Irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes

Abstract

The invention discloses an irrigation method for improving the water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes, and the method adopts a method of combining a circulating aeration device with drip irrigation to control the fertilization amount, the soil water content and the irrigation amount in each period of tomato growth so as to monitor the change response of the soil environment and the migration, transformation and regulation of nutrients in a tomato root zone. By adopting an irrigation fertilization mode with a high aeration irrigation medium fertilizer level, growth of tomato plants and dry matter accumulation are promoted, root morphology distribution is improved, root activity is improved, photosynthetic indexes and chlorophyll content of the tomato plants are remarkably improved, photosynthesis is enhanced, and fruit yield, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter and fruit quality are remarkably improved; the soil enzyme activity and the microorganism quantity of the tomato root zone are obviously improved, and the nutrient absorption accumulation amount and the nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of tomato plants are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to a greenhouse tomato irrigation method, and more particularly to an irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rates of greenhouse tomatoes. Background Art

[0002] In my country's agricultural production water use, traditional flooding and irrigating modes are still relatively common. The irrigation water consumption is far greater than the actual water demand of crops, and the water use efficiency and utilization benefits are low. The development of agricultural high-efficiency water use technology has become an inevitable choice for my country's agricultural development. Underground drip irrigation is one of the more efficient and water-saving irrigation technologies.

[0003] Research has found that long-term underground irrigation can not only supply water to crops, but also have adverse effects on soil structure and hydraulic properties, saturating the soil around the root zone with water, squeezing out the oxygen in the soil, and causing hypoxia in the crop root system. The roots of most crops need sufficient oxygen to supply aerobic respiration of the crop roots to meet the energy of plant absorption of nutrients, water and upward transmission of nutrients; and the growth of crop roots is particularly sensitive to lack of oxygen. Insufficient oxygen in the soil will affect the growth of crop roots and soil respiration, thereby reducing the absorption of water and nutrients by the roots, as well as the nutrient transmission to the plant body. Aerated underground drip irrigation can effectively alleviate the hypoxia of the root zone soil and increase crop yield. The irrigation method of transporting the water-fertilizer-gas mixture to the crop root zone through the drip irrigation belt through the circulating aeration device is called circulating aeration underground drip irrigation. In particular, the use of circulating aeration can enrich the water with a large number of micro-bubbles to form a uniform water-fertilizer-gas mixture, which can more scientifically and effectively alleviate the hypoxic environment of the root zone soil, promote crop growth and development, increase crop yield, and improve crop quality.

[0004] Therefore, a new irrigation method is urgently needed to effectively improve the defects of water saturation and lack of air around the root zone of the plant. Summary of the invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by the present application is to overcome the defects in the prior art. The inventors have found that most of the previous inventions are single-factor treatments. There are more studies on multi-factor variables such as water and air, and the burial depth of the drip irrigation belt, and fewer studies on the dual factors of fertilizer and air. There is a lack of systematic research on the improvement of the soil microbial environment of greenhouse crops under the conditions of circulating aerated underground drip irrigation and the absorption, utilization and conversion mechanism of soil moisture and fertilizer, and provide an irrigation method for improving the water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes.

[0006] This application adopts the following technical solutions to solve the above technical problems:

[0007] First aspect:

[0008] The present application provides an irrigation method for improving the water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes. The method adopts a circulating aeration device combined with a drip irrigation method to control the amount of fertilizer, soil moisture and irrigation at various stages of tomato growth, and then monitor the change response of the soil environment, the migration, transformation and regulation of nutrients in the tomato root zone.

[0009] Circulating aerated underground irrigation technology can effectively alleviate root zone hypoxia and significantly increase soil enzyme activity and microbial count in tomato root zone. Under the same fertilization level, soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease activities gradually increase with the increase of aeration volume. Aeration irrigation treatment has a very significant effect on the number of soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. The number of soil microorganisms and Shannon index in aeration irrigation treatment are generally higher than those in non-aeration irrigation treatment. Circulating aerated underground drip irrigation can promote the growth of tomato plants, dry matter accumulation, improve root morphology distribution, and increase root vitality; it can significantly improve the photosynthetic index and chlorophyll content of tomato plants and enhance photosynthesis; it can significantly improve fruit yield, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, and fruit quality. With the increase of aeration volume, the yield, horizontal diameter, and vertical diameter of the fruit per plant increase. Circulating aerated underground drip irrigation can increase the nutrient absorption accumulation and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of tomato plants. The cumulative absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in aerated irrigation treatments generally increased with the increase of aeration amount, and the cumulative absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in high aeration irrigation treatments was the highest. Under the same fertilization level, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and water use efficiency were the highest in high aeration irrigation treatments. Under the same aeration level, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased with the increase of fertilization amount, and the absorption efficiency was the highest in low fertilizer treatments; the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased first and then decreased with the increase of fertilization amount, and was the highest in medium fertilizer treatments. The partial productivity of fertilizers was the highest in high aeration irrigation and low fertilizer treatments, and the lowest in non-aeration irrigation and high fertilizer treatments. Taking into account the comprehensive effects of various fertilizer-gas coupling test treatments on greenhouse tomato growth indicators, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic indicators, root morphology, yield, quality, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial quantity, plant nutrient accumulation, fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency, water use efficiency, fertilizer partial productivity, etc., high aeration irrigation with medium fertilizer level is a better irrigation mode for greenhouse tomatoes under general conditions.

[0010] Preferably, the drip circulation aeration device satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0011] The working pressure of the irrigation pipe in the circulating aeration device is 0.15Mpa;

[0012] The aeration ratio of the aeration water flow in the circulating aeration device is 20%.

[0013] The aeration rate in the circulating aeration device is 20 mg / L.

[0014] Preferably, the fertilizing elements specifically include: N 180kg / hm 2 、P2O5 90kg / hm 2 、K2O112.5kg / hm 2 ;

[0015] The fertilizer used is water-soluble fertilizer, which can be mixed with urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate. It should be applied five times 30 days after planting. During the water-making process, the water-soluble fertilizer is sucked into the water-making tank through the Venturi principle. After sufficient circulation and even mixing to form a water-fertilizer-gas mixture, it is transported to the roots of tomatoes through the drip irrigation belt.

[0016] Preferably, the soil moisture content is 20.0%.

[0017] Preferably, the drip irrigation dripper is set to a flow rate of 2 L / h.

[0018] The distance between the drip irrigation drippers is 33 cm.

[0019] The drip irrigation working pressure is 0.2 MPa.

[0020] Preferably, during the seedling stage, flowering and fruiting stage, and fruit ripening stage of the tomato plants, the regulation method is to control the aeration level and the fertilization level so that the greenhouse tomatoes reach conditions close to the optimal water and fertilizer utilization rate.

[0021] Second aspect

[0022] Circulating aerated underground irrigation technology can effectively alleviate root zone hypoxia and significantly increase soil enzyme activity and microbial count in tomato root zone. Under the same fertilization level, soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease activities gradually increase with the increase of aeration volume. Aeration irrigation treatment has a very significant effect on the number of soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. The number of soil microorganisms and Shannon index in aeration irrigation treatment are generally higher than those in non-aeration irrigation treatment. Circulating aerated underground drip irrigation can promote the growth of tomato plants, dry matter accumulation, improve root morphology distribution, and increase root vitality; it can significantly improve the photosynthetic index and chlorophyll content of tomato plants and enhance photosynthesis; it can significantly improve fruit yield, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, and fruit quality. With the increase of aeration volume, the yield, horizontal diameter, and vertical diameter of the fruit per plant increase. Circulating aerated underground drip irrigation can increase the nutrient absorption accumulation and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of tomato plants. The cumulative absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in aerated irrigation treatments generally increased with the increase of aeration amount, and the cumulative absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in high aeration irrigation treatments was the highest. Under the same fertilization level, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and water use efficiency were the highest in high aeration irrigation treatments. Under the same aeration level, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased with the increase of fertilization amount, and the absorption efficiency was the highest in low fertilizer treatments; the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased first and then decreased with the increase of fertilization amount, and was the highest in medium fertilizer treatments. The partial productivity of fertilizers was the highest in high aeration irrigation and low fertilizer treatments, and the lowest in non-aeration irrigation and high fertilizer treatments. Taking into account the comprehensive effects of various fertilizer-gas coupling test treatments on greenhouse tomato growth indicators, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic indicators, root morphology, yield, quality, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial quantity, plant nutrient accumulation, fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency, water use efficiency, fertilizer partial productivity, etc., high aeration irrigation with medium fertilizer level is a better irrigation mode for greenhouse tomatoes under general conditions.

[0023] The present application, through the comprehensive influence of various fertilizer-gas coupling treatments on the growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation, root indexes, photosynthetic characteristics, fruit yield, fruit quality, root zone soil enzyme activity, root zone soil microorganism quantity, fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency, water utilization efficiency, etc. of tomato plants, adopts an irrigation and fertilization mode with high aeration irrigation and medium fertilizer level to promote the growth and dry matter accumulation of tomato plants, improve root morphology distribution, enhance root activity, significantly improve photosynthetic indexes and chlorophyll content of tomato plants, enhance photosynthesis, significantly improve fruit yield, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and fruit quality, significantly improve soil enzyme activity and microorganism quantity in the root zone of tomatoes, and improve nutrient absorption accumulation and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of tomato plants.

[0024] On the basis of conforming to the common sense in the art, the above-mentioned preferred conditions can be arbitrarily combined to obtain the preferred embodiments of the present application.

[0025] The reagents and raw materials used in this application are commercially available.

[0026] The positive progressive effect of the present application is that the irrigation and fertilization mode with high aeration irrigation and medium fertilizer level adopted in the present application has the effects of promoting the growth and dry matter accumulation of tomato plants, improving the root morphology distribution, enhancing the root vitality, significantly improving the photosynthetic index and chlorophyll content of tomato plants, enhancing photosynthesis, significantly improving the fruit yield, horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and fruit quality, significantly improving the soil enzyme activity and the number of microorganisms in the tomato root zone, and improving the nutrient absorption and accumulation of tomato plants and the nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The present application can be better understood by referring to the description given below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings, together with the following detailed description, are included in this specification and form a part of this specification, and are used to further illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present application and explain the principles and advantages of the present application.

[0028] in:

[0029] Figure 1 It is a circulating aeration device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The present application is further described below by way of examples, but the present application is not limited to the scope of the examples. The experimental methods without specific conditions in the following examples are selected according to conventional methods and conditions, or according to the product instructions.

[0031] Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are conventional methods.

[0032] The raw materials in the following examples are all commercially available.

[0033] Example 1

[0034] The greenhouse was built in the Shandong Agricultural University solar greenhouse (36°18′N, 117°17′E). The greenhouse is 5.5m high, 13m wide, and 52m long from east to west. The total planting area of ​​the greenhouse is 450m 2 The experimental area belongs to the temperate continental semi-humid monsoon zone, with an average annual sunshine of 2627.1h. The soil type in the greenhouse is loamy clay, and its basic properties are as follows: soil bulk density 1.32g / cm 3, soil alkaline nitrogen 136.5mg / kg, available phosphorus 51.72mg / kg, available potassium 168.07mg / kg, pH 6.5, EC value (soluble salt concentration) 0.62ms / cm. The crop tomato variety is Jinglu 6335, the ridge length in the solar greenhouse is 10m, the width is 0.8m, the diameter of the drip irrigation pipe is 16mm, the dripper design flow rate is 2L / h, the spacing between the drippers is 33cm, and the maximum working pressure is 0.2MPa. Plant the seedlings according to the spacing between the drippers, about 10cm horizontally from the planting point, and 25cm buried.

[0035] The aeration device adopts a circulating aeration device such as Figure 1 (This device can realize the integrated irrigation of crops with water, fertilizer and air). The maximum working pressure of the drip irrigation pipe used in the test is 0.2MPa. As the working pressure increases, the aeration ratio of the aerated water flow increases. The aeration volume can be controlled by setting the working pressure of the pressure controller. The aeration volume is 20mg / L. The irrigation water uses water stored in the greenhouse water tank in advance. It is less affected by the outside world and the water temperature is relatively constant, maintained at 18℃. At this water temperature, the pressure level is set at 0.15MPa and the aeration ratio is 20%. Among them, the fertilization level is compared and the medium fertilization amount treatment is adopted: N180kg / hm 2 -P2O590kg / hm 2 -K2O 112.5kg / hm 2 .

[0036] Example 2

[0037] The greenhouse was built in the Shandong Agricultural University solar greenhouse (36°18′N, 117°17′E). The greenhouse is 5.5m high, 13m wide, and 52m long from east to west. The total planting area of ​​the greenhouse is 450m 2 The experimental area belongs to the temperate continental semi-humid monsoon zone, with an average annual sunshine of 2627.1h. The soil type in the greenhouse is loamy clay, and its basic properties are as follows: soil bulk density 1.32g / cm 3 , soil alkaline nitrogen 136.5mg / kg, available phosphorus 51.72mg / kg, available potassium 168.07mg / kg, pH 6.5, EC value (soluble salt concentration) 0.62ms / cm. The crop tomato variety is Jinglu 6335, the ridge length in the solar greenhouse is 10m, the width is 0.8m, the diameter of the drip irrigation pipe is 16mm, the dripper design flow rate is 2L / h, the spacing between the drippers is 33cm, and the maximum working pressure is 0.2MPa. Plant the seedlings according to the spacing between the drippers, about 10cm horizontally from the planting point, and 25cm buried.

[0038] The aeration device adopts a circulating aeration device such as Figure 1(This device can realize the integrated irrigation of crops with water, fertilizer and air). The maximum working pressure of the drip irrigation pipe used in the test is 0.2MPa. As the working pressure increases, the aeration ratio of the aerated water flow increases. The aeration volume can be controlled by setting the working pressure of the pressure controller. The aeration volume is 20mg / L. The irrigation water uses water stored in the greenhouse water tank in advance. It is less affected by the outside world and the water temperature is relatively constant, maintained at 18℃. At this water temperature, the pressure level is set at 0.15MPa and the aeration ratio is 20%. Among them, the fertilization level is compared and the medium fertilization amount treatment is adopted: N180kg / hm 2 -P2O590kg / hm 2 -K2O 112.5kg / hm 2 .

[0039] Comparative Example 1

[0040] Compared with Example 1, paving irrigation treatment was not used, and other conditions were the same as those in Example 1.

[0041] Effect Example 1

[0042] The highest single plant yield of the high aeration irrigation and medium fertilizer treatment in Example 1 was 1620.00 g, while the lowest single plant yield of the non-aeration irrigation and low fertilizer treatment in Comparative Example 1 was 1310.40 g.

[0043] Under the same fertilization level, the single-plant yield of the aerated treatment was higher than that of the corresponding non-aerated treatment. At the medium fertilizer level, the single-plant yield of the high, medium and low aeration treatments were 19.05%, 6.73% and 8.30% higher than those of the corresponding non-aerated treatment, respectively. This shows that aeration treatment can increase tomato yield to varying degrees. The single-plant yield effect was the best at the medium fertilizer level, and the yield at the low fertilizer level was similar, with a small difference.

[0044] Circulating aerated underground drip irrigation can significantly increase the soil enzyme activity and microbial population in the tomato root zone. Under the same fertilization level, the activities of soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase, and urease gradually increased with the increase of aeration amount, and the activities were the highest at high aeration levels, which were 12.4%, 45.2%, and 53.7% higher than those at non-aerated irrigation treatments, respectively. Aerated irrigation treatment had a very significant effect on the number of soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. The number of soil microorganisms and Shannon index in aerated irrigation treatment were generally higher than those in non-aerated irrigation treatment, with the highest in high aeration irrigation treatment and the lowest in non-aerated irrigation treatment. The soil enzyme activity and microbial population in the medium fertilizer treatment were generally higher than those in other fertilization treatments, and the two-factor interaction had a significant effect on the activities of soil catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase during the flowering and fruiting period.

[0045] Finally, it should be noted that in this application, the terms "comprises", "includes" or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or apparatus that includes a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements that are not explicitly listed, or also includes elements that are inherent to such process, method, article or apparatus.

[0046] Although the present application has been disclosed above through the description of the specific embodiments of the present application, it should be understood that those skilled in the art can design various modifications, improvements or equivalents to the present application within the spirit and scope of the attached scheme. These modifications, improvements or equivalents should also be considered to be included in the scope of protection claimed in the present application.

Claims

1. A method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes, characterized in that: The method adopts a circulating aeration device combined with a drip irrigation method to control the amount of fertilizer, soil moisture and irrigation at various stages of tomato growth, thereby monitoring the change response of the soil environment, the migration, transformation and regulation of nutrients in the tomato root zone.

2. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The drip cycle aeration device meets at least one of the following conditions: The working pressure of the irrigation pipe in the circulating aeration device is 0.15Mpa; The aeration ratio of the aeration water flow in the circulating aeration device is 20%, wherein the aeration ratio is the ratio of the volume of air to the volume of the mixed liquid; The aeration rate in the circulating aeration device is 20 mg / L; In the irrigation, water is first circulated in the circulating aeration water-making integrated machine for 15 minutes for aeration treatment before entering the drip irrigation belt, so that the water and gas are fully mixed, and then the water and gas mixture is transported to the soil near the root system through the underground drip irrigation belt.

3. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The elements in the fertilization specifically include: N 180kg / hm 2 、P2O5 90kg / hm 2 、K2O112.5kg / hm 2 ; Preferably, the fertilizer used in the fertilization includes water-soluble fertilizer. More preferably, the water-soluble fertilizer comprises urea, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate. Preferably, fertilize five times 30 days after planting. During the water-making process, the water-soluble fertilizer is sucked into the water-making tank through the Venturi principle. After sufficient circulation and even mixing to form a water-fertilizer-gas mixture, it is transported to the roots of tomatoes through the drip irrigation belt.

4. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil moisture content is 14.57% to 24.83%.

5. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flow rate of the drip irrigation low head setting is 2L / h; The spacing between the drip irrigation drippers is 33 cm; The maximum working pressure of the drip irrigation is 0.2 MPa.

6. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the seedling stage, flowering and fruiting stage and fruit ripening stage of the tomato plants, the regulation method is to control the aeration level and fertilization level so that the greenhouse tomatoes reach a condition close to the optimal water and fertilizer utilization rate.

7. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tomato yield is 14.6 t·hm -2 .

8. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes according to claim 1, characterized in that: The tomato planting method is as follows: the bottom water is irrigated thoroughly on the day of planting, the crop water supply method is underground drip irrigation, a drip irrigation belt is laid under each row of crops, the nominal flow rate of the dripper at 0.05MPa is 2L / h, the dripper spacing is 30cm, and the irrigation water is first circulated in a circulating aeration water making integrated machine for 15 minutes for aeration treatment before entering the drip irrigation belt, so that the water and gas are fully mixed, and then the water and gas mixture is transported to the soil near the root system through the underground drip irrigation belt.

9. The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes provided in the present application is characterized in that: The irrigation method for improving water and fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse tomatoes is applicable to other crops; Preferably, the crops include cucumbers, grapes, watermelons and cabbages.

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