Recovering insect by-products

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for recovering organic waste in several stages, in the form of a reproducible cycle, allowing the production of biogas, biological fertilizer and proteins.

Description

[0001] TITLE: Valorization of insect by-products

[0002] The present invention relates to the field of the environment and has as its subject a process for the recovery of organic waste in several stages, in the form of a reproducible cycle.

[0003] From around 2.5 billion in the 1950s, the world population is now over 7 billion and could reach around 10 billion by 2050. New challenges must be addressed in this context, such as the depletion of resources essential to the development of human life, namely resources for energy production and food.

[0004] Energy resources today rely mainly on oil resources, which are expected to be depleted in the coming centuries. Therefore, the proposal of renewable and sustainable alternatives is desirable. One of the proposed solutions is the recovery of biogas produced by the fermentation of green waste. This method is called methanization. The methanization process makes it possible to use green waste produced by human consumption to generate methane (gas) suitable for energy production. This promising approach therefore allows the recovery of waste for energy production. In addition to methane, this technique leads to the production of new waste (digestate). This digestate can be used for agricultural crops, but has not yet been considered for insect breeding, particularly for food purposes.

[0005] Furthermore, food production today comes from livestock and crops that will need to be rethought to become more sustainable, while remaining sufficiently productive in view of the increasing world population. The methods currently used for livestock farming (cattle, pigs, etc.) intended for the production of animal protein are in fact carried out in conditions that are not very respectful of animal life. In addition, the production of these meat raw materials results in high greenhouse gas emissions. These food sources are therefore not part of a sustainable context. On the other hand, the larvae and adults of many arthropods are very rich in protein, and their breeding, even intensive, requires little land space. Their production generates only a few greenhouse gases.For comparison, the production of one kilogram of pig protein generates 27.96 g of CO2, 0.1 g of CH4, 85.6 g of NO2 and 75 g of NH3, while that of one kilogram of cricket protein generates 0.09 g of CC>2, 0.002 g of CH4, 0.23 g of NO2 and 8.8 g of NH3 (DGAB Oonincx, J. Van Itterbeeck, MJW Heetkamp, ​​H. Van Den Brand, JJA Van Loon, A. Van Huis, An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption, PLoS ONE 5 (2010) e14445.). This production solution therefore appears advantageous in many respects.

[0006] For these reasons, the present invention proposes to modify and associate the responses to these different problems in a virtuous circle of production of both food and energy.

[0007] The present invention responds in particular to the challenges associated with the reduction of energy and food resources in the world by proposing a reproducible, sustainable and environmentally friendly process.

[0008] In particular, the present invention aims to provide a waste recovery cycle in which each stage of the cycle provides the raw material for the next stage, while consuming the residues generated in the previous stage. This results in a virtuous production circle that generates only a minimum of unusable waste.

[0009] The present invention also aims to provide a process for both producing renewable energy by methanization and producing proteins intended for food.

[0010] The present invention aims in particular to provide a process in which the methanization digestate is reused to constitute a substrate for the breeding of insects, in particular intended for the production of proteins for food.

[0011] The invention therefore relates to a method for recovering organic waste, comprising the following steps:

[0012] (a) production of biogas by a methanization process from said organic waste, said methanization process also producing digestate,

[0013] (b) rearing insects of the Coleoptera family on a substrate, said substrate comprising said digestate produced in step (a), said insect rearing producing larvae and insect droppings,

[0014] (c) production of animal proteins from said insect larvae produced in step (b),

[0015] (d) manufacturing animal nutrition for livestock from said animal proteins produced in step (c),

[0016] (e) fertilization of soils intended for agriculture with insect droppings from step (b), and (f) methanization of organic waste resulting from the breeding of said animals from step (d) and / or from the agriculture of step (e), according to step (a),

[0017] Characterized in that steps (a) to (f) form a reproducible cycle.

[0018] Organic waste means organic matter of animal, plant, bacterial or fungal origin. Preferably, organic waste is chosen from organic matter from:

[0019] - agricultural products: animal droppings, manure and slurry, intermediate energy crops (IEC), straw and chaff, and other crop residues;

[0020] - the agri-food industry: vegetable or animal fats, co-products and by-products of vegetable protein factories, fish, meat (including slaughterhouses), milk, fruit and vegetables;

[0021] - households: fermentable fractions of household waste contained in residual household waste, biowaste collected mixed with green waste, biowaste collected selectively, green waste collected door-to-door, green waste collected at recycling centers;

[0022] - communities: green waste from municipal technical services, kitchen waste and collective or non-collective catering;

[0023] - landscape and environmental management: green waste from landscaping companies;

[0024] - large producers: waste from wholesale markets, waste from large commercial catering (hotels, restaurants, fast food, caterers);

[0025] - catering: waste from collective catering in education (schools, colleges, high schools, higher education), waste from collective catering in healthcare establishments (nurseries, hospitals, clinics, retirement homes, homes, etc.), waste from catering in administrations or inter-company; and / or

[0026] - food trade: waste from large-scale distribution, florists, butchers, bakers, pastry chefs, greengrocers, delicatessens, general food stores.

[0027] In particular, all of the waste produced in the different stages of the process according to the invention is reused in one or more stages of this process.

[0028] Step (a)

[0029] Step (a) involves the production of biogas using a methanization process from organic waste. This methanization process produces methane, as well as digestate, also known as methanization sludge. In particular, the methanization process comprises several stages.

[0030] According to one embodiment, the organic waste is first placed in an anaerobic fermentation reactor in the presence of methanogenic bacteria, typically Archaea bacteria. Typically, the organic waste has a pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.5, and a temperature ranging from 30 to 35°C. Methanization, or anaerobic fermentation of biogas, generally takes place in four successive stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis.

[0031] The methanization process thus produces a biogas, methane, as well as methanization residues called digestate.

[0032] In particular, the biogas produced, typically methane, is then purified, in particular of its CO2, its hydrogen sulfide and possibly any water present, to be usable and injected into the gas networks. Methane purification technologies can for example be chosen from: adsorption, absorption, membrane separation and cryogenic purification. Acid gases resulting from methane purification, such as CO2 and hydrogen sulfide, can then be treated by an amine gas treatment process. Hydrogen sulfide can also be treated by the Claus process.

[0033] In step (a) of the process of the invention, the degree of degradation of the organic waste at the end of the methanization process is preferably between 30% and 90%, preferably between 40% and 80%, preferably between 50% and 70%.

[0034] The degree of degradation means the ratio of mass of degraded material to total degradable material.

[0035] Advantageously, the methanization digestate can be produced in step (a) and used in step (b).

[0036] Preferably, the methanization digestate produced in step (a) and / or used in step (b) is free from contaminants, for example plastics, chemical contaminants and polluting materials.

[0037] Step (b)

[0038] Step (b) corresponds to the breeding of insects of the Coleoptera family on a substrate, said substrate comprising said digestate produced in step (a).

[0039] In particular, the insects belong to the subfamily Cetoniinae. Preferably, the insects are selected from the genera: Cetonia, Protaetia, Cetoniscema, Pachnoda, Eudicella, Chlorocala, Mecynorhina, Chelorrhina, Coelorhina and Dicronorhina. More preferably, the insects are selected from the genus Pachnoda. The substrate on which the insects are reared in step (b) comprises the digestate produced in step (a). In particular, the substrate comprises a mixture of digestate produced in step (a) and soil (topsoil and / or compost), preferably in a digestate:soil (topsoil and / or compost) mass ratio ranging from 0.1:99.9 to 99.9:0.1, preferably from 30:70 to 70:30.

[0040] Advantageously, the insect breeding of step (b) is carried out until the substrate is completely consumed.

[0041] Preferably, the substrate is a fresh substrate. Fresh substrate means a substrate freshly prepared from digestate and soil (topsoil and / or compost), i.e. prepared within a period of less than 24 hours prior to its use, preferably less than 12 hours.

[0042] Preferably, when rearing in step (b), the complete life cycle of the insects (i.e. from egg to death of the imago) includes: incubation of the egg, the different larval stages (L1, L2, L3), pupation and the imago stage (adult stage). For example, this cycle can last from 1 to 3 years. Preferably, this life cycle has a duration ranging from 12 to 18 months. In particular, the duration of the cycle depends on the insect species.

[0043] In particular, the larval harvest cycle is the time required to go from insect egg to harvestable larva, i.e., the larva at the L3 stage to ensure the best protein / time ratio. Preferably, during the rearing of step (b), the harvest cycle has a duration of 100 to 450 days, preferably 100 to 120 days. In particular, this duration depends on the insect species.

[0044] The reproductive cycle corresponds to the period between the isolation of reproductive adults and their death. Preferably, during the rearing of step (b), this cycle has a duration of between 2 and 6 months, preferably 2.5 to 4 months, typically this cycle has a duration of 3 months. In particular, this duration depends on the insect species.

[0045] Step (b) comprises in particular the placement of the insect larvae on a substrate S1 according to the invention, as defined above. In particular, the quantity of insect larvae on a substrate S1 ranges from 200 to 400 larvae per 100L of substrate.

[0046] In particular, the quantity of larvae varies depending on the insect species.

[0047] According to one embodiment, the placement of the insect larvae on the substrate S1 is carried out in a container, for example in breeding tanks. Typically, said containers are filled with substrate S1 as described above, and the insect larvae are then added to the containers, preferably in an amount ranging from one larva per 0.25L of substrate to one larva per 0.5L of substrate.

[0048] Advantageously, during step (b) the larvae develop on a substrate S1 as defined above. Typically, the larvae are left on the substrate for the entire larval development. Preferably, the larvae are left on the substrate during the larval stages L1, L2 and L3. In particular, the larvae are left on the substrate for a period of between 100 and 450 days, preferably between 100 and 120 days. According to one embodiment, the larvae are left on the substrate until the larval development stage L3. Preferably, the substrate on which the larvae develop is maintained at a temperature of between 15°C and 30°C, preferably between 18 and 25°C, preferably at room temperature. In a particularly preferred manner, the substrate on which the larvae develop is maintained at a constant temperature.Preferably, the substrate on which the larvae develop is maintained at a humidity level of between 60 and 90%, preferably between 70 and 80%.

[0049] In particular, droppings are produced during the larval development of insect larvae described above.

[0050] In step (b), the so-called viable larvae, i.e. those which have completed their larval development, and in particular which have reached the L3 larval stage, are then recovered, at the end of their development on the substrate. Typically, the larvae at the L3 larval stage are separated from the larvae which are still at the L1 and L2 larval stages (or L1 and L2 larvae). In particular, the viable larvae are separated from the larval droppings and / or the substrate used for their rearing. In particular, after development on the substrate, the viable larvae are recovered by a substrate separation method. Preferably, the separation is carried out by sieving, preferably by particle size differential. Preferably, the recovered substrate is reused.

[0051] After separation, the viable larvae described above can then continue their development, typically to the adult stage. In particular, said larvae continue their development to the nymph stage, then to the imago stage.

[0052] According to one embodiment, the viable larvae are again placed on a substrate S2 according to the invention. Typically, S2 may be identical to S1 or different. Preferably, said substrate S2 is the substrate S1 as defined above. For example, containers, preferably rearing tanks, are filled with substrate as described above, and the viable larvae are then added to the containers, preferably in an amount ranging from one larva per 0.25L of substrate to one larva per 0.5L of substrate.

[0053] Preferably, from 2 to 10% by mass of viable larvae relative to the total mass of viable larvae obtained previously are again placed on said substrate, preferably from 5% to 8%.

[0054] Advantageously, during the development of viable larvae on the substrate, the nymph stage, which corresponds to the pupation of the larvae, begins from about 2 to 4 weeks after placement of the viable larvae on the substrate. Advantageously, during the development of viable larvae on the substrate, the imago stage, during which the imagos (adult form of insects) of insects are formed, begins after 6 to 10 weeks, preferably 2 months after placement of the viable larvae on the substrate.

[0055] Preferably, the substrate on which the viable larvae develop to the adult stage is maintained at a temperature of between 15°C and 30°C, preferably between 18 and 25°C, preferably at room temperature. Particularly preferably, said substrate is maintained at a constant temperature. Preferably, the substrate on which the viable larvae develop to the adult stage is maintained at a humidity level of between 60 and 90%, preferably between 70 and 80%.

[0056] According to one embodiment, a portion of the so-called viable larvae is directly used for the production of animal proteins described in step (c). Typically, from 90 to 98%, preferably from 92 to 95% of the so-called viable larvae are directly used for the production of animal proteins described in step (c).

[0057] Step (b) may also comprise a step of reproducing the previously obtained imagoes. Step (b) may also comprise a step of producing new larvae, preferably by reproduction, in particular by reproduction of the previously obtained imagoes. Typically, the imagoes are placed on a substrate as described above, preferably for a period of between 3 and 5 months, preferably for approximately 4 months. Preferably, said substrate is the substrate used previously. During this period, the imagoes can reproduce. In particular, the imagoes reproduce and allow the production of new insect larvae. In particular, insect droppings and / or corpses may also be produced on the substrate. In particular, the imagoes are left on the substrate until their death, and more particularly until at least 15 days after their death.Advantageously, male and female imagoes are placed on the substrate, preferably in a suitable proportion to promote prolificacy, typically in a male:female ratio of 2:6 (two males to six females). Typically, a breeding pair, i.e., one male and one female insect, can result in 10 to 40 new larvae.

[0058] Preferably, the substrate on which the imagoes reproduce is maintained at a temperature of between 15°C and 30°C, preferably between 18 and 25°C, preferably at room temperature. Particularly preferably, said substrate is maintained at a constant temperature. Preferably, the substrate on which the imagoes reproduce is maintained at a humidity level of between 60 and 90%, preferably between 70 and 80%.

[0059] The new larvae thus produced can then be recovered. Typically, said larvae are at the L1, L2 and / or L3 larval stage, preferably at the L1 and / or L2 larval stage, more preferably at the L1 larval stage. Advantageously, said larvae are separated from the insect corpses, insect droppings and / or the substrate used for the development of the imagos. In particular, after reproduction of the imagos on the substrate, the new larvae produced are recovered by a substrate separation method. Preferably, the separation is carried out by sieving, preferably by particle size differential. Preferably, the recovered substrate is reused.

[0060] According to one embodiment, the excrement produced and recovered can be used in step (e) described below.

[0061] In particular, the insect rearing of step (b) involves several steps.

[0062] In particular, the insect rearing of step (b) may comprise the following steps:

[0063] - development of insect larvae on a substrate S1 as described above,

[0064] - separation of viable larvae, i.e. those having completed their larval development,

[0065] - development of said viable larvae on a substrate S2 as described above, up to the adult stage, and

[0066] - reproduction of said larvae in the adult stage.

[0067] In particular, the insect rearing of step (b) may comprise the following steps:

[0068] - development of insect larvae on a substrate S1 as described above, preferably from the larval stage L1 to the larval stage L3,

[0069] - separation of the larvae at the L3 larval stage, - development of said larvae at the L3 larval stage on an S2 substrate as described above, in particular up to the imago, then

[0070] - reproduction of said images.

[0071] Preferably, the substrate is the same for each step described above.

[0072] In particular, step (b) of rearing insects further produces insect corpses. In particular, the method according to the invention further comprises a step (g) of producing chitosan from the insect corpses which are produced in step (b).

[0073] Step (c)

[0074] Step (c) involves the production of animal protein from the insect larvae produced in step (b).

[0075] The insect larvae produced in step (b) can indeed have good nutritional values, as for example for the species Pachnoda marginata belonging to the genus Pachnoda (F. Badanaro, A. Tete-Benis, M. Melila, KL Awaga, I. Bilabina, K. Amevoin, KS Amouzou, Nutritional Potentials of Pachnoda marginata (Kolbe, 1906) and Rhabdotis Sobrina (Gory and Percheron, 1833) Two Insect Species Consumed in Togo, Pakistan J. of Nutrition 18 (2019) 873-881).

[0076] According to one embodiment, during step (c), the insect larvae produced in step (b) are rinsed.

[0077] According to one embodiment, during step (c), the insect larvae produced in step (b) are optionally fasted for a period of 1 to 5 days, then rinsed, then optionally frozen at a temperature less than or equal to -20°C.

[0078] Step (d)

[0079] Step (d) concerns the manufacture of animal nutrition for livestock from the animal proteins produced in step (c).

[0080] In particular, the manufacture of animal feed for livestock from the animal proteins produced in step (c) depends on the targeted livestock. Typically, step (d) involves the manufacture of animal feed in the form of whole larvae, dried larvae and / or proteins extracted from insect larvae.

[0081] According to one embodiment, the animal nutrition of step (d) is in the form of whole larvae. In this case, step (c) consists of rinsing the insect larvae produced in step (b). The whole larvae thus obtained are then directly used as animal nutrition for livestock. According to one embodiment, the animal nutrition of step (d) is in the form of dried larvae. In this case, step (c) optionally consists of fasting for a period of 1 to 5 days, then rinsing, then freezing at a temperature lower than or equal to -20°C of the insect larvae produced in step (b). The frozen larvae are then freeze-dried or thawed and dried. The freeze-dried or thawed and dried larvae can then be used whole or ground, as animal nutrition for livestock.

[0082] According to one embodiment, the animal nutrition of step (d) is in the form of proteins extracted from insect larvae. In this case, step (c) optionally consists of fasting for a period of 1 to 5 days, then rinsing, then freezing at a temperature lower than or equal to -20°C of the insect larvae produced in step (b). The frozen larvae are then thawed, then ground and defatted with an organic solvent, for example cyclohexane. After degreasing, the ground material obtained is dispersed in pure water. The proteins are extracted in water and then separated by differential centrifugation. The step of extracting the proteins in water can be assisted by different methods such as ultrasound. Extraction can, for example, be carried out using ultrasonic devices marketed by the company Hielscher (https: / / www.hielscher.com / fr / improved-insect-protein-production-with-ultrasonics.htm).

[0083] In particular, the livestock in step (d) are chosen from pig, sheep, cattle and fish farming animals.

[0084] Ornamental animals and new pets (NAC) can also be chosen, such as lizards such as Pogona, Agama, Tokay, Eublepharius or carnivorous mammals such as ferrets, stoats or otters.

[0085] Step (e)

[0086] Step (e) concerns the fertilization of soils intended for agriculture, with the excrement from step (b).

[0087] Preferably, fertilization step (e) should be adapted to the crops envisaged. Preferably, the manure from step (b) can be applied by broadcasting up to 100 g per m 2in fields. They can be mixed with the growing soil in proportions of 1 to 10 g per liter of soil for potted plants. They can also be applied in liquid form, for example in a quantity of 50 to 100 g of dispersed droppings per liter of water.

[0088] In particular, the soils that are fertilized in step (e) are intended for organic farming. Preferably, the soils that are fertilized in step (e) are intended for organic agricultural and market gardening crops (open ground or not) typically intended for human consumption, such as for example the cultivation of Poaceae (cereals), Fabaceae (legumes), Cucurbitaceae (melons and squash), Solanaceae (tomatoes, eggplants, peppers), and Rosaceae (including fruit trees for the production of apples, plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, strawberries, raspberries among others).

[0089] The soils that are fertilized in step (e) can also be used for growing aromatic plants such as mint, basil and chervil, or ornamental horticultural crops (open ground or not, exotic or not).

[0090] Step (f)

[0091] Step (f) is the methanization of organic waste resulting from the breeding of animals in step (d) and / or from the agriculture in step (e), depending on step (a).

[0092] The waste produced during the livestock farming described in step (d) and during the agriculture described in step (e) can be used as organic waste from step (a).

[0093] FIGURES

[0094] Embodiments of the invention are described in Figures 1 to 5 below.

[0095] [Fig. 1]: Figure 1 represents the larval development of larvae on a substrate.

[0096] [Fig. 2]: Figure 2 represents the separation of L3 larvae.

[0097] [Fig. 3]: Figure 3 represents the development of L3 larvae to the imago stage.

[0098] [Fig. 4]: Figure 4 represents the reproduction of the imagos.

[0099] [Fig. 5]: Figure 5 describes the invention cycle and summarizes all of the steps (a) to (f) described above.

[0100] Description of embodiments of the invention

[0101] Typically, Figures 1 to 4 described below illustrate an example of carrying out step (b) of insect breeding. Figure 1 represents a first step B1 which consists of adding the insect larvae (F1) onto a substrate (S1) as defined previously. The larvae are then left on the substrate S1 during step B2, during their development from the L1 larval stage (F1), then to the L2 larval stage (F2) and up to the L3 larval stage (F3). During step B2 of larval development, droppings are produced, and are added to the initial substrate (S1) giving rise to a modified substrate (ST).

[0102] Figure 2 shows the separation of L3 (F3) larvae obtained in step B2. A B3 separation step allows the harvesting of L3 (F3) larvae, and the isolation of larval droppings produced in step B2 (F4) and the initial substrate (S1). A portion of the harvested L3 (F3) larvae is used for step B4 described in Figure 3, and another portion is directly used in step (c). L2 (F2) larvae that have not reached the L3 stage can also be recovered in the B3 separation step, and can then be reintroduced in step B2. The larval droppings (F4) can be directly used as fertilizer in step (e) and the substrate (S1) can be reused in step B1.

[0103] Figure 3 represents the B4 development of L3 (F3) larvae collected during stage B3 to the adult stage called imago. The L3 (F3) larvae are placed on a substrate (S2). The larvae first develop into nymphs (F5) during pupation B5, and then reach the male (F6) or female (F7) imago stage.

[0104] Figure 4 shows the reproduction B6 of the imagoes (F6) and (F7). The imagoes (F6) and (F7) are placed on the substrate (S2). In step B6, the imagoes reproduce, producing new insect eggs (F8) that develop into new larvae (F1) at the L1 stage. The imagoes are left on the substrate until they die (F9). A separation step B7 then isolates the new L1 larvae (F1), the imago corpses (F9), and the substrate (S2). The larvae (F1) can be used in step B1. The corpses (F9) can be used in step (g). The substrate (S2) can be reused in step B4 and / or B6 and / or possibly in step B1, if (S1) is identical to (S2).

[0105] In Figure 5, step (a) corresponds to the methanization process allowing the production of biogas (1) and digestate (2). The digestate is used for the preparation of substrate (3) intended for the breeding of insects in step (b). At the end of step (b), insect corpses (4) are produced and used for the production of chitosan in step (g). At the end of step (b), droppings are also produced and used for soil fertilization in step (e), and insect larvae (6) are produced and used for the production of animal proteins (7) during step (c). These proteins (7) are then intended for the manufacture of nutrition for livestock in step (d). The organic waste (8) resulting from the animal breeding of step (d) and / or the agriculture of step (e) is then used in a new methanization step (f) similar to step (a).

Claims

CLAIMS 1. Process for the recovery of organic waste, comprising the following steps: (a) production of biogas by a methanization process from said organic waste, said methanization process also producing digestate, (b) rearing insects of the Coleoptera family on a substrate, said substrate comprising said digestate produced in step (a), said insect rearing producing larvae and insect droppings, (c) production of animal proteins from said insect larvae produced in step (b), (d) manufacturing animal nutrition for livestock from said animal proteins produced in step (c), (e) fertilization of soils intended for agriculture with insect droppings from step (b), and (f) methanization of organic waste resulting from the breeding of said animals of step (d) and / or from the agriculture of step (e), according to step (a), Characterized in that steps (a) to (f) form a reproducible cycle.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the insects of step (b) belong to the subfamily Cetoniinae, preferably are chosen from the genera: Cetonia, Protaetia, Cetoniscema, Pachnoda, Eudicella, Chlorocala, Mecynorhina, Chelorrhina, Coelorhina and Dicronorhina, preferably Pachnoda.

3. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the degree of degradation of the organic waste during the methanization process of step (a) ranges from 30% to 90%.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the substrate used in step (b) is a mixture of digestate produced in step (a) and topsoil and / or compost, preferably in a digestate:topsoil and / or compost mass ratio ranging from 0.1:99.9 to 99.9:0.1, preferably from 30:70 to 70:

30.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the insect breeding of step (b) comprises the following steps: - development of insect larvae on the S1 substrate, - separation of larvae that have completed their larval development, - development of said larvae on the S2 substrate, up to the adult stage, and - reproduction of said larvae in the adult stage.

6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the cycle of harvesting the insect larvae during step (b) has a duration ranging from 100 to 450 days, preferably from 100 to 120 days.

7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the insect breeding of step (b) is carried out until complete consumption of the substrate.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the livestock animals of step (d) are chosen from animals from pig, sheep, cattle and fish farming.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the soils fertilized in step (e) are intended for organic farming, and in particular for organic agricultural and market garden crops (open ground or not) intended for human consumption, such as for example the cultivation of Poaceae (cereals), Fabaceae (legumes), Cucurbitaceae (melons and squash), Solanaceae (tomatoes, aubergines, peppers), and Rosaceae (including fruit trees for the production of apples, plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, strawberries, raspberries among others).

Images