Deuterium-deuterium fusion device

Abstract

The invention discloses a deuterium-deuterium fusion device. The whole deuterium-deuterium fusion device consists of a cylindrical barrel, an upper end cover and a lower end cover, the wall of the cylinder body is made of a zirconium boride material, the thickness is 50mm, the height is 10m, and the inner diameter is 12m; the side wall of the container is grounded to serve as a cathode. The upper end cover and the lower end cover are in a round cake shape and are made of hexagonal boron nitride, six through holes with the diameter phi being 600 mm are reserved in each of the upper end cover and the lower end cover, and the centers of the holes are evenly formed in the positions 5 m away from the axis and used for inputting and outputting working gas. Phi40mm through holes are reserved in the central axes of the upper end cover and the lower end cover respectively and used for installing deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating ion sources. The deuterium gas inlet pipe and the deuterium gas outlet pipe for generating the ion source penetrate through the whole deuterium-deuterium fusion device, the exteriors of the upper end cover and the lower end cover are coated with high-temperature-resistant and high-insulation heat insulation materials, magnet rings are additionally arranged, the inner diameter of each magnet ring is 4m, and the outer diameter of each magnet ring is 8m; a resistor is arranged at the upper end cover; and the resistor, the anode tungsten filament and the wall of the cylindrical barrel form a voltage division circuit. The device solves the problems of plasma fusion high-temperature environment, heat exchange, neutron irradiation, sustainability and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of new energy, and specifically relates to a deuterium-deuterium fusion device. Background Art

[0002] Light nuclear fusion can release a lot of energy. Due to the Coulomb repulsion, the incident ion must have enough kinetic energy to satisfy the nuclear force between the incident ion nucleus and the target nucleus to exceed the Coulomb repulsion range for fusion to occur. The easiest element to achieve this is hydrogen. However, the reaction cross section of nuclear fusion is very low. Deuterium has a relatively high reaction cross section and is a rich material. Although the cross sections of deuterium-tritium fusion and deuterium-helium-3 fusion are larger, tritium and helium-3 need to be artificially produced.

[0003] Plasma fusion is currently the subject of much research. Although the experiments reported so far have made great progress, since the reaction is carried out at extremely high temperatures, problems such as how to exchange heat, how to keep the reaction going, and how to replace helium are still difficult to solve.

[0004] The deuterium-deuterium fusion reactor of the present invention accelerates deuterium nuclei by electric field so that the fusion reaction continues. The core design is carried out by considering related technologies such as ion generation, energy conversion, heat exchange, gas replacement, core structure, thermal conductivity, and neutron irradiation. The present invention focuses on the core structure and parameter design. The heat generated by fusion energy is directly taken away by the working gas and directly circulated by the turbine to directly drive the turbine to generate electricity. The power generation working principle is similar to that of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, but the heat energy source is different, which will not be described again.

[0005] When using an accelerating electric field to generate incident ions, the power consumption is quite large. When using protons and boron-11 to generate fusion, it is calculated that when using a solid target, the fusion energy is only a few ten-thousandths of the power consumed by the accelerator; when using deuterium-deuterium gas target fusion, the fusion energy is only a few thousandths of the power consumed by the accelerator. Using the above method to generate electricity results in a loss of electricity. According to a 40% thermoelectric conversion efficiency, there can be a positive electrical output only when the heat energy generated by fusion is greater than 1.5 times the energy consumed by the electric field.

[0006] The present invention intends to use a mixed gas target to convert p- 11 B fusion, dD fusion, dT fusion, d- 3 He fusion and n- 10 All B reactions are included, and a positive electrical output is generated when equilibrium is finally reached.

[0007] The principle of fusion reaction energy generation:

[0008] d + D → T + p + 4.03MeV (1)

[0009] d + D → 3He + n + 3.27MeV (2)

[0010] d + T → 4 He + n + 17.6MeV (3)

[0011] d + 3 He → 4 He + p + 18.3MeV (4)

[0012] p + 11 B → 3 4 He + 8.7MeV (5)

[0013] n + 10 B → 4 He + 7 Li + 2.79MeV (6)

[0014] In the above reaction, the tritium and helium-3 in equations (3) and (4) come from the products of equations (1) and (2), respectively; the high-energy protons in equation (5) come from the ion source and the products of equations (1) and (4); and the neutrons in equation (6) come from the products of equations (2) and (3).

[0015] The fundamental source of the above fusion reaction is mainly the deuterium-deuterium reaction, and the proton-boron reaction accounts for a very small proportion, so the hybrid fusion reactor is still named deuterium-deuterium fusion. The advantage of using hybrid fusion is to make full use of incident ion beams of various energies and maximize the reaction cross section. The biggest difference from high-temperature plasma fusion is that the electric field is used to generate high-energy incident ions, and the working gas temperature is selected at 1000°C, so it can be called a room-temperature fusion reactor.

[0016] So far, no similar room-temperature fusion device has been found. Summary of the invention

[0017] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the current problems of high temperature environment, heat exchange, neutron irradiation, sustainability, etc. of plasma fusion, and to research and design a room temperature deuterium-deuterium fusion device.

[0018] The object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical measures:

[0019] The technical solution is as follows:

[0020] A deuterium-deuterium fusion device, which is composed of a cylindrical cylinder and upper and lower end covers. The cylinder is made of zirconium boride (ZrB2) with a wall thickness of 50mm, a height of 10m, and an inner diameter of 12m. It can be made in sections and then assembled and welded; the side wall of the container is grounded and used as a cathode; the upper and lower end covers are in the shape of round cakes and made of hexagonal boron nitride. Six φ600mm through holes are reserved in each of the upper and lower end covers, and the centers of the holes are evenly arranged at 5m from the axis for the input and output of working gas; a φ40mm through hole is reserved at the central axis of each of the upper and lower end covers for the installation of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating ion sources;

[0021] The deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating the ion source run through the entire deuterium-deuterium fusion device, and the outer section is made of hBN, with an outer diameter of 40 mm and a tube wall thickness of 3 mm; the inner section is made of hBN, with a tube wall thickness of 20 mm, an inner diameter of 40 mm, and a height of 10 m; the inner section and the outer section are connected by insertion;

[0022] The upper and lower end covers are coated with high temperature resistant and high insulation insulation materials, and are equipped with magnet rings, the inner diameter of the magnet rings is 4m and the outer diameter is 8m;

[0023] The upper end cover is provided with a resistor, which, together with the anode tungsten wire and the columnar cylinder wall, forms a voltage dividing circuit.

[0024] The preferred solution is that the inner section of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes of the ion source are coated with a 2 μm thick Mo film on the inner and outer surfaces, and a portion of the inner and outer sides of the portion close to the upper end cover is reserved for placing a conductive ring, and the inner side of the inner section of the ventilation pipe is coated with promethium oxide-147 ( 147 Pm2O3) film with a thickness of 5μm; a drill hole with a hole diameter of 1mm and an opening area of ​​5% is also provided; after the drill hole is filled with phthalic acid, a SiC film with a thickness of 4μm is plated on the outside, and then the phthalic acid is sublimated and removed by heating; when the inner section ventilation pipe is installed in sections, the contact surfaces between the sections are welded firmly with hBN powder, and the outer circle of the seam is coated with high-temperature resistant conductive glue.

[0025] The preferred solution is that the diameter of the anode tungsten wire is 50 μm, the upper end is fixed and connected to a high voltage power supply, and the lower end is fixed and protected with insulating glue.

[0026] The preferred scheme is that the process parameters calculated according to the reaction cross section, ion range, etc. are as follows: the electrostatic accelerator DC high voltage is 6MV; the molar ratio of protium gas to deuterium gas for generating incident ions is 2:98; the working gas is initially deuterium gas and diborane, and the molar ratio of the former to the latter is 98:2; the ideal molar ratio of mixed gas atoms reaching equilibrium is D:B: 3 He:T=8:0.1:1:0.04; the working gas temperature is set to 1000°C; at this temperature, the gas pressure in the boron nitride tube of the ion source is 0.01atm, the working gas pressure is 1atm; the magnetic field B is 0.1T.

[0027] The beneficial effects of the present application are as follows: the SiC membrane isolates the ion source from the working gas, the high vacuum in the ion source tube can ensure that the incident ions are accelerated to a higher energy, and the electrons drift to the anode and avalanche amplify on the anode surface, thereby increasing the number of incident ions; the working gas ratio optimization parameters are for continuous operation and increased output energy. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the upper end cover structure of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the lower end cover structure of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the cylindrical barrel structure of the present invention;

[0031] Among them, 1. upper end cover, 2. deuterium gas inlet pipe, 3. anode tungsten wire, 4. hexagonal boron nitride tube, 5. ion extraction hole, 6. working gas input hole, 7. adjustable resistor R3, 8. voltage divider resistor R1, 9. voltage divider resistor R2, 10. tungsten wire impedance, 11. lower end cover, 12. deuterium gas outlet pipe, 13. working gas output hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The present invention is described in detail below by way of examples. It is necessary to point out that the following examples are only used to further illustrate the present invention and cannot be understood as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. Those skilled in the art in this field can make some non-essential improvements and adjustments to the present invention based on the above content of the present invention.

[0033] Embodiment 1:

[0034] First, material selection:

[0035] hBN is resistant to high temperatures, has good insulation properties, is light in weight, and has high hardness.

[0036] ZrB2 is resistant to high temperatures, has good thermal and electrical conductivity, high strength, relatively light weight, and high hardness.

[0037] SiC is resistant to high temperatures, has high hardness and strong pressure resistance.

[0038] Mo is resistant to high temperatures and has good electrical conductivity.

[0039] Promethium oxide is resistant to high temperatures. 147 Pm has beta radioactivity, a suitable half-life, suitable electron energy (short range), and can be easily extracted from fission products, so it can be used to make high-activity beta sources.

[0040] Second, ion source technology:

[0041] The electrostatic voltage difference between the inner and outer conductive layers of the boron nitride membrane tube is about 3MV, and the voltage difference between the inner and outer conductive layers and the anode wire is about 4kV (adjustable). 147 The electrons emitted by Pm drift toward the anode wire, ionizing the gas to produce electron-ion pairs in the process; under the action of the electric field, the electrons drift toward the anode and produce avalanche amplification under the action of the strong electric field on the surface of the tungsten wire, ionizing all the gas near the tungsten wire; and the ions drift toward the direction of the boron nitride tube and obtain about 3MeV of energy before passing through the SiC membrane and entering the working gas space.

[0042] Third, the thickness of the silicon carbide film is determined:

[0043] The range of 3MeV deuterium nuclei in silicon carbide is about a dozen μm. The membrane must withstand a certain gas pressure and is designed to be 4 μm, taking into account both d-nucleus energy loss and particle number loss.

[0044] Fourth, determination of working gas thickness:

[0045] The working gas thickness should take into account the range of deuterons, which is related to the deuteron energy and gas density. The range of 3MeV energy d nuclei in the working gas at the design temperature and pressure is about 3m. Since deuterons accelerate and swirl in the electromagnetic field, they decelerate and release energy approximately 3m away from the axis. Therefore, the designed working gas thickness is determined to be 6m (the corresponding container inner diameter is 12m).

[0046] The working gas height (i.e., the height inside the container) is determined to be 10m based on the power, volume, and neutron leakage probability.

[0047] Fifth, determination of the incident deuteron energy spectrum:

[0048] Due to the small fusion cross section, in the high energy region above the threshold energy, the deuteron flux density is inversely proportional to the energy E, and satisfies the Boltzmann distribution near the working temperature (1000°C). According to the deuteron flux density distribution and the average velocity, it can be seen that the incident deuteron density is very sparse compared to the density of the working gas.

[0049] Sixth, determination of working gas composition:

[0050] According to the equilibrium state T and 3 The production rate and disappearance rate of He are equal, and D, T and 3 The ideal ratio of He is achieved through long-term accumulation. After the working gas drives the generator and cools down, the gas composition analysis is carried out and the gas separation technology is used to separate 7 LiD and excess hydrogen, boride and impurity products are removed, and tritium and 3 He is input into the working gas cycle and deuterium and diborane are supplemented in proportion.

[0051] Diborane has two functions: one is the reaction of protons with boron-11, and the other is the reaction of neutrons with boron-10. In addition to obtaining reaction energy, it also reduces the leakage of neutrons.

[0052] The heat is carried away by the working gas and used for direct turbine power generation. The working gas enters the container circulation after analysis and separation.

[0053] Seventh, determine the composition of the ion source gas:

[0054] Deuterium gas has a certain purity, which can never reach 100%. A small amount of protium gas is allowed to exist in order to obtain a certain number of incident protons to react with boron-11.

[0055] Eighth, determination of magnetic field strength.

[0056] In a constant uniform magnetic field, the cyclotron radius of a charged particle is given by the formula r = (2εK) 1 / 2 / (300qB), where ε is the static mass energy (MeV) of the charged particle, K is the non-relativistic kinetic energy (MeV), q is the charge number, B is the magnetic field strength in T (Tesla), and r is in m. Based on the cyclotron radius of protons, deuterons, and low-energy electrons, B is designed to be 0.1T. At this time, the cyclotron radius of 3MeV deuterons is roughly equal to the range.

[0057] like Figure 1 As shown, a deuterium-deuterium fusion device is composed of a cylindrical cylinder and upper and lower end covers. The cylinder is made of zirconium boride (ZrB2) with a wall thickness of 50mm, a height of 10m, and an inner diameter of 12m. It can be made in sections and then assembled and welded; the side wall of the container is grounded and used as a cathode; the upper and lower end covers are in the shape of round cakes and made of hexagonal boron nitride. Six φ600mm through holes are reserved in the upper and lower end covers, and the centers of the holes are evenly arranged at 5m from the axis for the input and output of working gas; a φ40mm through hole is reserved at the central axis of the upper and lower end covers for the installation of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating ion sources;

[0058] The deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating the ion source run through the entire deuterium-deuterium fusion device, and the outer section is made of hBN, with an outer diameter of 40 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm; the inner section is made of hBN, with a wall thickness of 20 mm, an inner diameter of 40 mm and a height of 10 m; the inner section and the outer section are connected by insertion.

[0059] The inner and outer surfaces of the inner section of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes are coated with a 2 μm thick Mo film, and a portion of the inner and outer sides of the portion close to the upper end cover is reserved for placing a conductive ring. The inner side of the inner section of the ventilation pipe is coated with promethium oxide-147 ( 147Pm2O3) film with a thickness of 5μm; a drill hole with a hole diameter of 1mm and an opening area of ​​5% is also provided; after the drill hole is filled with phthalic acid, a SiC film with a thickness of 4μm is plated on the outside, and then the phthalic acid is sublimated and removed by heating; when the inner section ventilation pipe is installed in sections, the contact surfaces between the sections are welded firmly with hBN powder, and the outer circle of the seam is coated with high-temperature resistant conductive glue.

[0060] The upper and lower end covers are coated with high-temperature resistant and highly insulating heat-insulating materials on the outside, and are additionally equipped with magnet rings, the inner diameter of the magnet rings being 4m and the outer diameter being 8m.

[0061] Resistors are arranged at the upper end cover, wherein the resistors include a voltage-dividing resistor R1, a voltage-dividing resistor R2 and an adjustable resistor R3. The resistors need to be resistant to high temperatures. The resistance values ​​of R1 and R2 are 15TΩ and 15TΩ respectively, the resistance value of the adjustable resistor R3 is 50GΩ, the diameter of the anode tungsten wire is 50μm, and the length is about 11m. After the upper end is fixed, a high-voltage power supply is connected, and after the lower end is fixed, it is protected with insulating glue.

[0062] The resistor, the anode tungsten wire, and the cylindrical cylinder wall form a voltage divider circuit. It has two functions: one is to provide an electric field for the ion source, and the other is to accelerate the ions. In addition, the positive and negative charges generated by the ion source and the working gas are collected by the cathode and anode respectively.

[0063] All adhesives, gaskets, welding materials and resistors used to seal all container penetration holes must withstand high temperatures, and adhesives and gaskets must have good insulation properties.

[0064] Usage: The high-energy ions (deuterium nuclei and a small amount of protons) generated in the boron nitride tube pass through the SiC membrane into the working gas space and undergo a series of fusion reactions with the working gas. The working gas takes away the released heat and directly generates electricity through turbines, and then enters the container for circulation after analysis and separation. The magnetic field is used to reduce the size of the device and to suppress the power loss caused by multiple ionizations caused by the energy picked up by the ionized electrons. The accelerating electric field in the working gas space is used to increase the fusion nuclear reaction rate.

[0065] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above; however, the present invention is not limited to the specific details in the above embodiments. Within the technical concept of the present invention, various equivalent transformations can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention, and these equivalent transformations all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

[0066] It should also be noted that the various specific technical features described in the above specific embodiments can be combined in any suitable manner without contradiction. In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the present invention will not further describe various possible combinations. In addition, the various different embodiments of the present invention can also be combined arbitrarily, as long as they do not violate the concept of the present invention, they should also be regarded as the contents disclosed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A deuterium-deuterium fusion device, which is composed of a cylindrical body and upper and lower end covers. It is characterized in that: The cylinder is made of zirconium boride (ZrB2) with a wall thickness of 50mm, a height of 10m, and an inner diameter of 12m. It can be manufactured in sections and then assembled and welded. The side wall of the container is grounded and used as a cathode. The upper and lower end covers are in the shape of round cakes and made of hexagonal boron nitride. Six φ600mm through holes are reserved on each of the upper and lower end covers, and the centers of the holes are evenly arranged at 5m from the axis for the input and output of working gas. A φ40mm through hole is reserved at the central axis of the upper and lower end covers for the installation of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating the ion source. The deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating the ion source run through the entire deuterium-deuterium fusion device, and the outer section is made of hBN, with an outer diameter of 40 mm and a tube wall thickness of 3 mm; the inner section is made of hBN, with a tube wall thickness of 20 mm, an inner diameter of 40 mm, and a height of 10 m; the inner section and the outer section are connected by insertion; The upper and lower end covers are coated with high temperature resistant and high insulation insulation materials, and are equipped with magnet rings, the inner diameter of the magnet rings is 4m and the outer diameter is 8m; The upper end cover is provided with a resistor, which, together with the anode tungsten wire and the columnar cylinder wall, forms a voltage dividing circuit.

2. A deuterium-deuterium fusion device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The inner section of the deuterium gas inlet and outlet pipes for generating the ion source is coated with a 2μm thick Mo film on its inner and outer surfaces respectively, a portion of the inner and outer sides of the portion close to the upper end cover is reserved for placing a conductive ring, and the inner side of the inner section of the ventilation pipe is coated with a promethium oxide-147 film with a thickness of 5μm; a drill hole is also provided with a hole diameter of 1mm and an opening area of ​​5%; after the drill hole is filled with phthalic acid, a SiC film with a thickness of 4μm is coated on the outer side, and then heated to allow the phthalic acid to sublime and be removed; when the inner section ventilation pipe is installed in sections, the contact surfaces between the sections are welded firmly with hBN powder, and the outer circle of the seam is coated with high-temperature resistant conductive glue.

3. A deuterium-deuterium fusion device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The anode tungsten wire has a diameter of 50 μm, and its upper end is connected to a high voltage power supply after being fixed, and its lower end is protected by insulating glue after being fixed.

4. A deuterium-deuterium fusion device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The electrostatic accelerator has a DC high voltage of 6MV; the molar ratio of protium to deuterium to produce incident ions is 2:98; the working gas starts with deuterium and diborane, with the molar ratio of the former to the latter being 98:2; the working gas temperature is set to 1000°C; at this temperature, the gas pressure in the boron nitride tube of the ion source is 0.01atm, and the working gas pressure is 1atm; the magnetic field B is 0.1T.

Images