is cubic or tetragonal, preferably tetragonal, as determined by XRD. The crystallite size as determined by XRD is less than 200 nm, and preferably between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm. The barium titanate nanocrystals or at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure have an average particle size less than 200 nm as measured by TEM. Preferably the particle size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110- 120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by TEM. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure can be characterized in that the barium titanate nanocrystals have a narrow particle size distribution when measure by TEM, which is characterized by 1) a ratio of D90:D10 of less than 5, preferably, less than 3, or less than 2, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8, about 1.2 to about 3, or about 1.5 to about 3; 2) a ratio of D90:D50 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5; and / or 3) a ratio of D50:D10 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure can be characterized in that the atomic ratio of Ba / Ti for the BaTiO3 nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8- 0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.00, 0.99-1.01, 1.00-1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF. In some embodiments, the average particle size of any of the as-synthesized barium titanate nanocrystals described in this disclosure when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent is less than 200 nm as measured by volume by Dynamic Light Scattering. Preferably the particle size is between 1-2 nm, or, 2- 4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by volume by DLS. In some embodiments, D9999 as measured by volume of any of the as-synthesized barium titanate nanocrystals described in this disclosure when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent is < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering. Preferably D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, 200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS. In some embodiments Dv9999 less than 50 nm, such as about 20 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 100 nm, about 20 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 200 nm to about 500 nm, as measured by volume of the capped titanium dioxide nanocrystals dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent by DLS. The organic content of the presently disclosed barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-25% such as 0-1%, or 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, as measured by TGA. The organic content of the presently disclosed at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-50% such as 0-1%, or 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20- 25%, or 25-30%, or 30-35%, or 35-40%, or 40-45%, or 45-50%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, or less than 35%, or less than 35%, or less than 40%, or less than 45%, or less than 50%, as measured by TGA. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed barium titanate nanocrystals additionally demonstrate thermal stability. When exposed to temperatures above 120 °C, or above 175 °C, or above 200 °C, or above 250 °C, or above 260 °C, or above 300 °C in air, nitrogen, or under vacuum for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 120 minutes or longer, the nanocrystals show less than 10% change in b*, preferably 0.1 – 10% change, or 0.1 – 1% change, or 1 – 2% change, or 2 – 3% change, or 3 – 4% change, or 4 – 5% change, or 5 – 6% change, or 6 – 7% change, or 7 – 8% change, or 8 – 9% change, or 9 – 10% change, as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals additionally demonstrate thermal stability. When exposed to temperatures above 120 °C, or above 175 °C, or above 200 °C, or above 250 °C, or above 260 °C, or above 300 °C in air, nitrogen, or under vacuum for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 120 minutes or longer, the nanocrystals show less than 10% change in b*, preferably 0.1 – 10% change, or 0.1 – 1% change, or 1 – 2% change, or 2 – 3% change, or 3 – 4% change, or 4 – 5% change, or 5 – 6% change, or 6 – 7% change, or 7 – 8% change, or 8 – 9% change, or 9 – 10% change, as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the presently disclosed barium titanate nanocrystal of size 20 nm to 200 nm ranges from 50 to 6,000, preferably from 50 to 100, or 100 to 250, or 250 to 500, or 500 to 750, or 750 to 1000, or 1000 to 2000, or 2000 to 3000, or 3000 to 4000, or 4000 to 5000, or 5000 to 6000. BaTiO3Nanocrystal Dispersions The present disclosure provides a composition containing a dispersion of any of at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals in a solvent or mixture of solvents. The capped nanocrystals are present in the solvent in an amount of less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight, or 60% - 70% by weight, or 70% - 80% by weight, or 80% - 90% by weight, or 90% - 95% by weight. The capped nanocrystals are present in the amount of greater than 30%, e.g., greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 40-70%, about 30-80%, about 50-80% by weight of the dispersion. The solvent includes alcohols, such as, benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water; and any combination or mixture thereof. In embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition containing a dispersion of any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals herein in a solvent or mixture of solvents. The capped nanocrystals can be present in the solvent in an amount of greater than 0.01% by weight, or 0.01% -1% be weight, or 1%-10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight. The capped nanocrystals can be present in the amount of greater than 0.01%, greater than 1%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 0.01-1%, about 1%-10%, about 10-30%, about 30-60% by weight of the dispersion. In embodiments, dispersion solvents of the present disclosure include lubricants, greases, and oils including: polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1-decene tetramer, hydrogenated 1-decene homopolymer, Hydrogenated 1-decene polymer with 1-octene and 1-dodecene, hydrogenated 1-dodecene polymer with 1-decene, unhydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-octene homopolymer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral oils such as: American Petroleum Institute (API) group I base oils, API group II base oils, and API group III base oils; and synthetic oils such as: API group IV base oils and API group V base oils; hydrocarbons, esters, synthetic esters, polyglycols, polyalkylene glycols, silicones, polyalphaolefins, metallocene polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthalene, isoparaffin solvents, polyisobutylene, phosphate esters, alcohols such as: isotridecyl alcohol and isooctadecanol; and ionic liquids; and any combination or mixture thereof. The lubricants, greases, and oils may additionally contain anti-wear (AW) additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), or friction modifiers (FM), anti-oxidants, extreme pressure (EP) additives, anti-foams, detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, or any other commonly used lubricant additives. Average Particle size as measured by volume of any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals described in this disclosure when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent is less than 200 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering. Preferably the particle size is between 1-4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6- 8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120- 130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by DLS or TEM. In certain embodiments the average particle size is less than 40 nm as measured by TEM. Preferably the particle size is between 1-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm as measured by TEM. D9999 as measured by volume of any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals described in this disclosure when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent is < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering. Preferably D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS. The at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure, when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent, wherein the barium titanate nanocrystals have a narrow particle size distribution which is characterized by 1) a ratio of D90:D10 of less than 5, preferably, less than 3, or less than 2, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8, about 1.2 to about 3, or about 1.5 to about 3; 2) a ratio of D90:D50 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5; and / or 3) a ratio of D50:D10 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5. The solid content of the presently disclosed dispersion comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-93% such as 0-10%, or 10-20%, or 20-30%, or 30-40%, or 40-50%, or 50-60%, or 60-70%, or 70-80%, or 80-90%, or 90-93%, as measured by TGA. The inorganic solid content of the presently disclosed dispersion comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-93% such as 0-10%, or 10-20%, or 20-30%, or 30-40%, or 40-50%, or 50-60%, or 60-70%, or 70-80%, or 80-90%, or 90-93%, as measured by TGA. The organic content of the presently disclosed dispersion comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-50% such as 0-1%, 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15- 20%, or 20-25%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, as measured by TGA. The presently disclosed at least partially capped barium titanate dispersed in a solvent are stable for at least 1 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeks, or 4 weeks, or 3 months, or at least 5 months, or at least 6 months, or at least 7 months, or at least 8 months, or at least 9 months, or at least 10 months, or at least 11 months, or at least 1 year, or at least 2 years or at least 3 years, with minimal change in the particle size distribution measured as D9999 by DLS where the change is in the range of 0 – 1%, or 1 – 2%, or 2 – 3%, or 3 – 4%, or 4 – 5%, or 5 – 6%, or 6 – 7%, or 7 – 8%, or 8 – 9%, or 9 – 10%, and / or minimal change in the %solids of the dispersion such as less than 0.1% change in % solids or less than 1% in % solids or less than 5% in solids or less than 10% in % solids as measured by TGA when the dispersion is stored at a temperature in the range of 18-25°C without deliberate shaking or mixing of the dispersion. Formulation Components and Properties The present disclosure provides solvent-containing and / or solvent-free, formulations comprising at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals, dispersed in a monomer, oligomer, polymer, or mixtures thereof. Said formulations optionally include solvents, curing agents, adhesion promoters, wetting agents, leveling agents, dispersing agents, viscosity modifiers, organic dopants, and antioxidants. These formulations make it possible to produce nanocomposites and thin film coatings with high refractive indices and high optical transparency. Monomer, oligomer or polymers of the presently disclosed formulation can include acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, epoxies, vinyls and any combination or mixture thereof. The acrylic and or methacrylic monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer of the presently disclosed formulation can include benzyl acrylate (BA), benzyl methacrylate (BMA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (EOTMPTA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate trimethacrylate (EOTMPTMA), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), di(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (DEGDA), di(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA), ethylene glycol diacrylate, glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate, tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (PEA), ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate (PEMA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate (HPPA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate (HPPMA), 2-phenoxy benzyl acrylate (PBA), biphenyl methacrylate (BPMA), 2-phenylphenol methacrylate (PPMA), isobutyl acrylate (IBA), 2- phenylethyl acrylate (2-PEA), 2-(phenylthiol)ethyl) acrylate (PTEA), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (THEICTA), Bisphenol A glycerolate Dimethacrylate (BisGMA), 2-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yloxy)ethyl acrylate (OPPEOA), Bisphenol A Ethoxylate diacrylates, Bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate, Bisphenol F ethoxylate (2 EO / phenol) diacrylate, Bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylates, bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate, Ethoxylated (4) bisphenol A diacrylate (SR- 601), Bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate(SR-349), Tris(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate, tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, cresol novolac epoxy acrylate (CN112C60), Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO / OH) methyl ether diacrylate, tri(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, , Di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, CN549 oligomer, polyhedral silsesquioxane (POSS)-type materials containing acrylate and methacrylate functionalities (HC0710.13, HC0713.31, MA0701, MA0702, MA0719, MA0735, MA0736) or combinations thereof. The vinyl monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer of presently disclosed formulation can include N- vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), phenyl norborene, styrene (STY), 4-methylstyrene, 4-vinylanisole, divinylbenzene, di (ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (DVE), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether or combinations thereof. The presently disclosed formulation optionally includes an organic dopant to increase the refractive index of the film or coating. The organic dopant, if present, includes phenanthrene (PhA), 9- cyanophenanthrene, triphenyl methane, benzoquinoline, 9-vinylcarbazole and combinations thereof. Curing agents of the presently disclosed formulation typically comprise a photopolymerization initiator. Any photopolymerization initiator, if it doesn’t limit optical and physical performance of the nanocomposite, can be used as long as it is capable of producing an active species, such as a radical, with light (UV) energy. Examples of photopolymerization initiator curing agents include amines such as Ebecryl®P115, or benzophenone and its derivatives such as Ebecryl®P39, benzophenone, SpeedCure BEM (Lambson USA Ltd, Rutherford, CT, USA) or organophosphines such as diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)- phosphine oxide (TPO), Irgacure®819, or Irgacure®184 (BASF USA, Florham Park, NJ, USA), Isopropylthioxanthone (ITX), ESACURE 1001M, ethyl phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphinate (TPO- L), reactive amine co-initiator CN374 and / or a combination thereof. The formulation comprises a single photopolymerization initiator or any combination thereof. Although the formulations described herein focus on the application of UV radiation for cure, thermal cure is entirely possible with appropriate thermo- initiators, such as 2,2-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN). A combination of more than one curing agent is advantageous in certain circumstances known to one of ordinary skill. The amount of curing agent of presently disclosed formulation is typically in an amount of less than 0.5% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 0.5% - 1% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 1% - 2% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 2% - 3% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 3% - 4% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 4% - 5% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 5% - 6% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 6% - 7% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 7% - 8% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 8% - 15% by total weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer. The adhesion promoter, if present, is selected from organo-metallic compounds, such as organo functional silanes, or from functionalized monomers and oligomers. Some organo functional silane adhesion promoters that are suitable contain amino or methacryloxy groups. Exemplary silane adhesion promoters include, but are not limited to 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- [(methacryloyloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane, ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane, and trimethoxy[3- (methylamino)propyl]silane. Functionalized monomer and oligomer adhesion promoters include, but are not limited to, CN820, CN146 (Sartomer Americas, Exton, PA, USA), SR9051, SR9053 (Sartomer Americas, Exton, PA, USA), and Ebecryl 171 (Allnex USA Inc., Wallingford, CT, USA). Adhesion promoters of the presently disclosed formulation can be present in an amount of less than 0.5% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 0.5 - 1% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 1 - 5% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 5 - 10% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 10 - 15% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer, or 15 - 30% by weight of the monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer. In some embodiments, a surfactant, which can act as a wetting agent, leveling agent, defoaming agent, dispersing agent, or any combination thereof is present to reduce the surface tension of the formulation and thereby improve the flow properties of the formulation to produce a more uniform dried coating surface. The surfactant is non-ionic, anionic, or a combination thereof. Representative examples of suitable wetting agents include but are not limited to siloxane surfactants such as BYK-331, BYK-377, BYK-378, (BYK Chemie, GMBH) and fluoro-surfactants such as Novec 4430, Novec 4432, and Novec 4434 (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA), and Capstone FS-3100 (The Chemours Company, Wilmington, DE, USA). Examples of leveling agents, if present, are a polyacrylate compound such as BYK-352, BYK-353, BYK-356, and BYK-361N; an aralkyl modified polymethylalkylsiloxane, such as BYK-322, BYK-323, and BYK-350 (BYK Chemie, GMBH) and a polyether-modified, acryl functional siloxane, such as BYK- UV3530. Examples of dispersing agents include, without limitation, polyalkylene glycols and esters thereof, polyoxyalkylenes, polyhydric alcohol ester alkylene oxide addition products, alcohol alkylene oxide addition products, sulfonate esters, sulfonate salts, carboxylate esters, carboxylate salts, alkylamide alkylene oxide addition products, alkyl amines, and the like, and are used singularly or as a mixture of two or more. Commercially available examples of the dispersing agents include without limitation DISPERBYK-101, DISPERBYK-130, DISPERBYK-140, DISPERBYK-160, DISPERBYK-161, DISPERBYK-162, DISPERBYK-163, DISPERBYK-164, DISPERBYK-165, DISPERBYK-166, DISPERBYK-170, DISPERBYK-171, DISPERBYK-182, DISPERBYK-2000, DISPERBYK-2001 (BYK Chemie, GMBH), Solsperse 32000, Solsperse 36000, Solsperse 28000, Solsperse 20000, Solsperse 41000, Solsperse 45000 (Lubrizol, Wickliffe, OH, USA), Efka FA 4620, and Efka FA 4611. (BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany). In some embodiments, the amount of surfactant of the presently disclosed formulation, for the purpose of improving wetting properties, is in amount of less than 0.05% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.05 – 0.1% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.1 - 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5 - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1 - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2 - 5% by weight of the total formulation. For the purposes of aiding in dispersion the amount of surfactant of the presently disclosed formulation varies depending on the material being dispersed. The amount of dispersing agent is less than 3% by weight of the material being dispersed or 3 - 5% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 5 - 10% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 10 - 20% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 20 - 40% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 40 - 60% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 60 - 80% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 80 - 100% by weight of the material being dispersed, or 100 - 150% by weight of the material being dispersed. In some embodiments, a surfactant, which can act as a release agent is present to reduce the interaction between the nanoimprintable formulation (with solvent removed) and stamp materials intended for pattern transfer. The surfactant is non-ionic, anionic, or a combination thereof. Examples of the release agents of the presently disclosed formulation, if present, can include polydimethyl silicones, such as, BYK-331, BYK-378, BYK-310, BYK-UV 3500, BYK-UV 3505, BYK- UV 3530, BYK-377, or fluoroacrylates, such as, FluorAcryl 7298, FluorAcryl 1939, FluorAcryl 2000MA or non-ionic surfactants, such as Capstone FS-3100, or, silicone copolymer, such as, DOWSIL 54, DOWSIL 29, DOWSIL 11. In some embodiments, the amount of release agent of the presently disclosed formulation, for the purpose of maintaining sufficient release properties between the cured nanocomposite material and the NIL stamp, is in amount of less than 0.05% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.05 – 0.2% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.2 - 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5 - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1 - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2 - 5% by weight of the total formulation. Antioxidant agents of the presently disclosed formulation, if present, can include at least one primary antioxidant. This primary antioxidant is typically selected from sterically hindered phenols, such as Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, SongNox® 1076, SongNox® 2450 or phenolic phosphites such as SongNox® 1680 or phosphines such as Irgaphos 168 (BASF USA, Florham Park, NJ, USA) or aromatic secondary amines or hindered amines such as SongLight® 6220 (Songwon Americas, Friendwood, TX, USA). Formulations of the present disclosure optionally contain at least one secondary antioxidant. This secondary antioxidant is preferably chosen from compounds comprising at least one unit formed from a sulfur atom linked to two carbon atoms. Representative examples of the secondary antioxidant are di(t- butyl) hydroxyphenylamino bisoctylthiotriazine and Irganox PS800 (BASF USA, Florham Park, NJ, USA). The amount of anti-oxidant of the presently disclosed formulation is generally less than 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5% - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1% - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2% - 3% by weight of the total formulation, or 3% - 4% by weight of the total formulation, or 4 % - 5% by weight of the total formulation, or 5% - 6% by weight of the total formulation, or 6% - 7% by weight of the total formulation, or 7% - 8% by weight of the total formulation or 8% -10% by weight of the total formulation. UV absorbers of the presently disclosed formulation, if present, can include Tinuvin 405. The amount of UV absorber of the presently disclosed formulation is generally less than 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5% - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1% - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2% - 3% by weight of the total formulation, or 3% - 4% by weight of the total formulation, or 4 % - 5% by weight of the total formulation, or 5% - 6% by weight of the total formulation, or 6% - 7% by weight of the total formulation, or 7% - 8% by weight of the total formulation or 8% -10% by weight of the total formulation. The presently disclosed formulation further comprises plasticizers, tougheners, thickeners, thinners, dispersants, flexibilizers, or other functional additives. Optionally, the presently disclosed formulation further comprises a solvent. The choice of solvent depends entirely on the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals, and selected monomers, oligomers and polymers of the formulation. Examples of solvents that range from low to high boiling point include alcohols, glycols, methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, esters, ketones, glycol ethers, glycol esters, such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), ethyl lactate, butyl lactate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, ethoxy ethyl acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyl acetate, THF, acetone, any combination thereof. The amount of solvent of the presently disclosed formulation is less than 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5% - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1% - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2% - 3% by weight of the total formulation, or 3% - 4% by weight of the total formulation, or 4 % - 5% by weight of the total formulation, or 5% - 6% by weight of the total formulation, or 6% - 7% by weight of the total formulation, or 7% - 8% by weight of the total formulation or 8% -10% by weight of the total formulation, or 10% - 20% by weight of the total formulation, or 20% - 30% by weight of the total formulation or 30% - 40% by weight of the total formulation or 40% - 50% by weight of the total formulation or 50% - 60% by weight of the total formulation or 60% - 70% by weight of the total formulation or 70% - 80% by weight of the total formulation or 80% - 90% by weight of the total formulation or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation. The presently disclosed formulation further comprises plasticizers, tougheners, thickeners, thinners, dispersants, flexibilizers, or other functional additives. The amount of barium titanate nanocrystals of the presently disclosed formulation is less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight, or 60% - 70% by weight, or 70% - 80% by weight, or 80% - 90% by weight, or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation. The capped nanocrystals are present in the amount of greater than 30%, e.g., greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 40-70%, about 30-80%, about 50-80%, about 60-90%, by weight in respect to the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer. Formulation Properties The solid content of the presently disclosed formulation is typically 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%,or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA.The nanocrystal loading of the presently disclosed formulation is typically 0-93%, such as 0 -10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA. The inorganic content of the presently disclosed formulation is typically 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA. The organic content of the nanocrystals in the presently disclosed formulation is typically 0- 25%, such as 0 - 5%, or 5 - 10%, or 10 - 15%, or 15 - 20%, or 20 - 25% as measured by TGA. Optical transmittance of the formulation of the present disclosure comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals described in the present disclosure at 450 nm is in the range of 99%-95%, or 95% - 90%, or 90% - 85%, or 85% - 80%, or 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% -35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10%, or 10% - 5%, or 5% - 3%, or 3% - 2 %, or 2% - 1% when measured in a cuvette with 1 cm path length. Optical transmittance of the formulation of the present disclosure comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals described in the present disclosure at 500 nm is in the range of 99%-95%, or 95% - 90%, or 90% - 85%, or 85% - 80%, or 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% -35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10%, or 10% - 5%, or 5% - 3%, or 3% - 2 %, or 2% - 1% when measured in a cuvette with 1 cm path length. Formulations of present disclosure have a tunable viscosity, and / or a viscosity that can be controlled by one or more of components of the formulation. Parameters that can control viscosity of the formulation include, but are not limited to, the average length, and molecular weight, of a monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer; the presence of a solvent and the concentration of a solvent; the presence of a thickener (i.e., a viscosity-modifying component) and the concentration of a thickener; the particle size the nanocrystals present in the formulation, temperature, and combinations thereof. The formulation described herein can also have a tunable viscosity in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp, such as about 1 cP - 2 cP, about 2 cP - 5 cP, about 5 cP - 10 cP, about 10 cP - 15 cP, about 15 cP - 20 cP, about 20 cP - 25 cP, about 25 cP - 30 cP, about 30 cP - 40 cP, about 40 c - 50 cP, about 50 cP - 60 cP, about 60 cP - 75 cP, about 75 cP - 100 cP, about 100 cP - 200 cP, about 200 cP - 500 cP, or about 500 cP - 1,000 cP, or about 1,000 cP - 2,000 cP, or about 2,000 cP - 3,000 cP, or about 3,000 cP - 4,000 cP, or about 4,000 cP - 5,000 cP, or about 5,000 cP - 6,000 cP, or about 6,000 cP - 7,000 cP, or about 7,000 cP - 8,000 cP, or about 8,000 cP - 9,000 cP, or about 9,000 cP - 10,000 cP, or > 10,000 cP when measured with a Brookfield RVDV II+ cone and plate viscometer. The presently disclosed formulations can be solvent-containing and solvent-free and are applicable to inkjet printing applications, and the viscosity is between 1 cP – 100 cP at 25 C. Preferably, ink viscosities are between 3 cP – 30 cP at 25 C, with applicable printhead temperatures between 25 C to 50 C. The presently disclosed formulations are applicable to inkjet printing applications, and the jetting of the presently disclosed formulations is stable for more than 1 hour, for more than 8 hours, for more than 1 day, or more than 1 week with no significant increase in viscosity. The formulation does not solidify by way of drying or curing leading to clogging of printhead nozzles. The presently disclosed formulations are nanoimprintable and have sufficient fluidity which is correlated to the imprint viscosity. The imprint viscosity differs from the formulation viscosity when solvent is present. Once the solvent is removed by thermal treatments of specific temperatures and times, then the resulting imprint viscosity is the relevant property. Imprint viscosities that show good fluidity are typically less than 50,000 cP but are preferably less than 10,000 cP, more preferably less than 3000 cP. The presently disclosed formulations are nanoimprintable and have sufficient mechanical properties, such as hardness, Young’s modulus, and the glass-transition temperature (Tg), in which to form the nanoimprinted structure. The formulation typically possesses Young’s modulus values of 1 – 2 GPa, or 2 – 3 GPa, or or 3 – 4 GPa, or 4 – 5 GPa, or 5 – 6 GPa, or 6 – 7 GPa or 7 – 8 GPa or 8 – 9 GPa and hardness values of or 9 – 6 GPa or 5 – 6 GPa and hardness values of 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation. The typical ranges for the Tg are and more than 25 C and preferably close to 100 C, preferably in the range of 25C – 35C, or 35C – 45C, or 45C – 55C, or 55C – 65C, or 65C – 75C, or 75C – 85C, or 85C – 95C, or 95C – 100C. The presently disclosed formulations can be solvent-containing and solvent-free and are applicable to inkjet printing and nanoimprinting applications, and the viscosity is between 1 cP – 100 cP at 25 C. Preferably, ink viscosities are between 3 cP – 30 cP, or 4 – 6 cP, or 6 – 10 cP, or 10 cP – 30 cP, or 30 cP – 60 cP, or 60 cP – 100 cP at 25 C, with applicable printhead temperatures between 25 C to 50 C. Imprint viscosities that show good fluidity are typically less than 50,000 cP but are preferably less than 10,000 cP,, more preferably less than 3000 cP. The typical ranges for the Tg are and more than 25 C and preferably close to 100 C, preferably in the range of 25C – 35C, or 35C – 45C, or 45C – 55C, or 55C – 65C, or 65C – 75C, or 75C – 85C, or 85C – 95C, or 95C – 100C. The presently disclosed formulations are stable for more than 1 week, or more than 2 weeks, or more than 3 weeks, or more than 6 weeks, or more than 8 weeks, or more than 3 months, or more than 6 months, or more than 12 months, or more than 36 months, with no significant increase in viscosity. In some embodiments, the formulations herein are stable for more than 1 week, or more than 2 weeks, or more than 3 weeks, or more than 6 weeks, or more than 8 weeks, or more than 3 months, or more than 6 months, or more than 12 months, or more than 36 months, characterized in that there is no visible precipitation of capped nanocrystals, and the change in formulation viscosity is less than 1%, or less than 2%, or less than 3%, or less than 4%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 20%, or less than 30%, or less than 40%. In some embodiments, the change in loading of the at least partially capped nanocrystal in the formulations herein is less than 1%, or less than 2%, or less than 3%, or less than 4%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 20%. Methods of Making a Solvent-free or Solvent-containing Formulation 1. A method of making a solvent-free formulation comprising a direct dispersion (directly dispersing nanocrystals in a media), method wherein the at least partially capped nanocrystals of the present disclosure are separated from a solvent and dried under vacuum until the solvent content is less than 5% to form dry nanocrystals; mixing dry nanocrystals of at least partially capped oxide nanocrystals in at least one monomer, oligomer, polymer or mixtures thereof by soaking, stirring, speed mixing, microfluidizing or other mixing methods. Method 1 can further comprise filtering said formulation to remove aggregates or other contaminants. 2. Another method of making a solvent free formulation comprising mixing dry powder of at least partially capped oxide nanocrystals of the present disclosure in at least one solvent by soaking, stirring, speed mixing, microfluidizing or other mixing methods to provide a nanocrystal solvent dispersion; mixing said dispersion with at least one monomer, oligomer, polymer or mixtures or monomers, oligomers and / or polymers to provide a solvent containing formulation; removing said solvent by evaporation or other solvent removal methods such as roto-evaporation. Method 2 can further comprise filtering said solvent containing or solvent free formulation to remove aggregates or other contaminants. The solvents of Method 2 include, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, or other low boiling point solvents. 3. A method of making a solvent containing formulation comprising mixing dry powder of at least partially capped oxide nanocrystals of the present disclosure in at least one low boiling point solvent by soaking, stirring, speed mixing, microfluidizing or other mixing methods to provide a nanocrystal solvent dispersion; mixing said dispersion with at least one monomer, oligomer, polymer or mixtures or monomers, oligomers and / or polymers to provide a solvent containing formulation. Nanocomposite A nanocomposite is a film, coating, layer, lens on a substrate or free-standing structure. The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite comprising a mixture of at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals and a polymerizable matrix, wherein capped nanocrystals are present in the nanocomposite in the amount of 20 – 95% by weight of the nanocomposite. The inorganic solid content of the presently disclosed nanocomposite coating or film is analyzed using a TA instrument Q500 thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The procedure is the same as described previously. The percentage at 700 °C relative to the initial mass is regarded as the inorganic portion of the formulation, i.e. inorganic solid content. The loading of at least partially capped BTO nanocrystals in the nanocomposite is in an amount greater than 20%, such as greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, such as greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 55%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 55-90%, about 60- 90%, about 70-95%, by weight of the nanocomposite. The inorganic solid content of the presently disclosed nanocomposite coating is 0.1 – 10% as measured by TGA, or 10 – 20% as measured by TGA, or 20 – 30% as measured by TGA, or 30 – 40% as measured by TGA, or 40 – 50% as measured by TGA, or 50 – 60% as measured by TGA, or 60 – 70% as measured by TGA, or 70 – 80% as measured by TGA, or 80 – 90% as measured by TGA, or 90 – 93% as measured by TGA. The nanocomposite films have moderate to high degrees of cure, good adhesion to the intended substrates and good film uniformity. The capped nanocrystals of the present disclosure maintain dispersibility or remain agglomeration-free in a polymer or monomer matrix. Such physical characteristics of the presently disclosed materials not only reduce light scattering but also make for improved processability. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The transmittance of a film according to the present disclosure is normal transmittance measured with a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer, wherein the nanocomposite is coated on an optically transparent substrate, such as fused silica or glass substrates, and a blank substrate of the same type and thickness is used as a reference. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 650 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 650 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 650 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 520 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 20 microns thick at 520 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses high optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 1 microns thick at 520 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer; when the nanocrystal loading is 0.1 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93%. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b* is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.55 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.65, or 0.65 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.75, or 0.75 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.85, or 0.85 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 0.95, or 0.95 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.55 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.65, or 0.65 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.75, or 0.75 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.85, or 0.85 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 0.95, or 0.95 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 to about 2.0 such as 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 520 nm. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 589 nm. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 635 nm. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses hardness values of 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation. The presently disclosed nanocomposite typically possesses modulus values of 3.0 – 3.5 GPa, or 3.5 – 4.0 GPa, or 4.0 – 4.5 GPa, 4.5 – 5.0 GPa, or 5.0 – 5.5 GPa, or 5.5 – 6.0 GPa, or 6.0 – 6.5 GPa, or 6.5 – 7.0 GPa, or 7.0 – 7.5 GPa, or 7.5 – 8.0 GPa, or 8.0 – 8.5 GPa, or 8.5 – 9.0 GPa as measured with nanoindentation. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 520 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 589 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 1 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 635 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 520 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 589 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 635 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 520 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 589 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite possesses very low b* indicating minimal coloration of the film and the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0; and possesses very low %haze indicating high clarity of the film and the %haze is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50 for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter; and possesses a refractive index of 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 635 nm. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm, or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, or less than 30%, or less than 40%, or less than 50% or delta b* is less than 5 such as less than 0.1, or less than o.2, or less than 0.3, or less than 0.4 or less than 0.5, or less than 0.6, or less than 1, or less than 2, or less than 3, or less than 4 for films that are less than 1 micron thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. Photocatalytic stability can also be measured by delta RI of less than 0.01, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.04 or less than 0.05, or less than 0.1. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2 at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in %haze less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25% for films that are less than 1 micron thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2 at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, or without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and with less than 10% decrease in transmittance, or less than 20% decrease in transmittance, or less than 30% decrease in transmittance, or less than 40% decrease in transmittance, or less than 50% decrease in transmittance at 400 nm for films that are less than 1 micron thick as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without significant change in refractive index with a change in refractive index less than 0.001, or less than 0.002, or less than 0.004, or less than 0.006, or less than 0.008, or less than 0.01, or less than 0.012, or less than 0.015, or less than 0.018, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.022, or less than 0.025, or less than 0.028, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.035, or less than 0.04, or less than 0.045, or less than 0.05, or less than 0.055, or less than 0.06, or less than 0.065, or less than 0.07, or less than 0.075, or less than 0.08, or less than 0.085, or less than 0.09, or less than 0.095, or less than 0.1, at 520 nm for films that are less than 1 micron thick as measured by a prism or an ellipsometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in film thickness less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 1 micron thick. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in %haze less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25% for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, or without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and with less than 10% decrease in transmittance, or less than 20% decrease in transmittance, or less than 30% decrease in transmittance, or less than 40% decrease in transmittance, or less than 50% decrease in transmittance at 400 nm for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without significant change in refractive index with a change in refractive index less than 0.001, or less than 0.002, or less than 0.004, or less than 0.006, or less than 0.008, or less than 0.01, or less than 0.012, or less than 0.015, or less than 0.018, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.022, or less than 0.025, or less than 0.028, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.035, or less than 0.04, or less than 0.045, or less than 0.05, or less than 0.055, or less than 0.06, or less than 0.065, or less than 0.07, or less than 0.075, or less than 0.08, or less than 0.085, or less than 0.09, or less than 0.095, or less than 0.1, at 520 nm for films that are less than 20 microns thick as measured by a prism or an ellipsometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in film thickness less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 20 microns thick. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in %haze less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25% for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, or without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and with less than 10% decrease in transmittance, or less than 20% decrease in transmittance, or less than 30% decrease in transmittance, or less than 40% decrease in transmittance, or less than 50% decrease in transmittance at 400 nm for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 96 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without significant change in refractive index with a change in refractive index less than 0.001, or less than 0.002, or less than 0.004, or less than 0.006, or less than 0.008, or less than 0.01, or less than 0.012, or less than 0.015, or less than 0.018, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.022, or less than 0.025, or less than 0.028, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.035, or less than 0.04, or less than 0.045, or less than 0.05, or less than 0.055, or less than 0.06, or less than 0.065, or less than 0.07, or less than 0.075, or less than 0.08, or less than 0.085, or less than 0.09, or less than 0.095, or less than 0.1, at 520 nm for films that are less than 100 microns thick as measured by a prism or an ellipsometer. In some embodiments, the presently disclosed nanocomposite additionally demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm or sunlight spectrum. The photocatalytic stability is measured by exposing the nanocomposite at designated wavelength in the total dose range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2, or at an intensity of 125 mW / cm2at 365 nm, or 0.89 W / m2at 340 nm, or 0.8-2.4W / m2at 420 nm, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in film thickness less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 100 microns thick. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are produced from a mixture of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and barium metal in benzyl alcohol by heating the solution to a temperature of 30-200oC, such as 30-40, or 40-50, or 50-60, or 60-80, or 80-100, or 100-125, or 125-150, or 150-175, or 175-200oC, and maintaining at this temperature for 1-72 hours, such as 1-2 hours, or 2-10 hours, or 10-24 hours, or 24-48 hours, or 48-72 hours, wherein the barium titanate nanocrystals or the method of production is further characterized by one or more (e.g., all) of the following (1)-(6): (1) wherein the pressure of the reaction reaches 50-250 psi., (2) wherein the molar ratio of barium to benzyl alcohol ranges from 1:120-1:1, such as 1:120-1:100, or 1:100-1:80, or 1:80-1:60, or 1:60-1:40, or 1:40-1:20, or 1:20-1:1; (3) wherein Titanium (IV) isopropoxide is added such that the molar ratio of barium to titanium ranges from 0.8:1-3:1, such as 0.8:1-0.9:1, or 0.9:1-1:1, or 1:1-1.2:1, or 1.2:1-1.3:1, or 1.3:1-1.4:1 or 1.4:1- 1.5:1, or 1.5:1-1.75:1, or 1.75:1-2:1, or 2:1-2.25:1, or 2.25:1-2.5:1, or 2.5:1-2.75:1, or 2.75:1-3:1; (4) wherein the crystallite size as determined by XRD is less than 200 nm, and preferably between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50- 60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120- 130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm, (5) wherein the average particle size of the barium titanate nanocrystal is less than 200 nm as measured by TEM, preferably the size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by TEM, and (6) wherein the atomic ratio of the Ba / Ti for the BaTiO3 nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8- 0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP- OES or XRF. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are produced from a mixture of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and barium metal in benzyl alcohol by heating the solution to a temperature of 30-200oC, such as 30-40, or 40-50, or 50-60, or 60-80, or 80-100, or 100-125, or 125- 150, or 150-175, or 175-200oC, and maintaining at this temperature for 1-72 hours, such as 1-2 hours, or 2-10 hours, or 10-24 hours, or 24-48 hours, or 48-72 hours; the above barium titanate nanocrystals or the method of production, wherein the pressure of the reaction reaches 50-250 psi, the above barium titanate nanocrystals or the method of production, wherein the atomic ratio of Ba / Ti for the BaTiO3nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8-0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99- 1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF, the above barium titanate nanocrystals are capped with at least one capping agent which include but not limited to silanes, alcohols, phosphates or carboxylic acids, any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, which are dispersed in a solvent or mixture of solvents, preferably, the capped nanocrystals are present in the solvent in an amount of less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight, or 60% - 70% by weight, or 70% - 80% by weight, or 80% - 90% by weight, or 90% - 95% by weight, wherein the solvent includes alcohols, such as, benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water; and any combination or mixture thereof; any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, which are dispersed in a solvent or mixture of solvents, preferably, the capped nanocrystals can be present in the solvent in an amount of greater than 0.01% by weight, or 0.01% -1% be weight, or 1%-10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight; wherein, dispersion solvents of the present disclosure include lubricants, greases, and oils including: polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1-decene tetramer, hydrogenated 1-decene homopolymer, Hydrogenated 1 decene polymer with 1-octene and 1-dodecene, hydrogenated 1-dodecene polymer with 1-decene, unhydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-octene homopolymer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral oils such as: American Petroleum Institute (API) group I base oils, API group II base oils, and API group III base oils; and synthetic oils such as: API group IV base oils and API group V base oils; hydrocarbons, esters, synthetic esters, polyglycols, polyalkylene glycols, silicones, polyalphaolefins, metallocene polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthalene, isoparaffin solvents, polyisobutylene, phosphate esters, alcohols such as: isotridecyl alcohol and isooctadecanol; and ionic liquids; and any combination or mixture thereof. The lubricants, greases, and oils may additionally contain anti-wear (AW) additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), or friction modifiers (FM), anti-oxidants, extreme pressure (EP) additives, anti-foams, detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, or any other commonly used lubricant additives; any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, which have an average particle size less than 200 nm as measured by TEM, preferably the particle size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18- 20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190- 200 nm as measured by TEM, any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent, has an average particle size of less than 200 nm as measured by volume by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the average particle size is between 1-2 nm, or, 2-4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170- 180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by volume by DLS, any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent, has a D9999 < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS, any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are at least partially capped, which has an organic content in the range of 0-50%, such as 0-1%, or 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or 25-30%, or 30-35%, or 35-40%, or 40-45%, or 45-50%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, or less than 35%, or less than 35%, or less than 40%, or less than 45%, or less than 50%, as measured by TGA, any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above that are least partially capped nanocrystal dispersed in a monomer, oligomer or polymers which include acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, epoxies, vinyls and any combination or mixture thereof to make a formulation, the formulation comprising any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein amount of solvent in the formulation is less than 0.5% by weight or 0.5% - 95% by weight of the total formulation such as 0.5% - 1%, or 1% - 2%, or 2% - 3%, or 3% - 4%, or 4 % - 5%, or 5% - 6%, or 6% - 7%, or 7% - 8% or 8% -10%, or 10% - 20%, or 20% - 30% or 30% - 40% or 40% - 50%, or 50% - 60% or 60% - 70% or 70% - 80% or 80% - 90% or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation, the formulation comprising any of the barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein the solid content in the formulation is in the range of 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA, any of the formulations above, wherein the amount of barium titanate nanocrystals in the formulation is less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 90% by weight such as 10% - 20%, or 20% - 30%, or 30% - 40%, or 40% - 50%, or 50% - 60%, or 60% - 70%, or 70% - 80%, or 80% - 90%, or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation, any of the formulations above, wherein the amount of the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped in the formulation are present in the amount of greater than 30%, e.g., greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 40- 70%, about 30-80%, about 50-80%, about 60-90%, by weight in respect to the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer, any of the formulations above, wherein the formulation comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals can have a tunable viscosity in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp, such as about 1 cP - 2 cP, about 2 cP - 5 cP, about 5 cP - 10 cP, about 10 cP - 15 cP, about 15 cP - 20 cP, about 20 cP - 25 cP, about 25 cP - 30 cP, about 30 cP - 40 cP, about 40 c - 50 cP, about 50 cP - 60 cP, about 60 cP - 75 cP, about 75 cP - 100 cP, about 100 cP - 200 cP, about 200 cP - 500 cP, or about 500 cP - 1,000 cP, or about 1,000 cP - 2,000 cP, or about 2,000 cP - 3,000 cP, or about 3,000 cP - 4,000 cP, or about 4,000 cP - 5,000 cP, or about 5,000 cP - 6,000 cP, or about 6,000 cP - 7,000 cP, or about 7,000 cP - 8,000 cP, or about 8,000 cP - 9,000 cP, or about 9,000 cP - 10,000 cP, or > 10,000 cP when measured with a Brookfield RVDV II+ cone and plate viscometer, any of the formulations above, wherein the formulations comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals is coated to yield a nanocomposite. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are capped with at least one capping agent which include but not limited to silanes, alcohols, phosphates or carboxylic acids, to provide at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals, wherein the barium titanate nanocrystals are produced from a mixture of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and barium metal in benzyl alcohol and water, wherein the water amount is less than 30 % of benzyl alcohol, by heating the solution to a temperature of 30-200oC, such as 30-40, or 40-50, or 50-60, or 60-80, or 80-100, or 100-125, or 125-150, or 150-175, or 175-200oC, and maintaining at this temperature for 1-72 hours, such as 1-2 hours, or 2-10 hours, or 10-24 hours, or 24-48 hours, or 48-72 hours; wherein the pressure of the reaction reaches 50-250 psi, wherein the atomic ratio of Ba / Ti for the BaTiO3 nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8-0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF, wherein the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals have an average particle size less than 200 nm as measured by TEM, preferably the average particle size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150- 160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by TEM, wherein the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent have an average particle size of less than 200 nm as measured by volume by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the average particle size is between 1-2 nm, or, 2-4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by volume by DLS, the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein, the D9999 of the at least partially capped nanocrystals when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent, is < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein, the organic content is 0-50% such as 0-1%, or 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or 25-30%, or 30-35%, or 35-40%, or 40-45%, or 45-50%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, or less than 35%, or less than 35%, or less than 40%, or less than 45%, or less than 50%, as measured by TGA, a formulation comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein, the at least partially capped nanocrystals are dispersed in a monomer, oligomer or polymers which include acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, epoxies, vinyls and any combination or mixture thereof, the formulation above, wherein amount of solvent of the formulation is less than 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5% - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1% - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2% - 3% by weight of the total formulation, or 3% - 4% by weight of the total formulation, or 4 % - 5% by weight of the total formulation, or 5% - 6% by weight of the total formulation, or 6% - 7% by weight of the total formulation, or 7% - 8% by weight of the total formulation or 8% -10% by weight of the total formulation, or 10% - 20% by weight of the total formulation, or 20% - 30% by weight of the total formulation or 30% - 40% by weight of the total formulation or 40% - 50% by weight of the total formulation or 50% - 60% by weight of the total formulation or 60% - 70% by weight of the total formulation or 70% - 80% by weight of the total formulation or 80% - 90% by weight of the total formulation or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation, any of the formulation above, wherein the solid content of the formulation is 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA, any of the formulation above, wherein the formulation has a tunable viscosity in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp, such as about 1 cP - 2 cP, about 2 cP - 5 cP, about 5 cP - 10 cP, about 10 cP - 15 cP, about 15 cP - 20 cP, about 20 cP - 25 cP, about 25 cP - 30 cP, about 30 cP - 40 cP, about 40 c - 50 cP, about 50 cP - 60 cP, about 60 cP - 75 cP, about 75 cP - 100 cP, about 100 cP - 200 cP, about 200 cP - 500 cP, or about 500 cP - 1,000 cP, or about 1,000 cP - 2,000 cP, or about 2,000 cP - 3,000 cP, or about 3,000 cP - 4,000 cP, or about 4,000 cP - 5,000 cP, or about 5,000 cP - 6,000 cP, or about 6,000 cP - 7,000 cP, or about 7,000 cP - 8,000 cP, or about 8,000 cP - 9,000 cP, or about 9,000 cP - 10,000 cP, or > 10,000 cP when measured with a Brookfield RVDV II+ cone and plate viscometer, a nanocomposite prepared from any of the formulations above. In some embodiments, the barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure are capped with at least one capping agent which include but not limited to silanes, alcohols, phosphates or carboxylic acids, to provide at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals, wherein the barium titanate nanocrystals are produced from a mixture of titanium (IV) isopropoxide and barium metal in benzyl alcohol by heating the solution to a temperature of 30-200oC, such as 30-40, or 40-50, or 50-60, or 60-80, or 80-100, or 100- 125, or 125-150, or 150-175, or 175-200oC, and maintaining at this temperature for 1-72 hours, such as 1- 2 hours, or 2-10 hours, or 10-24 hours, or 24-48 hours, or 48-72 hours; wherein the pressure of the reaction reaches 50-250 psi, wherein the atomic ratio of Ba / Ti for the BaTiO3 nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8-0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF, the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, having an average particle size less than 200 nm as measured by TEM, preferably the particle size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25- 30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by TEM, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent, the average particle size is less than 200 nm as measured by volume by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably, the average particle size is between 1-2 nm, or, 2-4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by volume by DLS, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein the D9999 of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent, is D9999 < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein the organic content of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-50% such as 0-1%, or 1-5%, or 5- 10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or 25-30%, or 30-35%, or 35-40%, or 40-45%, or 45-50%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, or less than 35%, or less than 35%, or less than 40%, or less than 45%, or less than 50%, as measured by TGA, a formulation comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, dispersed in a monomer, oligomer or polymers which include acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, epoxies, vinyls and any combination or mixture thereof, the formulation above, wherein amount of solvent of the formulation is less than 0.5% by weight of the total formulation, or 0.5% - 1% by weight of the total formulation, or 1% - 2% by weight of the total formulation, or 2% - 3% by weight of the total formulation, or 3% - 4% by weight of the total formulation, or 4 % - 5% by weight of the total formulation, or 5% - 6% by weight of the total formulation, or 6% - 7% by weight of the total formulation, or 7% - 8% by weight of the total formulation or 8% -10% by weight of the total formulation, or 10% - 20% by weight of the total formulation, or 20% - 30% by weight of the total formulation or 30% - 40% by weight of the total formulation or 40% - 50% by weight of the total formulation or 50% - 60% by weight of the total formulation or 60% - 70% by weight of the total formulation or 70% - 80% by weight of the total formulation or 80% - 90% by weight of the total formulation or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation. Wherein the solid content of the presently disclosed formulation is typically 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA, any of the formulation above, having a tunable viscosity in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp, such as about 1 cP - 2 cP, about 2 cP - 5 cP, about 5 cP - 10 cP, about 10 cP - 15 cP, about 15 cP - 20 cP, about 20 cP - 25 cP, about 25 cP - 30 cP, about 30 cP - 40 cP, about 40 c - 50 cP, about 50 cP - 60 cP, about 60 cP - 75 cP, about 75 cP - 100 cP, about 100 cP - 200 cP, about 200 cP - 500 cP, or about 500 cP - 1,000 cP, or about 1,000 cP - 2,000 cP, or about 2,000 cP - 3,000 cP, or about 3,000 cP - 4,000 cP, or about 4,000 cP - 5,000 cP, or about 5,000 cP - 6,000 cP, or about 6,000 cP - 7,000 cP, or about 7,000 cP - 8,000 cP, or about 8,000 cP - 9,000 cP, or about 9,000 cP - 10,000 cP, or > 10,000 cP when measured with a Brookfield RVDV II+ cone and plate viscometer, a nanocomposite prepared from any of the formulation above, a nanocomposite comprises a mixture of any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above and a polymerizable matrix, wherein capped nanocrystals are present in the nanocomposite in the amount of 20 – 95% by weight of the nanocomposite, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the loading of the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped in the nanocomposite is in an amount greater than 20%, or such as greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, such as greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 55%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 55-90%, about 60-90%, about 70-95%, by weight of the nanocomposite, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the optical transmittance of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks at 400 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the optical transmittance of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks at 650 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the %haze of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.55 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.65, or 0.65 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.75, or 0.75 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.85, or 0.85 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 0.95, or 0.95 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the refractive index of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm. any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the refractive index of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 520 nm, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the refractive index of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 589 nm, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the refractive index of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 635 nm, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the hardness value of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the modulus values are of 3.0 – 3.5 GPa, or 3.5 – 4.0 GPa, or 4.0 – 4.5 GPa, 4.5 – 5.0 GPa, or 5.0 – 5.5 GPa, or 5.5 – 6.0 GPa, or 6.0 – 6.5 GPa, or 6.5 – 7.0 GPa, or 7.0 – 7.5 GPa, or 7.5 – 8.0 GPa, or 8.0 – 8.5 GPa, or 8.5 – 9.0 GPa as measured with nanoindentation, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped nanocrystal demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm, wherein the intensity of the wavelength in the range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2.s, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2.s, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2.s, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2.s, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2.s, or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2.s, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2.s, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2.s, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2.s, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2.s, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2.s, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% and change in %haze less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, without significant change in refractive index with a change in refractive index less than 0.001, or less than 0.002, or less than 0.004, or less than 0.006, or less than 0.008, or less than 0.01, or less than 0.012, or less than 0.015, or less than 0.018, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.022, or less than 0.025, or less than 0.028, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.035, or less than 0.04, or less than 0.045, or less than 0.05, or less than 0.055, or less than 0.06, or less than 0.065, or less than 0.07, or less than 0.075, or less than 0.08, or less than 0.085, or less than 0.09, or less than 0.095, or less than 0.1, at 520 nm and change in film thickness less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks. In some embodiments, the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals of the present disclosure is capped with at least one capping agent which include but not limited to silanes, alcohols, phosphates or carboxylic acids, the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals wherein the atomic ratio of Ba / Ti of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8-0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.01, 1.01-1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals have an average particle size less than 200 nm as measured by TEM, preferably the particle size is between 1-2 nm, or 2-4 nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6-8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-18 nm, or 18-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, or 25-30 nm, or 30-35 nm, or 35-40 nm, or 40-45 nm, or 45-50 nm, or 50-60 nm, or 60-70 nm, or 70-80 nm, or 80-90 nm, or 90-100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180-190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by TEM, a dispersion comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals dispersed in a solvent or mixture of solvents, the dispersion above, wherein the capped nanocrystals are present in the solvent in an amount of less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight, or 60% - 70% by weight, or 70% - 80% by weight, or 80% - 90% by weight, or 90% - 95% by weight, wherein the solvent includes alcohols, such as, benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water; and any combination or mixture thereof, the dispersion above, wherein dispersion solvents include lubricants, greases, and oils including: polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1- decene tetramer, hydrogenated 1-decene homopolymer, Hydrogenated 1 decene polymer with 1-octene and 1-dodecene, hydrogenated 1-dodecene polymer with 1-decene, unhydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-octene homopolymer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral oils such as: American Petroleum Institute (API) group I base oils, API group II base oils, and API group III base oils; and synthetic oils such as: API group IV base oils and API group V base oils; hydrocarbons, esters, synthetic esters, polyglycols, polyalkylene glycols, silicones, polyalphaolefins, metallocene polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthalene, isoparaffin solvents, polyisobutylene, phosphate esters, alcohols such as: isotridecyl alcohol and isooctadecanol; and ionic liquids; and any combination or mixture thereof. The lubricants, greases, and oils may additionally contain anti-wear (AW) additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), or friction modifiers (FM), anti-oxidants, extreme pressure (EP) additives, anti-foams, detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, or any other commonly used lubricant additives, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, when dispersed at 5% by weight in a solvent having an average particle size of less than 200 nm as measured by volume by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably the average particle size is between 1-2 nm, or, 2-4nm, or 4-6 nm, or 6- 8nm, or 8-10 nm, or 10-12 nm, or 12-14 nm, or 14-16 nm, or 16-20 nm, or 20-25 nm, 25-30, or 30-35 nm, or 35- 40 nm, or 40- 45 nm, or 45- 50 nm, or 50- 55 nm, or 55- 60 nm, or 60- 65 nm, or 65- 70 nm, or 75- 80 nm, or 80- 85 nm, or 85- 90 nm, or 90- 95 nm, or 95- 100 nm, or 100-110 nm, or 110-120 nm, or 120-130 nm, or 130-140 nm, or 140-150 nm, or 150-160 nm, or 160-170 nm, or 170-180 nm, or 180- 190 nm, or 190-200 nm as measured by volume by DLS, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, when dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent, the D9999 is < 500 nm as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering, preferably D9999 is < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, < 300, <400 or <500 nm as measured by DLS, any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above, wherein, the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals have an organic content typically in the range of 0-50% such as 0- 1%, or 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or 25-30%, or 30-35%, or 35-40%, or 40- 45%, or 45-50%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, or less than 35%, or less than 35%, or less than 40%, or less than 45%, or less than 50%, as measured by TGA, a formulation comprising any of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals above dispersed in a monomer, oligomer or polymers which include acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, epoxies, vinyls and any combination or mixture thereof, wherein the monomer, oligomer or polymers of the presently disclosed formulation include benzyl acrylate (BA), benzyl methacrylate (BMA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (EOTMPTA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate trimethacrylate (EOTMPTMA), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), di(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (DEGDA), di(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA), ethylene glycol diacrylate, glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate, tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (PEA), ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate (PEMA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate (HPPA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate (HPPMA), 2-phenoxy benzyl acrylate (PBA), biphenyl methacrylate (BPMA), 2- phenylphenol methacrylate (PPMA), isobutyl acrylate (IBA), 2-phenylethyl acrylate (2-PEA), 2- (phenylthiol)ethyl) acrylate (PTEA), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (THEICTA), Bisphenol A glycerolate Dimethacrylate (BisGMA), 2- ([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yloxy)ethyl acrylate (OPPEOA), Bisphenol A Ethoxylate diacrylates, Bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate, Bisphenol F ethoxylate (2 EO / phenol) diacrylate, Bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylates, bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate, Ethoxylated (4) bisphenol A diacrylate (SR-601), Bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate(SR-349), Tris(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate, tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, cresol novolac epoxy acrylate (CN112C60), Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO / OH) methyl ether diacrylate, tri(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, , Di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, CN549 oligomer, polyhedral silsesquioxane (POSS)-type materials containing acrylate and methacrylate functionalities (HC0710.13, HC0713.31, MA0701, MA0702, MA0719, MA0735, MA0736) or combinations thereof, the formulation above, wherein amount of solvent in the formulation comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is less than 0.5% by weight or 0.5% - 95% by weight of the total formulation such as 0.5% - 1%, or 1% - 2%, or 2% - 3%, or 3% - 4%, or 4 % - 5%, or 5% - 6%, or 6% - 7%, or 7% - 8% or 8% -10%, or 10% - 20%, or 20% - 30% or 30% - 40% or 40% - 50%, or 50% - 60% or 60% - 70% or 70% - 80% or 80% - 90% or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation, any of the formulations above, wherein the solid content in the formulation comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically in the range of 0-93%, such as 0 - 10%, or 10 - 20%, or 20 - 30%, or 30 - 40%, or 40 - 50%, or 50 - 60%, or 60 - 70%, or 70 - 80%, or 80 - 90%, or 90 - 93% as measured by TGA, any of the formulations above, wherein the amount of barium titanate nanocrystals in the formulation comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 90% by weight such as 10% - 20%, or 20% - 30%, or 30% - 40%, or 40% - 50%, or 50% - 60%, or 60% - 70%, or 70% - 80%, or 80% - 90%, or 90% - 95% by weight of the total formulation, any of the formulations above, wherein the amount of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals in the formulation are present in the amount of greater than 30%, e.g., greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 40-70%, about 30-80%, about 50-80%, about 60-90%, by weight in respect to the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer, any of the formulations above, wherein the formulation comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals can have a tunable viscosity in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp, such as about 1 cP - 2 cP, about 2 cP - 5 cP, about 5 cP - 10 cP, about 10 cP - 15 cP, about 15 cP - 20 cP, about 20 cP - 25 cP, about 25 cP - 30 cP, about 30 cP - 40 cP, about 40 c - 50 cP, about 50 cP - 60 cP, about 60 cP - 75 cP, about 75 cP - 100 cP, about 100 cP - 200 cP, about 200 cP - 500 cP, or about 500 cP - 1,000 cP, or about 1,000 cP - 2,000 cP, or about 2,000 cP - 3,000 cP, or about 3,000 cP - 4,000 cP, or about 4,000 cP - 5,000 cP, or about 5,000 cP - 6,000 cP, or about 6,000 cP - 7,000 cP, or about 7,000 cP - 8,000 cP, or about 8,000 cP - 9,000 cP, or about 9,000 cP - 10,000 cP, or > 10,000 cP when measured with a Brookfield RVDV II+ cone and plate viscometer, a nanocomposite prepared from coating any of the formulations above, the nanocomposite above, comprising a mixture of at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals and a polymerizable matrix, wherein capped nanocrystals are present in the nanocomposite in the amount of 20 – 95% by weight of the nanocomposite, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the loading of the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped in the nanocomposite is in an amount greater than 20%, or such as greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, such as greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 55%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 55-90%, about 60-90%, about 70-95%, by weight of the nanocomposite, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the optical transmittance of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks at 400 nm, or 520 nm, or 589 nm or 650 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the %haze of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is in the range of 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.55 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.65, or 0.65 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.75, or 0.75 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.85, or 0.85 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 0.95, or 0.95 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the refractive index of the nanocomposite comprising the barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm, or at 520 nm, or at 589 nm, or at 635nm. any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the hardness value of the nanocomposite comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped is 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the modulus values are of 3.0 – 3.5 GPa, or 3.5 – 4.0 GPa, or 4.0 – 4.5 GPa, 4.5 – 5.0 GPa, or 5.0 – 5.5 GPa, or 5.5 – 6.0 GPa, or 6.0 – 6.5 GPa, or 6.5 – 7.0 GPa, or 7.0 – 7.5 GPa, or 7.5 – 8.0 GPa, or 8.0 – 8.5 GPa, or 8.5 – 9.0 GPa as measured with nanoindentation, any of the nanocomposite above, wherein the nanocomposite comprising the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals that are at least partially capped nanocrystal demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm, wherein the intensity of the wavelength in the range of 1.0 – 2.0 J / cm2.s, or 2.0 – 3.0 J / cm2.s, or 3.0 – 4.0 J / cm2.s, or 4.0 – 5.0 J / cm2.s, or 5.0 – 8.0 J / cm2.s, or 8.0 – 10.0 J / cm2.s, or 10.0 – 12.0 J / cm2.s, or 12.0 – 14.0 J / cm2.s, or 14.0 – 16.0 J / cm2.s, or 16.0 – 18.0 J / cm2.s, or 18.0 – 20.0 J / cm2.s, for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% and change in %haze less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, without significant change in refractive index with a change in refractive index less than 0.001, or less than 0.002, or less than 0.004, or less than 0.006, or less than 0.008, or less than 0.01, or less than 0.012, or less than 0.015, or less than 0.018, or less than 0.02, or less than 0.022, or less than 0.025, or less than 0.028, or less than 0.03, or less than 0.035, or less than 0.04, or less than 0.045, or less than 0.05, or less than 0.055, or less than 0.06, or less than 0.065, or less than 0.07, or less than 0.075, or less than 0.08, or less than 0.085, or less than 0.09, or less than 0.095, or less than 0.1, at 520 nm and change in film thickness less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 100 microns thick or less than 20 microns thick or less than 1 micron thicks. A Method of Making a Nanocomposite The present disclosure provides a method of making a nanocomposite using the presently disclosed formulation. A nanocomposite film is described herein containing a cured or partially cured formulation of the present disclosure. Said nanocomposite is cured or partially cured by UV or thermal curing techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite film as described herein wherein the film is produced by spin coating, slot-die coating, screen-printing, ink-jet printing, dip coating, draw-bar coating, roll-to-roll printing, spray coating, or any combination thereof. The nanocrystals or at least partially capped nanocrystals or nanocomposite in the present disclosure can be photopatterned to create waveguides, surface-relief structures, holographic patterns and metalens structures. Alternatively, a nanocomposite of BaTiO3of the present disclosure can be made by de- agglomeration of the as synthesized BaTiO3 nanocrystals using ball-milling in the presence of a surfactant, which are then incorporated into a polymer resin and solvent. The components are mixed and dispersed into molds and the solvent is allowed to evaporate. The resulting dried nanocomposites are then pelletized, vacuum dried, and injection molded into their final form factor. A Device The present disclosure provides an LED, organic LED, touch screen, OLED display, IR sensor, augmented reality headset, virtual reality headset, lens and / or microlens, or a solar cell device comprising an active component, said active component comprising or containing a nanocomposite comprising of at least partially capped nanocrystals of size less than 40-nm of the present disclosure. The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite film comprising of at least partially capped nanocrystals of size less than 40-nm as described herein wherein the film is produced by the method of making a nanocomposite and implemented into an augmented reality headset or device. The nanocomposite is a surface relief grating and holographic gratings whose high refractive index, high transparency and low optical losses (e. g., absorption and optical haze) allows for high efficiency and large field of view of the device. The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite film comprising of at least partially capped nanocrystals of size less than 40-nm as described herein wherein the film is produced by the method of making a nanocomposite microlens array and implemented into a device. The nanocomposite whose high refractive index, high transparency and low optical losses (e. g., absorption and optical haze) allows for high efficiency of the device. The present disclosure provides a MLCC that comprises an active component, said active component comprising or containing a nanocomposite comprising of nanocrystals in the size range between 20 and 200-nm of the present disclosure. The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite film comprising of at least partially capped nanocrystals in the size ranges between 20 and 200-nm as described herein wherein the film allows for high dielectric constant and is implemented into a MLCC device. Example 1: Solvothermal Synthesis of 5 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: As an exemplary synthesis, 3348 g of benzyl alcohol is placed into a 5 L 3-neck round bottom flask. The flask is sealed and put under an inert atmosphere by continuously flowing nitrogen through the system. Next, 106.3 g of barium metal is rinsed three times to remove any mineral oil then placed into the round bottom flask containing benzyl alcohol. The mixture is heated to 55oC overnight under gentle stirring to dissolve the barium metal, yielding a transparent yellow-brown solution. Once the barium is fully dissolved, 222.0 g of titanium isopropoxide is added and mixed for 15 minutes. The solution is then transferred to an autoclave which is sealed and flushed with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere. The mixture is heated to 250oC and held at temperature for 1 hour while mixing vigorously. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and collected from the reaction vessel. Example 2: Solvothermal Synthesis of 10 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: As an exemplary method, 300 g of benzyl alcohol is placed into a 500 mL 3-neck round bottom flask. The flask is sealed and put under an inert atmosphere by continuously flowing nitrogen through the system. Next, 11.9 g of barium metal is rinsed three times to remove any mineral oil then placed into the round bottom flask containing benzyl alcohol. The mixture is heated to 55oC overnight under gentle stirring to dissolve the barium metal, yielding a transparent yellow-brown solution. Once the barium is fully dissolved, 24.6 g of titanium isopropoxide is added and mixed for an additional 60 minutes during which a white intermediate precursor is formed. The solution is then transferred to an autoclave, where 30.0 g of water is added under mixing. The autoclave is then sealed and flushed with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere. The mixture is heated to 250oC and held at temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and collected from the reaction vessel. The wetcake is dried overnight in a vacuum oven to give dried BaTiO3 nanopowder which is characterized by XRD and TGA (Table 1 Example 2.0). The XRD spectrum of these BaTiO3 nanocrystals shows the BaTiO3signature peaks with a crystallite size of 12.8 nm and no contaminants present. TGA analysis shows the %organic content to be 4.82%. By varying the various components and parameters of the synthetic process as described in Example 2.0, the size, %organics, Ba:Ti ratio and the final nanocomposite properties of the BaTiO3 nanocrystal of the present disclosure is altered. (Table 1) Example 3: Solvothermal Synthesis of 15 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: As an exemplary method, 300 g of benzyl alcohol is placed into a 500 mL 3-neck round bottom flask. The flask is sealed and put under an inert atmosphere by continuously flowing nitrogen through the system. Next, 17.82 g of anhydrous barium hydroxide is placed into the round bottom flask containing benzyl alcohol. The mixture is heated to 55oC overnight under gentle stirring. Next, 24.6 g of titanium isopropoxide is added and mixed for an additional 60 minutes during which a white intermediate precursor is formed. The solution is then transferred to an autoclave, where 20.0 g of water is added under mixing. The autoclave is then sealed and flushed with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere. The mixture is heated to 250oC and held at temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and collected from the reaction vessel. The wetcake is dried overnight in a vacuum oven to give dried BaTiO3 nanopowder which is characterized by XRD and TGA (Table 1 Example 3.0). The XRD spectrum of these BaTiO3 nanocrystals shows the BaTiO3signature peaks with a crystallite size of 15.2 nm and no contaminants present. TGA analysis shows the %organic content to be 7.50%. By varying the various components and parameters of the synthetic process as described in Example 3.0, the size, %organics, Ba:Ti ratio and the final nanocomposite properties of the BaTiO3nanocrystal of the present disclosure is altered. (Table 1) Table 1: Shown below in the table is the resultant characteristics of the Barium Titanate nanoparticles upon varying the reaction conditions. Exampl Barium precursor Titanium Solvent Water Conditions % Particle e Barium Ba(OH)2 isoproxid Name Amount (g) Temp Time Organics size by Example 4: Solvothermal Synthesis of 20 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: An exemplary method uses barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) as the barium precursor and titanium butoxide as the titanium precursor. A solution is prepared by mixing 346.0 g titanium butoxide, 113.5 g oleic acid, and 1648.7 g n-butanol overnight at room temperature. A separate solution is prepared by dissolving 398.0 g Ba(NO3)2 and 203.6 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into 2.0354 L of water and heating at 70oC for 1 hour to fully dissolve the Ba(NO3)2 salt. The solutions are combined in an autoclave under vigorous mixing forming a milky white suspension. The autoclave is sealed and purged with nitrogen gas to make an inert atmosphere. The autoclave is heated to 185oC for 30 minutes then cooled down to room temperature. A milky white solution containing the as-synthesized BaTiO3nanocrystals is collected. Next the BaTiO3nanocrystals are rinsed to remove excess reactants and byproducts. The nanocrystals are removed from solution through centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant is decanted away from the collected nanocrystals. The BaTiO3 nanocrystals, now settled to the bottom of the bottle as a wetcake, are redispersed in ethanol at a 1:4 wetcake:ethanol ratio by weight and centrifuged again 3500 rpm for 5 minutes. This process is repeated once more to give rinsed BaTiO3 wetcake. The wetcake is dried overnight in a vacuum oven to give dried BaTiO3 nanopowder which is characterized by XRD and TGA (Table 2 Example 4.0). Figure 1 contains the XRD spectrum of these BaTiO3 nanocrystals showing the BaTiO3 signature peaks with a crystallite size of 20.8 nm and no contaminants present. TGA analysis shows the %organic content to be 5.55%. By varying the various components and parameters of the synthetic process as described in Example 4.0, the size, %organics, Ba:Ti ratio and the final nanocomposite properties of the BaTiO3 nanocrystal of the present disclosure is altered. (Table 2) Table 2: Shown below in the table is the resultant characteristics of the Barium Titanate nanoparticles upon varying the reaction conditions. Exam Barium precursor Titanium precursor Conditions % Particle ple H2O (g) NaOH Ba(NO3 Titani Butanol Oleic Temp Time Organic size by m m m m m m m m m m m Example 5: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: As an exemplary method, 300 g of benzyl alcohol is placed into a 500 mL 3-neck round bottom flask. The flask is sealed and put under an inert atmosphere by continuously flowing nitrogen through the system. Next, 11.9 g of barium metal is rinsed three times to remove any mineral oil then placed into the round bottom flask containing benzyl alcohol. The mixture is heated to 55oC overnight under gentle stirring to dissolve the barium metal, yielding a transparent yellow-brown solution. Once the barium is fully dissolved, 24.6 g of titanium isopropoxide is added and mixed for an additional 60 minutes during which a white intermediate precursor is formed. The reaction mixture is removed from the flask and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4500 rpm, separating into white solids and a clear supernatant. The supernatant is removed and the white solids are redispersed into 222.0 g of water. The solution is then transferred to an autoclave and the autoclave is sealed and flushed with nitrogen to create an inert atmosphere. The mixture is heated to 225oC and held at temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and collected from the reaction vessel. The wetcake is dried overnight in a vacuum oven to give dried BaTiO3nanopowder which is characterized by XRD and TGA. The XRD spectrum of these BaTiO3nanocrystals shows the BaTiO3 signature peaks with a crystallite size of 43.9 nm and no contaminants present. TGA analysis shows the %organic content to be 1.23%. Example 6: Solvothermal synthesis of BaTiO3nanocrystals in polar and nonpolar solvents The present disclosure includes exemplary methods where the reaction components in Example 4.0 from Table 2 is varied to make BaTiO3nanocrystals. In example 6.1, the barium precursor is prepared by combining 130 g of H2O, 13 g of NaOH pellets, and 25.4 g of Ba(NO3)2and heated at 70°C for 1 hour. The titanium precursor is prepared by combining 22.1 g of titanium butoxide, 105.3 g of butanol, and 3.13 g of benzoic acid and mixed for 1 hour. The reactants are added to a 600 mL Parr reactor and heated at 185°C. The duration of heating ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 30 minutes synthesis are 3.3% and 23.0 nm, respectively. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 2 hours synthesis are 10.1% and 23.4 nm, respectively (Table 3). In example 6.2, the barium precursor is prepared in the same manner as 3.1, but the titanium precursor is prepared by combining 22.1 g titanium butoxide, 52.7 g of butanol, 56.4 g of toluene, and 3.13 g of benzoic acid and mixed for 1 hour. The reactants are added to a 600 mL Parr reactor and heated at 185°C for 30 minutes. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 30 minutes synthesis are 7.2% and 24.1 nm, respectively. Table 3. In example 6.3, the barium precursor is prepared in the same manner as 3.1, but the titanium precursor is prepared by combining 22.1 g titanium butoxide, 52.7 g of butanol, 56.4 g of toluene, and 7.25 g of oleic acid and mixed for 1 hour. The reactants are added to a 600 mL Parr reactor and heated at 185°C. The duration of heating ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 30 minutes synthesis are 19.3% and 8.9 nm, respectively. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 2 hours synthesis are 12.9% and 12.0 nm, respectively. (Table 3) In example 6.4, the barium precursor is prepared in the same manner as 3.1, but the titanium precursor is prepared by combining 22.1 g titanium butoxide, 79.1 g of butanol, 28.2 g of toluene, and 7.25 g of oleic acid and mixed for 1 hour. The reactants are added to a 600 mL Parr reactor and heated at 185°C for 30 minutes. The %organics and XRD crystallite size for the 30 minutes synthesis are 8.9% and 18.5 nm, respectively. (Table 3) In example 6.5, 120 nm BaTiO3nanocrystals are prepared by substituting oleic acid in example 4.0 with 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid to yield BaTiO3 nanocrystals of greater than 100 nm in size. As an example, a solution is prepared by combining 346.0 g titanium butoxide, 44.4 g 2-[2-(2- Methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]acetic acid, and 1,648.7 g n-butanol. A separate solution is prepared by dissolving 265.4 g Ba(NO3)2and 101.8 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) into 2.0354 L of water and heating at 70oC for 1 hour to fully dissolve the Ba(NO3)2salt. The solutions are combined in an autoclave under vigorous mixing forming a milky white suspension. The autoclave is sealed and purged with nitrogen gas to make an inert atmosphere. The autoclave is heated to 185oC for 120 minutes then cooled down to room temperature. A milky white solution containing the as-synthesized BaTiO3 nanocrystals is collected. The % organics of the as-synthesized nanocrystal are 3.73%. (Table 3) The crystalline size is measured by XRD and TEM showing an average size of 120 nm. (Figures 2 and 3) The as-synthesized BaTiO3nanocrystals are then discharged from the reactor and collected as a wetcake via centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 minutes. The wetcake is then rinsed with ethanol at 8:1 mass ratio of ethanol-to-wetcake. The supernatant is discarded. The wetcake is again rinsed with EtOH at the same mass ratio and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 10 min to separate the wetcake nanocrystal from the rinse solvent. The supernatant is discarded and the wetcake is dried in a vacuum oven overnight at room temperature. Table 3: Shown in the table below are the reactions where the components are varied to make BaTiO3 nanocrystals. Exa Barium precursor Titanium precursor Conditions % XR Size mpl H2O NaO Ba(N Tita Butan Tol Organic acid Temp, Time Organi D by M ) A A A A 0 Example 7: Capping of 5 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals for PGMEA dispersions BaTiO3 nanocrystals from Example 1 are removed from solution through centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant is decanted. The BaTiO3 nanocrystals, now settled to the bottom of the bottle as a wetcake, are redispersed in propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) at a 1:5 BaTiO3: PGMEA ratio by weight and centrifuged again 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant is once again decanted to give rinsed BaTiO3 wetcake. The rinsed BaTiO3 wetcake is transferred to a 1 L round bottom flask along with PGMEA to give a suspension that is 25% by weight wetcake in PGMEA. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for at least 5 minutes. While mixing, methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane is added to the reaction vessel at weight of 15% relative to the wetcake. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for an additional 30 minutes at room temperature before heating to 120oC and holding for 30 minutes. Following this, 3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate is added at a weight of 30% relative to the wetcake and mixed for 30 minutes before adding water at 5% and mixing an additional 30 minutes, after which the mixture is cooled back to room temperature. The reaction mixture is then washed to remove excess capping agents. The capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are precipitated from solution by mixing the reaction mixture with heptane at a ratio of 1:2 reaction mixture : heptane, then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the BaTiO3 nanocrystals as wetcake. The supernatant is discarded and the wetcake is redispersed in THF at a ratio of 1:2 wetcake: THF. Heptane is added at a ratio of 1:2 THF : heptane and the resulting suspension is centrifuged again at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the BaTiO3 nanocrystals as wetcake. The supernatant is discarded and the resulting wetcake is once again redispersed in THF at a ratio of 1:1 wetcake:THF. Heptane is added to precipitate the BaTiO3 nanocrystals at a ratio of 1:2 THF:heptane and again the mixture is centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant is decanted and the wetcake containing BaTiO3nanocrystals is placed in a vacuum oven overnight to dry the nanocrystals. The dried BaTiO3nanocrystals are dispersed in PGMEA at a 1:1 ratio by weight to yield a 50% nanocrystal dispersion. After mixing overnight, the dispersion is centrifuged for 1 hour at 4500 rpm and the supernatant is filtered through a 0.22µm pore size syringe filter to remove any large aggregates. The % organics of the capped nanocrystals measured by TGA is 14.08%. (Table 4) Figure 4 shows a TEM image of the capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals with an average particle size of 5 nm and good size uniformity. Figure 5 shows the XRD spectrum of the dried nanocrystals with a crystallite size of 4.5 nm, BaTiO3 signature peaks, and no contaminants present. EDS characterization of the powder shows a Ba:Ti ratio of 0.97. The DLS plot of a 5% by weight of the capped nanocrystal in PGMEA shows a single peak with Dv9999 of 32.7 nm. Table 4: Properties such as % organics, DLS volume and intensity, Dv9999 of examples 7 and 8. Examples % organics by TGA D9999 (DLS) Example 7 14.08% 32.7 Example 8: app g o a 3 a oc ys as o o spe so s The BaTiO3nanocrystals of Example 1 are rinsed with toluene. The mass ratio of toluene to BaTiO3wet cake is 3:1. The NCs are added to toluene at 33 wt.% loading. Then two distinct organosilane capping agents, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane and dodecyltrimethoxysilane, are added at 21.3 wt% and 8.3% respectively based on the weight of the BaTiO3 wetcake and the mixture is stirred at room temp. for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture is heated to 100°C and held for 30 minutes. Then water is added, and the mixture is heated for an additional 15 minutes. The mass ratio of the water to the BaTiO3 wet cake is 5 wt% based on the weight of the BaTiO3wetcake. The reaction mixture is combined with acetone to crash out the capped NCs. The mass ratio of acetone to reaction mixture is 3:1. The reaction mixture is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the organic layer is discarded. The capped NCs are redispersed in toluene. The mass ratio of toluene solvent to capped BaTiO3wet cake is 1:1. The redispersed NCs are crashed out by adding acetone. The mass ratio of acetone to toluene is 3:1. The crashed NCs are centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant is discarded. This washing process is repeated once more. The twice-washed NCs are dried in a vacuum over at room temp. overnight. The capped NCs are dispersed into a polyalphaolefin, such as hydrogenated 1-decene dimer (PAO2). The loading in PAO2 ranges from 0.01 to 60 wt.%. The PAO2 dispersions are filtered with a 0.20 μm PTFE filter. The %organics of the capped nanocrystals are 21.5% as measured by TGA. (Table 4) The DLS plot of a 5% by weight of the capped nanocrystal in PAO2 shows a single peak with Dv9999 of 141 nm. Example 9: Capping of 20 nm Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: The BaTiO3 nanocrystals described in Example 4 (Table 2) are taken in a 1 L round bottom flask along with ethanol to give a suspension that is 20% by weight wetcake in ethanol. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for at least 5 minutes. While mixing, 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid is added to the reaction vessel at weight of 60% relative to the wetcake. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir for an additional 15 minutes at room temperature before heating to 65oC for 1 hour, after which the mixture is cooled back to room temperature. The reaction mixture is then centrifuged for 10 minutes to remove any uncapped solids. The reaction mixture is washed to remove excess capping agents. The capped BaTiO3nanocrystals are precipitated from solution by mixing the reaction mixture with heptane at a ratio of 1:1.1 reaction mixture : heptane, then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the BaTiO3 nanocrystals as wetcake. The supernatant is discarded and the wetcake is redispersed in ethanol at a ratio of 1:3 wetcake : ethanol. Heptane is added at a ratio of 1:2 ethanol : heptane and the resulting suspension is centrifuged again at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the BaTiO3nanocrystals as wetcake. The supernatant is discarded and the resulting wetcake is then redispersed in ethanol at a ratio of 1:1 wetcake:ethanol. Heptane is added to precipitate the BaTiO3nanocrystals at a ratio of 1:8 ethanol : heptane and once again the mixture is centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant is decanted and the wetcake containing BaTiO3 nanocrystals is placed in a vacuum oven overnight to dry the nanocrystals. The dried BaTiO3 nanocrystals are redispersed into dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME) at a 1:1 ratio by weight to yield a 50% nanocrystal dispersion. After mixing overnight, the dispersion is centrifuged for 1 hour at 4500 rpm and the supernatant is filtered through a 0.22 µm syringe filter to remove any large aggregates. Table 5 gives the particle size, Ba:Ti ratio, % organics and the D9999 of the 5% by weight of the capped BaTiO3nanocrystals in DPGME for the capped BaTiO3 described in this example. A representative TEM image of the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals shown in Figure 6, showing an average particle size of 20 nm. EDS characterization is performed by obtaining a dry powder from the redispersed nanocrystals. Nanocrystals are crashed out of solution by mixing the dispersion, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and heptane in a 1:1:3 ratio then centrifuging at 4500 rpm for 10 minutes. The resulting solids are dried overnight in a vacuum oven, and the dried nanocrystals are used for analysis. EDS characterization of the powder shows a Ba:Ti ratio of between 0.99-1.01. Table 5: Shown in the table below is the characteristics of the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals. Example Particle size Ba:Ti ratio of the capped % organics D9999 4.6 20 1.00 5.21% 159 4.7 20 0.97 8.36% 168 xamp e : ormu a on an anocompos e rocess us ng nm ar um ana e a O3) Nanocrystals: Exemplary formulations and nanocomposites are prepared using the BaTiO3nanocrystals prepared in Example 1 and capped in Example 7. A dispersion of BaTiO3nanocrystals dispersed in PGMEA is combined with one or more monomers and a photoinitiator, then vortexing for 3 hours at room temperature. The formulations are then filtered through a 0.20-micron pore size syringe filter. Nanocomposites are formed from the resulting formulations through a spin-coating technique. The glass wafer is cleaned according to the internal cleaning procedure before applying the film to remove contaminants and dusts. Approximately 1 g of the formulation is deposited onto a clean 2.5 x 2.5-inch soda lime glass wafer, then spun at 2000 rpm for 45 seconds. The wet coating is baked on a hot plate or in an oven to remove the solvent contained within the formulation. The resulting film is cured by exposing it to a 365nm or 385 nm wavelength light. A post-bake is then applied. The film thickness and the refractive index are measured using a Metricon 2010 / M prism coupler and the b* and %haze is characterized using HunterLab’s Vista hazemeter. In Example 10.1, 5.0 g of a 50.17% solid loaded BaTiO3 dispersion is mixed with 0.80 g of BisGMA, and 0.033 g of Irgacure 819. The spin-coated film is baked at 75oC for 5 minutes then 100oC for 1 minute; cured, then postbaked at 130oC for 10 minutes. Film thickness, refractive index, b*, and %haze are listed in Table 6. In Example 10.2, 5.0 g of a 50.17% solid loaded BaTiO3dispersion is mixed with 0.41 g of BisGMA, and 0.030 g of Irgacure 819. The spin-coated film is baked at 75oC for 5 minutes then 100oC for 1 minute; cured, then postbaked at 130oC for 10 minutes. Film thickness, refractive index, b*, and %haze are listed in Table 6. In Example 10.3, 5.0 g of a 50.17% solid loaded BaTiO3 dispersion is mixed with 0.11 g of BisGMA, and 0.026 g of Irgacure 819. The spin-coated film is baked at 75oC for 5 minutes then 100oC for 1 minute; cured, then postbaked at 130oC for 10 minutes. Film thickness, refractive index, b*, and %haze are listed in Table 6. In Example 10.4, 5.0 g of a 47.76% solid loaded BaTiO3dispersion is mixed with 0.78 g of tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, and 0.030 g of Irgacure 819. The spin-coated film is baked at 50oC for 5 minutes before curing. Film thickness, refractive index, b*, and %haze are listed in Table 6. In Example 10.5, 5.0 g of a 47.76% solid loaded BaTiO3dispersion is mixed with 0.61 g 2- phenoxyethyl acrylate, 0.17 g of tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, and 0.030 g of diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide. The spin-coated film is baked at 80oC for 1 minutes before curing, then postbaked at 100oC for 5 minutes. Film thickness, refractive index, b*, and %haze are listed in Table 6. Additional formulations and nanocomposites can be prepared similarly by combining the BaTiO3 nanocrystals with additional monomers and mixtures of monomers and other formulation components including photoinitiators. For example nanocrystal dispersions can be combined; with a 1:1 by weight mixture of tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate such that the BaTiO3 nanocrystals are 70% by weight in the solid film; with Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate such that BaTiO3nanocrystals are 79% by weight in the solid film; with benzyl acrylate such that BaTiO3nanocrystals are 75% by weight in the solid film; with a 40:60 by weight mixture of isobornyl acrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate such that BaTiO3 nanocrystals are 73% by weight in the solid film; with a 23:77 by weight ratio of 3-phenoxybenzyl acrylate and tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate such that BaTiO3 nanocrystals are 65% by weight in the solid film; and with a 65:35 by weight mixture of 2- phenylthioethyl acrylate and tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate such that BaTiO3nanocrystals are 76% by weight in the solid film. Table 6: Shown in table below are the properties of nanocomposites prepared in Example 10. Example Nanacrystal Film thickness Refractive b* %haze Example 11: Formulation and Nanocomposite Process using Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Nanocrystals: An exemplary formulation comprises DPGME as the solvent, acrylic monomer, BisGMA, at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals of the present disclosure at 35% to the calculated weight of the BaTiO3nanocrystals to the total weight of the formulation. Photoinitiator, Irgacure-819, is likewise added at a weight of 4% to the weight of the monomer BisGMA. The 50% by weight of at least partially capped nanocrystals in DPGME dispersion is mixed with the monomer at 3:1 ratio of weight of the at least partially capped nanocrystal to the weight of the monomer. The photoinitiator, Irgacure 819, is added to the mixture. The mixture is blended by stirring on a stir plate using magnetic stirrer or vortexing at 25-30C temperature for 1 – 2 hours to allow homogenous mixture. The formulation is then filtered through a 0.20-micron pore size syringe filter. A nanocomposite is formed from the resulting formulation through a spin-coating technique. The glass wafer is cleaned according to the internal cleaning procedure before applying the film to remove contaminants and dusts. Approximately 1 g of the formulation is deposited onto a clean 2.5 x 2.5-inch soda lime glass wafer, then spun at 2000 rpm for 45 seconds to give a 1-micron thick uniform film. The wet coating is baked on a hot plate or in an oven at a temperature of 50oC for 5 minutes 100oC for 1 minute to remove the solvent contained within the formulation. The resulting film is cured by exposing it to a broadband UV light source (Mercury ‘H’ lamp for 120 seconds. The film is then subjected to a 10-minute post-bake at 130oC. The film thickness and the refractive index are measured using a Metricon 2010 / M prism coupler and the b* and %haze is characterized using HunterLab’s Vista hazemeter. A film produced with the formulation comprising the capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals of example 4.0 has a refractive index of 1.8219 at 589 nm measured using a Metricon 2010 / M prism coupler and a b* of 0.62 and percent haze of 0.09% measured using HunterLab’s Vista hazemeter. The films produced with the formulation demonstrate high optical transmittance. Figure 7 shows the optical transmittance of example 11, as measured by Perkin Elmer Lambda 850 spectrophotometer with a blank soda lime glass as the reference or background. The thickness of the film is about 1 micron. The films show an optical transmittance of >80% at wavelengths between 400 – 700 nm. The ripples in the spectrum are the results of interference of incoming light and reflected light; it usually is an indication of high film quality, i.e. high smoothness, high uniformity, and high transparency. Example 12: Nanocomposite UV stability testing to determine photocatalytic stability of BaTiO3nanocrystals: The photostability of nanocomposites comprising at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals of the present disclosure and acrylic monomers prepared as described in Example 11 is evaluated using a Q- SUN Xe-3 xenon arc test chamber with Window Q filter, both with and without 400 nm UV blocking filter. Irradiance is calibrated to 2.0 W / m2at 420 nm, temperature is held at 35oC, and humidity is set at 30%. At set time intervals during exposure, the RI, film thickness, b*, and %haze of the nanocomposite films is measured to determine how these properties change due to UV exposure. Results with 400 nm UV blocking filter are shown in Table 7 and results without 400 nm UV blocking filter are shown in Table 8. Table 7: Shown in the table below is the RI, b* and %haze of the nanocomposites comprising the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals of the present disclosure prepared as described in example 11 before exposure to UV irradiation and the change in RI, b*, %haze and film thickness loss after exposure to QSUN exposure for 120-hours with 400 nm UV blocking filter. Example Ba:Ti ratio Initial Delta (after UV exposure) of the RI at Film b* % haze RI at b* %haze % Film ss Table 8: Shown in the table below is the RI, b* and %haze of the nanocomposites comprising the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals of the present disclosure prepared as described in example 11 before exposure to UV irradiation and the change in RI, b*, %haze and film thickness loss after exposure to QSUN exposure for 120-hours without 400 nm UV blocking filter. Example Ba:Ti ratio Initial Delta (after UV exposure) f h * * s Example 13: Nanocomposite UV stability testing to determine photocatalytic stability of BaTiO3nanocrystals at 340-nm: The photostability of nanocomposites comprising at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals of the present disclosure and acrylic monomers prepared as described in example 11 is evaluated by exposing the nanocomposites to QUV-A (340-nm) (0.89 W / m2) UV irradiation for a total of 160-hours (where the exposure cycle is 4 hours dark and 4 hours UV lights). At set time intervals during exposure, the RI, film thickness, b*, and %haze of the nanocomposite films is measured to determine how these properties change due to UV exposure. Results are shown in table 9. Table 9: Shown in the table below is the RI, b* and %haze of the nanocomposites comprising the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals from example 9 of the present disclosure prepared as described in example 11 before exposure to UV irradiation and the change in RI, b*, %haze and film thickness loss after exposure to QUV-A 340-nm wavelength for 160-hours. Example Ba:Ti ratio Initial Delta (after UV exposure) of the RI at Film b* % RI at b* % haze % Film s Depending on the particle size and Ba:Ti ratio of the BaTiO3 nanocrystals in this present disclosure, the properties of the nanocomposite and the photostability of the nanocrystals vary. As the particle size of BaTiO3 decreases, the %organics (shown in table 9) of the at least partially capped BaTiO3 increases leading to lower RI values for the nanocomposites. However, the photostability of the at least partially capped BaTiO3depends preferentially on the Ba:Ti ratio of the BaTiO3particle. Photostability is evaluated by measuring the change in nanocomposite properties such as RI, b*, % haze and film thickness loss upon UV exposure. The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way. The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. With respect to aspects of the invention described as a genus, all individual species are individually considered separate aspects of the invention. If aspects of the invention are described as "comprising" a feature, embodiments also are contemplated "consisting of” or "consisting essentially of” the feature. As used herein, the term “about” modifying an amount related to the invention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through routine testing and handling; through inadvertent error in such testing and handling; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of ingredients employed in the invention; and the like. As used herein, “about” a specific value also includes the specific value, for example, about 10% includes 10%. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents of the recited quantities. In one embodiment, the term “about” means within 20% of the reported numerical value. As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an”, and “the”, includes plural references unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended. The term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone); and B (alone). Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone). Headings and subheadings are used for convenience and / or formal compliance only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Features described under one heading or one subheading of the subject disclosure may be combined, in various embodiments, with features described under other headings or subheadings. Further it is not necessarily the case that all features under a single heading or a single subheading are used together in embodiments. The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. All of the various aspects, embodiments, and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.

Claims

Claims 1. BaTiO3 nanocrystals having an average particle size of greater than 1 nm but less than 200 nm as measured by TEM; preferably, the BaTiO3nanocrystals have a narrow particle size distribution, for example, wherein the particle size distribution is characterized by 1) a ratio of D90:D10 of less than 5, preferably, less than 3, or less than 2, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8, about 1.2 to about 3, or about 1.5 to about 3; 2) a ratio of D90:D50 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5; and / or 3) a ratio of D50:D10 of less than 3, preferably, less than 2, or less than 1.5, such as about 1.1 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.5; preferably, the BaTiO3 nanocrystals are mono-disperse.

2. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of claim 1wherein the BaTiO3 nanocrystals are tetragonal as measured by XRD.

3. BaTiO3nanocrystals of claim 1wherein the BaTiO3nanocrystals are cubic as measured by XRD.

4. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of any of claims 1-3 wherein ratio the of Ba / Ti is between 0.8-1.1 such as 0.8-0.85, 0.85-0.90, 0.90-0.95, 0.95-0.99, 0.99-1.00, 1.00-1.01, 0.99-1.01, 1.01- 1.05, 1.05-1.10 as measured by SEM EDX, ICP-OES or XRF.

5. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of any of claims 1-4 wherein the organic content of the presently disclosed barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 0-25%.

6. Barium titanate nanocrystals of any of claims 1-5 demonstrate thermal stability as measured by less than 10% the change in b* when exposed to temperatures above 120 °C, or above 175 °C, or above 200 °C, or above 250 °C, or above 260 °C, or above 300 °C in air, nitrogen, or under vacuum for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 120 minutes or longer.

7. BaTiO3nanocrystals of any of claims 1-6 wherein the nanocrystals are capped with at least one capping agent to produce at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals.

8. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of any of claims 1-7 wherein at least one capping agents is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane, phenytrimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane, 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]- trimethoxysilane, methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- (acryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 1-hexenyltrimethoxysilane, 1- octenyltrimethoxysilane, (phenylaminomethyl) methyldimethoxysilane, N- phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio) thiophene, (3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylene triamine, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, (2- diphenylphosphino) ethyldimethylethoxysilane, 2-(diphenylphosphino) ethyltriethoxysilane, 3-(diphenylphosphino) propyltriethoxysilane, heptanol, hexanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, oleylalcohol, dodecylalcohol, octadecanol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, octanoic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy] acetic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, stearic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) acetic acid, methacrylic acid, mono-2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-{2-[2- (2-mercaptoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanethiol, 1- octanethiol, sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate monohydrate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyl phosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, (11- mercaptoundecyl)phosphonic acid, (11-(acryloyloxy)undecyl)phosphonic acid, 11- methacryloyloxyundecylphosphonic acid, [2-[2-(2- methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]phosphonic acid ethyl ester, and combinations thereof.

9. BaTiO3nanocrystals of claim 8 wherein at least one capping agent is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- (methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-(acryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy] acetic acid, oleic acid, and combinations thereof, for example, the first or second capping agent is independently selected from methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- (acryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy] acetic acid, and combinations thereof;10. BaTiO3nanocrystals of claim 8 wherein the amount of the capping agent as measured by % organics of the at least partially capped nanocrystals is in the range of 0 – 50%.

11. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of claim 10 wherein the % organics of the at least partially capped nanocrystals is in the range of 0-1%, 1-5%, 5 -10%, 10 - 15%, 15 -20%, 20 – 25%, 25% - 30%.

12. BaTiO3 nanocrystals of any of claims 1-11 wherein the BaTiO3 nanocrystals have an average particle size of less than 40 nm as measured by TEM.

13. BaTiO3nanocrystals of claim 11 wherein the Dv9999 is less than 500 nm, as measured by volume of the at least partially capped nanocrystals dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent by Dynamic Light Scattering.

14. BaTiO3nanocrystals of claim 13 wherein the Dv9999 less than 200 nm as measured by volume of the capped nanocrystals dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent by Dynamic Light Scattering.

15. Barium titanate nanocrystals of any of claims 12-14 demonstrate thermal stability as measured by less than 10% the change in b* when exposed to temperatures above 120 °C, or above 175 °C, or above 200 °C, or above 250 °C, or above 260 °C, or above 300 °C in air, nitrogen, or under vacuum for 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 120 minutes or longer.

16. A dispersion of BaTiO3nanocrystals of any of claims 12-15 comprising at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals and a solvent, wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 30%, e.g., greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 40- 70%, about 30-80%, about 50-80% by weight of the dispersion.

17. A dispersion of BaTiO3 nanocrystals of claim 16, wherein the solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2- (isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, acetone, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutylether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, water, benzene, and toluene, polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1-decene tetramer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral and synthetic oils, such as hydrocarbons, esters, polyglycols, silicones, and ionic liquids.

18. The dispersion of BaTiO3 nanocrystals of claim 17, wherein the organic content of the at least partially capped barium titanate nanocrystals is typically 1-50% as measured by TGA.

19. A formulation comprising the BaTiO3 nanocrystals of any one of claims 12-18 and a monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer.

20. The formulation of claim 19, wherein the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer is an acrylate, epoxy, or isocyanurate compound selected from Bisphenol A Glycerolate Dimethacrylate, 2-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yloxy)ethyl acrylate (OPPEOA), Bisphenol A Ethoxylate diacrylates, Bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate, Bisphenol F ethoxylate (2 EO / phenol) diacrylate, Bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylates, bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate, Ethoxylated (4) bisphenol A diacrylate (SR-601), Biphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate(SR-349), Tris(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl} isocyanurate, tricyclodecane dimethanoldiacrylate, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, cresol novolac epoxy acrylate (CN112C60), Benzyl methacrylate (BMA), benzyl acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO / OH) methyl ether diacrylate, 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA, SR238B), tri(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, Glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate, Di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and combinations thereof.

21. The formulation comprising the nanocrystals of claim 20, wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 50-90%, about 40-80%, about 60-90%, by weight in respect to the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer.

22. The formulation comprising the nanocrystals of claim 21, wherein the viscosity of the formulation is in the range of about 1 cp to about 10,000 cp.

23. A nanocomposite film comprising the formulations of any of claims 20-22 wherein the atleast partially capped nanocrystals are present in an amount greater than greater than 20%, such as greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, such as greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 55%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 55-90%, about 60-90%, about 70-95%, by weight of the nanocomposite.

24. The nanocomposite film of claim 23 wherein the optical transmittance of 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%, or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer.

25. The nanocomposite film of claims 23-24 having a refractive index of about 1.54 to about 2.43 such as 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm.

26. The nanocomposite film of claims 23-25 wherein the % haze is in the range of 0.0 to about 2.0 such as 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick.

27. The nanocomposite film of claims 23-25 wherein the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0 for films that are less than 100 microns thick.

28. The nanocomposite film of claims 23-25 wherein the hardness values of the film is 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation and wherein the modulus values of are 3.0 – 3.5 GPa, or 3.5 – 4.0 GPa, or 4.0 – 4.5 GPa, 4.5 – 5.0 GPa, or 5.0 – 5.5 GPa, or 5.5 – 6.0 GPa, or 6.0 – 6.5 GPa, or 6.5 – 7.0 GPa, or 7.0 – 7.5 GPa, or 7.5 – 8.0 GPa, or 8.0 – 8.5 GPa, or 8.5 – 9.0 GPa as measured with nanoindentation.

29. A nanocomposite film comprising the nanocrystals of BaTiO3 of any of claims 1-11, wherein the dielectric constant ranges from 50 to 6,000.

30. An optical device comprising the nanocomposite film of any of claims 23-28.

31. An MLCC device comprising the nanocrystals of claims 1 – 11 and 29.

32. A nanocrystal dispersion comprising at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals and a solvent, wherein the average particle size of the BaTiO3 nanocrystals in the dispersion is in the range of 1– 40 nm as measured by TEM; wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 10 % by weight of the dispersion; and wherein the D9999 of the BaTiO3nanocrystals when measured at 5wt% in the dispersion is less than 500 nm, as determined by DLS.

33. A nanocrystal dispersion in claim 32 wherein the BaTiO3 nanocrystals have an average particle size of less than 40 nm (such as less than about 40 nm, less than about 30 nm, less than about 20 nm, less than about 10 nm, or less than about 5 nm, such as such as about 1 nm, about 4 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 15 nm, about 20 nm, about 35 nm, about 30 nm, about 40 nm, about 50 nm, or any range between the recited values, such as about 1 nm to about 5 nm, about 1 nm to about 10 nm, about 20 nm to about 30 nm, about 10 nm to about 20 nm, about 30 nm to about 40 nm, about 4 nm to about 40 nm, about 4 nm to about 20 nm, about 15 nm to about 20 nm, or about 10 nm to about 25 nm), as measured by TEM.

34. The nanocrystal dispersion in claim 32, wherein the solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2- (isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, acetone, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyllactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate, water, benzene, and toluene, polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1-decene tetramer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral and synthetic oils, such as hydrocarbons, esters, polyglycols, silicones, and ionic liquids.

35. The nanocrystal dispersion of any of the claims 32-34 wherein the nanocrystals are capped with at least one capping agent to produce at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals.

36. The nanocrystal dispersion of claim 35 wherein the at least one capping agent is selected from methyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, n-octyltriethoxysilane, phenytrimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane, 2- [methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]- trimethoxysilane, methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- (acryloyloxy)propyl trimethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 1-hexenyltrimethoxysilane, 1- octenyltrimethoxysilane, (phenylaminomethyl) methyldimethoxysilane, N- phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(4-pyridylethyl)thiopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)pyrrole, 2-(3-trimethoxysilylpropylthio) thiophene, (3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylene triamine, 11-mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, (2- diphenylphosphino) ethyldimethylethoxysilane, 2-(diphenylphosphino) ethyltriethoxysilane, 3-(diphenylphosphino) propyltriethoxysilane, heptanol, hexanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, oleylalcohol, dodecylalcohol, octadecanol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, octanoic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy] acetic acid, oleic acid, benzoic acid, stearic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) acetic acid, methacrylic acid, mono-2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl succinate, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-{2-[2- (2-mercaptoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanethiol, 1- octanethiol, sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate monohydrate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecyl phosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid, (11-mercaptoundecyl)phosphonic acid, (11-(acryloyloxy)undecyl)phosphonic acid, 11- methacryloyloxyundecylphosphonic acid, [2-[2-(2- methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]phosphonic acid ethyl ester, and combinations thereof.

37. The nanocrystal dispersion in claim 35 wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 50-90%, about 40-80%, about 60- 90%, by weight of the dispersion.

38. The nanocrystal dispersion in claim 35 wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 50-90%, about 40-80%, about 60- 90%, by weight in respect to the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer.

39. The nanocrystal dispersion in claim 35, characterized by an organic content of 0-50% such as 0-1%, 1-5%, or 5-10%, or 10-15%, or 15-20%, or 20-25%, or less than 5%, or less than 8% or less than 10%, less than 12%, or less than 14% or less than 16%, less than 18%, or less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, as measured by TGA.

40. The nanocrystal dispersion in claim 35 wherein the Dv9999 is less than 300 nm such as < 20, < 30, < 40, < 50, < 60, < 70, < 80, < 90, < 100, < 110, < 120, < 130, < 140, < 150, < 160, < 170, <180, < 190, <200, < 220, < 150, < 240, < 260, <280, as measured by volume of the capped barium titanate nanocrystals dispersed 5% by weight in a solvent by Dynamic Light Scattering.

41. A formulation comprising the nanocrystal dispersion of any one of claims 32-40 and a monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer.

42. The formulation of claim 41, wherein the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer is an acrylate, epoxy, or isocyanurate compound, including The acrylic and or methacrylic monomer, oligomer, and / or polymer of the presently disclosed formulation can include benzyl acrylate (BA), benzyl methacrylate (BMA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (EOTMPTA), trimethylolpropane ethoxylate trimethacrylate (EOTMPTMA), 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (HDDA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), di(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate (DEGDA), di(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate (DEGDMA), ethylene glycol diacrylate, glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate, tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate, ethylene glycol phenyl ether acrylate (PEA), ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate (PEMA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl acrylate (HPPA), 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate (HPPMA), 2-phenoxy benzyl acrylate (PBA), biphenyl methacrylate (BPMA), 2-phenylphenol methacrylate (PPMA), isobutyl acrylate (IBA), 2-phenylethyl acrylate (2-PEA), 2- (phenylthiol)ethyl) acrylate (PTEA), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), tris(2-hydroxy ethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate (THEICTA), Bisphenol A glycerolate Dimethacrylate (BisGMA), 2- ([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yloxy)ethyl acrylate (OPPEOA), Bisphenol A Ethoxylate diacrylates, Bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate, Bisphenol F ethoxylate (2 EO / phenol) diacrylate, Bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylates, bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate, Ethoxylated (4) bisphenol A diacrylate (SR-601), Bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate(SR-349), Tris(2-acryloyloxy)ethyl isocyanurate, tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, cresol novolac epoxy acrylate (CN112C60), Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (1 EO / OH) methyl ether diacrylate, tri(ethyleneglycol) diacrylate, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, , Di(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, CN549 oligomer, polyhedral silsesquioxane (POSS)-type materials containing acrylate and methacrylate functionalities (HC0710.13, HC0713.31, MA0701, MA0702, MA0719, MA0735, MA0736) or combinations thereof.

43. The formulation of claim 41, wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are present less than 10% by weight, or 10% - 20% by weight, or 20% - 30% by weight, or 30% - 40% by weight, or 40% - 50% by weight, or 50% - 60% by weight, or 60% - 70% by weight, or 70% - 80% by weight, or 80% - 90% by weight, or 90% - 95% by weight of the monomer, oligomer and / or polymer.

44. A nanocomposite film comprising the formulation of any of claims 41-43 wherein the at least partially capped nanocrystals are present in an amount greater than greater than 20%, such as greater than 30%, such as greater than 40%, such as greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%, such as about 55%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 55-90%, about 60-90%, about 70-95%, by weight of the nanocomposite.

45. The nanocomposite film of claim 44 wherein the % transmittance of the film is 99.9% – 99%, or 99% – 98%, or 98% – 97%, or 97% – 96%, or 96% – 95%, or 95% – 90%, or 90% – 85%, or 85% – 80%, 80% - 75%, or 75% - 70%, or 70% - 65%, or 65% - 60%, or 60% - 55%, or 55% - 50%, or 50% - 45%, or 45% - 40%, or 40% - 35%, or 35% - 30%,or 30% - 25%, or 25% - 20%, or 20% - 15%, or 15% - 10% for films that are less than 100 microns thick at 450 nm as measured by a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda 850 spectrophotometer.

46. The nanocomposite film of claim 44 having a refractive index of about 1.54 to about 2.43 such as 1.54 – 1.56, 1.56 – 1.58, 1.58 – 1.60, 1.60 – 1.62, or 1.62 – 1.64, 1.64 – 1.66, or 1.66 – 1.68, or 1.68 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.72, or 1.72 – 1.74, or 1.74 – 1.76, or 1.76 – 1.78, or 1.78 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.82, or 1.82 – 1.84, or 1.84 – 1.86, or 1.86 – 1.88, or 1.88 – 1.90, 1.90 – 1.92, or 1.92 – 1.94, or 1.94 – 1.96, or 1.96 – 1.98, or 1.98 – 2.00, or 2.00 – 2.02, or 2.02 – 2.04, or 2.04 – 2.06, or 2.06 – 2.08, or 2.08 – 2.10, or 2.10 – 2.12, or 2.12 – 2.14, or 2.14 – 2.16, or 2.16 – 2.18, or 2.18 – 2.20, or 2.20 – 2.22, or 2.22 – 2.24, or 2.24 – 2.26, or 2.26 – 2.28, or 2.28 – 2.30, or 2.30 – 2.32, or 2.32 – 2.34, or 2.34 – 2.36, or 2.36 – 2.38, or 2.38 – 2.40, or 2.40 – 2.42, or 2.42 – 2.43 at 448 nm.

47. The nanocomposite film of claim 44 wherein the % haze is in the range of 0.0 to about 2.0 such as 0.0 – 0.02, or 0.02 – 0.04, or 0.04 – 0.06, or 0.06 – 0.08, or 0.08 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.14, or 0.14 – 0.18, or 0.18 – 0.20, or 0.20 – 0.25, or 0.25 – 0.30, or 0.30 – 0.35, or 0.35 – 0.40, or 0.40 – 0.45, or 0.45 – 0.50, or 0.50 – 0.60, or 0.60 – 0.70, or 0.70 – 0.80, or 0.80 – 0.90, or 0.90 – 1.00, or 1.00 – 1.05, or 1.05 – 1.10, or 1.10 – 1.15, or 1.15 – 1.20, or 1.20 – 1.25, or 1.25 – 1.30, or 1.30 – 1.35, or 1.35 – 1.40, or 1.40 – 1.45, or 1.45 – 1.50, or 1.50 – 1.55, or 1.55 – 1.60, or 1.60 – 1.65, or 1.65 – 1.70, or 1.70 – 1.75, or 1.75 – 1.80, or 1.80 – 1.85, or 1.90 – 1.95, or 1.95 – 2.00 for films that are less than 100 microns thick.

48. The nanocomposite film of claim 44 wherein the b * is in the range of 0.01 – 0.05, or 0.05 – 0.1, or 0.1 – 0.5, or 0.5 – 1.0, or 1.0 – 1.5, or 1.5 – 2.0 for films that are less than 100 microns thick.

49. The nanocomposite film of claim 44 wherein the hardness values of the film is 100 – 150 MPa, or 150 – 200 MPa, or 200 – 250 MPa, 250 – 300 MPa, or 300 – 350 MPa, or 350 – 400 MPa as measured with nanoindentation and wherein the modulus values of are 3.0 – 3.5 GPa, or 3.5 – 4.0 GPa, or 4.0 – 4.5 GPa, 4.5 – 5.0 GPa, or 5.0 – 5.5 GPa, or 5.5 – 6.0 GPa, or 6.0 – 6.5 GPa, or 6.5 – 7.0 GPa, or 7.0 – 7.5 GPa, or 7.5 – 8.0 GPa, or 8.0 – 8.5 GPa, or 8.5 – 9.0 GPa as measured with nanoindentation.

50. The nanocomposite film of claim 44, wherein the dielectric constant ranges from 50 to 6,000.

51. An optical device comprising the nanocomposite film of any of claims 44-49.

52. An MLCC device comprising the nanocomposite film of claim 50.

53. The nanocomposite film of any of claims 23-28 and 44-49 wherein the nanocomposite demonstrates low photocatalytic activity upon UV exposure at wavelengths 320 – 390 nm, or 390 – 420 nm, or 420 – 450 nm, or above 450 nm. for 30 sec or longer, for 1 min or longer, for 2 min or longer, for 3 min or longer, for 4 min or longer, 5 minutes or longer, or 10 minute or longer, or 30 minutes or longer, or 60 minutes or longer, or 2 hours or longer, or 6 hours or longer, or 12 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, or 48 hours or longer, or 72 hours or longer, or 100 hours or longer, or 120 hours or longer, or 158 hours or longer, or 192 hours or longer, or 240 hours or longer, or 288 hours or longer, or 336 hours or longer, or 384 hours or longer, or 432 hours or longer, or 500 hours or longer, or 600 hours or longer, or 700 hours or longer, or 800 hours or longer, or 900 hours or longer, or 1000 hours or longer, without visually observable coloration, cracking, or delamination and change in b*less than 1%, or less than 5%, or less than 10%, or less than 15%, or less than 20%, or less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50% for films that are less than 1 micron thick as measured by a Hunterlab Vista hazemeter.

54. A solvothermal method of preparing BaTiO3 nanocrystals, comprising converting at least one barium precursor and at least one titanium precursor into BaTiO3nanocrystals in a solvent, wherein the majority of the solvent is not water, wherein the converting comprises 1) mixing the at least one barium precursor and at least one titanium precursor in a solvent to provide a reaction mixture, and 2) heating the reaction mixture at a reaction temperature between 150- 400C for a period of time.

55. The method of claim 54 wherein the rection mixture further comprising a templating agent 56. The method of claim 54 wherein the rection mixture further comprising a base.

57. The method of claim 54 wherein the barium precursor is selected from one or more of inorganic barium salts, such as: barium hydroxide, barium nitrate, barium fluoride, barium chromate, barium phosphate, barium carbonate, barium iodide, barium bromide, barium sulfate, barium chloride, barium perchlorate, barium manganate, barium oxide, barium trifluoromethanesulfonate, barium thiosulfate, barium sulfide, or barium iodate; organometallic compounds including, but not limited to, alkoxides, such as: barium ethoxide, barium isopropoxide, barium tert-butoxide; or acetylacetonates, such as: barium acetylacetonate; or barium metal, or any combination or mixture thereof.

58. The method of claim 54 wherein the titanium precursor is selected from one or more ofalkoxides, such as: titanium methoxide (Ti(OCH3)4), titanium ethoxide (Ti(OCH2CH3)4), titanium n-propoxide (Ti(OCH2CH2CH3)4), titanium isopropoxide (Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4), titanium n-butoxide (Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4); acetylacetonates, such as titanium oxyacetylacetonate (TiO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2); halides, such as titanium chloride (TiCl4); and mixed halides and alkoxide, such as titanium chlorotriisopropoxytitanium (TiCl(OCH(CH3)2)3), chlorotributoxytitanium (TiCl(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)3), or titanium dichloride diethoxide (TiCl2(OCH2CH3)2) or other organometallic compounds.

59. The method of claim 54 wherein the solvent include one or more of alcohols such as: benzyl alcohol, phenol, oleyl alcohol, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxy ethanol, butoxy propanol, methanol, 2-(isopentyloxy)ethanol, 2-propoxy-propanol (PnP), 2-(hexyloxy)ethanol; ethers and cyclic ethers, such as: tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; glycols such as: diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol; ketones and cyclic ketones, such as: acetone; esters, such as: propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetates, ethyl acetates, butyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, butoxy ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate; aromatics such as: benzene, toluene; and water and any combination or mixture thereof.

60. The method of claim 55 wherein the templating agent include carboxylic acids, such as: benzoic acid, oleic acid, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid, stearic acid, or octanoic acid; amines, such as: oleylamine, hexylamine, octylamine, methoxypolyethylene glycol amine, or (2-methylbutyl)amine; or phosphates, such as: (2-{2-[2-Methoxy-ethoxy]-ethoxy}- ethyl)phosphonic acid, (6-{2-[2-(2-Methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-hexyl)phosphonic acid, 11-Acryloyloxyundecylphosphonic acid; or any combination thereof 61. The method of claim 56 wherein the base include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, beryllium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide.

62. The method of any of claims 54-61 wherein molar ratio of barium to titanium ranges from 0.8:1- 3:

1.

63. The method of any of claims 54-61 wherein the BaTiO3nanocrystals prepared according to the method have an average particle size of less than 200 nm.

64. The method of claim 54, wherein heating the reaction mixture at the reaction temperature is carried out under pressure ranging from about 50 psi to about 250 psi.

65. The BaTiO3nanocrystals prepared by the method of any one of claims 54-64.

66. A method of capping BaTiO3nanocrystals, comprising reacting the BaTiO3nanocrystals of any one of claims 54-64 with at least one capping agent in a capping solvent to produce a at least partially capped BaTiO3nanocrystals.

67. A dispersion of BaTiO3nanocrystals of any of claims 1-15 comprising at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals and a solvent, wherein the at least partially capped BaTiO3 nanocrystals are present in an amount of greater than 0.01%, e.g., greater than 1%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, or greater than 30%, or greater than 40%, or greater than 50%, such as about 0.01%, about 1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or any ranges between the recited values, such as about 0.01%- 1%, about 1-30%, about 30-60% by weight of the dispersion.

68. The dispersion of BaTiO3 nanocrystals of claim 67, wherein the solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from polyalphaolefin such as: hydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-decene trimer, hydrogenated 1-decene tetramer, hydrogenated 1-decene homopolymer, Hydrogenated 1-decene polymer with 1-octene and 1-dodecene, hydrogenated 1- dodecene polymer with 1-decene, unhydrogenated 1-decene dimer, hydrogenated 1-octene homopolymer; lubricants, oils, and greases comprised of mineral oils such as: American Petroleum Institute (API) group I base oils, API group II base oils, and API group III base oils; and synthetic oils such as: API group IV base oils and API group V base oils; hydrocarbons, esters, synthetic esters, polyglycols, polyalkylene glycols, silicones, polyalphaolefins, metallocene polyalphaolefins, alkylated naphthalene, isoparaffin solvents, polyisobutylene, phosphate esters, alcohols such as: isotridecyl alcohol and isooctadecanol; and ionic liquids; optionally, the lubricants, greases, and oils may additionally contain anti-wear (AW) additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), or friction modifiers (FM), anti-oxidants, extreme pressure (EP) additives, anti-foams, detergents, dispersants, pour point depressants, or any other commonly used lubricant additives.

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