Application method of tobacco and rice integrated fertilizer for reducing chlorine content of tobacco leaves

Abstract

The invention provides a tobacco and rice fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves. The tobacco and rice fertilizer application method comprises application of a base fertilizer, a tillering fertilizer and a leaf fertilizer. Wherein the ratio of main components of the base fertilizer to the tillering fertilizer is as follows: N: P2O5: K2O = 10: 8: 12, KCl: K2SO4 = 1: 1, a potassium source is changed from traditional full potassium chloride supply to potassium chloride and potassium sulfate supply by half, chlorine residues are effectively controlled, and the influence on subsequent high-quality tobacco leaf production is reduced; leaf fertilizer is innovatively sprayed before and after heading and flowering of the rice, and trace elements, amino acid and monopotassium phosphate are added to promote growth of the rice. According to the fertilizer application method, the original independent and separated cultivation management mode of tobacco crops and rice crops is changed, the tobacco leaf quality control is moved forward to the rice season, and the chlorine content of succeeding tobacco leaves is reduced and the quality of the succeeding tobacco leaves is improved by applying the fertilizer to the rice.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of tobacco cultivation management, and in particular relates to a tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves. Background Art

[0002] Rice-tobacco intercropping is a planting pattern of planting one season of tobacco and one season of rice on the same field within one year. It is the main planting pattern in Fujian tobacco-growing areas, covering more than 90% of the province's tobacco-growing areas. On the basis of ensuring food security by "using tobacco to promote grain production and using tobacco to stabilize grain production", this pattern can also improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil to a certain extent, balance the use of soil nutrients, improve the nutrient utilization efficiency of rice and tobacco, restore soil fertility, and reduce the harm of diseases, insects, and weeds, thus achieving the organic unity of ecological environment protection, food security, improved arable land quality, and increased income and wealth for farmers.

[0003] Since tobacco leaf cultivation is a state monopoly, while rice cultivation is organized spontaneously by rice farmers, tobacco and rice are separated in terms of cultivation and management. In the traditional rice-tobacco multi-cropping method, rice takes over tobacco resources, but the impact on tobacco production is not considered, and tobacco does not make corresponding requirements for rice production, thus failing to form a complete rice-tobacco circulation system, which has a certain impact on tobacco production, especially tobacco leaf quality.

[0004] Plants absorb chlorine from the soil mainly through their roots, and the chlorine content of tobacco leaves is positively correlated with the chlorine content of the soil. Excessive chlorine in the soil will cause tobacco to absorb excessive chlorine, which will seriously affect the quality of flue-cured tobacco, such as strong hygroscopicity of tobacco leaves, brittle leaves, poor combustion, easy to extinguish, heavy impurities, etc., and industrial usability is reduced. In some areas of Fujian, there is an issue of inconsistent chlorine content in tobacco leaves, which affects the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the level of homogeneous production. Because the application of chlorine is completely prohibited in the fertilizer management throughout the entire cycle of tobacco leaf cultivation. It can be seen that the inappropriate chlorine in tobacco leaves mainly comes from the soil residues after the application of fertilizers during the rice season.

[0005] Rice is a chlorine-loving crop with moderate chlorine tolerance. Low concentrations of chlorine can promote rice growth. Therefore, chemical fertilizers containing chloride ions can be applied in rice production. Common rice fertilizers are compound fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the main components. Among them, potassium chloride is widely used in rice fertilizers due to its high potassium content and low cost. Long-term application of potassium chloride increases the chlorine content in the soil. At the same time, some rice fertilizers also contain herbicides, which may produce pesticide residues, thereby affecting the agricultural product safety of rice and tobacco. It can be seen that the traditional rice-tobacco intercropping splits the fertilizer management of rice and tobacco, pays attention to tobacco fields and neglects the management of rice fields, especially the inappropriate application of chlorine-containing fertilizers during the rice season, which is not conducive to the production of high-quality tobacco leaves. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves, including the development of special fertilizers for pre-tobacco rice and special foliar fertilizers for pre-tobacco rice and corresponding application technology, comprehensively considering the fertilizer management of tobacco and rice crops, moving part of the cultivation regulation and quality control measures of tobacco leaves to pre-tobacco rice, achieving high-quality and safe production of pre-tobacco rice and effective reduction of the chlorine content of post-rice tobacco, and achieving high quality and safety of tobacco and rice crops.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves, which moves tobacco leaf quality control forward to the rice season, divides rice season fertilization into three stages, applies pre-tobacco-rice special fertilizer during rice transplanting and rice tillering, and applies pre-tobacco-rice special foliar fertilizer before and after rice heading and flowering, thereby reducing the chlorine content of subsequent tobacco leaves and improving their quality.

[0008] The special fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice includes urea, monoammonium phosphate, nitrophosphate, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate; the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O of the special fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is 10:8:12, and the ratio of KCl:K2SO4 is 1:1.

[0009] The application amount of the pre-tobacco rice special fertilizer during the rice transplanting period is 30-40kg / mu.

[0010] The application amount of the pre-tobacco rice special fertilizer during the rice tillering period is 20-30kg / mu.

[0011] The special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice comprises zinc sulfate monohydrate, boric acid, polyaspartic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate; the usage ratio of the zinc sulfate monohydrate:boric acid:polyaspartic acid:potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 3:3:3:50.

[0012] The application amount of the special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is 0.59 kg / mu.

[0013] The beneficial effects of the present invention are: (1) Changing the original independent and separate cultivation and management model of tobacco and rice cultivation, moving tobacco leaf quality control forward to the rice season, and reducing the chlorine content and improving the quality of the subsequent tobacco leaves through fertilizer management of rice, changing the passive situation in which tobacco leaf production is restricted by the previous crop, creating favorable field conditions for tobacco leaf production, enriching tobacco cultivation technology control measures, and increasing the room for choice, which is conducive to tobacco leaf quality control and the production and processing of high-quality tobacco leaves.

[0014] (2) The tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method of the present invention reduces the amount of fertilizer applied during the rice season and reduces the cost of rice production by changing the existing rice fertilization habits while maintaining the rice yield. At the same time, a new tobacco-rice fertilization technology suitable for the rice-tobacco multiple cropping model is formed. While ensuring the rice yield, the chlorine content in the soil of the subsequent tobacco field is maintained within an appropriate range (the soil chlorine content is 20-30 mg / kg), which promotes the improvement of tobacco leaf yield and quality, achieves high yield and high efficiency of rice and tobacco throughout the year, and promotes the enthusiasm of farmers to grow tobacco and grain.

[0015] (3) Low cost, low application, and high fertilizer efficiency. The patent applies 50-60 kg of pre-smoked rice fertilizer per mu (the ratio of effective nutrients is 10:8:12), and the cost per mu is about 130 yuan. The traditional rice fertilizer applies 35-45 kg per mu (the ratio of effective nutrients is 15:15:15), and the cost per mu is about 150 yuan. While ensuring rice yield, the patent can effectively reduce fertilizer costs and the application amount of effective nutrients, achieving green and cost-saving production.

[0016] (4) Reduce the proportion of chlorine-containing fertilizers. Changing the potassium source from traditional full potassium chloride to half potassium chloride and half potassium sulfate effectively controls the residual chlorine and reduces the impact on the production of high-quality tobacco leaves in the next crop.

[0017] (5) Innovate the method of applying ear fertilizer to increase fertilizer efficiency. Apply foliar fertilizer before and after rice heading and flowering. At the same time, trace elements (zinc sulfate monohydrate and boric acid), amino acids (polyaspartic acid) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in foliar fertilizer can also promote rice growth. At the same time, spraying it with pesticides can also prevent diseases and control insects.

[0018] (6) Applying potassium fertilizer earlier increases the absorption and leaching time of chlorine. The application of base fertilizer is nearly half a month earlier than traditional rice fertilizer, which effectively prolongs the absorption time of fertilizer by rice, increases the leaching time, further reduces the residual chlorine in the rice season, and controls the chlorine content in the soil within a reasonable range (soil chlorine content is 20-30 mg / kg). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 : Effects of potassium chloride content and application method in pre-rice potassium fertilizer on soil chloride content after rice harvest.

[0020] Figure 2 : Effects of potassium chloride content and application method in pre-rice potash fertilizer on soil chloride content after rice and tobacco harvest. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention is further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments and drawings.

[0022] Unless otherwise specified, the various raw materials used below are all commercially available products known in the art.

[0023] Experimental location and time: It was conducted from July 2023 to May 2024 in Wuping County, Longyan City, Fujian Province (24°47′~25°29′N), with an average altitude of 274 meters, an average annual temperature of 17-19.6℃, and an annual rainfall of 1450-2200 mm. The experimental field is sandy loam, with a soil pH of 5.45, an organic matter value of 30.61g / kg, an alkaline nitrogen value of 133.60mg / kg, an available phosphorus value of 42.57mg / kg, and an available potassium value of 74.83mg / kg. The soil chlorine content is 32.01 mg / kg.

[0024] A total of 9 treatments and 3 replicates were set up in the rice season, with a total of 27 plots, each with an area of ​​8×4.5=36m 2 . Cover the ridge before planting. Set two factors: the proportion of potassium chloride in potassium fertilizer (C) and the method of fertilizer application (F). The proportion of potassium chloride in total potassium fertilizer is 0% (C0), 50% (C1) and 100% (C2). In the fertilizer application method, the application method of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is the same as that of local areas, and they are all applied in basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer. Potassium fertilizer is set in the following settings: full application of basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer (F1), application of basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer: ear fertilizer 1:1 (F2), full application of basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer + special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice (F3).

[0025] In this experiment, the fertilizer application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) were 6 kg / mu, 4.8 kg / mu, and 7.2 kg / mu, respectively. Nitrogen was provided by urea, monoammonium phosphate, and nitrophosphate, phosphorus was provided by monoammonium phosphate and nitrophosphate, and potassium was provided by potassium chloride and potassium sulfate according to the experimental design.

[0026] Before and after rice heading and flowering, special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is sprayed. The formula of special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is as follows: foliar fertilizer includes 30g / mu of zinc sulfate monohydrate, 30g / mu of boric acid, 30g / mu of polyaspartic acid and 0.5kg / mu of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The average application amount per mu is 0.59kg of special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice. Foliar fertilizer can be mixed with pesticides when used.

[0027] Other cultivation and management of rice and tobacco are carried out according to conventional techniques. After the rice season, different plots are marked and tobacco is planted in ridges. The whole growth period is planted according to local cultivation and fertilization methods.

[0028] Example 1 Analysis of production and composition factors Among the F factors, the number of panicles per hectare was generally F2 > F1 > F3. F2 was significantly higher than F1 and F3, and there was no significant difference between F1 and F3 (Table 1). This indicates that the application method of potassium fertilizer affects the formation of the number of panicles in rice, and split application of potassium fertilizer in F2 is beneficial to increasing the number of panicles. The number of grains per panicle was F1 ≈ F3 > F2, and F2 was significantly lower than F1 and F3, indicating that the number of grains per panicle in rice varies with different fertilizer application methods, and split application of potassium fertilizer in F2 is not conducive to seed setting. In terms of 1000-grain weight, the 1000-grain weight of F1, F2, and F3 increased successively. Considering their respective fertilization methods, it was found that supplementing panicle fertilizer and foliar fertilizer on the basis of full application of potassium fertilizer in the early stage could effectively increase the 1000-grain weight of rice. The harvest index of F3 was greater than that of F2, and F2 was greater than F1, indicating that applying fertilizer in the later growth stage can increase the ratio of economic yield to biological yield of rice.

[0029] Among the C factors, the number of panicles per hectare was C0 > C2 > C1, with no significant difference, that is, the content of potassium chloride in potassium fertilizer had little effect on the number of panicles in rice. The number of grains per panicle of C2 was less than that of C0 and C1, and there was no difference between C0 and C1, indicating that 100% application ratio of potassium chloride in potassium fertilizer was not conducive to increasing the number of grains per panicle in rice, while 0% and 50% application ratios could maintain the number of grains per panicle in rice at a good level. The 1000-grain weight did not change significantly due to different treatments of C0, C1, and C2, that is, the content of potassium chloride in potassium fertilizer had little effect on the 1000-grain weight of rice. At the same time, the C factor had no obvious effect on the harvest index of rice.

[0030] Under the interaction treatment of different fertilizer application methods (F) and different potassium chloride contents (C) in potassium fertilizer, there were no significant differences in rice yield and its component factors. This indicates that adjusting the potassium chloride content and corresponding application method in potassium fertilizer will not cause a reduction in the yield of rice after tobacco.

[0031] Table 1 Effects of potassium chloride ratio and fertilization method in potassium fertilizer on rice yield and its component factors Note: "*" indicates significant effect (P < 0.05).

[0032] Example 2 Effects of different treatments on soil chlorine content After rice harvest, there were obvious differences in soil chlorine content among different treatments. In the F factor treatment group, the soil chlorine content of the F2 treatment was significantly higher than that of F1 and F3, and there was no obvious difference between the F1 and F3 treatments ( Figure 1 ), indicating that the method of applying half of the base fertilizer and half of the panicle fertilizer will increase the residual amount of soil chlorine. In the C factor treatment group, the soil chlorine residue of the C2 treatment was significantly higher than that of C0 and C1, and the overall trend was C0 < C1 < C2, and there was no obvious difference between the C0 and C1 treatments. Therefore, the chlorine residue was proportional to the application amount of potassium chloride ( Figure 1), meeting the expectations. Generally speaking, the soil chlorine content under the F2C2 treatment was 52.79 mg / kg, reaching the highest level. The soil chlorine contents of the F3C0 and F3C1 treatments were relatively low, being 24.69 mg / kg and 27.85 mg / kg respectively ( Figure 1 ).

[0033] This difference still existed after tobacco harvest, and the effects of different treatment methods on the soil chlorine content during the tobacco season also showed significant differences. Among them, the soil chlorine content of the F2 treatment was always higher than that of F1 and F3, which further supported the correlation between the chlorine residue level and the fertilization method. In addition, the positive correlation between the chlorine residue amount and the potassium chloride application rate ( Figure 2 ) was still significant, specifically showing C0 < C1 < C2. The soil chlorine residue amount of the C2 treatment was significantly higher than that of C0 and C1, meeting the expectations. Generally speaking, the soil chlorine content under the F2C2 treatment reached 25.91 mg / kg, significantly higher than that of the F1C0 and F1C1 treatments, and the latter soil chlorine contents were 6.72 mg / kg and 13.22 mg / kg respectively.

[0034] Example 3 Effects of Different Treatments on the Chlorine Content of Tobacco Leaves Judging from the data of the upper leaves (Table 2), the average chloride ion content of the F2 treatment during the root elongation stage was the highest, reaching 9.18 mg / g, significantly higher than 8.10 mg / g of the F1 treatment and 8.49 mg / g of the F3 treatment. This result was consistent with the change trend of the soil chlorine content, indicating that the fertilization method of applying half of the base fertilizer and half of the ear fertilizer not only significantly increased the soil chlorine content, but also further increased the absorption of chloride ions by the upper leaves of tobacco, thus significantly improving the chlorine content of the upper tobacco leaves. The data of the mature stage further verified this result. The average leaf chlorine content of the F1 treatment was 7.22 mg / g, F2 was 9.82 mg / g, and F3 was 8.40 mg / g.

[0035] In the C treatment group during the root elongation stage, the average chloride ion content of the C2 treatment was the highest, reaching 9.25 mg / g, while the average of the C0 treatment was the lowest, only 7.49 mg / g. The chloride ion content of the C1 treatment group was between C0 and C2, showing a medium level, and the overall trend was C0 < C1 < C2, which was consistent with the change trend of the soil chlorine content. This trend was also significant during the vigorous growth stage and the mature stage: during the vigorous growth stage, the average chloride ion contents of C0, C1, and C2 were 8.96 mg / g, 9.01 mg / g, and 11.39 mg / g respectively, and the results of the mature stage were 6.87 mg / g, 9.00 mg / g, and 9.57 mg / g. The results showed that the average chloride ion content of the C2 treatment was significantly higher than that of the C0 and C1 groups, while C1 was slightly higher than C0. In addition, the middle leaves and lower leaves also showed similar patterns (Tables 3 and 4).

[0036] Table 2 Chloride ion content of tobacco upper leaves at different periods Table 3 Chloride ion content of tobacco leaves at different stages Table 4 Chloride ion content of lower tobacco leaves at different periods Example 4: Evaluation and Analysis of Flue-cured Tobacco Sensory Quality The sensory quality evaluation indicators include aroma type, concentration, strength, aroma quality, aroma volume, miscellaneous smell, irritation and aftertaste. The higher the score of each indicator, the better the quality (Table 5). All samples showed a sweet and refreshing aroma, and the total sensory quality score ranged from 64.77 to 73.71 points. As shown in Table 5, the sample with the highest chloride ion content was F1C2 (0.40%), and the lowest was F2C0 (0.28%). The sensory quality evaluation results showed that the total scores of sample 1 (F1C0) and sample 7 (F3C0) were relatively high, 71.88 points and 73.71 points, respectively, indicating that their sensory quality was better. This may be related to the moderate chloride ion content, because the proportion of these chemical components may have a positive effect on the burning characteristics and sensory quality of tobacco leaves. It is worth noting that although sample 6 (F2C2) had the highest chloride ion content (0.49%), its total sensory quality score was not the lowest, indicating that chloride ion content is not the only factor affecting sensory quality. In addition, there were differences in sensory quality evaluation indicators among the fertilizer application methods (F1, F2, and F3). The average sensory quality score of samples F2C0, F2C1, and F2C2 was 66.94 points, which was significantly lower than the 68.75 points of the F1 group and the 72.72 points of the F3 group. This reflects that the fertilization method of applying half base fertilizer and half ear fertilizer has a negative impact on the sensory quality of tobacco leaves. In general, different potassium chloride contents (C) and fertilizer application methods (F) will significantly affect the chlorine content in tobacco, thereby changing the balance of chemical components, and ultimately affecting the sensory quality of tobacco leaves.

[0037] Table 5 Evaluation table of sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco In summary, in the tobacco-rice multiple cropping model, different potassium chloride contents in potassium sources and fertilization methods will not cause rice yield reduction, but will have a significant impact on soil chloride ion content. The forward application of potassium fertilizer is conducive to the absorption and leaching of chlorine, reducing the soil chloride content after the end of the rice season. The coordinated application of chlorine and sulfur as two potassium sources ensures that chlorine does not increase while limiting the cost increase. The supply of foliar fertilizer is conducive to increasing rice production. Comprehensive research shows that the selection of potassium fertilizer with a potassium chloride content of 50% (the code in the application case is: F3C1), at this time, the N:P2O5:K2O ratio of the pre-tobacco rice special fertilizer is 10:8:12, and the KCl:K2SO4 ratio is 1:1, and the forward application time can achieve the purpose of controlling the residual chlorine content in the soil and ensuring the quality of the subsequent tobacco.

[0038] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. All equivalent changes and modifications made according to the scope of the patent application of the present invention should fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves, characterized in that: Move tobacco leaf quality control forward to the rice season, and divide the fertilization during the rice season into three stages: apply special fertilizers for pre-tobacco and rice during the rice transplanting period and the rice tillering period, and apply special foliar fertilizers for pre-tobacco and rice before and after the rice heading and flowering, so as to reduce the chlorine content of the subsequent tobacco leaves and improve their quality.

2. The tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The special fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice includes urea, monoammonium phosphate, nitrophosphate, potassium chloride and potassium sulfate; the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O of the special fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is 10:8:12, and the ratio of KCl:K2SO4 is 1:

1.

3. The tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application amount of the pre-tobacco rice special fertilizer during the rice transplanting period is 30-40kg / mu.

4. The tobacco-rice cycle integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application amount of the pre-tobacco rice special fertilizer during the rice tillering period is 20-30kg / mu.

5. The tobacco-rice integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice comprises zinc sulfate monohydrate, boric acid, polyaspartic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate; the usage ratio of the zinc sulfate monohydrate:boric acid:polyaspartic acid:potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 3:3:3:

50.

6. The tobacco-rice cycle integrated fertilizer application method for reducing the chlorine content of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: The application amount of the special foliar fertilizer for pre-tobacco rice is 0.59 kg / mu.

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