Method and apparatus for responding to transient anomalies in power signals

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of response method and device of electric energy signal transient anomaly, and electric energy monitoring node carries out tracking monitoring to electric energy signal state variable, obtains transient anomaly response, the method comprises: by the safe tracking monitoring to electric energy signal state variable X (t), obtains critical abnormal response on transient pulse rising edge;The state variable is carried out critical real-time tracking processing, and the transient impact amount formed by current accumulation is calculated after each tracking monitoring time step;According to the predicted value of the transient impact amount, set rated comparison signal in critical feedback mode;When corresponding front-end input signal reaches the rated comparison signal in a certain tracking monitoring time step, transient anomaly response is obtained.The device is electric energy monitoring node, including critical abnormal response module, real-time tracking processing module and transient anomaly response module.The application is used for electric energy signal transient anomaly monitoring, with the beneficial effects of fast response, good stability, high accuracy.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of Internet of Things (IoT) smart hardware devices and measurement and control technology, mainly to power signal monitoring and power safety monitoring, and particularly to a method and device for responding to transient anomalies in power signals. Background Technology

[0002] The comprehensive utilization efficiency of electrical energy is mainly reflected in safety, energy saving, and economy. With the development of IoT smart technology, power monitoring and safety management not only focus on power production, transmission, and distribution, but also need to cover the entire power consumption process of distributed power consumption nodes more broadly and deeply, and monitor the power load objects and terminal equipment in different power consumption scenarios within the user's scope.

[0003] Power monitoring node devices (such as power meters, power metering sensors, power metering sockets, etc.) can support the acquisition of power monitoring data and realize many intelligent management capabilities through status monitoring, location sensing, remote control and anomaly handling. However, their security still needs to be further improved in terms of power equipment matching, transient anomaly response and protection.

[0004] The power monitoring nodes are associated and bound to the power load devices to monitor the power consumption periods and power status of distributed devices, and to provide safety warnings and protection monitoring according to the contingency plan. The system can perform online statistics based on real-time monitoring data and segmented recorded data, providing users with online visual monitoring and information services.

[0005] The challenge that IoT edge intelligence technology for specific scenarios needs to address is context-aware-based decision-making and service provision. Sensing and monitoring devices, as target sensing nodes and also the target objects served by the edge sensing network, directly establish a binding relationship with the mobile objects or location environment within the target scenario they serve.

[0006] Existing power monitoring technologies have the following main shortcomings in terms of safety monitoring of electricity consumption:

[0007] 1) Lack of relevance to target scenarios in security protection: When existing technologies monitor power based on IoT edge networks, the field environment is monitored by distributed power monitoring nodes, which collect monitoring data (and upload it to the host). As each of the multiple power monitoring nodes is a relatively independent target monitoring node, there is a lack of necessary collaborative services among them, including collaborative sensing and monitoring, collaborative data processing, collaborative communication and collaborative protection, as well as the flexibility to dynamically adjust power monitoring strategies and contingency plans for different target scenario states.

[0008] 2) Lack of safety protection for transient connection and disconnection: Existing safety protection technologies mainly target the operation of electrical loads, but lack more targeted and effective protection for the transient processes of load connection and disconnection (plugging and unplugging). For hot-plugging of loads in special industrial environments, it is necessary to adopt special arc protection technologies that are too complex in structure and extremely expensive in order to prevent arcing.

[0009] 3) Balancing Energy Efficiency and Safety Monitoring Capabilities: Existing power monitoring technologies lack the ability to flexibly select and adapt to different operating states of the load (e.g., unconnected or normally operating after connection, potential anomalies, or critical anomalies) based on the current target scenario and load status. Indiscriminate real-time monitoring data processing not only leads to unnecessary loss of sensitive resources (such as power consumption, computing power, and bandwidth) and a large amount of data redundancy, but also results in a lack of more real-time and effective anomaly handling capabilities when key target loads experience transient anomalies.

[0010] 4) The balance between real-time performance and stability: Existing technologies have not adequately addressed the balance between real-time performance and stability in transient protection. If the abnormal protection responds based on the effective value over a period of time, the lack of real-time performance leads to excessively long transient abnormal response times. Furthermore, when transient distortions occur in the power signal, the effective value cannot accurately reflect the transient impact. However, responding based on transient monitoring values ​​introduces significant errors and instability, especially when transient pulse distortion is substantial.

[0011] Existing power monitoring technologies have the following main drawbacks in responding to transient anomalies in power signals:

[0012] 1) Response based on effective value, lacking real-time performance: Most existing technologies obtain transient abnormal responses based on variable monitoring of the effective value of the current or power of the power signal, and perform abnormal processing and protection; however, this method not only has an excessively long transient abnormal response time, but also when transient distortion occurs in the power signal, different transient distortions (even with the same effective value) will have very different transient impact quantities.

[0013] 2) Lack of stability when responding based on transient values: If the response is judged directly based on the transient values ​​of the electrical signal state variables, the error is large due to the randomness of the transient values, resulting in poor stability; when harmonic signals that do not have sufficient transient impact are present, unnecessary transient abnormal responses will be caused by the transient value response.

[0014] 3) Based on the predictive response of the signal, there is a lack of accuracy: If the response speed is improved by using the predicted value of the signal state variable (or increasing the proportion of the predicted value response), it will lead to a large transient prediction misjudgment when the transient pulse distortion is large, resulting in unnecessary transient abnormal response.

[0015] 4) Delay problem of state variables: When monitoring electrical signals in abnormal states, simply using real-time data processing to track and calculate state variables to obtain transient abnormal responses will place a greater burden on processor resources and software computing power, and it is difficult to solve the delay problem of state variables caused by software calculation; in particular, it is difficult to solve the balance between real-time performance and accuracy for transient abnormal responses.

[0016] Therefore, how to track and monitor the transient impact of electrical signals in a critical abnormal state, so as to quickly and accurately obtain the transient abnormal response when the transient impact of electrical signals reaches or exceeds the preset rated value, has become an urgent technical problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0017] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to solve the real-time and stability problem of transient abnormal response by real-time prediction and monitoring of the transient impact quantity of the state variable of the power signal; and to solve the delay problem of transient abnormal response by critical real-time tracking processing and critical feedback monitoring; thereby solving the balance problem between real-time performance and stability of transient abnormal response of power signal.

[0018] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention proposes a method and apparatus for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals.

[0019] In a first aspect, the present invention discloses a method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals. An electrical monitoring node tracks and monitors the state variable X(t) of an electrical signal to obtain a transient anomaly response. The method includes the following steps: obtaining a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of a transient pulse of the state variable X(t) through secure tracking and monitoring of the state variable X(t); performing critical real-time tracking processing on the state variable X(t) to predict and monitor the transient impact quantity Px in real time; and obtaining a transient anomaly response when the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating value Pm.

[0020] Secondly, this invention discloses another method for responding to transient anomalies in power signals. A power monitoring node tracks and monitors the state variable X(t) of a power signal to obtain a transient anomaly response. The method includes the following steps: obtaining a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of a transient pulse of the state variable X(t) through secure tracking and monitoring; calculating the currently accumulated transient impact Px after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt through critical real-time tracking processing; setting a rated comparison signal Xm in a critical feedback manner based on the predicted value of the transient impact Px; and obtaining a transient anomaly response when the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal Xm within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt.

[0021] Optionally, during the access or operation of the power load object, the power monitoring node dynamically adjusts the pre-trigger conditions of the critical feedback monitoring based on the current degree of convergence of the transient abnormal characteristic parameters through critical real-time tracking processing.

[0022] Optionally, based on the critical anomaly response, according to the obtained critical phase φr corresponding to the critical value Xr, the tracking monitoring time step Δt and / or the rated comparison signal Xm are set through feedback to perform the critical feedback monitoring on the power coupling signal input, so as to directly obtain a fast trigger response when the transient anomaly condition is met.

[0023] Optionally, based on the transient impact quantity Px, and according to the allowable transient impact increment Pm–Px predicted within the currently given tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the transient rated value Xm of the rated comparison signal is set and adjusted: Pm–Px=Q((X(t)+Xm) / 2)Δt, where Q(X) is the transient impact simulation calculation function; approximately, Pm–Px=((X(t)+Xm) / 2–Xr)Δt, where Xr is the critical value of the state variable X(t) forming a transient impact, and Pm is the transient impact rated value.

[0024] Optionally, for an AC power signal with a current period of T, when the power monitoring node obtains a critical abnormal response, it predicts and calculates the transient impact by indexing the critical transient function P(φr) according to Px = T * P(φr); the critical transient function P(φr) is a monotonic (single-decreasing) function that reflects the correlation between the transient impact and the critical phase φr.

[0025] Optionally, if the transient pulse is approximately an AC sinusoidal pulse, the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity formed within the transient impact time δt exceeding the preset current threshold value Xr; by replacing the zero-crossing time t with the zero-crossing phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px can be obtained: Px=∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where The angular frequency and period; Xr=Xp*Sinφr, where Xp is the amplitude of the AC current signal.

[0026] Thirdly, the present invention also discloses a response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals. The device is used by an electrical monitoring node to track and monitor the state variable X(t) of an electrical signal to obtain a transient anomaly response. The device includes the following modules: a critical anomaly response module, used to obtain a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) by safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t); a real-time tracking processing module, used to perform critical real-time tracking processing on the state variable X(t) and to perform real-time prediction and monitoring of the transient impact quantity Px; and a transient anomaly response module, used to obtain a transient anomaly response when the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating value Pm.

[0027] Fourthly, the present invention also discloses another response device for transient anomalies in power signals. This device is used by a power monitoring node to track and monitor the state variable X(t) of a power signal to obtain a transient anomaly response. The device includes the following modules: a critical anomaly response module, used to obtain a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) through safe tracking and monitoring; a real-time tracking processing module, used to calculate the currently accumulated transient impact Px after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt through critical real-time tracking processing; a critical feedback monitoring module, used to set a rated comparison signal Xm in a critical feedback manner based on the predicted value of the transient impact Px; and a transient anomaly response module, used to obtain a transient anomaly response when the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal Xm within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt.

[0028] Optionally, when the power monitoring node receives a transient abnormal response, it immediately triggers its own and / or associated node's transient protection control module to perform transient abnormal protection on the load object in the transient abnormal state; the transient protection control module includes a critical abnormal response unit, an impact feedback unit, and a flashover protection control unit.

[0029] As can be seen from the technical solution provided by the present invention, the power monitoring node of the present invention monitors the abnormal power consumption status of the power load object. When the load object is in a potential abnormal state, the safety monitoring mode is immediately activated. When the abnormal state variable meets the critical abnormal condition, the critical monitoring mode is immediately activated. In this way, the power monitoring avoids excessive occupation of sensitive resources when the load object is in a normal state, thereby solving the problem of balancing energy saving and safety monitoring capabilities in the monitoring mode.

[0030] The present invention provides an energy monitoring node that monitors the abnormal power consumption status of an electrical load. When the load is in a critical abnormal state, it obtains transient abnormal characteristic parameters and critical feedback monitoring through critical real-time tracking processing. It adjusts the pre-trigger conditions corresponding to the transient abnormal conditions so that when the front-end input signal being tracked meets the pre-trigger conditions, a transient abnormal response is quickly obtained, thereby solving the balance problem between real-time performance and stability.

[0031] Therefore, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a transient abnormal response to power signals by performing critical real-time tracking processing on the state variables of the power signals to predict and monitor the transient impact in real time. When the predicted value of the transient impact reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating, a transient abnormal response is obtained, thereby solving the problems of real-time performance and stability of transient abnormal response based on transient impact.

[0032] This invention calculates the current cumulative transient impact and its predicted value through critical real-time tracking processing, and sets the rated comparison signal in a critical feedback manner. This allows for the direct (without transient calculation and judgment) acquisition of a pre-triggered response when a transient anomaly occurs in the front-end input signal, thereby solving the problem of delay in response to transient anomalies. This also solves the problem of balancing the response speed and accuracy to transient anomalies in power signals.

[0033] This invention tracks and monitors transient anomalies in electrical signals, offering advantages such as fast response, high stability, and high accuracy. It also addresses the balance between energy efficiency and safety in electrical monitoring. Specifically, this is reflected in the following aspects:

[0034] 1) In the connection and disconnection of load objects, the power monitoring node of the present invention identifies and senses the access of the power load; performs object matching verification on the received object identification signal, so as to configure and adjust the monitoring mode parameters that match the current load object, thereby solving the problems of matching security and monitoring mode flexibility for the current load object.

[0035] 2) The power monitoring node of this invention adopts a low-power energy-saving monitoring mode for power loads under normal conditions. When the load is not connected (no load) or is operating normally, the power monitoring node is in energy-saving monitoring mode, which helps to save power consumption in power monitoring and reduce data redundancy; especially in order to reduce installation costs in wireless narrowband wireless communication, flexible data uploading reduces wireless interference and data resource competition.

[0036] 3) This invention improves the real-time performance and security of monitoring data by using target scene state perception and target monitoring information processing, and by using state mode evaluation for load objects in abnormal states, it enhances the monitoring mode level; when a load object is in a potentially abnormal state, it activates the potential abnormal monitoring mode; this facilitates rapid abnormal response and abnormal response processing, including recording the abnormal process, protecting data, and abnormal alarms.

[0037] 4) When the load object is in a critical abnormal state, the power monitoring node of the present invention starts the critical abnormal monitoring mode to obtain transient abnormal characteristic parameters through critical real-time tracking and processing, which is beneficial to improve the real-time performance and consistency of the abnormal response; by sending abnormal trigger status beacons with higher activity, the trigger response is fast and the priority is high, so that the collaborative sensing node can obtain the pre-trigger response quickly and reliably in a short time.

[0038] 5) In the critical anomaly monitoring mode, the power monitoring node of the present invention obtains transient anomaly characteristic parameters by performing critical real-time tracking processing on the state variable Xi, and solves the stability and consistency problem of transient anomaly response by predicting transient impact and critical feedback monitoring; when transient distortion occurs in the power signal, it can respond quickly, thus solving the balance problem between real-time performance and stability.

[0039] 6) The power monitoring nodes of this invention (such as power meters, power metering sensors, power metering sockets, etc.) can support the acquisition of power monitoring data; based on the perception and identification of the load object, power signal monitoring and abnormal response processing are performed to provide more targeted and effective protection for the transient process of the load object being connected or disconnected (plugged in and out).

[0040] 7) The power monitoring node of the present invention is based on an edge collaborative sensing network and is oriented towards the power consumption scenario. All or part of the power monitoring nodes can be used as both target monitoring nodes and collaborative sensing nodes, so that the power monitoring node equipment has good hardware reusability and wireless interoperability.

[0041] 8) The system of the present invention has the collaborative service capability of edge collaborative computing for application: the collaborative sensing node not only provides wireless network communication services, but also has the service capability of providing collaborative data processing as edge collaborative computing for sensing and monitoring applications (such as location tracking, energy monitoring, and lighting control), strong collaborative concurrent service capability, good network configuration convenience, self-healing capability, and high stability. Attached Figure Description

[0042] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0043] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the first method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of a second method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals, as disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0045] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the module structure of the first type of response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the module structure of the second type of power signal transient anomaly response device disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 5 This is a software module architecture diagram of the response method for transient anomalies in power signals in a power monitoring node disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 6 This is a software structure diagram of the target monitoring module running in the power monitoring node (as the target monitoring node) as disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0049] Figure 7 This is a software structure diagram of the collaborative processing module in the power monitoring node disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention (running on the target sensing node or the collaborative sensing node);

[0050] Figure 8 This is a software structure diagram of the edge collaborative information processing module in the power monitoring node disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention (running on the target sensing node or the collaborative sensing node).

[0051] When the power monitoring node acts as a target sensing node and / or a collaborative sensing node, it runs different software module configurations. Please refer to [the relevant documentation]. Figure 6 , Figure 7 , Figure 8 The corresponding software module structure diagram. Detailed Implementation

[0052] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the described embodiments are part of, but not all, of this invention, and are only used to explain the invention, not to limit it.

[0053] Example 1, please refer to Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a first method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals according to an embodiment of the present invention. The electrical monitoring node (as the target monitoring node) tracks and monitors the state variable X(t) of the electrical signal to obtain the transient anomaly response. The method includes the following steps:

[0054] Step S101: The power monitoring node obtains a critical anomaly response when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the power signal X(t) reaches the critical value Xr by safely tracking and monitoring the power signal state variable X(t).

[0055] In step S102, the power monitoring node performs critical real-time tracking processing (indexing / calculation) on the state variable X(t) and performs real-time prediction and monitoring (comparison / judgment) on the transient impact quantity Px through critical feedback monitoring.

[0056] Step S103: When the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating value Pm, the power monitoring node obtains a transient anomaly response and triggers the transient anomaly protection.

[0057] The implementation of the above flowchart steps is further explained as follows:

[0058] The transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity (energy) of the electrical energy signal predicted by the algorithm (correlated with the characteristic parameters of the load object) based on the time-domain change characteristics of the electrical energy / target state variable in a critical abnormal state.

[0059] In actual implementation, the transient impact quantity Px or its increment is calculated based on the transient impact time δt exceeding the critical value Xr.

[0060] Example 2, please refer to Figure 2 This is a flowchart of a second method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention. The electrical monitoring node (as the target monitoring node) tracks and monitors the state variable X(t) of the electrical signal to obtain the transient anomaly response. The method includes the following steps:

[0061] Step S201: The power monitoring node obtains a critical anomaly response when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the power signal X(t) reaches the critical value Xr by safely tracking and monitoring the power signal state variable X(t).

[0062] Step S202: The power monitoring node calculates the transient impact Px (=Px+Q(X)Δt) that exceeds the critical value Xr after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt through critical real-time tracking processing.

[0063] Step S203: The power monitoring node sets the rated comparison signal Xm and / or the tracking monitoring time step Δt in a critical feedback manner based on the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px.

[0064] Step S204: When the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal Xm within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the power monitoring node obtains a transient abnormal response.

[0065] Regarding the aforementioned Figure 1 , Figure 2 The implementation of the flowchart steps is further explained below:

[0066] As a type of energy monitoring node, the power monitoring node is a target monitoring node used to monitor the power consumption of electrical load objects. Its node role can be either a target sensing node or a collaborative sensing node.

[0067] The power monitoring node is a collaborative service node with multiple device roles, including a target monitoring / monitoring / tracking node, a wireless linkage node / beacon base station, and a collaborative sensing node / positioning base station.

[0068] The anomaly handling includes data protection processing: This data protection processing is performed on unprotected data (data not saved offline and whose upload has not been confirmed) according to the following different monitored data types, in order of priority:

[0069] First priority: Current clock, device hardware status, data area management pointer;

[0070] Second priority: Current real-time monitoring data buffer data, current logs (such as clock correction logs, exception handling logs);

[0071] Third priority: Current historical monitoring data buffer data.

[0072] The data protection process will be activated under the following abnormal conditions: 1) In the offline state, data protection processing will be performed periodically for abnormal state data that has not been uploaded; 2) Data protection processing will be activated immediately upon power failure detection interruption response or other transient abnormal response.

[0073] The data protection process refers to backing up and saving the data to be protected to non-volatile storage.

[0074] The data protection includes offline protection of the clock calibration log: when the target monitoring node restarts due to power failure or fault reset, a power-on ID is generated immediately after power-on, and at least one corresponding time calibration record is generated and added to the clock calibration log in the subsequent continuous time period; if a power-on ID cannot successfully correspond to a time calibration record, it is treated as an uncalibrable time.

[0075] The classified anomaly handling includes sending anomaly triggering status beacons via wireless broadcast to push anomaly triggering information. Surrounding collaborative sensing nodes then provide anomaly alarms and / or anomaly protection based on the wireless sensing response.

[0076] When the load object is in an abnormal state, the power monitoring node will implant the abnormal state identifier (and several associated state variables) into the abnormal trigger state beacon (a scenario service beacon containing abnormal level information).

[0077] The abnormal protection includes: providing various abnormal protections (flashover protection, time delay protection, or power outage protection) to the power supply lines or circuits of the electrical load in a direct or linked manner.

[0078] The triggering state beacon is a state beacon (such as a radio beacon or carrier beacon) sent by a forward sensing node at a higher activity level than the non-triggering normal state by adjusting its beacon broadcast / modulation parameters, thereby triggering surrounding associated cooperative sensing nodes to receive and respond.

[0079] The trigger status beacon is a status beacon containing specific trigger information; the trigger information is used to indicate / remind the recipient of a response.

[0080] The activity level refers to the adjustment of the radio frequency signal capability and / or specific dominant channel occupancy of a status beacon based on beacon broadcast / modulation parameters; the beacon broadcast / modulation parameters include the beacon broadcast interval, duration, power level, phase slot, frequency channel, and other modulation parameters.

[0081] When the collaborative sensing node receives the abnormal triggering status beacon, it performs any one or a combination of the following mode processing in a multi-role mode:

[0082] 1) Role 1. Tracking and Monitoring: The cooperative sensing node acts as a cooperative positioning base station to provide tracking and monitoring services for the power monitoring node, which is the target tracking node;

[0083] 2) Role 2 linkage response: The collaborative sensing node, as a collaborative sensing node, provides linkage response services to the power monitoring node, which is a front-end sensing node.

[0084] 3) Role 3 Abnormal Alarm: When the collaborative sensing node is a lighting control sensing node, as a lighting load, it sends a trigger status beacon including an abnormal status identifier to the power monitoring node, and executes the corresponding scene mode control / group control in a wireless linkage alarm mode.

[0085] Based on the aforementioned mode processing -- scene mode control / group control, linkage alarm information is sent in the form of scene service beacons / directed service beacons.

[0086] In a critical abnormal state, the target monitoring node, based on the tracking and acquisition of power / target state variables, identifies that the currently monitored load object is in a critical abnormal state, and (through critical abnormal response processing) performs real-time monitoring and processing of transient abnormal characteristic parameters: when the transient abnormal conditions are met, a transient abnormal trigger response is obtained, and the transient protection control module of itself and / or associated nodes is immediately triggered to perform transient abnormal protection on the load object in the transient abnormal state.

[0087] The transient anomaly condition is the state that matches the transient anomaly characteristic parameters and meets the transient anomaly condition.

[0088] The target monitoring node performs transient anomaly protection by adopting single-point transient protection and / or linkage transient protection methods according to the transient protection mode:

[0089] Method 1 Single-point transient protection: The target monitoring node immediately triggers the transient protection control module of its own node device to perform transient anomaly protection on the load object;

[0090] Method 2: Linked Transient Protection: The power monitoring node (based on the current scene status code) triggers the associated protection node (as a power monitoring node or a general collaborative sensing node) to perform the transient anomaly protection on the load object through wireless scene linkage.

[0091] The transient protection mode is included in the anomaly handling plan information, or depends on the default mode corresponding to its own node attributes.

[0092] The critical anomaly response refers to the response obtained when the transient pulse corresponding to a certain electrical energy signal state variable is about to reach a specified anomaly value.

[0093] The critical anomaly response refers to the preparatory response with a certain transient time advance obtained when the transient pulse reaches the critical anomaly value but has not yet reached the specified anomaly value.

[0094] When the power monitoring node acts as a collaborative sensing node, it provides wireless collaborative sensing services to other target devices / monitoring nodes / and their associated target objects based on limited sensitivity processing, including location tracking and monitoring data processing.

[0095] The power monitoring node, acting as a collaborative sensing node (base station equipment), provides collaborative sensing services to surrounding target devices.

[0096] For power sockets that serve as power / target monitoring nodes, while monitoring power load objects in the power consumption scenario, they are also reused by collaborative sensing nodes (base station equipment) to provide collaborative sensing services to surrounding target objects.

[0097] The electricity consumption scenario refers to the target scenario consisting of a defined electricity load or electricity consumption range and its associated environment.

[0098] Electrical loads include the loads constituted by electrical equipment / appliances within a specified range;

[0099] The electrical load object (hereinafter referred to as the load object or electrical load) is the target object that is monitored as the electrical load.

[0100] The load object corresponds to a physical object or range of physical objects (such as electrical equipment / components, power nodes / branches), and is composed of one or more electrical equipment and / or power nodes;

[0101] The load object is the target object in the specified power consumption scenario and corresponds to the power / target monitoring node.

[0102] An electrical load object can correspond to one or more electrical devices or electrical nodes; typically, an electrical load object or electrical device corresponds to an equipment asset code.

[0103] Multiple electrical devices can collectively form a power consumption node (intermediate node), and a single electrical device can also contain multiple power consumption nodes (branch nodes), such as power consumption nodes that monitor several branches within a computer and monitor, or a refrigerator compressor.

[0104] The aforementioned power monitoring refers to the status monitoring of power consumption, efficiency, and safety for power load objects.

[0105] The aforementioned power state variables are state variables oriented towards power monitoring, and are a type of target state variable that reflects the power consumption scenario and its power load objects.

[0106] The power consumption scenario status refers to the various physical states associated with the power consumption scenario and the load objects it contains, involving current power supply parameters, energy consumption, safety and surrounding environment, etc.

[0107] The status of the power consumption scenario includes the status of the power signal and / or the status of the load object; it may also include the environmental status related to power safety, including the internal environment of the power equipment and the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, smoke, gas concentration, etc.).

[0108] Electrical energy signal status: refers to the physical state of electrical energy (AC, DC, air coupling) input / output and its coupled signals; for AC power supply, electrical energy signal status refers to AC signal status.

[0109] Load object status: refers to the transient and cumulative consumption of electrical energy by the electrical load, as well as other physical states related to the electrical load and the electrical environment.

[0110] The aforementioned safety protection state is a state in which the electrical load is tentatively detected through a safety protection circuit to determine whether an electrical load is connected and whether the safety matching conditions are met.

[0111] The probing test is a type of safety test, which is safer than direct normal power supply (i.e., without the safety test).

[0112] The exploratory detection is to detect and identify the transient state of electrical loads connected to the power supply port. It has no (or minimal) impact on normal electrical load connections, but can identify abnormal electrical load connections.

[0113] The safety protection circuit refers to the circuit that is in a state of safety detection signal when the electrical load is connected to the power supply port, including one or a combination of the following: 1) safety voltage, 3) high impedance weak signal, 4) transient overload protection.

[0114] Safety detection signals can be stepped-down signals, high-impedance signals, weak pulse signals; carrier signals, mutual inductance coupling signals, voltage divider signals, DC signals, etc.

[0115] The safety circuit / safety voltage is used for transient detection and protection when the power supply port is in an open circuit state, from the time the electrical load is open to the time the load is connected.

[0116] In specific implementation, the safety voltage can be a step-down signal output, a voltage divider detection circuit, or a DC detection circuit; the high-impedance weak signal refers to a protection device (such as a simple protection resistor, which can prevent transient poor contact, transient arcing, etc.) connected in series in the safety protection circuit; the overload protection includes short-circuit protection, power protection, overcurrent protection, and leakage protection.

[0117] The switching refers to the conversion between the safety protection circuit and the normal power supply circuit, including the conversion / switching of the power supply circuit, the power supply voltage, or the detection signal.

[0118] The switching devices and methods include: 1) multi-select switch (multi-throw switch), 2) step-down signal (voltage divider, mutual inductance coupling, transformer), and 4) connecting protection devices in series in the safety inspection circuit.

[0119] The safety matching conditions include object matching verification of load characteristic parameters of the connected electrical load: by detecting the load characteristic parameters (including transient and / or steady-state characteristic range and stability), it is determined whether it is a normal load connection within the set matching range, and abnormal loads and / or abnormal connections are excluded, such as dummy loads, transient short circuits or poor contact, and abnormal load start-up characteristics (such as starting power, resistance and capacitance characteristics).

[0120] When the load characteristic parameters meet the critical anomaly conditions, the critical anomaly response processing can be initiated immediately; the critical anomaly conditions are included in the graded anomaly conditions.

[0121] When the power monitoring node detects that a load object is connected, it sends a verification trigger signal. The load object or the object identification tag associated with it responds to the verification trigger signal by sending an object identification signal (containing object identification information).

[0122] The verification trigger signal can be any one or a combination of the following: 1) a verification request signal actively sent by the power / target monitoring node (in the form of a wireless beacon or carrier pulse); 2) a (AC) carrier pulse signal or associated wireless signal associated with a power timing signal (such as a power-on signal or a specific phase); 3) a trigger signal generated based on the timing algorithm constraints of the pre-triggered trigger (such as a predetermined count or timing).

[0123] The power socket (as a target monitoring node) verifies whether it meets the safety matching conditions by performing object matching verification on the object identification signal sent by the object identification tag bound to the load object.

[0124] The object identification tag is an electronic tag device used to identify and verify the load object, and the object identification signal is a response signal transmitted in the form of a wireless beacon and / or AC carrier.

[0125] When the target monitoring node detects and identifies a load object accessing the system, or before other object matching verification is required (such as timed or abnormally triggered verification), it sends a verification trigger signal. The object identification tag bound to the load object sends the object identification signal in response to the verification trigger signal. The target monitoring node then performs object matching verification on the object identification signal.

[0126] The object identification signal is sent by an object identification tag that is built into or externally bound to the load object;

[0127] The object matching verification includes determining the spatial range of the object's distance / location based on the wireless signal strength (RSSI) of the object identification signal.

[0128] The load object includes an object identification tag bound in an embedded or external manner, and sends an object identification signal associated with an electrical timing signal based on electrical signal coupling, the object identification signal being sent by the object identification tag;

[0129] The power monitoring node performs object matching verification based on the association information between the object identification signal and the power time sequence signal contained in the object identification signal.

[0130] The load object (or the associated object identification tag) is coupled by an electrical signal and sends an object identification signal in response to an electrical timing signal (as a verification trigger signal).

[0131] The load object includes an object identification tag (built-in or externally attached), which enables the power monitoring node / power monitoring adapter to be quickly bound to the load object through proximity physical sensing (such as signal strength detection, Hall effect sensor triggering, RFID).

[0132] Forms of power monitoring nodes: adapter, socket, cable, tag, fuse.

[0133] Abnormal power usage conditions include potential abnormal conditions, critical abnormal conditions, and obvious abnormal conditions:

[0134] 1) Potential abnormal state: that is, a potential or latent abnormal operating state, but which has not yet reached the critical or obvious abnormal state;

[0135] 2) Critical abnormal state: refers to a critical state in which a manifest abnormal state may be about to appear in the transient process;

[0136] 3) Overt abnormal state: An abnormal state that has occurred and has not yet been resolved.

[0137] The normal operating status includes the current load object being in a state of normal maintenance, shutdown (load open circuit), or a specified operating parameter range;

[0138] The potential abnormal states may include: unsafe hazards, proximity anomalies, trend anomalies, and other states that require safety monitoring / tracking.

[0139] The critical abnormal state is an unstable state that may enter an explicit abnormal state within a transient period, or it may revert to a potential abnormal state or a normal operating state.

[0140] The abnormal power consumption status includes any or a combination of the following abnormal statuses:

[0141] 1) Transient abnormal state: refers to the abnormal state of the value of any state variable in one or a short period of time, such as N sampling cycles;

[0142] 2) Cumulative abnormal state: An abnormal state of indicators occurs due to the evaluation of one or more combinations of state variables within a certain period of time.

[0143] The power monitoring node obtains the first monitoring information (i.e., real-time monitoring data acquisition) of the current load object's (several) state variables Xi (in the time domain) through power signal acquisition and processing;

[0144] The power monitoring node (as a target monitoring node) makes a real-time judgment on the first monitoring information based on the critical anomaly conditions: whether the load object is in a critical anomaly state.

[0145] The power signal acquisition and processing includes obtaining the first monitoring information (i.e., real-time acquisition monitoring data) of several state variables Xi (in the time domain) through coupled acquisition and data processing of the power signal input.

[0146] The data processing includes first monitoring data processing of the collected power signal data, including: pre-digital filtering, feature variable extraction, and variable tracking processing.

[0147] The coupling acquisition refers to signal coupling and AD acquisition of DC or AC (single-phase or multi-phase) electrical energy (transmission or supply); the signal coupling includes one or a combination of the following methods:

[0148] 1) Current coupling: direct sampling coupling (such as alloy resistors), current transformer coupling; 2) Voltage coupling: detection transformer / transformer, step-down / voltage divider unit; 3) pre-signal isolation coupling; 4) signal amplification and filtering unit.

[0149] When the energy / electricity monitoring node (as the target monitoring node) contains a signal coupling loop that allows multiple selection of the input signal, the monitored load object can be connected to the signal coupling loop in different states by controlling the multiple selection switch / multi-throw linkage.

[0150] The signal coupling circuit includes different load protection resistors Rp and / or signal sampling resistors Rs under different conditions.

[0151] When the load protection resistor Rp is high impedance, transient protection is provided for the load object.

[0152] When the power monitoring node contains a multi-throw relay switch, different signal coupling circuits are connected to the load object when the multi-throw relay switch is in the "on" or "off" state.

[0153] When the multi-throw relay switch is in the "off state", an ultra-high impedance load protection resistor Rp is connected in series at the connection end of the load object; conversely, when the relay switch is in the "on state", the load protection resistor Rp is a low impedance close to zero.

[0154] Accordingly, the signal coupling loop includes different signal sampling resistors Ri and correspondingly different pre-attenuation gains under different states; for example:

[0155] Load protection resistor Rp, off-state: 500MΩ (megohms), on-state: 0;

[0156] Signal sampling resistor Rs: 500Ω (ohms) in off state, 5mΩ (milliohms) in on state.

[0157] By connecting an ultra-high load protection resistor Rp through a signal coupling loop, even when the multi-throw relay switch is in the "off state", it can still monitor the power-on / power-off or load status changes of the load object.

[0158] The multi-throw relay automatically disconnects when the load is turned off or disconnected; and automatically reconnects when the load is turned on or connected.

[0159] Its advantages lie in avoiding the arcing problem caused by hot-plugging, improving safety, and extending the life of electrical switch contacts.

[0160] The power monitoring node performs state mode analysis based on the graded abnormal conditions matched with the load object. When the load object is assessed to be in an abnormal state, the corresponding abnormal monitoring mode is immediately activated, including: 1) when the load object is in a potential abnormal state, the safety monitoring mode is activated; 2) when the load object is in a critical abnormal state, the critical monitoring mode is activated.

[0161] The judgment conditions for entering or exiting different levels of abnormal states are asymmetric (in the time domain and / or value domain): from normal to abnormal state, it takes effect immediately when the current characteristic parameter conditions are met; conversely, from abnormal to normal state (or from high-level abnormal to low-level abnormal state), after the current characteristic parameter conditions are met, a certain observation period is required as the judgment condition for the abnormality to be resolved.

[0162] The critical anomaly condition is the condition used to determine whether the load object has entered a critical anomaly state based on the current state variable and its transient expected value. The state variable is included in the first monitoring information.

[0163] The potential anomaly conditions are the conditions used to determine whether a load object is in a potential anomaly state when performing state pattern parsing.

[0164] When the load object is in a potential abnormal state (before entering a critical abnormal state), the power monitoring node performs safety tracking and monitoring of the abnormal state variables of the load object in a safety monitoring mode (i.e., the second monitoring mode); according to the critical abnormal condition, when the load object is in the critical abnormal state, the critical monitoring mode is immediately activated (to perform critical abnormal response processing).

[0165] The collaborative sensing node is a network node role with collaborative sensing service capabilities, that is, a wireless network node in the collaborative sensing network that has the ability to provide collaborative sensing services to surrounding target devices.

[0166] The collaborative sensing refers to the process by which multiple sensing nodes in a wireless network perform sensing monitoring and related services through collaborative sensing processing, targeting a common target scene or a subset thereof (including the target object).

[0167] The target device (or simply the object device) is the wireless device associated with and bound to the target object.

[0168] Wireless devices that perceive (including location, tracking, monitoring, surveillance, and control) target objects.

[0169] The target scene object is the target object associated with the target scene;

[0170] The target scene (hereinafter referred to as scene) is a combination of several target objects and their location environment within a given physical space-time; the target scene may contain several subsets of target scenes.

[0171] Target perception node / target monitoring node is a network node role that directly perceives and monitors target objects (using built-in sensors);

[0172] Target sensing nodes are the target objects served by the collaborative sensing network and its collaborative sensing nodes, including target positioning / tracking / monitoring nodes, and sensing and monitoring devices that have established association or binding relationships with the target objects they serve.

[0173] Target state variables (referred to as state variables) are physical state variables that are contained in the target state information and are associated with the target scene object, reflecting the target object and its associated environment.

[0174] Target state variables include direct variables or indirect indices related to predetermined scenarios such as environmental state, target object, and event triggering. Target state variables are physical quantities or intermediate control state variables that constitute the elements for judging the state of the target scenario and its changes.

[0175] The target state information is information describing the state of the target scene / object and its changes;

[0176] The collaborative sensing node obtains target status information by sensing and monitoring target objects within the wireless coverage area associated with the target scene (using wireless scanning detection).

[0177] When a scenario needs to be described by multiple target state variables, different state variables can be contained in the same or multiple state beacons; that is, not all target state variables must be contained in the same state beacon.

[0178] A forward sensing node refers to the preceding collaborative sensing node from which the current wireless reception response of the collaborative sensing node originates. It can be the most forward target sensing node or an intermediate sensing node.

[0179] The aforementioned forward sensing node refers to the sensing and monitoring device that acquires and sends state variables to the current collaborative sensing node.

[0180] The preceding sensing nodes include target sensing nodes that obtain target state variables Xi through direct or indirect sensing or intermediate sensing nodes that receive and process data.

[0181] The power socket is a smart socket with safety protection capabilities, and also a metering and monitoring socket, serving as a target monitoring node for monitoring the power consumption of the load.

[0182] The power socket includes multiple power outlets. When the power socket detects that a power load is connected to a particular power outlet, it establishes a dynamic power node pairing between the power outlet and the power load through object matching verification. Each power outlet in the power socket is an independent target monitoring node.

[0183] The pairing operation enables the power monitoring node / power socket to obtain the identification ID information of the load object (and save and / or upload it), thus establishing a pairing relationship between the target monitoring node and the power load.

[0184] The object identification information may include object ID, associated attributes, and pattern parameters, etc.

[0185] The object identification information comes from the built-in and / or external object identification tag (virtual digital tag or hardware electronic tag) module / device of the load object.

[0186] The pairing operation includes any or a combination of the following methods:

[0187] 1) Wireless pairing operation: Enter pairing mode through hardware triggering (such as button pressing), wireless triggering (such as initiating connection), and / or automatic pairing through proximity recognition (such as wireless scanning to determine RSSI or RFID sensing);

[0188] 2) Use authorized software tools (such as APP) to read or input the object identification information and write (send) it to the power monitoring node / power socket;

[0189] 3) The host computer or collaborative server configures and writes the ID information into the target monitoring node / power socket.

[0190] Example 3, for the aforementioned Figure 1 , Figure 2 The implementation of the flowchart steps is further explained below:

[0191] During the access or operation of the power load object, the power monitoring node performs critical real-time tracking processing (on the state variables of the power signal), including calculating / judging the current value and / or predicted value, and dynamically adjusting the pre-trigger conditions of the critical feedback monitoring based on the degree of convergence of the current critical abnormal state to the transient abnormal characteristic parameters.

[0192] The aforementioned pre-triggered condition refers to the trigger condition set by the power monitoring node for its monitoring signal front end, which can be directly formed without further monitoring data processing.

[0193] By setting pre-trigger conditions for different levels of anomalies based on the feedback of graded anomalies, a corresponding level of anomaly trigger response can be obtained when the graded anomaly conditions are met.

[0194] The power monitoring node dynamically adjusts the pre-trigger conditions corresponding to the graded abnormal conditions through feedback, thereby tracking and monitoring abnormal states at different levels.

[0195] The power monitoring node adjusts the pre-triggered conditions by setting a rated comparison signal and / or tracking the monitoring time step.

[0196] The front-end input signal is a signal that has been adjusted by signal coupling. Through pre-comparison signal correction, the front-end input signal is made comparable to the rated comparison signal.

[0197] The rated comparison signal refers to the reference signal output through the D / A conversion feedback. The monitoring signal front end (such as a voltage comparator) compares the front end input signal with the rated comparison signal to obtain the corresponding abnormal trigger response when the pre-trigger condition is met.

[0198] The transient abnormal states include: 1) Power supply abnormalities: such as undervoltage, overvoltage, power failure, three-phase imbalance, distortion, flicker and interference, etc.; 2) Overload abnormalities: such as overcurrent, overvoltage, overload power; 3) Leakage abnormalities: ground wire leakage current, current difference between live wire and neutral wire, live wire leakage current when the power is off; 4) Abnormal power environment: such as overheating inside the electrical equipment, high ambient air temperature or humidity.

[0199] The transient anomaly state is a state that meets the transient anomaly condition (matches the transient anomaly characteristic parameter); the transient anomaly condition is included in the hierarchical anomaly condition.

[0200] Transient anomaly protection is implemented using either flashover protection or time-delay protection based on the transient anomaly characteristic parameters and their corresponding classifications.

[0201] The aforementioned flashover protection refers to cutting off the power supply to the power supply line or power circuit with minimal transient delay, or switching to a safety protection circuit.

[0202] The time-delay protection refers to the protection measure that restores the power supply to normal through a backup power source (such as an inverter) when the power supply voltage is abnormal.

[0203] The power monitoring node selects an appropriate transient protection mode and corresponding coverage range that matches the assessment based on the urgency and coverage of the current protection needs for the associated load objects and the balance assessment between the protection needs and the protection costs. The transient anomaly protection is then lifted or the current transient anomaly state is mitigated.

[0204] The protection cost refers to the direct or risk cost incurred by providing transient protection to the associated load object; the coverage area refers to the coverage area of ​​the associated protection node for the electrical load object.

[0205] The protection cost of selecting a certain transient protection mode is the sum of the protection costs for all associated electrical load objects under the selected transient protection mode for the associated protection nodes within the coverage area to perform transient anomaly protection.

[0206] In practice, the target monitoring node itself has a weak ability to protect its associated load objects from anomalies, and the associated protection node is required to protect the load objects from anomalies.

[0207] The target monitoring node (regardless of whether it has strong abnormal protection capabilities) does not need to adopt a transient protection method with high protection costs based on the current abnormal power consumption state (for example, stopping its power load operation may incur associated risks). However, it is necessary to first adopt a more appropriate transient protection method (such as simply cutting off power to a branch or accessory equipment to relieve or mitigate the current critical abnormal state).

[0208] The associated protection node refers to a node that has the ability to provide associated protection for some or all of the load objects currently monitored by the target monitoring node; that is, the load objects that the associated protection node can protect have an associated subset with the power load objects currently monitored by the power monitoring node.

[0209] The associated protection node refers to a node that can protect the current transient abnormal state of the associated object node; the associated object node includes power supply node, power consumption node, monitoring node and other protection node, and the power consumption node includes power load equipment and its power branch node.

[0210] The associated protection node adopts different transient protection methods in different ways, at different levels, and in different sequences for different transient abnormal characteristics of the associated object node, including: mitigation (such as reducing the power consumption of branch loads or non-critical load objects), suppression (such as enhancing the ability to suppress transient abnormal pulse signals), switching (such as switching to a backup or safety circuit), and power outage (such as cutting off the associated load or its upstream power supply or downstream branch).

[0211] The associated protection nodes include switches, devices (smart sockets, smart switches), protectors, and other equipment that provide transient protection for power supply lines / nodes and power branch circuits / nodes; the associated protection nodes may or may not be target monitoring nodes or collaborative sensing nodes.

[0212] Based on the critical anomaly response, according to the critical phase φr (or the corresponding critical time) corresponding to the obtained critical value Xr, the tracking monitoring time step Δt and / or the rated comparison signal Xm are set by feedback to perform the critical feedback monitoring on the power coupling signal input, so that when the transient anomaly condition is met, a fast trigger response can be obtained directly without any further monitoring data processing.

[0213] Based on the transient impact quantity Px formed by the state variable X(t) and the tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the rated comparison signal Xm is calculated and derived from the transient increment of the transient impact quantity Px.

[0214] The transient impact quantity Px is based on the state variable X(t) reaching the critical value Xr. That is, at the critical time, the transient impact quantity Px = 0. Thereafter, the transient increment is calculated successively. Before the transient abnormality trigger response is reached, the time step Δt of the tracking and monitoring is repeatedly fed back and / or the rated comparison signal Xm until the critical abnormality state is exited.

[0215] Based on the transient rated value Xm given for a certain state variable, the corresponding minimum allowable critical phase φr and the corresponding tracking and monitoring time step Δt are calculated.

[0216] Within the tracking and monitoring time step Δt, once the power monitoring variable reaches the transient rated value Xm, the transient anomaly response is directly obtained.

[0217] The rated comparison signal Xm is compared with the front-end input signal X(t) by a voltage comparator to quickly obtain the trigger response corresponding to the pre-triggered condition.

[0218] The rated comparison signal Xm is a transient voltage waveform signal generated by D / A conversion, which is used to compare with the front-end input signal X(t) to form a hardware trigger signal for fast comparison;

[0219] By performing pre-comparison signal correction (e.g., inverse correction by signal gain), the front-end input signal (after signal coupling adjustment) is made comparable to the rated comparison signal.

[0220] Example 4, for the aforementioned Figure 1 , Figure 2 The implementation of the flowchart steps is further explained below:

[0221] (The power monitoring node) based on the transient impact quantity Px, and according to the predicted allowable transient impact increment Pm–Px within the currently given tracking and monitoring time step Δt, sets and adjusts the transient rated value Xm of the rated comparison signal:

[0222] Pm–Px=Q((X(t)+Xm) / 2)Δt, where Q(X) is the transient impact simulation calculation function;

[0223] Approximately, Pm–Px=((X(t)+Xm) / 2–Xr)Δt, where Xr is the critical value for the state variable X(t) to form a transient shock, and Pm is the rated value of the transient shock.

[0224] For an AC power signal with a current period of T, when the power monitoring node obtains a critical abnormal response, it predicts and calculates the transient impact by indexing the critical transient function P(φr) and using the formula Px = T * P(φr).

[0225] The critical transient function P(φr) is a monotonic (decreasing) function that reflects the relationship between the transient impact quantity and the critical phase φr, and is within the rising edge interval of a single transient pulse (φr(0,π / 2)).

[0226] Once the critical value Xr is given, the critical transient function P(φr) can be pre-calculated (e.g. during initialization) to form a corresponding array that can be indexed quickly in real time;

[0227] By using this feedback to set the tracking and monitoring time step Δt and / or the rated comparison signal Xm, the critical feedback monitoring of the front-end input signal can be performed directly without any further monitoring data processing, and a rapid trigger response that meets the transient abnormal conditions can be obtained directly.

[0228] The transient voltage rating Vm(φ) or transient current rating Im(φ) is obtained from the transient rating Xm(φ) through equivalent conversion. Then, a rated comparison signal corresponding to the transient voltage rating in reverse signal gain is generated through D / A conversion. The monitored front-end input signal is compared with the rated comparison signal through a comparator to quickly obtain the trigger response corresponding to the transient rating Xm.

[0229] When the transient impact quantity Px is an impact quantity exceeding the preset power threshold value Wr,

[0230] Monitoring the transient power rating Xm(φ) can be approximately transformed into monitoring the transient voltage rating Vm(φ) and / or the transient current rating Im(φ) respectively.

[0231] During implementation, the following approximate judgment can be made: Vm(φ)=Xm(φ) / I(φ), Im(φ)=Xm(φ) / V(φ).

[0232] Under critical abnormal conditions, the transient impact quantity Px refers to the (destructive) impact quantity formed by the electrical energy / target state variable X(t) within an impact time δt exceeding the preset critical value Xr:

[0233] Px=∫Q(X(t))dt, where Q(X) is the transient impact simulation calculation function;

[0234] It can be approximately expressed as: Px=∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where X-Xr is the average impact amount of X(t) exceeding the critical value Xr within the impact time δt.

[0235] The state variable X(t) can refer to variables such as current i(t), voltage u(t), and power w(t);

[0236] It should be noted that the absolute value is taken in different phase intervals (or the critical value Xr is equivalently adjusted to be in phase with X(t));

[0237] The transient impact time δt refers to the (destructive) transient pulse width time from the rising edge of the state variable reaching the critical value Xr to the falling edge of Xr.

[0238] Under critical abnormal conditions, for AC power signals, the transient pulse is a given periodic transient pulse, and the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity formed within a single period exceeding a preset critical value Xr within the transient impact time δt; by replacing the transient time t with the transient phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity can be obtained:

[0239] Px=∫Q(X(φ)-Xr)dφ=Px=T*P(φr),

[0240] For a given critical value Xr, in the current AC signal period T, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity is only related to the critical transient function P(φr), where φr is the critical phase φr corresponding to the rising edge of the transient pulse and the critical value Xr.

[0241] According to the current timing system, the transient phase has a certain linear correspondence with the current timing value or count value; typically, the transient phase is a zero-crossing phase.

[0242] If the transient pulse is approximately an AC sinusoidal pulse, the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity formed within the transient impact time δt that exceeds the preset current threshold value Xr; by replacing the zero-crossing time t with the zero-crossing phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px can be obtained:

[0243] Px=∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where X(t)=Xp*sin(ωt),

[0244] therefore,

[0245] Px=1 / ω∫ φr π-φr (Xp*sinφ-Xr)dφ=T / 2π*Xr*(2cotφr+2φr-π).

[0246] Where φ = ωt, ω = 2π / T, ω and T are the angular frequency and period of the AC signal, respectively; Xr = Xp * Sinφr, Xp is the amplitude of the AC current signal.

[0247] If the transient pulse is approximately an AC sinusoidal pulse, and the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity exceeding the preset power threshold value Xr within the transient impact time δt, then by replacing the zero-crossing time t with the zero-crossing phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px can be obtained:

[0248] Px=∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where X(t)=Xp*sin 2 (ωt),

[0249] therefore,

[0250] Px=1 / ω∫φrπ-φr(Xp*sin 2 φ-Xr)dφ=1 / ω*(Xp(π / 2-φr)+Xr(cotφr+2φr-π));

[0251] Where φ = ωt, ω = 2π / T, ω and T are the angular frequency and period of the AC signal, respectively; Xr = Xp * Sin 2 φr and Xp are the amplitudes of the AC power signal.

[0252] When the critical value Xr approaches (or equals) the transient peak value, based on the critical feedback monitoring of the transient peak value: when the predicted value Xp of the transient peak value exceeds the preset value Xp', the transient anomaly trigger response is obtained in advance;

[0253] If the transient pulse is approximately an AC peak pulse, and the critical abnormal response corresponds to the critical zero-crossing phase φr, then the predicted value of the transient peak is: Xp = Xr / Sinφr.

[0254] The critical zero-crossing phase φr is the phase difference (0 < φr < π / 2) between the critical abnormal response and the zero-crossing point (positive or negative).

[0255] Predicted transient value: X(φ) = Xp * Sinφ = Xp * Sin(ωt),

[0256] Where Xp is the predicted value of the transient peak: Xp = Xr / Sinφr,

[0257] If the critical abnormal response occurs at or after the AC peak, i.e., φ>=π / 2, then no transient abnormal trigger response will be obtained.

[0258] Example 5: This embodiment of the invention discloses a first type of response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 3 The device is used by an energy monitoring node (as a target monitoring node) to track and monitor the energy signal state variable X(t) and obtain transient anomaly responses. The device includes a critical anomaly response module 301, a real-time tracking and processing module 302, and a transient anomaly response module 303, as detailed below:

[0259] Critical anomaly response module 301: used by (the power monitoring node) to obtain a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of the transient pulse of the power signal state variable X(t) (when the critical value Xr is reached) by safely tracking and monitoring the power signal state variable X(t);

[0260] Real-time tracking processing module 302: used to perform critical real-time tracking processing (indexing / calculation) on the state variable X(t), and to perform real-time prediction and monitoring (comparison / judgment) on the transient impact quantity Px (through critical feedback monitoring);

[0261] Transient anomaly response module 303: When the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px is about to reach or exceed its preset transient impact rated value Pm, a transient anomaly response is obtained, and the transient anomaly protection is triggered.

[0262] The transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity (energy) of the electrical energy signal predicted by the algorithm (correlated with the characteristic parameters of the load object) based on the time-domain change characteristics of the electrical energy / target state variable in a critical abnormal state.

[0263] In actual implementation, the transient impact quantity Px or its increment is calculated based on the transient impact time δt exceeding the critical value Xr.

[0264] The target monitoring node is based on the critical anomaly response and performs critical feedback monitoring on the transient impact quantity Px of the transient pulse: when the transient anomaly condition is met, a transient anomaly trigger response is obtained, and transient anomaly protection for the load object is immediately triggered.

[0265] Its advantage lies in that, based on the critical anomaly response, by predicting the anomaly characteristics in real time (and adjusting the pre-triggering conditions), the transient anomaly protection can be triggered more quickly before the transient overload is reached, so that the transient anomaly protection can be triggered more timely (with minimal transient delay).

[0266] At the rising edge of the transient pulse, the critical real-time tracking process is used to determine the critical abnormal response when the state variable X(t) reaches the critical value Xr as the critical abnormal condition.

[0267] Based on real-time prediction of transient impact quantity Px, critical feedback monitoring is performed, and when the pre-triggered condition (as a transient anomaly condition) is met, the transient anomaly trigger response is obtained.

[0268] Its advantage lies in the fact that if we rely solely on real-time judgment of transient anomalies, it may be impossible to judge overload in a timely and accurate manner due to insufficient time-domain resolution of power signal acquisition and software delay issues, resulting in additional delay before triggering transient anomaly protection.

[0269] Example 6: This embodiment of the invention discloses a second type of response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 4 The device is used by an energy monitoring node (as a target monitoring node) to track and monitor the energy signal state variable X(t) and obtain transient anomaly responses. The device includes the following modules:

[0270] Critical anomaly response module 401: used to obtain a critical anomaly response at the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) (when the critical value Xr is reached) by safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t) of the power signal;

[0271] Real-time tracking and processing module 402: used to calculate the current accumulated transient impact Px (exceeding the critical value Xr) after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt through critical real-time tracking and processing (calculated iteratively according to Px=Px+Q(X)Δt);

[0272] Critical feedback monitoring module 403: used to set the rated comparison signal Xm (and / or tracking monitoring time step Δt) in a critical feedback manner according to the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px;

[0273] Transient anomaly response module 404: When the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal Xm within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the power monitoring node (the power monitoring node) obtains a transient anomaly response.

[0274] Regarding the aforementioned Figure 3 , Figure 4 The implementation of the modular structure is further explained as follows:

[0275] When the power monitoring node receives a transient anomaly response, it immediately triggers its own and / or associated node's transient protection control module to perform transient anomaly protection on the load object in the transient anomaly state.

[0276] The transient protection control module includes a critical anomaly response unit, an impact feedback unit, and a flashover protection control unit.

[0277] The impact feedback unit refers to the unit that provides feedback on the overload impact of the pulse signal in the transient state before the circuit switching.

[0278] According to the anomaly handling plan, the power monitoring node obtains the mode parameters through the index (of the current scenario status code) and executes the critical anomaly response processing corresponding to the mode parameters.

[0279] The critical anomaly response processing involves real-time monitoring of transient anomaly pulses that are about to occur, using critical feedback monitoring to obtain the transient anomaly response.

[0280] In a critical abnormal state, when the target monitoring node determines that the transient impact of the power signal state variable has reached or exceeded its preset critical value, it outputs a critical pulse (with critical reference voltage) and activates the impact feedback unit.

[0281] The impact feedback unit provides electrical feedback on the transient impact of the electrical energy state variable (the state variable) in response to the critical pulse, so that when the transient impact of the state variable (the state variable) exceeds the overload rating, the flashover protection control unit is immediately triggered (with minimal transient delay).

[0282] For example, overload protection based on monitoring of electrical energy / target state variables can be achieved by X(t): AC overcurrent protection: i(t) → X(t), AC overvoltage protection: u(t) → X(t), AC power overload protection: w(t) → X(t), and overtemperature protection: T(t) → X(t).

[0283] The abnormal state identifier includes abnormal level information. The abnormal level is information obtained by performing a level conversion based on the upper limit X1 and the lower limit X2 of the graded abnormal conditions on which a certain abnormal state variable is judged.

[0284] For example: Let the abnormal state variable X = X1 be level 0, and let X = X2 be level N.

[0285] Therefore, the level corresponding to the linear gradation transformation of the abnormal state variable X is:

[0286] G(X)=INT(N*(X-X1) / (X2-X1))+0.5).

[0287] The aforementioned anomaly handling plan refers to the scenario response plan for a critical anomaly state (a critical triggering state);

[0288] Critical anomaly response handling is a type of critical response handling (anomaly handling based on critical response); while setting critical feedback monitoring, data protection, anomaly alarms, and anomaly protection can be performed in parallel, or any combination thereof.

[0289] The critical feedback monitoring is performed by the current collaborative sensing node or its preceding sensing node in a critical trigger state. (Based on the current sensing and monitoring mode) (based on the monitoring and collection information of the target state variable in the time domain) and based on the judgment (including calculation or query) of the approach degree of the transient trigger response, the signal front end (of its own node or preceding node) is adjusted to compare and monitor the current front end input signal in real time, and obtain the transient trigger response when the preceding trigger conditions are met.

[0290] The front-end input signal is a coupling signal before data acquisition of the target state variable;

[0291] The feedback adjustment includes signal coupling adjustment (such as adjusting the coupling loop, attenuating the gain) and / or adjusting the reference or rated value of the rated comparison signal;

[0292] The feedback adjustment methods include one or a combination of the following: 1) the collaborative sensing node performs feedback control on the target monitoring node as a front-end node (such as sending active control information); 2) the back-end processing unit of the target monitoring node sets the feedback of its own signal front-end (processing module).

[0293] The target sensing / monitoring node, based on the critical signal feedback (unit) (included in the signal front-end processing module), performs real-time comparison between the front-end input signal and the current rated comparison signal to obtain a transient trigger response when the pre-triggered conditions are met.

[0294] When the power monitoring node receives the transient anomaly response, it triggers the associated protection node to perform linked transient protection on the load object (or subset) by sending an anomaly trigger signal.

[0295] The abnormal trigger signal is a trigger status beacon transmitted via power line carrier beacon and / or wireless beacon.

[0296] The associated protection node (using carrier demodulation / wireless scanning detection) receives the abnormal trigger signal (containing target multi-select information - group control multi-select code) sent by the associated power monitoring node, and performs transient abnormal protection according to the scene status code (and its mode parameters) corresponding to the critical abnormal state.

[0297] Associated protection nodes (based on the current scene status code) obtain the abnormal trigger status beacons and abnormal status identifiers of associated target monitoring nodes through wireless (scanning detection) sensing, so as to carry out collaborative / associative abnormal handling (such as wireless linkage alarm or protection).

[0298] The surrounding associated protection nodes activate the transient anomaly protection according to the received anomaly trigger signal and the trigger response priority:

[0299] When the required protection level is low, only the associated protection nodes with higher priority need to activate transient anomaly protection; while when the required protection level is high, the associated protection nodes with lower priority need to activate transient anomaly protection; until all associated protection nodes activate transient anomaly protection when necessary.

[0300] The abnormal trigger signal includes a transient protection mode (or has a corresponding relationship) (associated with the scene status code); the transient protection mode includes the currently required protection level code (or has a corresponding relationship).

[0301] Sensing and monitoring equipment refers to devices with wireless sensing and monitoring capabilities, including target sensing nodes (as target object devices or scene sensors) that directly perform sensing and monitoring of target scene objects, or collaborative sensing nodes that perform sensing and monitoring of front-end sensing nodes.

[0302] The target scene state, or scene state for short, is a physical state of a specified target scene that is associated with the target scene (and can be a combination of several subsets or object states).

[0303] The collaborative sensing node detects and receives status beacons broadcast wirelessly from surrounding target devices via wireless scanning.

[0304] The scenario response plan is a data structure that associates different scenario status codes with one or a set of mode parameters / mode processing procedures and mode processing.

[0305] The collaborative sensing node obtains mode parameters through mode index and starts mode processing-monitoring data processing associated with the mode parameters-mode processing flow based on the scene response plan associated with the scene trigger response.

[0306] Implementation example: The data structure of the schema index:

[0307] [Index] Scene status code --> Mode code, priority, validity period;

[0308] [Index] Pattern code --> Pattern parameter, reference pointer.

[0309] The mode parameters include the operation target parameters and / or operation mode parameters. Adjustments to the mode parameters include parameter assignment, parameter increment, parameter function calculation, and other adjustment operations.

[0310] In actual implementation, the device is a computer device. The processor executes computer instructions to implement the aforementioned embodiment of the response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals. Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the processes or modules in the above embodiments can be implemented by a computer program instructing related hardware, and the program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

[0311] Obviously, the above embodiments are merely illustrative examples for clear explanation and are not intended to limit the implementation. Those skilled in the art can make other variations or modifications based on the above description. These should also be considered within the scope of protection of this invention, and will not affect the effectiveness of the invention or the practicality of the patent. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively list all embodiments here. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims. Obvious variations or modifications derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical energy signals, characterized in that, The power monitoring node tracks and monitors the power signal state variable X(t) to obtain transient anomaly responses. The method includes the following steps: By safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t) of the power signal, a critical abnormal response is obtained when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) reaches the critical value Xr. The state variable X(t) is subjected to critical real-time tracking processing, and the transient impact quantity Px is predicted and monitored in real time through critical feedback monitoring. The transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity formed by the state variable X(t) within an impact time exceeding a preset critical value Xr. The critical feedback monitoring is performed by adjusting the signal front end of the node itself or the preceding node based on the judgment of the degree of approach of the transient trigger response under the critical trigger state, so as to compare and monitor the current front end input signal in real time, and obtain the transient trigger response when the preceding trigger condition is met. When the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating value Pm, the power monitoring node will obtain a transient abnormal response.

2. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 1, characterized in that, During the connection or operation of the power load object, the power monitoring node dynamically adjusts the pre-trigger conditions of the critical feedback monitoring based on the degree of convergence of the current transient abnormal characteristic parameters through critical real-time tracking processing.

3. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Based on the critical anomaly response, according to the critical phase φr corresponding to the obtained critical value Xr, the tracking monitoring time step Δt and / or the rated comparison signal are set by feedback to perform the critical feedback monitoring on the power coupling signal input, so as to directly obtain a fast trigger response when the transient anomaly conditions are met.

4. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 1, wherein, based on the transient impact quantity Px, and according to the predicted allowable transient impact increment Pm–Px within the currently given tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the transient rated value Xm of the adjusted rated comparison signal is set: Pm – Px = Q((X(t) + Xm) / 2)Δt, where Q(X) is the transient impact simulation calculation function and Pm is the transient impact rated value.

5. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 1, characterized in that, For an AC power signal with a current period of T, when the power monitoring node obtains a critical abnormal response, it predicts and calculates the transient impact by indexing the critical transient function P(φr) and using the formula Px = T * P(φr). The critical transient function P(φr) is a monotonically decreasing function that reflects the relationship between the transient impact quantity and the critical phase φr.

6. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 1, characterized in that, If the transient pulse is approximately an AC sinusoidal pulse, the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity formed within the transient impact time δt that exceeds the preset current threshold value Xr; by replacing the zero-crossing time t with the zero-crossing phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px can be obtained: Px = ∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where X(t) = Xp*sin(ωt), therefore, Px = 1 / ω* = 1 / ω*Xr*(2cotφr+2φr-π); Where φ = ωt, ω = 2π / T, ω and T are the angular frequency and period of the AC signal, respectively; Xr = Xp*Sinφr, Xp is the amplitude of the AC current signal.

7. A method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical energy signals, characterized in that, The power monitoring node tracks and monitors the power signal state variable X(t) to obtain transient anomaly responses. The method includes the following steps: By safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t) of the power signal, a critical abnormal response is obtained when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) reaches the critical value Xr. Through critical real-time tracking processing, the current accumulated transient impact quantity Px is calculated after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt; the transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity formed by the state variable X(t) within the impact time exceeding the preset critical value Xr. Based on the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px, a rated comparison signal and / or a tracking monitoring time step Δt are set in a critical feedback manner; wherein, the rated comparison signal refers to the reference signal output through D / A conversion feedback, which is monitored by the monitoring signal front end by comparing the front end input signal with the rated comparison signal, so as to obtain the corresponding abnormal trigger response when the pre-trigger condition is met; When the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the power monitoring node obtains a transient abnormal response.

8. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 7, characterized in that, During the connection or operation of the power load object, the power monitoring node dynamically adjusts the pre-trigger conditions for critical feedback monitoring based on the current degree of convergence of the transient abnormal characteristic parameters through critical real-time tracking processing.

9. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 7, characterized in that, Based on the critical anomaly response, according to the critical phase φr corresponding to the obtained critical value Xr, the tracking monitoring time step Δt and / or the rated comparison signal are set by feedback to perform critical feedback monitoring on the power coupling signal input, so as to directly obtain a fast trigger response when the transient anomaly conditions are met.

10. The method for responding to transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 7, wherein, based on the transient impact quantity Px, and according to the predicted allowable transient impact increment Pm–Px within the currently given tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the transient rated value Xm of the rated comparison signal is set and adjusted. Pm – Px = Q((X(t) + Xm) / 2)Δt, where Q(X) is the transient impact simulation calculation function and Pm is the transient impact rated value.

11. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 7, characterized in that, For an AC power signal with a current period of T, when the power monitoring node obtains a critical abnormal response, it predicts and calculates the transient impact by indexing the critical transient function P(φr) and using the formula Px = T * P(φr). The critical transient function P(φr) is a monotonically decreasing function that reflects the relationship between the transient impact quantity and the critical phase φr.

12. The response method for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 7, characterized in that, If the transient pulse is approximately an AC sinusoidal pulse, the transient impact quantity Px is the impact quantity formed within the transient impact time δt that exceeds the preset current threshold value Xr; by replacing the zero-crossing time t with the zero-crossing phase φ, the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px can be obtained: Px = ∫(X(t)-Xr)dt, where X(t) = Xp*sin(ωt), therefore, Px = 1 / ω* = 1 / ω*Xr*(2cotφr+2φr-π); Where φ = ωt, ω = 2π / T, ω and T are the angular frequency and period of the AC signal, respectively; Xr = Xp*Sinφr, Xp is the amplitude of the AC current signal.

13. A response device for transient anomalies in electrical energy signals, characterized in that, The device is used by power monitoring nodes to track and monitor the state variable X(t) of the power signal to obtain transient anomaly responses. The device includes the following modules: Critical anomaly response module: used to obtain a critical anomaly response when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) reaches the critical value Xr by safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t) of the power signal; Real-time tracking and processing module: used to perform critical real-time tracking processing on the state variable X(t), and to perform real-time prediction and monitoring of transient impact quantity Px through critical feedback monitoring; the transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity formed by the state variable X(t) within an impact time exceeding a preset critical value Xr, wherein the critical feedback monitoring is, under the critical triggering state, based on the judgment of the degree of approach of the transient triggering response, to perform feedback adjustment on the signal front end of its own node or the preceding node, so as to perform real-time comparison and monitoring of the current front end input signal, and to obtain the transient triggering response when the preceding triggering condition is met; Transient anomaly response module: When the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px reaches or exceeds its preset transient impact rating value Pm, the power monitoring node obtains a transient anomaly response.

14. The response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 13, characterized in that, When the power monitoring node receives a transient abnormal response, it immediately triggers its own and / or associated node's transient protection control module to provide transient abnormal protection for the power load object in a transient abnormal state. The transient protection control module includes a critical anomaly response unit, an impact feedback unit, and a flashover protection control unit.

15. A response device for transient anomalies in electrical energy signals, characterized in that, The device is used by power monitoring nodes to track and monitor the state variable X(t) of the power signal to obtain transient anomaly responses. The device includes the following modules: Critical anomaly response module: used to obtain a critical anomaly response when the rising edge of the transient pulse of the state variable X(t) reaches the critical value Xr by safely tracking and monitoring the state variable X(t) of the power signal; Real-time tracking and processing module: used to calculate the current accumulated transient impact quantity Px after each tracking and monitoring time step Δt through critical real-time tracking and processing; the transient impact quantity Px refers to the destructive impact quantity formed by the state variable X(t) within the impact time exceeding the preset critical value Xr. Critical feedback monitoring module: used to set a rated comparison signal and / or a tracking monitoring time step Δt in a critical feedback manner based on the predicted value of the transient impact quantity Px; wherein, the rated comparison signal refers to the reference signal output through D / A conversion feedback, which is monitored by the monitoring signal front end by comparing the front end input signal with the rated comparison signal, so as to obtain the corresponding abnormal trigger response when the pre-trigger condition is met; Transient anomaly response module: When the front-end input signal corresponding to the state variable X(t) reaches the rated comparison signal within a certain tracking and monitoring time step Δt, the power monitoring node obtains a transient anomaly response.

16. The response device for transient anomalies in electrical signals as described in claim 15, characterized in that, When the power monitoring node receives a transient abnormal response, it immediately triggers its own and / or associated node's transient protection control module to provide transient abnormal protection for the power load object in a transient abnormal state. The transient protection control module includes a critical anomaly response unit, an impact feedback unit, and a flashover protection control unit.

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