Herbicidal compositions comprising benzyl lactam molecules and mixing partners

Abstract

The present disclosure is directed to herbicidal compositions comprising a benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and another herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and more than one herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and from one to five other herbicides. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide and a safener. Methods of using the herbicidal compositions are also disclosed.

Description

Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING BENZYL LACTAM MOLECULES AND MIXING PARTNERS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.63 / 635,758, filed on April 18, 2024, entitled HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING BENZYL LACTAM MOLECULES AND MIXING PARTNERS, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference. FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure is directed to herbicidal compositions comprising a benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and another herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and two other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and from one to five other herbicides. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide and a safener. Methods of using the herbicidal compositions are also disclosed. BACKGROUND

[0003] Many recurring problems in agriculture involve controlling the growth of undesirable vegetation. If it is not controlled, the undesirable vegetation can, for instance, negatively affect the growth of desirable vegetation, such as crops, lawns, pastures, gardens, and recreational areas. To help control undesirable vegetation, researchers have produced a variety of chemicals and chemical compositions effective in controlling such unwanted growth.

[0004] However, there exists an ongoing need for new herbicides and methods to control the growth of undesirable vegetation, including undesirable vegetation that has developed resistance to previous herbicides. In many locations, herbicide resistance may be an significant problem, as previously-effective herbicides become less effective in controlling the undesirable vegetation with herbicide resistance. One method of improving herbicide effectiveness and reducing the problem of herbicide resistance is to combine two or more herbicides in a herbicidal composition.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Using two or more herbicides in combination may be effective in controlling undesirable vegetation that is resistant to certain herbicides, particularly if the herbicides in the composition have different modes of action in the vegetation. SUMMARY

[0005] Disclosed herein are various herbicidal compositions comprising a benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and another herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and two other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and from one to five other herbicides. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide and a safener. Methods of using the herbicidal compositions are also disclosed.

[0006] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(I): wherein:Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; R1is selected from the group consisting of methyl and cyclopropyl; R2is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and methoxy; R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3- C8)-alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1-C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 alkylester, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1- C8)-amide, (C0-C6)-alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl- SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl- C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1- C16)-arylalkoxy, and R72 and R73 together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (I); and a mixing partner.

[0007] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(II):wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3- C8)-alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1-C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)- alkylester, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1- C8)-amide, (C0-C6)-alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl- C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1- C16)-arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72 and R73 together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (II); and a mixing partner.

[0008] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(III):wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)-Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)- arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (III); and a mixing partner.

[0009] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV): whereinY is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof;Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)- arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (III); and a mixing partner.

[0010] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(II) and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, a second herbicide and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, a second herbicide, a third herbicide, a fourth herbicide, and a fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener and a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a herbicide, and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a herbicide, a second herbicide, and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a herbicide, a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide.

[0011] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV) and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, a second herbicide and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, an optional second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide which are independently selected from the group consisting of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, synthetic auxin herbicides, auxin transport inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, photosystemAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 II (PS II) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA) inhibitors, microtubule assembly (MAI) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase(EPSPS) inhibitors, deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate synthase (DXPS) inhibitors, and herbicides with unknown modes of action.

[0012] In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a herbicide, an optional second herbicide, optional third herbicide, optional fourth herbicide, and optional fifth herbicide which are independently selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bispyribac, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cloransulam, cyclosulfamuron, diclosulam, ethametsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, flumetsulam, flupyrsulfuron, flusulfinam, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, metosulam, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, penoxsulam, primisulfuron, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyribenzoxim, pyriflubenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxsulam, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, triafamone, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, benazolin, clomeprop, clopyralid, dichlorprop, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, florpyrauxifen, fluchloraminopyr, flufenauxirim, fluroxypyr, halauxifen, indolauxipyr, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB, picloram, quinclorac, quinmerac, triclopyr, diflufenzopyr, naptalam, acifluorfen, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, cinidon, epyrifenacil, flufenoximacil, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, fluthiacet, fomesafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, tiafenacil, trifludimoxazin, beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, norflurazon, picolinafen, ametryne, amicarbazone, atrazine, bentazone, bromacil, bromoxynil, chloridazon, chlorotoluron, cyanazine, desmedipham, dimethametryn, diuron, fluometuron, hexazinone, ioxynil, isoproturon, lenacil, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, metribuzin, monolinuron, phenmedipham, prometon, prometryne, propanil, pyridate, simazine, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbutylazine, terbutryn, benquitrione, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bipyrazone, cypyrafluone, dioxopyritrione, fenpyrazone, fenquinotrione, isoxaflutole, lancotrione, mesotrione, pyraquinate, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tolpyralate, topramezone, tripyrasulfone, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, cycloxydim,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, feproxydim, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, acetochlor, alachlor, anilofos, benfuresate, butachlor, cafenstrole, cycloate, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, EPTC, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flufenacet, indanofan, ipfencarbazone, mefenacet, metazachlor, metolachlor, pethoxamid, piperophos, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, pyroxasulfone, thenylchlor, thiobencarb, tri-allate, benfuresate, esprocarb, ethofumesate, molinate, prosulfocarb, benfluralin, butamifos, butralin, carbetamide, chlorpropham, chlorthal, dithiopyr, ethalfluralin, flumetralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, propham, propyzamide, thiazopyr, trifluralin, glufosinate, bilanafos, glyphosate, bixlozone, broclozone, clomazone, flusulfinam, icafolin, iptriazopyrid, metproxybicyclone, bensulide, daimuron, etobenzanid, flupropanate, fosamine, naproanilide, napropamide, oxaziclomefone and pelargonic acid.

[0013] In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. Safeners are compounds leading to better crop compatibility when applied with a herbicide. In some aspects, the safener itself is herbicidally active. In some aspects, the safener acts as an antidote or antagonist in the crop plants and can protect the crop plants from damage that might otherwise occur from an applied herbicide. Exemplary safeners include, but are not limited to, AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)- 1,3-oxazolidine, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro [4.5]decane, oxabetrinil, R29148, and N- phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, as well as thereof agriculturally acceptable salts and, provided they have a carboxyl group, their agriculturally acceptable derivatives. In some aspects, the safener can be cloquintocet or an ester or salt or ester thereof, such as cloquintocet (mexyl). In some aspects, the safener can be dichlormid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Disclosed herein are various herbicidal compositions comprising a benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and another herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and two other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule andAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 from three to five other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and from one to five other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule, a safener, and from one to five herbicides. 1. Definitions

[0015] Terms used herein will have their customary meaning in the art unless specified otherwise. The singular forms "a" and "the" include plural references unless stated otherwise. To the extent that the term "or" is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean "A or B or both." If this disclosure intends to indicate "only A or B but not both" then the term "only A or B but not both" will be employed. Thus, use of the term "or" herein is the inclusive and not the exclusive use.

[0016] As used herein, the terms “herbicide,” “herbicidal active ingredient,” or “herbicidal compound” refer to an active ingredient that kills, controls, or otherwise adversely modifies the growth of vegetation, particularly undesirable vegetation such as weed species, when applied in an appropriate amount.

[0017] As used herein, the term “herbicidal effect” is an adversely modifying effect of an active ingredient on vegetation, including, for example, a deviation from natural growth or development, killing, regulation, desiccation, growth inhibition, growth reduction, and retardation. The term "herbicidal activity" refers generally to herbicidal effects of an active ingredient.

[0018] As used herein, the term “herbicide resistance” refers to an inherited ability of an individual plant to survive an herbicide application that would kill a normal population of the same species of plant. Herbicide resistance in a plant species often arises due to the application of an herbicide on plants of that species in a specific location.

[0019] As used herein, the term “herbicide tolerance” refers to the inherent ability of a species of plants to survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment at a normal use rate. Herbicide tolerance is therefore a natural tolerance within the normal population of the plant species, rather than resistance selected for in that species by the application of an herbicide.

[0020] As used herein, a “composition” refers to a mixture comprising at least one herbicide and comprising other ingredients used to enhance the properties or effectiveness of the mixture in some way. The other ingredients may include, but are not limited to, diluents, surfactants,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 adjuvants, anti-foam agents, emulsifiers, colorants, dispersants, antifreeze agents, and other such ingredients.

[0021] As used herein, a “safener” refers to a compound that protects vegetation by preventing or reducing the herbicidal effect caused by herbicides that are applied to the vegetation. Safeners are typically used to protect desirable vegetation, e.g., crops, from herbicides that are applied to control undesirable vegetation, e.g., weeds, in or around the location of the desirable vegetation.

[0022] As used herein, a “mixing partner” refers to an active ingredient, such as a herbicide or a safener, that is added to a herbicidal composition containing another active ingredient. For the purpose of the present disclosure, it should be understood that a mixing partner comprises one or more active ingredients, such as a herbicide or a safener, that is added to a composition that also includes a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula (I).

[0023] As used herein, "applying" an herbicide or herbicidal composition refers to delivering it directly to the targeted vegetation or to the locus thereof or to the area where control of undesirable vegetation is desired. Methods of application include, but are not limited to, pre- emergently contacting soil or water, post-emergently contacting the undesirable vegetation, or contacting the area adjacent to the undesirable vegetation.

[0024] As used herein, the term “vegetation” can include, for instance, dormant seeds, germinating seeds, emerging seedlings, plants propagating from vegetative propagules, immature vegetation, and established vegetation.

[0025] As used herein, the term "crop" refers to desired vegetation, for instance, plants that are grown to provide food, shelter, pasture, erosion control, etc. Example crops include cereals, legumes, vegetables, orchard and timber trees, grapevines, etc. Preferably, herbicides or herbicidal compositions have zero or minimal herbicidal effect on crops.

[0026] As used herein, the term "undesirable vegetation" refers to vegetation not wanted in a given area, for instance, weed species. Herbicides or herbicidal compositions are used to control undesirable vegetation. Preferably, herbicides or herbicidal compositions have a large or complete herbicidal effect on undesirable vegetation.

[0027] As used herein, “alkyl” refers to saturated, straight-chained, or branched saturated hydrocarbon moieties. Unless otherwise specified, C1-C16 alkyl groups are intended. Examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methyl-ethyl, butyl, 1-methyl-propyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl- ethyl, pentyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-propyl,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 hexyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, 1,2-dimethyl-propyl, 1-methyl-pentyl, 2-methyl-pentyl, 3-methyl-pentyl, 4-methyl-pentyl, 1,1-dimethyl-butyl, 1,2-dimethyl-butyl, 1,3-dimethyl-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-butyl, 2,3- dimethyl-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-butyl, 1-ethyl-butyl, 2-ethyl-butyl, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propyl, 1,2,2- trimethyl-propyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propyl, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl.

[0028] As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to saturated hydrocarbon moieties arranged in a ring. As used herein, “alkylcycloalkyl” refers to cycloalkyl moities with alkyl substituents. Unless otherwise specified, C3-C16cycloalkyl or alkylcycloalkyl groups are intended. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, methylcyclopropyl, 1,1-dimethylcyclopropyl, 1,2-dimethylcyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, 1- methylcyclobutyl, 2-methylcyclobutyl, 1,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1,3-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1- ethylcyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, 1,2-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1,3-dimethylcyclobutyl, 1-ethylcyclobutyl, 1- methylcyclopentyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 2-methylcyclohexyl, 3- methylcyclohexyl, 1,1-dimethylcyclopentyl, 1,2-dimethylcyclopentyl, 1,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 1,4- dimethylcyclopentyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 1-ethylcyclopentyl, 1,1,2-trimethylcyclobutyl, 1,2,3- trimethylcyclopentyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylcyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, 1-ethylcyclohexyl, 1,2- dimethylcyclohexyl, 1,3-dimethylcyclohexyl, and 1-ethylcyclohexyl.

[0029] As used herein, “haloalkyl” refers to straight-chained or branched alkyl groups, where in these groups the hydrogen atoms may be substituted partially or entirely with halogen atoms. Unless otherwise specified, C1-C16 groups are intended. Examples include chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1- fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2- difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 1,1,1- trifluoroprop-2-yl.

[0030] As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to unsaturated straight-chained, or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a double bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C16alkenyl are intended. Alkenyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include ethenyl, 1- propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2- methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1-methyl-1-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2- methyl-2-butenyl, 3-methyl-2-butenyl, 1-methyl-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-3-butenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1- ethyl-2-propenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2- pentenyl, 3-methyl-2-pentenyl, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl, 1-methyl-3-pentenyl, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl, 3- methyl-3-pentenyl, 4-methyl-3-pentenyl, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl, 2-methyl-4-pentenyl, 3-methyl-4- pentenyl, 4-methyl-4-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-1- butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-2- butenyl, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2- butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-1-butenyl, 1-ethyl-2-butenyl, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl, 2-ethyl-1-butenyl, 2-ethyl-2-butenyl, 2-ethyl-3-butenyl, 1,1,2- trimethyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl, and 1-ethyl-2- methyl-2-propenyl. Vinyl refers to a group having the strutcture –CH=CH2; 1-propenyl refers to a group with the structure–CH=CH-CH3; and 2-propenyl refers to a group with the structure –CH2- CH=CH2.

[0031] As used herein, “alkynyl” represents unsaturated straight-chained or branched hydrocarbon moieties containing a triple bond. Unless otherwise specified, C2-C16alkynyl groups are intended. Alkynyl groups may contain more than one unsaturated bond. Examples include ethynyl, 1- propynyl, 2-propynyl (or propargyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, 1- pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 3-methyl-1-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-butynyl, 1-methyl-3- butynyl, 2-methyl-3-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl, 1-ethyl-2-propynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3- hexynyl, 4-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 3-methyl-1-pentynyl, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl, 4- methyl-2-pentynyl, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl, 1-methyl-4-pentynyl, 2-methyl-4- pentynyl, 3-methyl-4-pentynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 1,2-dimethyl-3- butynyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butynyl, 1-ethyl-2-butynyl, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl, 2- ethyl-3-butynyl, and 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl.

[0032] As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to a group of the formula R-O-, where R is alkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, alkoxy groups wherein R is a C1-C10 alkyl group are intended. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 1-methyl-ethoxy, butoxy, 1-methyl-propoxy, 2- methyl-propoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-ethoxy, pentoxy, 1-methyl-butyloxy, 2-methyl-butoxy, 3-methyl- butoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-propoxy, hexoxy, 1,1-dimethyl-propoxy, 1,2-dimethyl- propoxy, 1-methyl-pentoxy, 2-methyl-pentoxy, 3-methyl-pentoxy, 4-methyl-pentoxy, 1,1-dimethyl- butoxy, 1,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 1,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,2-dimethyl-butoxy, 2,3-dimethyl-butoxy, 3,3- dimethyl-butoxy, 1-ethyl-butoxy, 2-ethyl-butoxy, 1,1,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1,2,2-trimethyl-propoxy, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-propoxy, and 1-ethyl-2-methyl-propoxy.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0033] As used herein, “alkylthio” refers to a group of the formula R-S- where R is alkyl as defined above. Unless otherwise specified, alkylthio groups wherein R is a C1-C10 alkyl group are intended. Examples include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, 1-methylethylthio, butylthio, 1- methyl-propylthio, 2-methylpropylthio, 1,1-dimethylethylthio, pentylthio, 1-methylbutylthio, 2- methylbutylthio, 3-methylbutylthio, 2,2-dimethylpropylthio, 1-ethylpropylthio, hexylthio, 1,1- dimethylpropylthio, 1,2-dimethylpropylthio, 1-methylpentylthio, 2-methylpentylthio, 3- methylpentylthio, 4-methylpentylthio, 1,1-dimethylbutylthio, 1,2-dimethylbutylthio, 1,3- dimethylbutylthio, 2,2-dimethylbutylthio, 2,3-dimethylbutylthio, 3,3-dimethylbutylthio, 1- ethylbutylthio, 2-ethylbutylthio, 1,1,2-trimethylpropylthio, 1,2,2-trimethylpropylthio, 1-ethyl-1- methylpropylthio, and 1-ethyl-2-methylpropylthio.

[0034] As used herein, “aryl”, as well as derivative terms such as aryloxy, refers to a benzyl, phenyl, indanyl or naphthyl group. The term heteroaryl, as well as derivative terms such as heteroaryloxy, refers to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms, viz., N, O or S; these aromatic and heteroaromatic rings may be fused to other aromatic and / or heteroaromatic systems. The aryl or heteroaryl substituents may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2- C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 acyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6alkylsulfonyl, C1-C6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6carbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylaminocarbonyl, C1-C6 dialkylaminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied.

[0035] As used herein, “alkylaryl”, as well as derivative terms such as arylalkoxy, refers to a C1-C16 alkyl group substituted with one or more phenyl, indanyl or naphthyl groups, with phenyl or benzyl substituents being preferred. For instance, C7-C16alkylaryl refers to a group wherein the total number of carbon atoms in the group is 7 to 16.

[0036] As used herein “alkylcarbonyl” refers to an alkyl group bonded to a carbonyl group. C1-C3 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C3haloalkylcarbonyl refer to groups wherein a C1-C3alkyl group is bonded to a carbonyl group (hence, the group contains a total of 2 to 4 carbon atoms).

[0037] As used herein, “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a group of the wherein R isAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0038] As used herein “alkyl-sulfonyl” refers to a group of the formula , where R is alkyl.

[0039] As used herein carbamyl (also referred to as carbamoyl and refers to a group of the .

[0040] As usedrefers to a group of the formula –SiR3 wherein each R is independently a C1-C6alkyl group (hence, the group contains a total of 3 to 18 carbon atoms).

[0041] As used herein Me refers to a methyl group; OMe refers to a methoxy group; i-Pr refers to an isopropyl group.

[0042] As used herein, the term halogen including derivative terms such as halo refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

[0043] As used herein, “substituted” refers to any of the moities defined above, such as “alkyl,” “alkenyl,” “cycloalkyl,” etc., which is substituted with one or more substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, formyl, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1- C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 carbamoyl, hydroxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, provided that the substituents are sterically compatible and the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied.

[0044] As used herein, agriculturally acceptable salts refer to salts that are approved for use in agricultural applications. Agriculturally acceptable salts of herbicides may be converted in plants, water, or soil to the referenced herbicide, which, depending on the pH, may be in the dissociated or undissociated form. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable salts include but are not limited to: cationic alkali metals or alkali earth metals; ammonium ions; mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra- alkylammonium ions; mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra-alkylhydroxyammonium ions; and unsubstituted or substituted morpholinium ions.

[0045] As used herein, "active ingredient" or "ai" refers to a chemical compound or composition that has an effect on vegetation, for example, a herbicidal effect or a safening effect on the vegetation.

[0046] As used herein, "acid equivalent" or "ae" refers to the amount of the acid form of an active ingredient that is calculated from the amount of a salt or ester form of that active ingredient. For example, if the acid form of an active ingredient "Z" has a molecular weight of 120 Dalton, and theAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 salt form of Z has a molecular weight of 150 Dalton, an application of 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g ai / ha) of the Z salt would be equal to applying 60 grams of acid equivalent per hectare (g ae / ha) of the acid form of Z:: 75 g ai / ha Z salt * (120 Da Z acid / 150 Da Z salt) = 60 g ae / ha Z acid. 2. Benzyl Lactam Molecules

[0047] Disclosed herein are various herbicidal compositions comprising benzyl lactam molecules and one or more other herbicides.

[0048] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(I): wherein:Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; R1is selected from the group consisting of methyl and cyclopropyl; R2is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and methoxy; R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl,C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof;Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)- arylalkoxy, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (I); and a mixing partner.

[0049] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(II):wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)-Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (II); and a mixing partner.

[0050] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(III):wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)- arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; andAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (III); and a mixing partner.

[0051] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV): whereinY is selected from the group consisting of O or NH; and R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)- alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)- alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3-C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)- heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1- C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)-alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3- C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1-C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)- alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)-alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)- alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1- C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)- arylalkoxy, NR78R79, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl;Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (III); and a mixing partner.

[0052] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(I) and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, a fourth herbicide, and a fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a second herbicide, and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide..

[0053] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(II) and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, a fourth herbicide, and a fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a second herbicide, and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide.

[0054] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(III) and a mixing partner, where the benzyl lactam molecule is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide, a third herbicide, a fourth herbicide, and a fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a secondAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 herbicide, and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a safener, a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide.

[0055] In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises: a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV), a second herbicide, and a third herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises: a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV), a second herbicide, a third herbicide, and a fourth herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises: a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula(IV), a second herbicide, a third herbicide, a fourth herbicide, and a fifth herbicide.

[0056] In some aspects, the second herbicide, optional third herbicide, optional fourth herbicide, and optional fifth herbicide are independently selected from the group consisting of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, synthetic auxin herbicides, auxin transport inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors, 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA) inhibitors, microtubule assembly (MAI) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase(EPSPS) inhibitors, deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate synthase (DXPS) inhibitors, and herbicides with unknown modes of action.

[0057] In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. Safeners are compounds leading to better crop compatibility when applied with a herbicide. In some aspects, the safener itself is herbicidally active. In some aspects, the safener acts as an antidote or antagonist in the crop plants and can protect the crop plants from damage that might otherwise occur from an applied herbicide. Exemplary safeners include, but are not limited to, AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)- 1,3-oxazolidine, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro [4.5]decane, oxabetrinil, R29148, and N- phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, as well as thereof agriculturally acceptable salts and, provided they have a carboxyl group, their agriculturally acceptable derivatives. In some aspects, the safener can be cloquintocet or an ester or salt or ester thereof, such as cloquintocet (mexyl). In some aspects, the safener can be dichlormid.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0058] Examples of the benzyl lactams of the present disclosure are listed in Table 1 below.Table 1: Examples of Benzyl Lactam Herbicides Comp.Chemical StructureComp. ID. ID. Chemical StructureAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Comp. ID. Chemical StructureAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0059] Further details of the benzyl lactams exemplified in Table 1, including methods of preparation and properties, may be found in PCT patent application PCT / US2023 / 076654.

[0060] In some aspects, the benzyl lactam molecules in the compositions can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount sufficient to induce a herbicidal effect. In some aspects, the benzyl lactam molecules are applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount of 1 gram acid equivalent per hectare (g ai) or more, such as at 1.5 g ai or more, 2 g ai or more, 2.5 g ai or more, 3 g ai or more, 3.5 g ai or more, 4 g ai or more, 4.5 g ai or more, 5 g ai or more, 6 g ai or more, 7 g ai or more, 8 g ai or more, 9 g ai or more, 10 g ai or more, 15 g ai or more, 20 g ai or more, 25 g ai or more, 30 g ai or more, 35 g ai or more, 40 g ai or more, 45 g ai or more, 50 g ai or more, 55 g ai or more, 60 g ai or more, 65 g ai or more, 70 g ai or more, 75 g ai or more, 80 g ai or more, 85 g ai or more, 90 g ai or more, 95 g ai or more, 100 g ai or more, 110 g ai or more, 120 g ai or more, 130 g ai or more, 140 g ai or more, 150 g ai or more, 160 g ai or more, 170 g ai or more, 180 g ai or more, 190 g ai or more, 200 g ai or more, 220 g ai or more, 240 g ai or more, 250 g ai or more, 260 g ai or more, 280 g ai or more, 300 g ai or more, 320 g ai or more, 340 g ai or more, 350 g ai or more, 360 g ai or more, 380 g ai or more, 400 g ai or more, 450 g ai or more, 500 g ai or more, 550 g ai or more, 600 g ai or more, 650 g ai or more, 700 g ai or more, 750 g ai or more, 800 g ai or more, 850 g ai or more, 900 g ai or more, or 950 g ai or more; in some aspects, the benzyl lactam molecules in the compositions can be applied in an amount of 1000 g ai or less, such as at 950 g ai or less, 900 g ai or less, 850 g ai or less, 800 g ai or less, 750 g ai or less, 700 g ai or less, 650 g ai or less, 600 g ai or less, 550 g ai or less, 500 g ai or less, 450 g ai or less, 400 g ai or less, 380 g ai or less, 360 g ai or less, 350 g ai or less, 340 g ai or less, 320 g ai or less, 300 g ai or less, 280 g ai or less, 260 g ai or less, 250 g ai or less, 240 g ai or less, 220 g ai or less, 200 g ai or less, 190 g ai or less, 180 g ai or less, 170 g ai or less, 160 g ai or less, 150 g ai or less, 140 g ai or less, 130 g ai or less, 120 g ai or less, 110 g ai or less, 100 g ai or less, 95 g ai or less, 90 g ai or less, 85 g ai or less, 80 g ai or less, 75 g ai or less, 70 g ai or less, 65 g ai or less, 60 g ai or less, 55 g ai or less, 50 g ai or less, 45 g ai or less, 40 g ai or less, 35 g ai or less, 30 g ai or less, 25 g ai or less, 20 g ai or less, 15 g ai or less, 10 g ai or less, 9 g ai or less, 8 g ai or less, 7 g ai or less, 6 g ai or less, 5 g ai or less, 4.5 g ai or less, 4 g ai or less, 3.5 g ai or less, 3 g ai or less, 2.5 g ai or less, 2 g ai or less, 1.5 g ai or less,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 or 1 g ai or less; In some aspects, the benzyl lactam molecules in the compositions can be applied in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above, e.g., 1–1000 g ai, 10–240 g ai, 40-150 g ai, 1.5–300 g ai, 70–200 g ai, 80–190 g ai, 3– 125 g ai, 25–260 g ai, 60–750 g ai, 50–200 g ai, 15–600 g ai, 90–360 g ai, 40–140 g ai, 50–400 g ai, 70–125 g ai, 100–800 g ai, or 65–170 g ai. 3. Mixing Partners

[0061] The present disclosure is directed to herbicidal compositions comprising benzyl lactam molecules and mixing partners. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and a second herbicide. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule and two other herbicides. In some aspects, the herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule, a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, and an optional fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. In some aspects, the mixing partner comprises a second herbicide and a safener.

[0062] In some aspects, the mixing partner is a herbicide. In some aspects, the mixing partner is a second herbicide, an optional third herbicide, an optional fourth herbicide, or an optional fifth herbicide. In some aspects, the second herbicide, optional third herbicide, optional fourth herbicide, and optional fifth herbicide are independently selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bispyribac, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cloransulam, cyclosulfamuron, diclosulam, ethametsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, flumetsulam, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, metosulam, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, penoxsulam, primisulfuron, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyribenzoxim, pyriflubenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxsulam, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, triafamone, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, benazolin, clomeprop, clopyralid, dichlorprop, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, florpyrauxifen, fluchloraminopyr, flufenauxirim, fluroxypyr, halauxifen, indolauxipyr, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB, picloram, quinclorac, quinmerac, triclopyr, diflufenzopyr, naptalam,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 acifluorfen, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, cinidon, epyrifenacil, flufenoximacil, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, fluthiacet, fomesafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, tiafenacil, trifludimoxazin, beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, norflurazon, picolinafen, ametryne, amicarbazone, atrazine, bentazone, bromacil, bromoxynil, chloridazon, chlorotoluron, cyanazine, desmedipham, dimethametryn, diuron, fluometuron, hexazinone, ioxynil, isoproturon, lenacil, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, metribuzin, monolinuron, phenmedipham, prometon, prometryne, propanil, pyridate, simazine, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbutylazine, terbutryn, benquitrione, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bipyrazone, cypyrafluone, dioxopyritrione, fenpyrazone, fenquinotrione, isoxaflutole, lancotrione, mesotrione, pyraquinate, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tolpyralate, topramezone, tripyrasulfone, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, feproxydim, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, acetochlor, alachlor, anilofos, benfuresate, butachlor, cafenstrole, cycloate, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, EPTC, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flufenacet, indanofan, ipfencarbazone, mefenacet, metazachlor, metolachlor, pethoxamid, piperophos, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, pyroxasulfone, thenylchlor, thiobencarb, tri-allate, benfuresate, esprocarb, ethofumesate, molinate, prosulfocarb, benfluralin, butamifos, butralin, carbetamide, chlorpropham, chlorthal, dithiopyr, ethalfluralin, flumetralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, propham, propyzamide, thiazopyr, trifluralin, glufosinate, bilanafos, glyphosate, bixlozone, broclozone, clomazone, flusulfinam, icafolin, iptriazopyrid, metproxybicyclone, bensulide, daimuron, etobenzanid, flupropanate, fosamine, naproanilide, napropamide, oxaziclomefone and pelargonic acid.

[0063] The herbicidal mixing partner or partners can be applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount sufficient to induce a herbicidal effect. In some aspects, the herbicidal mixing partner is applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applied to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation in an amount of 0.25 grams active ingredient per hectare (g ai / ha) or more, such as 0.3 g ai / ha or more, 0.4 g ai / ha or more, 0.5 g ai / ha or more, 0.6 g ai / ha or more, 0.7 g ai / ha or more, 0.8 g ai / ha or more, 0.9 g ai / ha or more, 1 g ai / ha or more, 1.5 g ai / ha or more, 2 g ai / ha or more, 2.5 g ai / ha or more, 3 g ai / ha or more, 3.5 g ai / ha or more, 4 g ai / ha or more, 4.5 g ai / ha or more, 5 g ai / ha or more, 6 g ai / ha or more, 7 g ai / ha or more, 8 g ai / ha or more, 9 g ai / ha or more, 10 g ai / ha or more, 15 gAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 ai / ha or more, 20 g ai / ha or more, 25 g ai / ha or more, 30 g ai / ha or more, 35 g ai / ha or more, 40 g ai / ha or more, 45 g ai / ha or more, 50 g ai / ha or more, 55 g ai / ha or more, 60 g ai / ha or more, 65 g ai / ha or more, 70 g ai / ha or more, 75 g ai / ha or more, 80 g ai / ha or more, 85 g ai / ha or more, 90 g ai / ha or more, 95 g ai / ha or more, 100 g ai / ha or more, 110 g ai / ha or more, 120 g ai / ha or more, 130 g ai / ha or more, 140 g ai / ha or more, 150 g ai / ha or more, 160 g ai / ha or more, 170 g ai / ha or more, 180 g ai / ha or more, 190 g ai / ha or more, 200 g ai / ha or more, 220 g ai / ha or more, 240 g ai / ha or more, 250 g ai / ha or more, 260 g ai / ha or more, 280 g ai / ha or more, 300 g ai / ha or more, 320 g ai / ha or more, 340 g ai / ha or more, 350 g ai / ha or more, 360 g ai / ha or more, 380 g ai / ha or more, 400 g ai / ha or more, 420 g ai / ha or more, 440 g ai / ha or more, 460 g ai / ha or more, 480 g ai / ha or more, 500 g ai / ha or more, 520 g ai / ha or more, 540 g ai / ha or more, 560 g ai / ha or more, 580 g ai / ha or more, 600 g ai / ha or more, 625 g ai / ha or more, 650 g ai / ha or more, 675 g ai / ha or more, 700 g ai / ha or more, 725 g ai / ha or more, 750 g ai / ha or more, 775 g ai / ha or more, 800 g ai / ha or more, 825 g ai / ha or more, 850 g ai / ha or more, 875 g ai / ha or more, 900 g ai / ha or more, 925 g ai / ha or more, 950 g ai / ha or more, 975 g ai / ha or more, 1000 g ai / ha or more, 1050 g ai / ha or more, 1100 g ai / ha or more, 1150 g ai / ha or more, 1200 g ai / ha or more, 1250 g ai / ha or more, 1300 g ai / ha or more, 1350 g ai / ha or more, 1400 g ai / ha or more, 1450 g ai / ha or more, 1500 g ai / ha or more, 1550 g ai / ha or more, 1600 g ai / ha or more, 1650 g ai / ha or more, 1675 g ai / ha or more, 1680 g ai / ha or more, 1690 g ai / ha or more, 1700 g ai or more, 1800 g ai or more, 1900 g ai or more, 2000 g ai or more, 2050 g ai or more, 2100 g ai or more, 2150 g ai or more, 2200 g ai or more, 2240 g ai or more, 2250 g ai or more, 2300 g ai or more, 2350 g ai or more, 2400 g ai or more, 2450 g ai or more, 2500 g ai or more, 2600 g ai or more, 2700 g ai or more, 2750 g ai or more, 2800 g ai or more, 2900 g ai or more, 3000 g ai or more, 3050 g ai or more, 3100 g ai or more, 3150 g ai or more, 3200 g ai or more, 3250 g ai or more, 3300 g ai or more, 3350 g ai or more, 3400 g ai or more, 3450 g ai or more, 3500 g ai or more, 3600 g ai or more, 3700 g ai or more, 3750 g ai or more, 3800 g ai or more, 3900 g ai or more, 3950 g ai or more, 4000 g ai / ha or more, 4100 g ai / ha or more, 4200 g ai / ha or more, 4250 g ai / ha or more, 4300 g ai / ha or more, 4400 g ai / ha or more, 4450 g ai / ha or more, 4500 g ai / ha or more, 4640 g ai / ha or more, 4780 g ai / ha or more, 4920 g ai / ha or more, 5000 g ai / ha or more, 5060 g ai / ha or more, 5200 g ai / ha or more, 5340 g ai / ha or more, 5480 g ai / ha or more, 5620 g ai / ha or more, 5760 g ai / ha or more, 5900 g ai / ha or more, 6000 g ai / ha or more, 6150 g ai / ha or more, 6350 g ai / ha or more, 6500 g ai / ha or more, 6750 g ai / ha or more, 7000 g ai / ha or more, 7500 g ai / ha or more, 8000 g ai / ha or more, 8500 g ai / ha or more, 9000 g ai / ha or more, 9500 g ai / ha or more, 10 kg ai / ha or more, 10.5 kgAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 ai / ha or more, 11 kg ai / ha or more, or 11.5 kg ai / ha or more; in an amount of 12 kg ai / ha or less, such as 11.5 kg ai / ha or less, 11 kg ai / ha or less, 10.5 kg ai / ha, 10 kg ai / ha or less, 9500 g ai / ha or less, 9000 g ai / ha or less, 8500 g ai / ha or less, 8000 g ai / ha or less, 7500 g ai / ha or less, 7000 g ai / ha or less, 6750 g ai / ha or less, 6500 g ai / ha or less, 6275 g ai / ha or less, 6250 g ai / ha or less, 6200 g ai / ha or less, 6125 g ai / ha or less, 6050 g ai / ha or less, 5975 g ai / ha or less, 5900 g ai / ha or less, 5825 g ai / ha or less, 5750 g ai / ha or less, 5675 g ai / ha or less, 5600 g ai / ha or less, 5525 g ai / ha or less, 5450 g ai / ha or less, 5375 g ai / ha or less, 5300 g ai / ha or less, 5225 g ai / ha or less, 5150 g ai / ha or less, 5075 g ai / ha or less, 5000 g ai / ha or less, 4925 g ai / ha or less, 4850 g ai / ha or less, 4775 g ai / ha or less, 4700 g ai / ha or less, 4625 g ai / ha or less4450 g ai / ha or less, 4400 g ai / ha or less, 4300 g ai / ha or less, 4250 g ai / ha or less, 4100 g ai / ha or less, 4000 g ai / ha or less, 3950 g ai / ha or less, 3900 g ai or less, 3800 g ai or less, 3750 g ai or less, 3700 g ai or less, 3600 g ai or less, 3500 g ai or less, 3450 g ai or less, 3400 g ai or less, 3350 g ai or less, 3300 g ai or less, 3250 g ai or less, 3200 g ai or less, 3150 g ai or less, 3100 g ai or less, 3050 g ai or less, 3000 g ai or less, 2900 g ai or less, 2800 g ai or less, 2750 g ai or less, 2700 g ai or less, 2600 g ai or less, 2500 g ai or less, 2450 g ai or less, 2400 g ai or less, 2350 g ai or less, 2300 g ai or less, 2250 g ai or less, 2240 g ai or less, 2200 g ai or less, 2150 g ai or less, 2100 g ai or less, 2050 g ai or less, 2000 g ai or less, 1900 g ai or less, 1800 g ai or less,1700 g ai / ha or less, 1690 g ai / ha or less, 1680 g ai / ha or less, 1675 g ai / ha or less, 1650 g ai / ha or less, 1600 g ai / ha or less, 1550 g ai / ha or less, 1500 g ai / ha or less, 1450 g ai / ha or less, 1400 g ai / ha or less, 1350 g ai / ha or less, 1300 g ai / ha or less, 1250 g ai / ha or less, 1200 g ai / ha or less, 1150 g ai / ha or less, 1100 g ai / ha or less, 1050 g ai / ha or less, 1000 g ai / ha or less, 975 g ai / ha or less, 950 g ai / ha or less, 925 g ai / ha or less, 900 g ai / ha or less, 875 g ai / ha or less, 850 g ai / ha or less, 825 g ai / ha or less, 800 g ai / ha or less, 775 g ai / ha or less, 750 g ai / ha or less, 725 g ai / ha or less, 700 g ai / ha or less, 675 g ai / ha or less, 650 g ai / ha or less, 625 g ai / ha or less, 600 g ai / ha or less, 580 g ai / ha or less, 560 g ai / ha or less, 540 g ai / ha or less, 520 g ai / ha or less, 500 g ai / ha or less, 480 g ai / ha or less, 460 g ai / ha or less, 440 g ai / ha or less, 420 g ai / ha or less, 400 g ai / ha or less, 380 g ai / ha or less, 360 g ai / ha or less, 350 g ai / ha or less, 340 g ai / ha or less, 320 g ai / ha or less, 300 g ai / ha or less, 280 g ai / ha or less, 260 g ai / ha or less, 250 g ai / ha or less, 240 g ai / ha or less, 220 g ai / ha or less, 200 g ai / ha or less, 190 g ai / ha or less, 180 g ai / ha or less, 170 g ai / ha or less, 160 g ai / ha or less, 150 g ai / ha or less, 140 g ai / ha or less, 130 g ai / ha or less, 120 g ai / ha or less, 110 g ai / ha or less, 100 g ai / ha or less, 95 g ai / ha or less, 90 g ai / ha or less, 85 g ai / ha or less, 80 g ai / ha or less, 75 g ai / ha or less, 70 g ai / ha or less, 65 g ai / ha orAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 less, 60 g ai / ha or less, 55 g ai / ha or less, 50 g ai / ha or less, 45 g ai / ha or less, 40 g ai / ha or less, 35 g ai / ha or less, 30 g ai / ha or less, 25 g ai / ha or less, 20 g ai / ha or less, 15 g ai / ha or less, 10 g ai / ha or less, 9 g ai / ha or less, 8 g ai / ha or less, 7 g ai / ha or less, 6 g ai / ha or less, 5 g ai / ha or less, 4.5 g ai / ha or less, 4 g ai / ha or less, 3.5 g ai / ha or less, 3 g ai / ha or less, 2.5 g ai / ha or less, 2 g ai / ha or less, 1.5 g ai / ha or less, 1 g ai / ha or less, 0.9 g ai / ha or less, 0.8 g ai / ha or less, 0.7 g ai / ha or less, 0.6 g ai / ha or less, 0.5 g ai / ha or less, 0.4 g ai / ha or less, or 0.3 g ai / ha or less; or in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above, such as 0.25– 1700 g ai / ha, 0.25–1250 g ai / ha, 0.5–150 g ai / ha, 2–90 g ai / ha, 2.5–200 g ai / ha, 3–900 g ai / ha, 5–260 g ai / ha, 5–750 g ai / ha, 5–1000 g ai / ha, 6–280 g ai / ha, 7–100 g ai / ha, 10–560 g ai / ha, 1000–9000 g ai / ha, 20–500 g ai / ha, 25–140 g ai / ha, 1000–3700 g ai / ha, 30–480 g ai / ha, 100 g –6600 g ai / ha, 3500–1800 g ai / ha, 160–3750 g ai / ha, 40–400 g ai / ha, 500–5000 g ai / ha, 60–300 g ai / ha, 70–1250 g ai / ha, 100–140 g ai / ha, 140–520 g ai / ha, 12.5–4500 g ai / ha, 250–1700 g ai / ha, 1–4000 g ai, 1–2240 g ai, 1-150 g ai, 1.5– 3150 g ai, 2–900 g ai, 2.5–3200 g ai, 3–1250 g ai, 5–260 g ai, 6–750 g ai, 7–2100 g ai, 10–2240 g ai, 20–3600 g ai, 40–3950 g ai, 50–400 g ai, 70–1250 g ai, 100–1400 g ai, or 250–1700 g ai.

[0064] In some aspects, the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the herbicide mixing partner, or combinations thereof (in g ai / ha) is 1:4000 or more, such as 1:3750 or more, 1:3500 or more, 1:3000 or more, 1:2800 or more, 1:2600 or more, 1:2400 or more, 1:2200 or more, 1:2000 or more, 1:1800 or more, 1:1600 or more, 1:1400 or more, 1:1200 or more, 1:1000 or more, 1: 900 or more, 1:800 or more, 1:700 or more, 1:600 or more, 1:500 or more, 1:400 or more, 1:300 or more, 1:200 or more, 1:100 or more, 1:90 or more, 1:80 or more, 1:70 or more, 1:60 or more, 1:50 or more, 1:40 or more, 1:30 or more, 1:20 or more, 1:10 or more, 1:9 or more, 1:8 or more, 1:7 or more, 1:6 or more, 1:5 or more, 1:4 or more, 1:3 or more, 1:2 or more, 1:1.9 or more, 1:1.8 or more, 1:1.7 or more, 1:1.6 or more, 1:1.5 or more, 1:1.4 or more, 1:1.3 or more, 1:1.2 or more, 1:1.1 or more, 1:1 or more, 1.1:1 or more, 1.2:1 or more, 1.3:1 or more, 1.4:1 or more, 1.5:1 or more, 1.6:1 or more, 1.7:1 or more, 1.8:1 or more, 1.9:1 or more, 2:1 or more, 3:1 or more, 4:1 or more, 5:1 or more, 6:1 or more, 7:1 or more, 8:1 or more, 9:1 or more, 10:1 or more, 20:1 or more, 30:1 or more, 40:1 or more, 50:1 or more, 60:1 or more, 70:1 or more, 80:1 or more, 90:1 or more, 100:1 or more, 150:1 or more, 200:1 or more, 250:1 or more, 300:1 or more, 350:1 or more, 400:1 or more, 450:1 or more, 500:1 or more, 600:1 or more, 700:1 or more, 800:1 or more, 900:1 or more, 1000:1 or more, 1200:1 or more, 1400:1 or more, 1500:1 or more, 1600:1 or more, 1800:1 or more, 2000:1 or more, 2200:1 or more, 2400:1 or more, 2600:1 or more,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 2800:1 or more, 3000:1 or more, 3500:1 or more, 4000:1 or more, 4500:1, more, 5000:1 or more, 5500:1 or more, 6000:1 or more, 6500:1 or more, 7000:1 or more, 7500:1 or more, 8000:1 or more, 8500:1 or more, 9000:1 or more, 9500:1 or more, or 10,000:1 or more; In some aspects, the weight ratio of benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the herbicide mixing partner or combinations thereof (in g ai / ha) is 10,000:1 or less, 9500:1 or less, 9000:1 or less, 8500:1 or less, 8000:1 or less, 7500:1 or less, 7000:1 or less, 6500:1 or less, 6000:1 or less, 5500:1 or less, 5000:1 or less, 4500:1 or less, 4000:1 or less, 3500:1 or less, 3000:1 or less, 2800:1 or less, 2600:1 or less, 2500:1 or less, 2400:1 or less, 2200:1 or less, 2000:1 or less, 1800:1 or less, 1600:1 or less, 1400:1 or less, 1200:1 or less, 1000:1 or less, 900:1 or less, 800:1 or less, 750:1 or less, 700:1 or less, 650:1 or less, 600:1 or less, 550:1 or less, 500:1 or less, 450:1 or less, 400:1 or less, 350:1 or less, 300:1 or less, 250:1 or less, 200:1 or less, 150:1 or less, 100:1 or less, 90:1 or less, 80:1 or less, 70:1 or less, 60:1 or less, 50:1 or less, 40:1 or less, 30:1 or less, 20:1 or less, 10:1 or less, 9:1 or less, 8:1 or less, 7:1 or less, 6:1 or less, 5:1 or less, 4:1 or less, 3:1 or less, 2:1 or less, 1.9:1 or less, 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.6:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.4:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, 1.2:1 or less, 1.1:1 or less, 1:1 or less, 1:1.1 or less, 1:1.2 or less, 1:1.3 or less, 1:1.4 or less, 1:1.5 or less, 1:1.6 or less, 1:1.7 or less, 1:1.8 or less, 1:1.9 or less, 1:2 or less, 1:3 or less, 1:4 or less, 1:5 or less, 1:6 or less, 1:7 or less, 1:8 or less, 1:9 or less, 1:10 or less, 1:20 or less, 1:30 or less, 1:40 or less, 1:50 or less, 1:60 or less, 1:70 or less, 1:80 or less, 1:90 or less, 1:100 or less, 1:200 or less, 1:300 or less, 1:400 or less, 1:500 or less, 1:600 or less, 1:700 or less, 1:800 or less, 1:900 or less, 1:1000 or less, 1:1200 or less, 1:1400 or less, 1:1600 or less, 1:1800 or less, 1:2000 or less, 1:2200 or less, 1:2400 or less, 1:2600 or less, 1:2800 or less, 1:3000 or less, 1:3200 or less, 1:3400 or less, 1:3600 or less, 1:3800 or less, or 1:4000 or less; in some aspects, the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the herbicide mixing partner, or combinations thereof (in g ai / ha) can range from any of the minimum ratios to any of the maximum ratios provided above, e.g., from 1:4000 to 10,000:1, from 1:2500 to 600:1, from 1:900 to 80:1, from 1:100 to 16:1, from 1:14 to 10:1, from 1:100 to 1:3200, from 1:1 to 1:50; from 1:80 to 2:1, or from 1:5 to 5:1.

[0065] In some aspects, the mixing partner is a safener. Safeners are compounds leading to better crop compatibility when applied with a herbicide. In some aspects, the safener itself is herbicidally active. In some aspects, the safener acts as an antidote or antagonist in the crop plants and can protect the crop plants from damage that might otherwise occur from an applied herbicide. Exemplary safeners include, but are not limited to, AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl),Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen- ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5- trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro [4.5]decane, oxabetrinil, R29148, and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, as well as thereof agriculturally acceptable salts and, provided they have a carboxyl group, their agriculturally acceptable derivatives. In some aspects, the safener can be cloquintocet or an ester or salt or ester thereof, such as cloquintocet (mexyl). In some aspects, the safener can be dichlormid. In some aspects, the safener is employed in rice, cereal, or maize. For example, dichlormid or cloquintocet can be used to antagonize harmful effects of the compositions on rice, row crops, and cereals.

[0066] In some aspects, the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof (in g ai / ha) can be 1:5 or more, such as 1:4.75 or more, 1:4.5 or more, 1:4.25 or more, 1:4 or more, 1:3.75 or more, 1:3.5 or more, 1:3.25 or more, 1:3 or more, 1:2.75 or more, 1:2.5 or more, 1:2.25 or more, 1:2 or more, 1:1.9 or more, 1:1.8 or more, 1:1.7 or more, 1:1.6 or more, 1:1.5 or more, 1:1.4 or more, 1:1.3 or more, 1:1.2 or more, 1:1.1 or more, 1:1 or more, 1.1:1 or more, 1.2:1 or more, 1.3:1 or more, 1.4:1 or more, 1.5:1 or more, 1.6:1 or more, 1.7:1 or more, 1.8:1 or more, 1.9:1 or more, 2:1 or more, 2.25:1 or more, 2.5:1 or more, 2.75:1 or more, 3:1 or more, 3.25:1 or more, 3.5:1 or more, 3.75:1 or more, 4:1 or more, 4.25:1 or more, 4.5:1 or more, 4.75:1 or more, or 5:1 or more; the weight ratio of (a) to (b) can be 5:1 or less, such as 4.75:1 or less, 4.5:1 or less, 4.25:1 or less, 4:1 or less, 3.75:1 or less, 3.5:1 or less, 3.25:1 or less, 3:1 or less, 2.75:1 or less, 2.5:1 or less, 2.25:1 or less, 2:1 or less, 1.9:1 or less, 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.6:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.4:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, 1.2:1 or less, 1.1:1 or less, 1:1 or less, 1:1.1 or less, 1:1.2 or less, 1:1.3 or less, 1:1.4 or less, 1:1.5 or less, 1:1.6 or less, 1:1.7 or less, 1:1.8 or less, 1:1.9 or less, 1:2 or less, 1:2.25 or less, 1:2.5 or less, 1:2.75 or less, 1:3 or less, 1:3.25 or less, 1:3.5 or less, 1:3.75 or less, 1:4 or less, 1:4.25 or less, 1:4.5 or less, or 1:4.75 or less; or the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule to the safener or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof can range from any of the minimum ratios to any of the maximum ratios provided above, such as from 1:5 to 5:1, from 1:2 to 5:1, from 1:1 to 3:1, from 1:3 to 4:1, or from 1:1.5 to 3.5:1.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 4. Compositions

[0067] The herbicidal compositions of the present disclosure may further comprise other additives used to enhance the properties or effectiveness of the mixture in some way. Exemplary additives include but are not limited to adjuvants, carriers, and combinations thereof. Compositions may be in various physical states, including but not limited to as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, granules, powders, and other such states. Carriers

[0068] In some aspects, the additive includes a carrier. In some aspects, the additive includes a liquid or solid carrier. In some aspects, the additive includes an organic or inorganic carrier. Exemplary liquid carriers include, but are not limited to: water; petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; esters of monoalcohols or dihydric, trihydric, or other lower polyalcohols (4-6 hydroxy containing), such as 2-ethyl hexyl stearate, n-butyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol dioleate, di-octyl succinate, di-butyl adipate, di-octyl phthalate and the like; esters of mono, di and polycarboxylic acids and the like; toluene; xylene; petroleum naphtha; crop oil; acetone; methyl ethyl ketone; cyclohexanone; trichloroethylene; perchloroethylene; ethyl acetate; amyl acetate; butyl acetate; propylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether; methyl alcohol; ethyl alcohol; isopropyl alcohol; amyl alcohol; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; glycerin; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone; N;N-dimethyl alkylamides; dimethyl sulfoxide; and liquid fertilizers, as well as mixtures thereof. Exemplary solid carriers include, but are not limited to: silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, pyrophyllite clay, attapulgus clay, kieselguhr, calcium carbonate, bentonite clay, Fuller's earth, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, walnut shell flour, lignin, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders, and mixtures thereof.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Adjuvants

[0069] In some aspects, the additive includes an agriculturally acceptable adjuvant. Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, antifreeze agents, antifoam agents, compatibilizing agents, sequestering agents, neutralizing agents and buffers, corrosion inhibitors, colorants, odorants, penetration aids, wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents, thickening agents, freeze point depressants, antimicrobial agents, crop oil, adhesives (for instance, for use in seed formulations), surfactants, protective colloids, emulsifiers, tackifiers, and mixtures thereof.

[0070] Exemplary agriculturally acceptable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, crop oil concentrates (e.g., 85% mineral oil + 15% emulsifiers); nonylphenol ethoxylates; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salts; blends of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acids, and anionic surfactants; C9-C11 alkylpolyglycoside; alkyl phosphates, such as tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP); phosphate alcohol ethoxylates; natural primary alcohol (C12-C16) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymers; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrates; emulsified methylated seed oils; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylates (e.g., 8 EO); tallow amine ethoxylates (e.g., 15 EO); and PEG(400) dioleate-99.

[0071] Exemplary surfactants (e.g., wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants, emulsifiers) include, but are not limited to: the alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and ammonium salts of fatty acids or of aromatic sulfonic acids (e.g., lignosulfonic acids, phenolsulfonic acids, naphthalenesulfonic acids, and dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid); alkyl- and alkylarylsulfonates; alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates and fatty alcohol sulfates; salts of sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanols; salts of fatty alcohol glycol ethers; condensates of sulfonated naphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde; condensates of naphthalene or of the naphthalene sulfonic acids with phenol and formaldehyde; polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether; ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, alkylphenyl or tributylphenyl polyglycol ether; alkyl aryl polyether alcohols; isotridecyl alcohol; fatty alcohol / ethylene oxide condensates; ethoxylated castor oil; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers or polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers; lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate; sorbitol esters; lignosulfite waste liquors and proteins; denatured proteins, polysaccharides (e.g., methylcellulose); hydrophobically modified starches; and polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylates, polyalkoxylates, polyvinyl amines, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and copolymers thereof.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0072] Exemplary thickeners include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides (e.g., xanthan gum), organic and inorganic sheet minerals, and mixtures thereof.

[0073] Exemplary antifoam agents include, but are not limited to, silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid salts, organofluorine compounds, and mixtures thereof.

[0074] Exemplary antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, bactericides based on dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal; isothiazolinone derivatives, such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones; and mixtures thereof.

[0075] Exemplary antifreeze agents, include, but are not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea, glycerol, and mixtures thereof.

[0076] Exemplary colorants include, but are not limited to, the dyes known under the names Rhodamine B, pigment blue 15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:1, pigment blue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 112, pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48:1, pigment red 57:1, pigment red 53:1, pigment orange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108, and mixtures thereof.

[0077] Exemplary adhesives include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, tylose, and mixtures thereof. Physical States

[0078] In some aspects, the compositions comprising the benzyl lactam moleculeherbicide may be present in suspended, emulsified, dissolved, or solid form. Exemplary compositions include, but are not limited to, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, aqueous dispersions, aqueous emulsions, aqueous microemulsions, aqueous suspo-emulsions, oil solutions, oil suspensions, oil dispersions, oil emulsions, oil microemulsions, oil suspo-emulsions, self-emulsifying formulations, gels, pastes, powders, dusts, granules, and materials for spreading.

[0079] In some aspects, the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide is in an aqueous solution that can be diluted before use. In various aspects, the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide may be provided as a high-strength formulation such as a concentrate. In some aspects, the concentrate is stable and retains potency during storage and shipping. In various aspects, the concentrate is a clear, homogeneousAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 liquid that is stable at temperatures of 54 °C or greater. In some aspects, the concentrate does not exhibit any precipitation of solids at temperatures of 10 °C or higher. In some aspects, the concentrate does not exhibit separation, precipitation, or crystallization of any components at low temperatures. For example, the concentrate remains a clear solution at temperatures below 0 °C (e.g., below -5 °C, below -10 °C, below -15 °C). In some aspects, the concentrate exhibits a viscosity of less than 50 centipoise (50 megapascals), even at temperatures as low as 5 °C. In some aspects, the concentrate does not exhibit separation, precipitation, or crystallization of any components during storage for a period of 2 weeks or greater (e.g., 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, or 12 months or greater).

[0080] In some aspects, emulsions, gels, pastes, or oil dispersions can be prepared by homogenizing the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide in water with a wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant, or emulsifier. In some aspects, concentrates suitable for dilution with water can be prepared, comprising the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide, a wetting agent, a tackifier, and a dispersant or emulsifier.

[0081] In some aspects, powders, materials for spreading, or dusts can be prepared by mixing or concomitant grinding the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide and optionally other additives with a solid carrier.

[0082] In some aspects, granules (e.g., coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules) can be prepared by binding the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide to solid carriers.

[0083] In some aspects, the compositions comprise, by total weight of the composition, from about 0.01% to about 99% of the benzyl lactam molecule, including about 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, 32.5%, 35%, 37.5%, 40%, 42.5%, 45%, 47.5%, 50%, 52.5%, 55%, 57.5%, 60%, 62.5%, 65%, 67.5%, 70%, 72.5%, 75%, 77.5%, 80%, 82.5%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 92.5%, 95%, 97.5%, or 98% of the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide by total weight of the composition, or within any range defined between any two of the forgoing values, such as between about 1% to about 97%, between about 10% to about 90%, between about 20% to about 45%, and about 25% to about 50% based on the total weight of the composition. Concentrates can be diluted with an inert carrier, such as water, prior to application. The diluted compositions applied to undesirable vegetation or the locus of undesirable vegetation can contain from 0.0006 to 8.0 weight percent (wt %)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 of the total amount of the benzyl lactam molecule herbicide (e.g., from 0.001 to 5.0 wt %), based on the total weight of the diluted composition. 5. Methods of Use

[0084] The herbicidal compositions disclosed herein can be applied in any known technique for applying herbicides. Exemplary application techniques include, but are not limited to, spraying, atomizing, dusting, sprinkling, spreading, or direct application. The method of application can vary depending on the intended purpose. In some aspects, the method of application can be chosen to ensure the finest possible distribution of the compositions disclosed herein.

[0085] In some aspects, a method of controlling undesirable vegetation which comprises contacting the vegetation or the locus thereof with or applying to the soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation any of the compositions is disclosed herein.

[0086] The compositions containing a benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner disclosed herein can be applied pre-emergence (before the emergence of undesirable vegetation) or post-emergence (e.g., during and / or after emergence of the undesirable vegetation). In some aspects, the composition is applied postemergence to the undesirable vegetation.

[0087] When the compositions are used in crops, the compositions can be applied after seeding and before or after the emergence of the crop plants. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein show good crop tolerance even when the crop has already emerged and can be applied during or after the emergence of the crop plants. In some aspects, when the compositions are used in crops, the compositions can be applied before seeding of the crop plants.

[0088] In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are applied to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation by spraying (e.g., foliar spraying). In some aspects, the spraying techniques use, for example, water as carrier and spray volume rates of from 2 liters per hectare (L / ha) to 2000 L / ha (e.g., from 10–1000 L / ha or from 50– 500 L / ha). In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein are applied by the low-volume or the ultra-low-volume method, wherein the application is in the form of micro granules. In some aspects, wherein the compositions disclosed herein are less well tolerated by certain crop plants, the compositions can be applied with the aid of the spray apparatus in such a way that they come into littleAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 contact, if any, with the leaves of the sensitive crop plants while reaching the leaves of undesirable vegetation that grows underneath or on the bare soil (e.g., post-directed or lay-by). In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein can be applied as dry compositions (e.g., granules, powders, or dusts).

[0089] In some aspects, wherein the undesirable vegetation is treated post-emergence, the compositions disclosed herein are applied by foliar application. In some aspects, herbicidal activity is exhibited by the compounds of the mixture when they are applied directly to the plant or to the locus of the plant at any stage of growth or before planting or emergence. The effect observed can depend upon the type of undesirable vegetation to be controlled, the stage of growth of the undesirable vegetation, the application parameters of dilution and spray drop size, the particle size of solid components, the environmental conditions at the time of use, the specific compound employed, the specific adjuvants and carriers employed, the soil type, and the like, as well as the amount of chemical applied. In some aspects, these and other factors can be adjusted to promote non-selective or selective herbicidal action.

[0090] The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation in a variety of applications. The compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation in areas including, but not limited to, farmland, turfgrass, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallow land, rights-of-way, aquatic settings, tree and vine, wildlife management areas, or rangeland. In some aspects, the undesirable vegetation is controlled in a row crop. Exemplary crops include, but are not limited to, wheat, barley, triticale, rye, teff, oats, maize, cotton, soy, canola, pulses, sunflower, sugar beet, sorghum, rice, millet, sugarcane, and range land (e.g., pasture grasses). In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation in maize, soy, canola, cotton, pulses, sunflower, sugar beet, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, millet, oats, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in industrial vegetation management (IVM) or for utility, pipeline, roadside, and railroad rights−of−way applications. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be used in forestry (e.g., for site preparation or for combating undesirable vegetation in plantation forests). In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used to control undesirable vegetation in conservation reserve program lands (CRP), trees, vines, grasslands, and grasses grown for seeds. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can beAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 used on lawns (e.g., residential, industrial, and institutional), golf courses, parks, cemeteries, athletic fields, and sod farms.

[0091] The compositions and methods described herein may be used to control plant species described, but not limited to, weeds species found in Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds.3rd Edition. Perth, Western Australia. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation including grasses, broadleaf weeds, sedge weeds, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, the compositions disclosed herein can be used for controlling undesirable vegetation including, but not limited to, Acanthospermum species, Aegilops species, Agrostis species, Alopecurus species, Ambrosia species, Anthemis species, Apera species, Amaranthus species, Avena species, Brachiaria species, Bromus species, Chenopodium species, Cenchrus species, Cirsium species, Commelina species, Cyperus species, Datura species, Digitaria species, Echinochloa species, Eleusine species, Atriplex species, Brassica species, Convolvulus species, Conyza species, Cassia species, Euphorbia species, Geranium species, Galinsoga species, Ipomea species, Lamium species, Leptochloa species, Lolium species, Monochoria species, Malva species, Matricaria species, Panicum species, Phalaris species Polygonum species, Prosopis species, Rumex species, Setaria species, Sida species, Sisymbrium species, Solanum species, Sorghum species, Trifolium species, Xanthium species, Veronica species, and Viola species. In some aspects, the undesired vegetation includes blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), wild oat (Avena fatua), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) common chickweed (Stellaria media), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata Cory), Anoda cristata, Bidens pilosa, Brassica kaber, shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa- pastoris), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus or Cyanus segetum), hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit), cleavers (Galium aparine), common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Desmodium tortuosum, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), kochia (Kochia scoparia), Medicago arabica, Mercurialis annua, Myosotis arvensis, common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), Raphanus raphanistrum, broad-leaf dock (Rumex obtusifolius), Russian thistle (Salsola kali), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Sonchus arvensis, Thlaspi arvense, Tagetes minuta, Richardia brasiliensis, Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, bird’seye speedwell (Veronica persica), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), winter rape (Brassica napus), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), purple deadnettle (Lamium purpureum), wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), false chamomile (Matricaria inodora), field chamomile (AnthemisAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 arvensis), common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convulvus), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) common sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), wild pansy (Viola tricolor), or combinations thereof.

[0092] The compositions described herein can be used to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. The methods employing the compositions described herein may also be employed to control herbicide resistant or tolerant weeds. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes resistant or tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors (e.g., imidazolinones, sulfonylureas, pyrimidinylthiobenzoates, triazolopyrimidines, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones), photosystem II inhibitors (e.g., phenylcarbamates, pyridazinones, triazines, triazinones, uracils, amides, ureas, benzothiadiazinones, nitriles, phenylpyridazines), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (e.g., aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, phenylpyrazolines), synthetic auxins (e.g., benzoic acids, phenoxycarboxylic acids, pyridine carboxylates, quinoline carboxylic acids), auxin transport inhibitors (e.g., phthalamates, semicarbazones), photosystem I inhibitors (e.g., bipyridyliums, such as paraquat and diquat), 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., glyphosate), glutamine synthetase inhibitors (e.g., glufosinate, bilanafos), microtubule assembly inhibitors (e.g., benzamides, benzoic acids, dinitroanilines, phosphoramidates, pyridines), mitosis inhibitors (e.g., carbamates), very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitors (e.g., acetamides, chloroacetamides, oxyacetamides, tetrazolinones), fatty acid and lipid synthesis inhibitors (e.g., phosphorodithioates, thiocarbamates, benzofuranes, chlorocarbonic acids), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (e.g., diphenylethers, N- phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, phenylpyrazoles, pyrimidinediones, thiadiazoles, triazolinones), carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., clomazone, amitrole, aclonifen), phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors (e.g., amides, anilidex, furanones, phenoxybutan-amides, pyridiazinones, pyridines), 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors (e.g., callistemones, isoxazoles, pyrazoles, triketones), cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g., nitriles, benzamides, quinclorac, triazolocarboxamides), herbicides with multiple modes of action such as quinclorac, and unclassified herbicides such as arylaminopropionic acids, difenzoquat, endothall, and organoarsenicals. Exemplary resistant or tolerant weeds include, but are not limited to, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicides, biotypes with resistance or tolerance to multiple chemical classes, biotypes withAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 resistance or tolerance to multiple herbicide modes of action, and biotypes with multiple resistance or tolerance mechanisms (e.g., target site resistance or metabolic resistance).

[0093] The compositions and methods disclosed herein can also be used in crop plants that are resistant to, for instance, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, pathogens, insects, or combinations thereof. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to one or more herbicides because of genetic engineering or breeding. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to one or more pathogens such as plant pathogenic fungi owing to genetic engineering or breeding. In some aspects, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used in crop plants that are resistant to attack by insects owing to genetic engineering or breeding. Exemplary resistant crops include, but are not limited to, crop plants that, owing to introduction of the gene for Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) toxin by genetic modification, are resistant to attack by certain insects. In some aspects, the undesirable vegetation is controlled in crops that are tolerant to herbicides including glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, phenoxy auxins, pyridyloxy auxins, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, ACCase inhibitors, synthetic auxin herbicide, HPPD inhibitors, PPO inhibitors, triazines, and bromoxynil. Such tolerant crops may possess single, multiple or stacked traits conferring tolerance to single or multiple chemistries and / or multiple modes of action. The compositions and methods may be used in controlling undesirable vegetation in crops possessing agronomic stress tolerance (including but not limited to drought, cold, heat, salt, water, nutrient, fertility, pH), pest tolerance (including but not limited to insects, fungi, and pathogens), and crop improvement traits (including but not limited to yield; protein, carbohydrate, or oil content; protein, carbohydrate, or oil composition; plant stature and plant architecture).

[0094] By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of some aspects of the present disclosure are given below. Parts and percentages are on a per weight basis unless otherwise indicated. 6. Examples

[0095] By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of some aspects of the present disclosure are given below. Parts and percentages are on a per weight basis unless otherwise indicated. The details of the compositions and the crops tested are specified in the following Examples.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Method 1: Postemergence Application Methods for Herbicide Evaluations

[0096] Seeds of the desired test plant species were planted in plastic pots with 103.2 square centimeter (cm2) surface area filled with soil-less media planting mix containing PRO-MIX®BX (Premier Tech Horticulture, Quakertown, PA, USA) and PROFILE®GREENS GRADE™ (Profile Products LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) at pH of 5.2 to 6.2 and a minimum of 50% organic matter content. In some experiments, to help ensure good germination and healthy plants, a fungicide treatment or other chemical or physical treatment was applied. Prior to herbicide treatment, plants were grown in a chamber for 5-13 days with a 16-hour (h) photoperiod and set to a 24 °C or 28 °C day and 23 °C or 24 °C night temperature regimen dependent on species. Plants were delivered to a greenhouse with an approximate 14-h photoperiod and set to a 28 °C day and 25 °C night temperature regimen for the duration of the experiment. Plants were sub-irrigated as needed with water containing Jack’s Professional 15-5-154 Ca 2Mg fertilizer. Supplemental lighting was provided as necessary. The plants were employed for testing when they reached the second or third true leaf stage.

[0097] Emulsifiable concentrates of each benzyl lactam molecule herbicide to be tested were prepared at 100 grams active ingredient per liter (g ai / L). An aliquot of each emulsifiable concentrate was placed in a 25 mL glass vial and diluted with an aqueous mixture of 1.0% (v / v) Dyne-Amic® (Helena® Agri- Enterprises, LLC, Collierville, TN, USA) to obtain spray solutions based upon a 12 mL application volume at a rate of 187 liters per hectare (L / ha). Spray solutions of the benzyl lactam molecule herbicides (Compound A or Compound B) plus each second and / or third herbicide mixing partner were prepared by adding weighed or formulated amounts or aliquots of the second and / or third herbicide mixing partner to the spray solutions of Compound A or Compound B to form 12-mL spray solutions in two or three-way combinations.

[0098] The spray solutions were applied to the plant material with an overhead DeVries track sprayer equipped with 8002E nozzles calibrated to deliver 187 L / ha over an application area of 0.503 square meters (m2) at a spray height of 18 inches (43 centimeters (cm)) above the average plant canopy. All herbicide application rates are given as grams acid equivalent per hectare (g ae / ha), grams active ingredient per hectare (g ai / ha) or percent volume per volume (% v / v). Control or non-treated plants were sprayed in the same manner with the solvent blank or were not treated.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0099] The treated plants and control plants were returned to a greenhouse after the herbicide or control treatment described above. The test plants were watered by subirrigation to prevent removal of the test compound. After 20-22 days, the condition of the test plants was compared with that of the control plants by visual assessment and evaluated based on a scoring scale of 0 to 100 percent where 0 corresponds to no injury and 100 corresponds to complete plant death. Visual assessments of plant injury were made based on growth reduction, discoloration, leaf deformity and necrosis. Results are presented in Tables 2A to 9B below. Table 2A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicide Monocot Weeds B nz l Benzyl Mixing AAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicide Monocot Weeds Benzyl Benzyl Mixing ATable 2A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicide Monocot Weeds Benzyl MixingUAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicide Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing l UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 2B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicide Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 CYPES: yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) BRSNW: winter canola (Brassica napus) GLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare Table 3A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin A 000000000000Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing A 0Table 3A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing B l L t P t UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare % v / v: percent volume per volume Table 3B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing B l L t P t Xy g yp BRSNW: winter canola (Brassica napus) GLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare % v / v: percent volume per volume Table 4A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicide Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing A 000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 4A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicide Monocot Weeds Benzyl MixingUPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 4B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicide Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing XBRSNW: winter canola (Brassica napus) GLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 5A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Bnzl Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 5A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 5A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ug g g g PANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 5B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing Sg g g p g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 5C – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Crops Herbicides Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 6A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 6A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot WeedsPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PTable 6A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ua pa cu a cu c oo ou ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 6B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges Herbicides Sedges SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing Sg ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 6C – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Crops Herbicides Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 7A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 7A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot WeedsPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 7A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing Uage cagass gaa sagu asAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 PANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 7B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges Herbicides Sedges SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing Sg ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 7C – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Crops Herbicides Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 8A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 8A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 8A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ug g g g PANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 8B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges Herbicides Sedges SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benzyl Mixing Mixing Sg a ga s ac e ge e pe ecae g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 8C – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Crops Herbicides Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 9A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 9A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) HerbicidesMonocot WeedsPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PTable 9A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 9B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges Herbicides Sedges l Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing SAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 CYPRO: purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) CYPES: yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 9C – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Crops Herbicides Crops l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 BRSNW: winter canola (Brassica napus) GLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 10A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot WeedsGAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 10A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B nz l Mixin Mixin PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin PTable 10A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 10B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops B nz l Mixin Mixin XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Mixin Mixin XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Mixin Mixin XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Mixin Mixin XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 11A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 11A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Benzyl Mixing Mixing PPTable 11A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot WeedsUAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 11B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Benzyl Mixing Mixing XTable 12A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds l i i i i GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 12A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 12A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing Up ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 12B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 13A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds B nz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 13A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B nz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 13A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B nz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzl Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ug g g gAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 PANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 13B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 14A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot WeedsGAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 14A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 14A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 14B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 15A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 15A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds l ii ii PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 15A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ug g g g PANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 15B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benzyl Mixing Mixing X: soy ean ycne max ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 16A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 16A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PTable 16A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 16B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 17A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Mi i Mi i GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 17A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Mi i Mi i PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PTable 17A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Mi i Mi i UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing Ua pa cu a cu c oo ou ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 17B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 18A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 18A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PPTable 18A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Mixin Mixin UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: fall pandicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 18B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops B l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 19A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot WeedsB nz l Mixin GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GTable 19A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds PPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 19A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing Up ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 19B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops Herbicides Sedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 20A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds Herbicides Monocot Weeds B nz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing GAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Table 20A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds BenB l zyl Mixing Mixing PPAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing PTable 20A – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Monocot Weeds (cont.) Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benzyl Mixing Mixing UAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Monocot Weeds Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing UPANDI: a pandcum (Pancum dc otom orum) ECHCG: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) ELEIN: goosegrass (Eleusine indica) SETFA: giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) SORHA: johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) BRAPP: broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) SETVI: green foxtail (Setaria viridis) SETPU: yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) AVEFA: wild oat (Avena fatua) LOLMU: italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectare Table 20B – Herbicidal Effect (%) 21 Days After Post-emergent Application – Sedges and Crops HerbicidesSedges Crops XAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Herbicides Sedges Crops Benz l Benzyl Mixing Mixing XGLXMA: soybean (Glycine max) ZEAMX: maize (Zea mays) g ai / h: grams active ingredient per hectare g ae / h: grams acid equivalent per hectareAttorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1

[0100] As can be seen from the data contained in Tables 2A to 20B, herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidal benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner typically have herbicidal activity that is greater than the herbicidal activity of the individual molecules. The herbicidal compositions also typically have herbicidal activity that is greater than the additive herbicidal activity of the combined herbicides. As can be seen from the data in Tables 2A to 20B, the herbicidal compositions are typically effective in controlling monocot (grass) weeds at low application rates.

[0101] The claimed herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidal benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner and methods of use thereof are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and the compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of theclaimed herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidal benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner, and methods of use, in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative claimed herbicidal compositions comprising a herbicidal benzyl lactam molecule and a mixing partner and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein; however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the terms “including” and “containing” and variations thereof, and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising,” “including,” and “containing” have been used herein to describe various aspects, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising,” “including,” or “containing” to provide for more specific aspects and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims.

Claims

Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 Claims WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A herbicidal composition comprises a benzyl lactam molecule of Formula (I):R1is selected from the group consisting of methyl and cyclopropyl; R2is selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, and methoxy; R4is selected from the group consisting of H, hydroxy, (C1-C8)-alkyl, (C3-C8)-alkenyl, (C3-C8)-alkynyl, (C3-C8)-cycloalkyl, (C4-C10)-alkylcycloalkyl, (C5-C16)-polycycloalkyl, (C6-C16)-alkylpolycycloalkyl, (C3- C10)-heterocycloalkyl, (C5-C12)-aryl, (C6-C18)-alkylaryl, (C4-C12)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylheteroaryl, (C1-C8)-alkoxy, (C5-C16)-arylalkoxy, (C1-C8)-haloalkyl, (C1-C10)-alkoxy-(C1-C10)-alkyl, (C2-C10)- alkylacid, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylacid, (C2-C10)-alkylester, (C3-C12)-cycloalkylester, (C1-C8)-alkylthio, (C1- C6)-alkylthio-(C1-C6)-alkyl, (C1-C8)-amide, (C0-C6)-alkyl-sulfonyl-R70, NR72R73, SiR75R76R77, (C1-C6)- alkyl-SiR75R76R77, (C1-C10)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, aryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, heteroaryl-(C1-C6)-alkyl- C(=O)R70, (C3-C10)-cycloalkyl-(C0-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, R70C(=O)-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, R70C(=O)Q- (C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R71, hydroxy-(C1-C6)-alkyl-C(=O)R70, and salts thereof; R70, R71, R72, R73, and R74are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C1-C16)-alkyl, (C4-C16)-aryl, (C1-C16)-heteroaryl, (C5-C16)-alkylaryl,(C1-C16)-haloalkyl, (C1-C16)-arylalkoxy, and R72and R73together may form a substituted or unsubstituted ring; and R75, R76, and R77are independently selected from the group consisting of (C1-C16)-alkyl and aryl; or an agriculturally-acceptable salt of the molecule of Formula (I);Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 and a mixing partner.

2. The herbicidal composition of claim 1, wherein the benzyl lactam molecule is a molecule of Formula(II):.or an agriculturally-acceptable salt thereof.

3. The herbicidal composition of claim 1, wherein the benzyl lactam molecule is a molecule of Formula(III):.Formula (III) or an agriculturally-acceptable salt thereof.

4. The herbicidal composition of claim 1, wherein the benzyl lactam molecule is a molecule of Formula(IV):.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1or an agriculturally-acceptable salt thereof.

5. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the mixing partner comprises a herbicide.

6. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the mixing partner comprises two, three, four, or five herbicides.

7. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the mixing partner comprises one, two, three, four, or five herbicides independently selected from the group consisting of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, synthetic auxin herbicides, auxin transport inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors, 4- hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, very long chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA) inhibitors, microtubule assembly (MAI) inhibitors, glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase(EPSPS) inhibitors, deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate synthase (DXPS) inhibitors, herbicides with unknown modes of action, and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof.

8. The herbicidal composition of claim 7, wherein the mixing partner comprises one, two, three, four, or five herbicides independently selected from the group consisting of amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bispyribac, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cloransulam, cyclosulfamuron, diclosulam, ethametsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, flumetsulam, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, metosulam, metsulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron,Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 penoxsulam, primisulfuron, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyribenzoxim, pyriflubenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxsulam, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, triafamone, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, benazolin, clomeprop, clopyralid, dichlorprop, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, florpyrauxifen, fluchloraminopyr, flufenauxirim, fluroxypyr, halauxifen, indolauxipyr, mecoprop, MCPA, MCPB, picloram, quinclorac, quinmerac, triclopyr, diflufenzopyr, naptalam, acifluorfen, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, cinidon, epyrifenacil, flufenoximacil, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, fluthiacet, fomesafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, tiafenacil, trifludimoxazin, beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, norflurazon, picolinafen, ametryne, amicarbazone, atrazine, bentazone, bromacil, bromoxynil, chloridazon, chlorotoluron, cyanazine, desmedipham, dimethametryn, diuron, fluometuron, hexazinone, ioxynil, isoproturon, lenacil, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, metribuzin, monolinuron, phenmedipham, prometon, prometryne, propanil, pyridate, simazine, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbutylazine, terbutryn, benquitrione, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bipyrazone, cypyrafluone, dioxopyritrione, fenpyrazone, fenquinotrione, isoxaflutole, lancotrione, mesotrione, pyraquinate, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tolpyralate, topramezone, tripyrasulfone, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, feproxydim, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, acetochlor, alachlor, anilofos, benfuresate, butachlor, cafenstrole, cycloate, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, EPTC, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flufenacet, indanofan, ipfencarbazone, mefenacet, metazachlor, metolachlor, pethoxamid, piperophos, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, pyroxasulfone, thenylchlor, thiobencarb, tri-allate, benfuresate, esprocarb, ethofumesate, molinate, prosulfocarb, benfluralin, butamifos, butralin, carbetamide, chlorpropham, chlorthal, dithiopyr, ethalfluralin, flumetralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, propham, propyzamide, thiazopyr, trifluralin, glufosinate, bilanafos, glyphosate, bixlozone, broclozone, clomazone, flusulfinam, icafolin, iptriazopyrid, metproxybicyclone, bensulide, daimuron, etobenzanid, flupropanate, fosamine, naproanilide, napropamide, oxaziclomefone and pelargonic acid.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 9. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the herbicidal mixing partner (in g ai / ha) is from 1:4000 to 10,000:

1.

10. The herbicide composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the mixing partner comprises a safener.

11. The herbicide composition of claim 10, wherein the mixing partner comprises a safener selected from the group consisting of AD-67 (MON 4660), benoxacor, benthiocarb, brassinolide, cloquintocet (mexyl), cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, disulfoton, fenchlorazole, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, harpin proteins, isoxadifen-ethyl, jiecaowan, jiecaoxi, mefenpyr, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, naphthalic anhydride, 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, 4- (dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro [4.5]decane, oxabetrinil, R29148, and N-phenyl-sulfonylbenzoic acid amides, and agriculturally acceptable salts or esters thereof.

12. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the weight ratio of the benzyl lactam molecule (in g ai / ha) to the safener mixing partner (in g ai / ha) is from 1:4000 to 10,000:

1.

13. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the herbicidal composition comprises an adjuvant or a carrier.

14. The herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the herbicidal composition is selected from the group consisting of aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, aqueous dispersions, aqueous emulsions, aqueous microemulsions, aqueous suspo-emulsions, oil solutions, oil suspensions, oil dispersions, oil emulsions, oil microemulsions, oil suspo-emulsions, self-emulsifying formulations, gels, pastes, powders, dusts, granules, and materials for spreading.

15. A method of controlling undesirable vegetation comprising: applying the herbicidal composition of any one of claims 1-14 to the undesirable vegetation or an area adjacent the undesirable vegetation or applied to soil or water around the undesirable vegetation by spraying, atomizing, dusting, sprinkling, spreading, or direct application of the herbicidal composition .

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the herbicidal composition is applied in crop plants that are resistant to one or more of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, pathogens, insects, or combinations thereof.Attorney docket 212184-WO-SEC-1 17. The method of claim 15 or claim 16, wherein the herbicidal composition is used to control herbicide resistant or herbicide tolerant weeds.

18. The method of any one of claims 15-17, wherein the herbicidal composition is applied preemergence or postemergence to the undesirable vegetation.

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