A method for ecological mechanized cultivation of oil-tea wheel

Abstract

An ecological mechanized cultivation method for oil-tea rotation to promote production, the cultivation method includes mechanized wide-row land preparation, bud seedling grafting and seedling raising, single-ridge dense planting, forest management, standardized pruning, oil-tea forest rotation management and non-cultivated area eco-friendly management. Compared with traditional cultivation methods, this cultivation method can significantly increase crop yields, reduce production labor, and improve commercial benefits and the ecological benefits of oil-tea forests.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of oil-tea camellia cultivation, in particular to mechanized cultivation of oil-tea camellia. Background Art

[0002] Camellia oleifera is a woody oil crop in low mountain and hilly areas. It is common to see a full tree of flowers and a small amount of fruits on the tree at the same time. There are many flowers, but the fruiting rate is low, and the degree of mechanization is low. The main reason is that the cultivation model has a small spacing between plants and rows, and the height and branch orientation of Camellia oleifera are inconsistent, which is not suitable for mechanized operation. Flowers and fruits are produced at the same time. In winter, a large number of flowers lack sufficient pollination and consume too many nutrients, resulting in low yield and low efficiency. At the same time, high technical requirements are placed on fertilization, pruning, pollination, and fruit picking.

[0003] In the cultivation of oil tea forests and the development of the industry, due to the shortage of labor, oil tea needs to be mechanized. Currently, most scientific researchers and forest farmers design machinery based on existing cultivation technology, which leads to difficult machinery design, high cost, poor operability and difficulty in promotion.

[0004] Most of the waste branches and fruit shells produced during pruning of oil tea trees are burned instead of being recycled. Summary of the invention

[0005] The invention discloses an ecological mechanized cultivation method for promoting production of oil-tea in rotation. The cultivation method comprises mechanized wide-row land preparation, bud seedling rootstock grafting and seedling raising, single-ridge dense planting, forest management, standardized pruning, oil-tea forest rotation management and eco-friendly management of non-cultivated areas.

[0006] For the above-mentioned ecological mechanized cultivation method of oil tea wheel-planting promotion, among which: mechanized wide row land preparation, the row width of oil tea land preparation should not be less than the width of small machinery plus 2m, and there should be tracked or trackless mechanical passages between rows; regarding mechanized wide row land preparation, it is necessary to select slopes with good drainage, slope less than 15 degrees, sunny, pH 5.5-6.5, and gentle slopes as planting bases, deep plowing in winter, land preparation according to row spacing of 3.5-5.5m and terrace height of 0-70cm, dig 20-30cm wide and 20-30cm deep trenches at row widths of 3.0-4.5m, use 0.5-1.5kg of organic fertilizer per meter as base fertilizer, mix it thoroughly with the backfill topsoil, and then fill the soil and plant after it settles slightly. Furthermore, the single ridge dense planting refers to planting with a spacing of 50-110 cm between plants; in addition, for single ridge dense planting, it is necessary to select Class I seedlings between December and March 10, and plant 4 to 8 varieties with strong affinity in equal or equal ratios, with a spacing of 0.5 to 1.1 m and trenches dug at a row width of 3.0 to 4.5 m. Mechanized standardized pruning is suitable, and each oil tea plant has the same height after pruning, and the crown width is the same in the direction perpendicular to the row;

[0007] The wheel planting is a management model in which the entire cultivation area of ​​the oil-tea forest is divided into several small cultivation areas according to the area or number of trees. Each small cultivation area is divided into two parts according to the terrain or production convenience. The first part blooms in the first year and the second part bears fruit. The first part bears fruit in the second year and the second part blooms. Starting from the third year, the odd years are the same as the first year, and the even years are the same as the second year. The effect of the wheel planting is to take advantage of the natural alternate years of oil-tea to avoid the oil-tea from blooming and bearing fruit at the same time every year, consuming a lot of nutrients and not letting the tree rest. Therefore, by pruning to achieve the same tree only blooming in one year, or only bearing fruit in one year to balance the nutrition, the same forest can reduce the yield in a good year and increase the yield in a bad year, balancing the annual yield while increasing the annual average, avoiding the phenomenon of a bumper harvest in a good year and a lack of raw materials for processing companies in a bad year.

[0008] Eco-friendly management of non-cultivated areas includes wild pollinator conservation areas, beneficial insect conservation areas, oil tea waste treatment areas and fruit collection areas in the forest or at the edge of the forest; this cultivation method is suitable for slopes, gentle slopes and flat land with a slope not exceeding 20 degrees.

[0009] The purpose of wide row land preparation and single ridge dense planting is to reserve channels for mechanical equipment; standardized pruning adopts "Y"-shaped pruning, which is mainly designed for mechanical pruning, and uses electric saws to prune the height and width of the oil tea to be consistent. "The secondary main branches are divided into two layers of high and low" is designed to adapt to the slope. The oil tea is planted on the edge of the terrace, and the "Y"-shaped branch projection is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace. The projection in the uphill direction is the high branch layer, and the projection in the downhill direction is the lower branch layer. In this way, on the one hand, when the machine walks in the terrace channel, the oil tea on the upper terrace can be operated, including picking, pruning, etc. On the other hand, the light source can be better utilized. The purpose of "Y"-shaped pruning is to be suitable for mechanized cultivation mode. The crown of the oil tea tree is round or nearly round in the natural environment and the existing cultivation mode. Mechanized operation for this tree shape requires a large development cost, in order to reduce the cost of mechanical development and enhance the adaptability of the field. The pruning is in a "Y" shape, with 2 operating directions instead of 4. The machine's running track is reduced from 2 directions to 1 direction, and the flexibility of the machine can be moderately reduced. This shaping method reduces the number of branches in 2 directions, making dense planting possible. The canopy width of the oil tea tree is reduced, and each branch will receive more nutrients, making the tree stronger.

[0010] Regarding the eco-friendly management of non-cultivated areas, specifically, the non-cultivated areas are located in the forests or on the edges of the forests in oil tea cultivation areas, including wild pollinator conservation areas, beneficial insect conservation areas, oil tea waste treatment areas and fruit collection areas.

[0011] For example, the different areas of the above-mentioned non-cultivated area management methods are as follows:

[0012] (1) Wild pollinator conservation areas

[0013] Management methods for this area: digging and reclamation are prohibited; trampling is prohibited during the flowering period of Camellia oleifera; pesticide application is prohibited during the pest control period, and film must be used to cover the area during the application period; no fertilizer is applied. For every 10-15 mu of Camellia oleifera forest, a pollinator conservation area with an area of ​​20-30m2 should be set up in the leeward and sunny area. 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, with no grass or only a small amount of weeds on the surface, and wild soil-dwelling pollinating insects such as the oil-tea bee or the large-tongue bee are released.

[0014] At present, most of the cultivation technology systems of oil-tea camellia are still studying aspects such as pruning and fertilization, and there is still a blank in the research of pollination technology. Most of the research on wild pollinating insects such as oil-tea camellia bees is still on biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics, and introduction and release technology. There are few applications of using wild pollinating insects to increase oil-tea yield in production.

[0015] 1. Selection of wild pollinating insects: Choose the tea-oil bee in areas with deeper soil layers, and choose the large-segmented bee in sandy loam.

[0016] 2. Survey of the original wild bee nesting areas in the oil-tea forest: From September to December, survey the distribution of pollinator nests on the soil surface within the oil-tea forest and within 200 meters of the forest edge, record the number and location of wild bee nests, and mark the range of the nests with bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area will be permanently marked with a fixed billboard and set as a protected area. The sign will indicate: pollinator conservation area, wild pollinator species, biological characteristics and protection methods.

[0017] 3. Plan and supplement according to the distribution and number of original nests, and configure them according to the principle of not moving the original nests. If the nests affect production activities, they must be removed before being moved.

[0018] 4. Method 1 for constructing a new wild pollinator conservation area: In July and August, in the oil-tea forest, choose a place with a soil layer of more than 45 cm thick, sheltered from the wind and facing the sun, dig and loosen the soil, tamp it, and water it thoroughly.

[0019] 5. Construction method 2 of new wild pollinator conservation area: In July and August, weed and tend the oil tea forest, dig a 30cm wide and 30cm deep beekeeping ditch, the length of which depends on the terrain. You can also use the original water conservation ditch in the oil tea forest, and dig parallel ditches every 2-3m. Keep the ditch free of loose soil and moist, so as to attract or guide oil tea bees to settle and build nests, and expand the bee colony.

[0020] 6. Source of Camellia oleifera bees: Choose October to December, sunny days, 9:00-16:00 in the old Camellia oleifera forest, use a pipe-shaped queen bee catcher to catch the female bees that come back to the nest with pollen from the nest entrance, vertically catch the female bees, let them crawl into the centrifuge tubes with air holes, one bee per tube. Tie the centrifuge tubes with rubber bands in groups of 10, put them in a box with moist absorbent cotton to keep them moist, heat and away from light, or store them in a car refrigerator, so that the bees can stay still but not be frozen, to avoid wasting their energy.

[0021] 7. Source of the Large Forked Tongue Bee: Choose September, dig nests and take pupae from the distribution area of ​​the Large Forked Tongue Bee nests marked in the previous year. The storage and transportation methods are the same as 6.

[0022] 8. Release bees in the oil-tea field: Release the bees collected on the same day in the evening of the same day. Drill holes with a diameter of less than 0.5 cm in the bee-attracting area. Put a centrifuge tube upside down at the hole entrance in each hole, and eject the bees into the hole. After removing the centrifuge tube, seal the hole entrance with soil. All the holes are buckled inside the mosquito net with a foldable mosquito net. Cut off all or part of the bottom of the mosquito net to ensure that it does not block the hole for attracting bees. Seal the mosquito net with fine soil around it to ensure that the bees do not fly out from the outer edge. Put 5% honey water in a shallow dish in the mosquito net, put a layer of window screen on it for feeding, or brush the honey water on the mosquito net. Take away the mosquito net and shallow dish in the evening of the next day, and let the bees collect pollen and honey freely.

[0023] 9. Release of the Large Split-Tongue Bee: dig a 20*20*40cm hole in or around the oil-tea forest, use stones to make room for it, place 20-50 pupae in each hole, fill it with soil and mark it.

[0024] (2) Beneficial Insect Conservation Area

[0025] Management methods for this area: digging and reclamation are prohibited; pesticide application is prohibited; one conservation area is set for every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest, with an area of ​​100-500m 2 The shape of this area can be regular or irregular, dot-shaped or sheet-shaped, and 5-10 kinds of wild 1, 2-year or perennial flowers that are nectar sources can be planted. Since the oil tea blooms in autumn and winter, the purpose of setting up this area is to provide habitats and food for beneficial insects in other seasons.

[0026] In the past, scholars and researchers mostly approached their research from a single perspective of insects or camellia oleifera, rather than treating camellia oleifera as an ecosystem and utilizing the system’s biodiversity to increase yield and quality, as well as enhance the camellia oleifera forest’s ability to resist pests and diseases and adverse environments.

[0027] This technology can not only provide food and habitats for pollinators and natural enemy insects, thereby increasing the biodiversity of oil palm forests, but also reduce the contradiction between protection and production by setting up protected areas (non-cultivated areas), thereby improving the ecological stability of oil palm forests while increasing yield and quality.

[0028] 1. In the beneficial insect conservation area, 10-15 kinds of annual or perennial wild nectar-producing herbs and flowers are planted in a mixed manner.

[0029] 2. Calculated by mass percentage, including the following flower species:

[0030] One or two-year-old: Viola yedoensis 6%; Leonurus japonicus 10%; Zinnia 5%; Emilia radiata 6%; Globe amaranth 5%; Thistle 8%; Wild buckwheat 6%;

[0031] Perennial: Dianthus 5%; Sage 8%; Amaranthus 5%; Belamcanda 6%; Astragalus 10%; Nepeta 7%; Coneflower 7%; Balm 6%.

[0032] 3. Fertilization and soil turning: In spring, before planting, the nursery area should be fertilized and turned over once, with a turning depth of at least 25 cm. The roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other debris that have been turned over should be cleaned up, and then the planting land should be raked flat. The amount of fertilizer applied is 3-4 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.

[0033] 4. Watering: The day before sowing, hydrate the protected area to be planted the next day to ensure that the soil is moist but without water accumulation when planting the next day.

[0034] 5. Sowing: Mix the mixed seeds with 3 times the amount of sand or wood ash; dig 5-10cm shallow trenches at a distance of 10-20cm in the protected area for row sowing, and cover with soil after sowing.

[0035] 6. Replanting: Every 1-3 years, replanting will be carried out in areas where plants are missing, based on the growth of nectar plants. Herbaceous plants will be used to ensure the continuity of flowering of plants in the protected area except in winter. Replanting is mainly done by sowing seeds, and the protected area will not be dug up.

[0036] (3) Camellia oil waste treatment area

[0037] The oil-tea waste treatment area is located beside the main road, and one oil-tea waste treatment area is set up for every 50-500 mu in the downhill of the oil-tea forest or in the water-rich area. It includes: one fermentation area, one earthworm breeding area, including one water source access port and one power source access port.

[0038] Camellia oleifera waste is an important carbon source. The common method is to burn it, which is a waste of resources. Reasonable utilization can return fertilizer to the fields and realize the circular production of Camellia oleifera forest.

[0039] The discarded branches of tea oil trees are the overwintering places for important pests and diseases such as tea oil tree anthracnose. Reasonable utilization is also an important method and means of preventing and controlling pests and diseases.

[0040] So far, there is no report on resource utilization of camellia oleifera waste after treatment in the forest.

[0041] 1. Fermentation area: There is no fixed area or size. It can be in an open area inside the forest or at the edge of the forest, and any area with electricity can be used. During fermentation, a plastic film is placed underneath and the fermentation material is piled on top.

[0042] 2. Fermentation raw materials: Crush the collected camellia oil waste (or other carbon sources).

[0043] 3. Fermentation: Add nitrogen sources such as cow dung, pig dung or urea, waste mushroom sticks, etc. to the fermentation raw materials to make the carbon-nitrogen ratio reach 25-30:1, mix well, add water to make the humidity 55%-65%, add microbial agents containing wood-rotting fungi, and cover with a film. Use a blower to blow air for 7-14 days to complete the fermentation.

[0044] 4. Application method of fermented material 1: Making biological fertilizer.

[0045] 5. Application method 2 of fermentation material: raising earthworms. The thickness of the fermentation material is 20-25 cm, the humidity is maintained at 65%, and the earthworms are evenly moved in.

[0046] 6. Earthworm breeding area: It is a cement pool of 10-20*10-20*20 cm, with an arch greenhouse similar to agricultural production on the top. The height of the greenhouse is 1.5-2 meters.

[0047] (4) Fruit collection area

[0048] At the intersection of the main road and the secondary road in the oil tea cultivation area, this area can be shared with the fermentation area. A stacking area is set up every 10-50 mu. The ground in this area is flat and can be used to stack loose or bagged oil tea for easy mechanical collection. A slide can be set along the main road to allow the bagged oil tea to move down along the slide, improving transportation efficiency and reducing labor costs.

[0049] In addition, the cultivation method may also include conventional management such as seedling stock grafting and seedling raising, forest management, and pest and disease control.

[0050] Compared with the prior art, the technical solution of the present invention can at least achieve the following beneficial technical effects:

[0051] 1. It solves the problem that the cost of picking fruits is high and mechanical picking destroys the normal growth of flowers when the flowers and fruits of Camellia oleifera bloom at the same time;

[0052] 2. Solve the problem that oil-tea plantations are not suitable for mechanization; realize mechanization and simplified operations such as fertilization, pruning, and fruit harvesting of oil-tea, significantly reduce labor intensity, and improve labor efficiency and production quality;

[0053] 3. Solve the problem of single species and unstable ecosystem in oil tea forests, including the conservation area of ​​beneficial insects;

[0054] 4. Address the low number of pollinator species, including pollinator conservation areas;

[0055] 5. Solve the problem of resource utilization of waste such as oil-tea pruning and the inability to close the cultivation link. The application of oil-tea waste treatment areas, etc., can realize the ecological cycle cultivation of oil-tea forests;

[0056] In short, compared with the traditional cultivation method, this cultivation method can significantly increase crop yield, reduce production labor, and improve commercial benefits and the ecological benefits of oil palm forests. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0057] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments recorded in the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0058] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the "Y" type pruning of the present invention;

[0059] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the wheel fruiting year of the present invention;

[0060] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the non-cultivated area described in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] To facilitate understanding of the present invention, various exemplary embodiments of the present invention are now described in detail. This detailed description should not be regarded as a specific limitation of the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the present invention.

[0062] Example

[0063] An ecological and mechanized cultivation method for promoting the production of oil-tea camellia by wheeled fruiting, the cultivation method comprising:

[0064] 1. Mechanized wide-row land preparation:

[0065] Choose a slope with good drainage, a slope of less than 15 degrees, sunny, and a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. Gentle slopes are used as planting bases. Deep plowing is done in winter. The land is prepared according to a row spacing of 3.5 to 5.5m and a terrace height of 0 to 70cm. Dig a 20-30cm wide and 20-30cm deep ditch at a row width of 3.0 to 4.5m. Apply 0.5 to 1.5kg of organic fertilizer per meter as base fertilizer, mix it thoroughly with the backfill topsoil, and then fill the soil and plant it after it settles slightly. Make sure the roots do not come into contact with the fertilizer during planting.

[0066] 2. Seedling grafting and seedling cultivation:

[0067] Choose local fully mature, fully developed and healthy tea oil seeds, cultivate bud rootstocks, select good quality buds with branching angle greater than 30 degrees as spike cuttings, graft them in May of one year before planting, cultivate tea oil seedlings by grafting according to varieties and bud rootstocks, and obtain high-quality tea oil seedlings after transplanting.

[0068] 3. Single ridge dense planting:

[0069] From December to March 10, select Class I seedlings, plant 4 to 8 varieties with strong affinity in equal or differential ratios, with a spacing of 0.5 to 1.1 m between plants and a row width of 3.0 to 4.5 m. Apply compound fertilizer at 50 to 100 g / m in July and August.

[0070] 4. Forest management:

[0071] In the first to third years of planting, apply 50 cm between the rows of tea oil plants, 50 cm away from the tree pedestal. Plant crops such as peanuts and peas, and pile the stems for fermentation after harvesting. After the fourth year, plant nitrogen-fixing plants such as soft-haired wild peas and clover between the rows, and press them green in time during the flowering period. In March and April, apply compound fertilizer 50-100 g / m2 half a month before the new shoots sprout. In autumn and winter, apply foliar fertilizer once, according to N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=(1.5~2:1:1~2) ratio of fertilizer application.

[0072] 5. Standardized pruning:

[0073] After pruning, each tea oil plant has the same height and the same crown width in the direction perpendicular to the row. Standardized pruning adopts "Y"-shaped pruning, and uses electric saws to prune the tea oil plants to consistent height and width. The tea oil plants are planted close to the edge of the terrace, and the "Y"-shaped branch projection is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace. The projection facing uphill is the high branch layer, and the projection facing downhill is the lower branch layer.

[0074] For example, Y-shaped pruning can be as follows:

[0075] (1) Within the first year after planting, remove all flower buds on branches and prune branches whose angle with the ground is less than 60 degrees and greater than 120 degrees.

[0076] (2) In the winter of the 2nd to 3rd year after planting, the trunk is fixed and shaped. The main trunk is 30-40 cm, and the plant retains a projection angle of 80-100 degrees with the row direction. There is one main branch growing at -80--100 degrees, and the upward extension angle between the two main branches is 90-160 degrees; each main branch retains a projection angle of 0-45 degrees and 135-180 degrees with the row direction, and 1-2 strong branches at 0-45 and 135-180 degrees, which are secondary main branches. The upward angle between the two secondary main branches is 90-160 degrees; the main branches and secondary main branches grow upward or obliquely upward. If there are no branches that meet the conditions, the existing branches can be adjusted to the required angles through artificial intervention by stretching; use electric saws and other pruning tools to trim the plant height to 1-1.5 meters and the plant width to 1-1.5 meters. Make the oil tea appear in a "Y" shape.

[0077] 6. Rotational management of oil-tea plantation:

[0078] Fruiting wheel is a management mode that the entire cultivation area of ​​the oil tea forest is divided into several small cultivation areas according to the area or number of trees, and each small cultivation area is divided into two parts according to the terrain or production convenience; in the first year, the first part blooms and the second part bears fruit, in the second year, the first part bears fruit and the second part blooms, and starting from the third year, the odd years are the same as the first year, and the even years are the same as the second year. For example:

[0079] (1) In the 4th to 6th year after planting, half of the oil tea forest (Area A) will have its plant height trimmed to 1-1.5 meters and its plant width trimmed to 1-1.5 meters in summer and autumn using electric saws or other tools. In the other half of the oil tea forest (Area B), the plant height will be trimmed to 1-1.5 meters and its plant width trimmed to 1-1.5 meters using electric saws or other tools in conjunction with fruit picking.

[0080] (2) From the 6th to the 7th year after planting, Area A is the fruit picking area. While picking the fruit, use electric saws and other pruning tools to trim the plant height to 1-1.5 meters and the plant width to 1-1.5 meters. Area B is the flowering area and is not pruned.

[0081] (3) In the seventh year after planting, foliar fertilization should be carried out once in autumn and winter, according to the N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=(1.5~2:1:1~2) ratio of fertilizer. In the previous year, the fruit-picking area A will be the flowering area, and the flowering area B will be the fruit-picking area. In the flowering area, in the spring of the current year, the N:P ratio will be used. 2 O 5 :K 2 O=(1.5~2:1:1~2) ratio of fertilizer. In the fruiting area, in spring, N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=(1.0~1.5:1:1~2) ratio of fertilizer application.

[0082] (4) Thereafter, management shall be carried out in rotation according to the methods (2) and (3) every year.

[0083] For example, Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the "Y"-shaped pruning of the present invention; the scale in the figure is the width and height of the "Y"-shaped tea tree after it is shaped; because it is densely planted, during the pruning process, the tea tree is trimmed into this shape by an electric saw or the like; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the fruiting cycle of the present invention; this figure is an effect diagram of oil tea fruiting after "Y" type pruning. After the fruit is harvested in the current year, the tree is pruned into Figure 1 The style described.

[0084] 7. Eco-friendly management of non-cultivated areas:

[0085] The non-cultivated area is located in the forest or on the edge of the oil-tea plantation area, including wild pollinator conservation areas, beneficial insect conservation areas and oil-tea plant waste treatment areas. The specific management methods for the above non-cultivated areas are as follows:

[0086] (1) Wild pollinator conservation areas

[0087] Management methods for this area: digging and reclamation are prohibited; trampling is prohibited during the flowering period of Camellia oleifera; pesticide application is prohibited during the pest control period, and film must be used to cover the area during the application period; no fertilizer is applied. For every 10-15 mu of Camellia oleifera forest, a pollinator conservation area with an area of ​​20-30m2 should be set up in the leeward and sunny area. 2 The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, with no grass or only a small amount of weeds on the surface, and wild soil-dwelling pollinating insects such as the oil-tea bee or the large-tongue bee are released.

[0088] At present, most of the cultivation technology systems of oil-tea camellia are still studying aspects such as pruning and fertilization, and there is still a blank in the research of pollination technology. Most of the research on wild pollinating insects such as oil-tea camellia bees is still on biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics, and introduction and release technology. There are few applications of using wild pollinating insects to increase oil-tea yield in production.

[0089] 1. Selection of wild pollinating insects: Choose the tea-oil bee in areas with deeper soil layers, and choose the large-segmented bee in sandy loam.

[0090] 2. Survey of the original wild bee nesting areas in the oil-tea forest: From September to December, survey the distribution of pollinator nests on the soil surface within the oil-tea forest and within 200 meters of the forest edge, record the number and location of wild bee nests, and mark the range of the nests with bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area will be permanently marked with a fixed billboard and set as a protected area. The sign will indicate: pollinator conservation area, wild pollinator species, biological characteristics and protection methods.

[0091] 3. Plan and supplement according to the distribution and number of original nests, and configure them according to the principle of not moving the original nests. If the nests affect production activities, they must be removed before being moved.

[0092] 4. Method 1 for constructing a new wild pollinator conservation area: In July and August, in the oil-tea forest, choose a place with a soil layer of more than 45 cm thick, sheltered from the wind and facing the sun, dig and loosen the soil, tamp it, and water it thoroughly.

[0093] 5. Construction method 2 of new wild pollinator conservation area: In July and August, weed and tend the oil tea forest, dig a 30cm wide and 30cm deep beekeeping ditch, the length of which depends on the terrain. You can also use the original water conservation ditch in the oil tea forest, and dig parallel ditches every 2-3m. Keep the ditch free of loose soil and moist, so as to attract or guide oil tea bees to settle and build nests, and expand the bee colony.

[0094] 6. Source of Camellia oleifera bees: Choose October to December, sunny days, 9:00-16:00 in the old Camellia oleifera forest, use a pipe-shaped queen bee catcher to catch the female bees that come back to the nest with pollen from the nest entrance, vertically catch the female bees, let them crawl into the centrifuge tubes with air holes, one bee per tube. Tie the centrifuge tubes with rubber bands in groups of 10, put them in a box with moist absorbent cotton to keep them moist, heat and away from light, or store them in a car refrigerator, so that the bees can stay still but not be frozen, to avoid wasting their energy.

[0095] 7. Source of the Large Forked Tongue Bee: Choose September, dig nests and take pupae from the distribution area of ​​the Large Forked Tongue Bee nests marked in the previous year. The storage and transportation methods are the same as 6.

[0096] 8. Release bees in the oil-tea field: Release the bees collected on the same day in the evening of the same day. Drill holes with a diameter of less than 0.5 cm in the bee-attracting area. Put a centrifuge tube upside down at the hole entrance in each hole, and eject the bees into the hole. After removing the centrifuge tube, seal the hole entrance with soil. All the holes are buckled inside the mosquito net with a foldable mosquito net. Cut off all or part of the bottom of the mosquito net to ensure that it does not block the hole for attracting bees. Seal the mosquito net with fine soil around it to ensure that the bees do not fly out from the outer edge. Put 5% honey water in a shallow dish in the mosquito net, put a layer of window screen on it for feeding, or brush the honey water on the mosquito net. Take away the mosquito net and shallow dish in the evening of the next day, and let the bees collect pollen and honey freely.

[0097] 9. Release of the Large Split-Tongue Bee: dig a 20*20*40cm hole in or around the oil-tea forest, use stones to make room for it, place 20-50 pupae in each hole, fill it with soil and mark it.

[0098] (2) Beneficial Insect Conservation Area

[0099] Management methods for this area: digging and reclamation are prohibited; pesticide application is prohibited; one conservation area is set for every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest, with an area of ​​100-500m 2 The shape of this area can be regular or irregular, dot-shaped or sheet-shaped, and 5-10 kinds of wild 1, 2-year or perennial flowers that are nectar sources can be planted. Since the oil tea blooms in autumn and winter, the purpose of setting up this area is to provide habitats and food for beneficial insects in other seasons.

[0100] In the past, scholars and researchers mostly approached their research from a single perspective of insects or camellia oleifera, rather than treating camellia oleifera as an ecosystem and utilizing the system’s biodiversity to increase yield and quality, as well as enhance the camellia oleifera forest’s ability to resist pests and diseases and adverse environments.

[0101] This technology can not only provide food and habitats for pollinators and natural enemy insects, thereby increasing the biodiversity of oil palm forests, but also reduce the contradiction between protection and production by setting up protected areas (non-cultivated areas), thereby improving the ecological stability of oil palm forests while increasing yield and quality.

[0102] 1. In the beneficial insect conservation area, 10-15 kinds of annual or perennial wild nectar-producing herbs and flowers are planted in a mixed manner.

[0103] 2. Calculated by mass percentage, including the following flower species:

[0104] One or two-year-old: Viola yedoensis 6%; Leonurus japonicus 10%; Zinnia 5%; Emilia radiata 6%; Globe amaranth 5%; Thistle 8%; Wild buckwheat 6%;

[0105] Perennial: Dianthus 5%; Sage 8%; Amaranthus 5%; Belamcanda 6%; Astragalus 10%; Nepeta 7%; Coneflower 7%; Balm 6%.

[0106] 3. Fertilization and soil turning: In spring, before planting, the nursery area should be fertilized and turned over once, with a turning depth of at least 25 cm. The roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other debris that have been turned over should be cleaned up, and then the planting land should be raked flat. The amount of fertilizer applied is 3-4 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.

[0107] 4. Watering: The day before sowing, hydrate the protected area to be planted the next day to ensure that the soil is moist but without water accumulation when planting the next day.

[0108] 5. Sowing: Mix the mixed seeds with 3 times the amount of sand or wood ash; dig 5-10cm shallow trenches at a distance of 10-20cm in the protected area for row sowing, and cover with soil after sowing.

[0109] 6. Replanting: Every 1-3 years, replanting will be carried out in areas where plants are missing, based on the growth of nectar plants. Herbaceous plants will be used to ensure the continuity of flowering of plants in the protected area except in winter. Replanting is mainly done by sowing seeds, and the protected area will not be dug up.

[0110] (3) Camellia oil waste treatment area

[0111] The oil-tea waste treatment area is located beside the main road, and one oil-tea waste treatment area is set up for every 50-500 mu in the downhill of the oil-tea forest or in the water-rich area. It includes: one fermentation area, one earthworm breeding area, including one water source access port and one power source access port.

[0112] Camellia oleifera waste is an important carbon source. The common method is to burn it, which is a waste of resources. Reasonable utilization can return fertilizer to the fields and realize the circular production of Camellia oleifera forest.

[0113] The discarded branches of tea oil trees are the overwintering places for important pests and diseases such as tea oil tree anthracnose. Reasonable utilization is also an important method and means of preventing and controlling pests and diseases.

[0114] So far, there is no report on resource utilization of camellia oleifera waste after treatment in the forest.

[0115] 1. Fermentation area: There is no fixed area or size. It can be in an open area inside the forest or at the edge of the forest, and any area with electricity can be used. During fermentation, a plastic film is placed underneath and the fermentation material is piled on top.

[0116] 2. Fermentation raw materials: Crush the collected camellia oil waste (or other carbon sources).

[0117] 3. Fermentation: Add nitrogen sources such as cow dung, pig dung or urea, waste mushroom sticks, etc. to the fermentation raw materials to make the carbon-nitrogen ratio reach 25-30:1, mix well, add water to make the humidity 55%-65%, add microbial agents containing wood-rotting fungi, and cover with a film. Use a blower to blow air for 7-14 days to complete the fermentation.

[0118] 4. Application method of fermented material 1: Making biological fertilizer.

[0119] 5. Application method 2 of fermentation material: raising earthworms. The thickness of the fermentation material is 20-25 cm, the humidity is maintained at 65%, and the earthworms are evenly moved in.

[0120] 6. Earthworm breeding area: It is a cement pool of 10-20*10-20*20 cm, with an arch greenhouse similar to agricultural production on the top. The height of the greenhouse is 1.5-2 meters.

[0121] (4) Fruit collection area

[0122] At the intersection of the main road and the secondary road in the oil tea cultivation area, this area can be shared with the fermentation area. A stacking area is set up every 10-50 mu. The ground in this area is flat and can be used to stack loose or bagged oil tea for easy mechanical collection. A slide can be set along the main road to allow the bagged oil tea to move down along the slide, improving transportation efficiency and reducing labor costs.

[0123] 8. Pest and disease control:

[0124] (1) Collect pruned branches and fallen flowers and fruits and send them to the waste disposal area for treatment.

[0125] (2) After 4-5 years of planting tea oil, it is prohibited to intercrop tall crops such as corn and sorghum to prevent the occurrence of common diseases and pests.

[0126] (3) Prevention and control of oil-tea weevils: Plant honeysuckle at the edge of the forest to attract them, and spray 8% cypermethrin microcapsules 200-300 times diluted 2-3 times on the honeysuckle from April to June. In the spring, mix Beauveria bassiana powder with fine soil or fine sand at a ratio of 1:10-15 and spread it on the oil-tea forest soil. Sprinkle the infected soil under the oil-tea forest, using 4-5 kg ​​of infected soil per mu.

[0127] (4) Prevention and control of anthracnose of tea oil: spray 1% Bordeaux mixture once in early, mid- and late November.

[0128] Obviously, the above embodiments are merely examples for the purpose of clear explanation, and are not intended to limit the implementation methods. For those skilled in the art, other different forms of changes or modifications can be made based on the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to list all the implementation methods here. The obvious changes or modifications derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of the invention.

Claims

1. An ecological and mechanized cultivation method for promoting the production of oil-tea camellia, characterized in that: The cultivation methods include mechanized wide-row land preparation, seedling grafting and seedling raising, single-ridge dense planting, forest management, standardized pruning, oil-tea plantation rotation management and eco-friendly management of non-cultivated areas; The rotation management of oil tea forest is to divide the entire cultivation area of ​​oil tea forest into several small cultivation areas according to the area or number of plants, and each small cultivation area is divided into two parts according to the terrain or production; the first part blooms in the first year and the second part bears fruit, the first part bears fruit in the second year and the second part blooms, and the third year and odd years are the same as the first year, and even years are the same as the second year; The non-cultivated area with eco-friendly management is located in the forest or forest edge of the oil-tea camellia cultivation area, including wild pollinator conservation areas, beneficial insect conservation areas, oil-tea camellia waste treatment areas and fruit collection areas; The regional management methods of wild pollinator conservation areas are as follows: digging and reclamation are prohibited; trampling is prohibited during the oil tea flowering period; pesticide application is prohibited during the pest control period, and film must be used to cover the area during the application period; no fertilizer is applied; one wild pollinator conservation area with an area of ​​20-30m2 is set up in the leeward and sunny area for every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest 2 The wild pollinator conservation area has regular or irregular shapes, with no grass or only a small amount of weeds on the surface. The wild soil-dwelling pollinating insects such as Camellia oleifera or Diplodocus schizophylla are introduced. Camellia oleifera is selected in areas with deeper soil layers, and Diplodocus schizophylla is selected in sandy loam soils. The method of building a wild pollinator conservation area is as follows: in July and August, in the oil-tea forest, choose a place with a soil layer of more than 45cm thick, leeward and sunny, dig and loosen the soil, tamp it, and water it thoroughly; or in July and August, in the oil-tea forest, weed and cultivate it comprehensively, dig a beekeeping ditch 30cm wide and 30cm deep, or use the original water conservation ditch in the oil-tea forest to dig parallel ditches every 2-3m; attract or guide oil-tea bees to settle and build nests, and expand the bee colony; The regional management method of the beneficial insect conservation area is as follows: digging and reclamation is prohibited; the use of pesticides is prohibited; one beneficial insect conservation area is set up for every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest, with an area of ​​100-500m 2 The beneficial insect conservation area is in regular or irregular shape, dot-shaped or sheet-shaped, and is planted with 5-10 kinds of wild annual or perennial grass flowers that are nectar sources; by mass percentage, the following flower species are included: annual or biennial: Viola yedoensis 6%; Leonurus japonicus 10%; Zinnia 5%; Eupatorium 6%; Globe amaranth 5%; Thistle 8%; Wild buckwheat 6%; Perennials: Dianthus 5%; Salvia officinalis 8%; Amaranthus 5%; Belamcanda 6%; Astragalus 10%; Nepeta tenuifolia 7%; Rudbeckia integron 7%; Balm 6%.

2. The method for promoting the production of oil-tea in wheel-shaped crops in an ecological and mechanized manner as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The wide-row land preparation should be mechanized, and the row width of oil tea land preparation should not be less than the width of small machinery plus 2m, and there should be tracked or trackless mechanical passages between rows.

3. The method for promoting the production of oil-tea in wheel-shaped crops in an ecological and mechanized manner as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: Regarding mechanized wide-row land preparation, choose slopes with good drainage, a slope of less than 15 degrees, sunny, and a pH of 5.5-6.

5. Gentle slopes are used as planting bases. Deep plowing is carried out in winter. The land is prepared according to a row spacing of 3.5-5.5 m and a terrace height of 0-70 cm. Dig a 20-30 cm wide and 20-30 cm deep ditch at a row width of 3.0-4.5 m. Apply 0.5-1.5 kg of organic fertilizer per meter as base fertilizer, mix it thoroughly with the backfill topsoil, and then fill the soil and plant after it settles slightly.

4. The method for promoting the production of oil-tea in wheel-growing ecological and mechanized cultivation as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The single-ridge dense planting refers to planting with a plant spacing of 50-110 cm.

5. The method for promoting the production of oil-tea in wheel-shaped crops in an ecological and mechanized manner as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: Regarding single-ridge dense planting, select Class I seedlings between December and March 10, and plant 4 to 8 varieties with strong affinity in equal or equal ratios, with a plant spacing of 0.5 to 1.1 m and trenches dug at a row width of 3.0 to 4.0 cm.

6. The method for promoting the production of oil-tea in wheel-shaped crops in an ecological and mechanized manner as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: For the mechanized standardized pruning, each tea oil plant has the same height after pruning, and the same crown width in the direction perpendicular to the row; standardized pruning adopts "Y"-shaped pruning, and uses electric saws to prune the tea oil plants to uniform height and width; the tea oil plants are planted close to the edge of the terrace, and the projection of the "Y"-shaped branches is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace, with the projection facing uphill as the high branch layer, and the projection facing downhill as the lower branch layer.

7. Application of the ecological and mechanized cultivation method for promoting production of oil-tea in wheeled crops as described in any one of claims 1 to 6 in slopes, gentle slopes and flat lands with a slope not exceeding 20 degrees.

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