A light-concentrating perovskite concrete composite board and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of building materials, and provides a light-concentrating perovskite concrete composite board and a preparation method thereof.The composite board provided by the present application comprises an ultrahigh-performance concrete board and a light-concentrating perovskite battery arranged on the surface of the concrete board, the conductive glass layer of the light-concentrating perovskite battery is in contact with the concrete board, and the concrete board comprises a hollow inner cavity, and a thermal insulation layer and polyurethane particles are arranged in the hollow inner cavity.The light-concentrating perovskite battery is combined with the concrete board in contact to form an integrated structure, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved, and the appearance is better.The raw material composition can be adjusted to effectively prevent the cracking of the board caused by temperature stress in the photoelectric conversion process, and meanwhile, the concrete board in the composite board adopts a hollow design, has the characteristics of light weight and high strength, saves materials and costs, and in addition, the hollow cavity contains a thermal insulation layer and filled polyurethane particles, and has the effects of thermal insulation, sound insulation and noise reduction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of building materials technology, and in particular to a light-concentrating perovskite concrete composite panel and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Energy consumption for air temperature regulation within buildings accounts for approximately 70% of the total building energy consumption. Using air conditioning or coal-fired power plants to regulate room temperature consumes a significant amount of energy and causes environmental pollution. With the continuous development of new energy sources and the increasing demand for urban energy conservation, emission reduction, and green environmental protection, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is gaining increasing attention.

[0003] Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is a method of converting solar energy received on a building's facade into other forms of energy (such as electricity) using photovoltaic arrays. The most common form is the integration of the photovoltaic array with the building itself. Specifically, photovoltaic modules are attached to the building, with the building acting as a support for the array. However, this method separates the photovoltaic modules from the building materials themselves. It simply involves installing photovoltaic modules, such as crystalline silicon cells, on the exterior of the building materials. The photovoltaic modules and the building body are separate, failing to integrate them effectively. This results in low photoelectric conversion efficiency, high cost, and poor aesthetics. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention provides a concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel and its preparation method. The concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel provided by the present invention adopts an integrated structure, which effectively combines the concentrated perovskite photovoltaic module with the building material body, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and enhancing the appearance.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0006] This invention provides a concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel, comprising an ultra-high performance concrete panel and a concentrated perovskite solar cell disposed on the surface of the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the ultra-high performance concrete panel is provided with a hollow inner cavity; the number of hollow inner cavities is ≥1; the hollow inner cavity has an open structure, the inner wall surface of the hollow inner cavity is covered with a heat insulation layer, and the interior of the hollow inner cavity is filled with polyurethane.

[0007] The raw materials for preparing the ultra-high performance concrete slab include cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings, water, water-reducing agent, and fiber.

[0008] Preferably, the amount of cement used is 350-400 kg / m³. 3 The amount of silica fume used is 100-120 kg / m³.3 The dosage of Class I iron tailings is 120-150 kg / m³. 3 The dosage of Class II iron tailings is 350-400 kg / m³. 3 The water consumption is 90-100 kg / m³. 3 The water-reducing agent is used at a rate of 2.0% to 2.4% of the total mass of the cement and silica fume, and the fiber volume content is 0.5% to 1%.

[0009] Preferably, the mass fraction of SiO2 in the first-class iron tailings and the second-class iron tailings is independently ≥70%, the mesh size of the first-class iron tailings is 40-70 mesh, and the mesh size of the second-class iron tailings is 70-140 mesh.

[0010] Preferably, the silica fume comprises white silica fume, and the fiber comprises PVA fiber.

[0011] Preferably, the cement includes ordinary silicate cement or composite silicate cement.

[0012] Preferably, the insulation layer is made of rock wool, mineral wool, or ASC calcium silicate series.

[0013] Preferably, the concentrated perovskite solar cell includes a conductive glass layer, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and an electrode layer stacked sequentially; the perovskite light-absorbing layer includes a first perovskite crystalline layer, a first grain boundary transport channel layer, a barrier layer, a second perovskite crystalline layer, and a second grain boundary transport channel layer stacked sequentially, wherein the first perovskite crystalline layer and the first charge transport layer are in contact, and the second grain boundary transport channel layer and the second charge transport layer are in contact.

[0014] Preferably, the method for preparing the first perovskite crystalline layer or the second perovskite crystalline layer includes the following steps:

[0015] The precursor material, conductive particles, and solvent are mixed to obtain a mixture;

[0016] The mixture is sprayed into a film to obtain a wet film;

[0017] The wet film is annealed to obtain the first perovskite crystalline layer or the second perovskite crystalline layer.

[0018] The precursor material includes PbI2 or CsI, the conductive particles include ZnO or Cu2O, the annealing temperature is 120-130℃, and the time is 15-20 min; the thickness of the first perovskite crystal layer is 150-300 nm, and the thickness of the second perovskite crystal layer is 200-250 nm.

[0019] Preferably, the mass ratio of the precursor material, conductive particles and solvent is 1-1.8:2-2.6:4-4.8, and the solvent includes a mixed solution of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0020] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the composite board described above, comprising the following steps:

[0021] The cement and the silica fume are mixed in a first step to obtain a first mixture;

[0022] The first type of iron tailings and the second type of iron tailings are mixed with the first mixture to obtain the second mixture;

[0023] The second mixture and a portion of water are mixed a third time to obtain a third mixture;

[0024] The third mixture, the remaining water, the water-reducing agent, and the fiber are mixed in a fourth mixture to obtain a fourth mixture.

[0025] The fourth mixture is sequentially injection molded and pre-formed to obtain a pre-formed sheet, wherein the injection mold includes a structure for forming the hollow inner cavity;

[0026] The concentrated perovskite solar cell is placed on the surface of the preformed plate, and the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the preformed plate to obtain a preformed composite plate.

[0027] Demolding of the preformed composite panel;

[0028] After demolding, thermal insulation material is laid on the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity of the preformed composite board, and polyurethane is used to fill the hollow cavity. Then, the composite board is cured to obtain the composite board.

[0029] Preferably, before the first mixing, the cement, silica fume, type I iron tailings, type II iron tailings, and fiber are dried.

[0030] Preferably, the fourth mixing includes the following steps:

[0031] The third mixture, the water-reducing agent, and the remaining water are mixed and stirred at 135-145 rpm for 1-2 minutes. Then, the speed is increased to 275-285 rpm and stirred for 0.5-1 minutes to obtain a mixed slurry. While keeping the speed constant, the fiber is added and stirred for 1-2 minutes. The fiber is added from the outside of the liquid surface of the mixed slurry towards the center in a clockwise direction.

[0032] Preferably, the first mixing, the second mixing, and the third stirring are carried out by stirring, wherein the stirring speed is independently 135-145 rpm and the time is 2-3 min.

[0033] This invention provides a concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel, comprising an ultra-high performance concrete panel and a concentrated perovskite solar cell disposed on the surface of the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the ultra-high performance concrete panel has a hollow inner cavity; the number of hollow inner cavities is ≥1; the hollow inner cavity has an open structure, the inner wall surface of the hollow inner cavity is covered with a thermal insulation layer, and the interior of the hollow inner cavity is filled with polyurethane; the raw materials for preparing the ultra-high performance concrete panel include cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings, water, water-reducing agent, and fiber. This invention combines the concentrated perovskite solar cell with the concrete panel to form an integrated structure, improving photoelectric conversion efficiency and improving appearance; it can provide power to indoor spaces and regulate indoor temperature. This invention also uses iron tailings as a temperature-inert material, combined with raw materials such as cement and silica fume, to prepare a composite board with excellent strength. This effectively prevents the board from cracking due to temperature stress caused by the photoelectric conversion process. At the same time, the concrete board in the composite board adopts a cavity design, which is lightweight and high-strength, saving materials and costs. In addition, the cavity contains an insulation layer and is filled with polyurethane material, which has the effects of heat preservation, sound insulation and noise reduction.

[0034] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel described above. The preparation method provided by the present invention can make the raw materials uniformly distributed, effectively avoid local agglomeration, and improve the overall performance of the composite panel. Attached Figure Description

[0035] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the composite plate prepared in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0036] This invention provides a concentrated perovskite concrete composite panel, comprising an ultra-high performance concrete panel and a concentrated perovskite solar cell disposed on the surface of the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the ultra-high performance concrete panel is provided with a hollow inner cavity; the number of hollow inner cavities is ≥1; the hollow inner cavity has an open structure, the inner wall surface of the hollow inner cavity is covered with a heat insulation layer, and the interior of the hollow inner cavity is filled with polyurethane; the raw materials for preparing the ultra-high performance concrete panel include cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings, water, water-reducing agent, and fiber.

[0037] Unless otherwise specified, all raw materials used in the preparation of this invention are commercially available.

[0038] In this invention, the raw materials for preparing the ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) slab include cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings, water, water-reducing agent, and fiber.

[0039] In this invention, the preferred amount of cement used is 350–400 kg / m³. 3 In this invention, the cement preferably comprises ordinary Portland cement or composite Portland cement, more preferably ordinary Portland cement. The type of ordinary Portland cement preferably includes P·O42.5 or P·O52.5. When the type of cement is preferably P·O42.5, the amount of cement used is preferably 370–400 kg / m³. 3 When the type of cement is preferably P·O52.5, the amount of cement used is preferably 350-370 kg / m³. 3 .

[0040] In this invention, the preferred amount of silica fume is 100-120 kg / m³. 3 More preferably, it is 105–115 kg / m³. 3 A further preferred value is 108–111 kg / m³. 3 In this invention, the silica fume preferably includes white silica fume, the single particle size of the white silica fume is preferably 35-110 nm, and the specific surface area of ​​the white silica fume is preferably 35-40 m². 2 / g, the surface silanol group density of the white silica fume is preferably 1.1-1.4 nm. -2 .

[0041] In this invention, the preferred dosage of the first type of iron tailings is 120-150 kg / m³. 3 More preferably, it is 125–145 kg / m³. 3 A further preferred value is 125–130 kg / m³. 3 The preferred mesh size of the first type of iron tailings is 40-70 mesh, and the preferred dosage of the second type of iron tailings is 350-400 kg / m³. 3 More preferably, it is 360–390 kg / m 3 A further preferred value is 375–395 kg / m³. 3The mesh size of the second type of iron tailings is preferably 70-140 mesh. In this invention, the mass fraction of SiO2 in both the first and second type of iron tailings is preferably ≥70%. In this invention, both the first and second type of iron tailings are high-silica iron tailings, which are inert particles and relatively stable with a small coefficient of thermal expansion. When the concentrated perovskite solar cells placed on the surface of the concrete slab absorb solar energy and convert it into electrical energy, heat is generated, resulting in a higher temperature at the contact surface between the concrete slab and the cells, creating a temperature difference with other parts of the concrete slab. The high-silica iron tailings particles in the concrete can effectively slow down the initiation and development of cracks in the slab caused by the above-mentioned temperature difference, and even the cracking of the slab. At the same time, the use of first-type and second-type iron tailings in this invention can replace natural river sand and manufactured sand, which can effectively reduce the preparation cost of composite slabs.

[0042] In this invention, the preferred amount of water used is 90-100 kg / m³. 3 More preferably, it is 90–96 kg / m 3 A further preferred value is 93–95 kg / m³. 3 .

[0043] In this invention, the amount of water-reducing agent is preferably 2.0% to 2.4% of the total mass of the cement and silica fume, more preferably 2.05% to 2.33%, and even more preferably 2.11% to 2.28%. In this invention, the water-reducing agent is preferably a polycarboxylate-based water-reducing agent, the solid content of the water-reducing agent is preferably 18% to 40%, more preferably 18% to 25%, and the water-reducing efficiency of the water-reducing agent is preferably ≥30%, more preferably 30% to 40%.

[0044] In this invention, the fiber preferably comprises PVA fiber, the diameter of which is preferably 3-12 mm, more preferably 3-9 mm, and even more preferably 3-6 mm. The aspect ratio of the PVA fiber is preferably 100-300, more preferably 150-250, and even more preferably 180-220. The volumetric content of the fiber is preferably 0.5-1%, more preferably 0.6-0.9%, and even more preferably 0.7-0.8%. In this invention, the fiber can improve the crack resistance of concrete slabs.

[0045] In this invention, the concentrated perovskite solar cell preferably comprises a conductive glass layer, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and an electrode layer stacked sequentially.

[0046] In this invention, the conductive glass layer preferably comprises a glass substrate and a transparent electrode stacked sequentially. Preferably, the conductive glass layer is an ITO conductive glass prepared by applied chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) or magnetron sputtering (PVD). The thickness of the glass substrate in the ITO conductive glass is preferably 1.1 mm, the resistance of the ITO conductive glass is preferably 8 ohms, the light transmittance of the ITO conductive glass is preferably 86%, and the thickness of the ITO film (transparent electrode) in the ITO conductive glass is preferably 200 nm.

[0047] In this invention, the charge conduction type of both the first and second charge transport layers is preferably N-type or P-type, more preferably P-type. The material of both the first and second charge transport layers is preferably nickel oxide. The thickness of each charge transport layer is independently preferably 50-60 nm. The preferred use of two charge transport layers in this invention can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of concentrated perovskite solar cells.

[0048] In this invention, the perovskite light-absorbing layer preferably comprises a first perovskite crystalline layer, a first grain boundary transport channel layer, a barrier layer, a second perovskite crystalline layer, and a second grain boundary transport channel layer stacked sequentially. The first perovskite crystalline layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer, and the second grain boundary transport channel layer is in contact with the second charge transport layer. In this invention, the first grain boundary transport channel layer, the second grain boundary transport channel layer, the first charge transport layer, and the second charge transport layer are preferably made of the same material.

[0049] In this invention, the method for preparing the perovskite crystalline layer preferably includes the following steps: mixing a precursor material, conductive particles, and a solvent to obtain a mixture; spraying the mixture into a film to obtain a wet film; and annealing the wet film to obtain a first perovskite crystalline layer or a second perovskite crystalline layer. In this invention, the precursor material preferably includes PbI2 or CsI, the conductive particles preferably include ZnO or Cu2O, and the mass ratio of the precursor material, conductive particles, and solvent is preferably 1–1.8:2–2.6:4–4.8, more preferably 1.2–1.6:2.1–2.5:4.2–4.6, and even more preferably 1.3–1.5:2.2–2.4:4.3–4.5. The solvent is preferably a mixed solution of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the volume ratio of dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is preferably 8:2–6:4, and even more preferably 7:3. In this invention, the annealing temperature is preferably 120–130°C, more preferably 123–126°C, and the annealing time is preferably 15–20 min, more preferably 16–18 min. In this invention, the thickness of the first perovskite crystal layer is preferably 150–300 nm, more preferably 230–280 nm, and the thickness of the second perovskite crystal layer is preferably 200–250 nm, more preferably 200–220 nm. In this invention, the thicknesses of the first grain boundary transport channel layer and the second grain boundary transport channel layer are independently preferably 50–200 nm, more preferably 60–150 nm, and even more preferably 65–80 nm. In this invention, the material of the barrier layer preferably includes 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, phenylethyl ammonium iodide, or 1,3-propanediammonium iodide, and the thickness of the barrier layer is preferably 6–12 nm, more preferably 6–10 nm, and even more preferably 7–9 nm.

[0050] In this invention, the electrode layer is preferably made of copper, aluminum, gold, or silver, more preferably gold or silver, and even more preferably gold. The thickness of the electrode layer is preferably 80–120 nm, more preferably 80–110 nm, and even more preferably 85–100 nm.

[0051] In this invention, the hollow inner cavity has an open structure, and the number of hollow inner cavities is ≥1, more preferably 3 to 5, and even more preferably 3 to 4. In this invention, the length of the composite board is preferably 4 to 10 m, the width of the composite board is preferably 600 to 800 mm, and the height of the composite board is preferably 100 to 150 mm. In this invention, the hollow inner cavities are preferably evenly distributed along the width direction of the composite board. The wall thickness of the hollow inner cavity is preferably 10 to 20 mm, more preferably 10 mm, the height of the hollow inner cavity is preferably 75 to 85 mm of the width of the composite board, more preferably 80 mm, the length of the hollow inner cavity is preferably the same as the length of the composite board, and the width of the hollow inner cavity is preferably 180 to 190 mm, more preferably 184 to 185 mm. In this invention, the inner corners of the hollow inner cavity are preferably rounded, and the radius of the rounded corner is preferably 5 to 8 mm, more preferably 5 mm. In this invention, the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity is covered with a thermal insulation layer. The material of the thermal insulation layer preferably includes rock wool, mineral wool, or ASIC calcium silicate series, more preferably rock wool or mineral wool, and even more preferably rock wool. In this invention, the thermal insulation layer is preferably laid on the upper and lower surfaces of the hollow cavity, and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer is preferably 1 / 5 to 1 / 4 of the height of the hollow cavity. In this invention, the interior of the hollow cavity is filled with polyurethane, and the polyurethane is preferably in the form of polyurethane particles. In this invention, the two sides of the composite panel preferably include structures for splicing.

[0052] In this invention, the areal density of the composite board is preferably ≤75kg / m³. 2 More preferably 65-75 kg / m 2 The compressive strength of the composite board is preferably ≥15MPa, more preferably 18-20MPa; the bending failure load of the composite board is preferably ≥4.5MPa, more preferably 5-5.5MPa; the heat transfer coefficient of the composite board is ≤1.0W / (m²). 2 ·K), more preferably 0.6~0.8W / (m 2 The fire resistance limit of the composite board is preferably ≥3h, more preferably 4.5-5h; the electrical flux of the shell substrate of the composite board is preferably <100C, more preferably 80-85C; the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of the composite board is preferably <100m. 2 / s, more preferably 90-95m 2 / s; the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the composite board is preferably ≥18%, more preferably 18.5-19.4%; the softening coefficient of the composite board is preferably ≥0.82, more preferably 0.9-0.96; the bending failure load of the composite board is preferably ≥4.5 times its own weight, more preferably 4.8-5.2 times; the impact resistance of the composite board is preferably ≥5 times, more preferably 5-6 times; the hanging force of the composite board is preferably ≥1000N, more preferably 1100-1200N. N; the external single-point pull-out force of the composite board is preferably ≥10KN, more preferably 10~11KN; the shrinkage value of the composite board is preferably ≤0.46mm / m, more preferably 0.35~0.4mm / m; the specific activity of the natural radionuclide radium-226 in the composite board is preferably ≤0.3, more preferably 0.2~0.25; the specific activity of the natural radionuclide thorium-232 in the composite board is preferably ≤0.4, more preferably 0.3~0.35.

[0053] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the composite board described in the above technical solution, comprising the following steps: mixing the cement and the silica fume in a first mixing process to obtain a first mixture;

[0054] The first type of iron tailings and the second type of iron tailings are mixed with the first mixture to obtain the second mixture;

[0055] The second mixture and the portion of water are mixed a third time to obtain a third mixture;

[0056] The third mixture, the remaining water, the water-reducing agent, and the fiber are mixed in a fourth mixture to obtain a fourth mixture.

[0057] The fourth mixture is sequentially injection molded and pre-formed to obtain a pre-formed sheet, wherein the injection mold includes a structure for forming the hollow inner cavity;

[0058] The concentrated perovskite solar cell is placed on the surface of the preformed plate, and the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the preformed plate to obtain a preformed composite plate.

[0059] Demolding of the preformed composite panel;

[0060] After demolding, thermal insulation material is laid on the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity, and the hollow cavity is filled with polyurethane. Then, the composite board is cured to obtain the composite board.

[0061] In this invention, the process prior to the first mixing preferably includes drying the cement, silica fume, type I iron tailings, type II iron tailings, and fibers. In this invention, the drying temperature is preferably 21–25°C, more preferably 22–24°C, and even more preferably 23°C. The drying time is preferably 24–36 hours, more preferably 24–30 hours, and even more preferably 24 hours. This invention preferably uses the above-mentioned drying method, which, on the one hand, eliminates the influence of free water in the raw materials on the preparation of concrete slabs. Strictly controlling the water-cement ratio can effectively reduce the free water content in the slabs, thereby avoiding residual voids after water evaporation that could cause an imbalance in internal and external pressure of the slabs, effectively preventing cracks or even splitting. On the other hand, it can keep the temperature of the raw materials as consistent as possible, reducing the temperature stress caused by temperature differences in the raw materials and thus reducing temperature cracks in the concrete slabs, preventing adverse effects on the overall structural integrity and durability of the slabs.

[0062] This invention involves first mixing the cement and silica fume to obtain a first mixture; then mixing the first mixture with the first and second types of iron tailings to obtain a second mixture; and finally mixing the second mixture with a portion of water to obtain a third mixture. In this invention, the first, second, and third mixing are preferably carried out in a mixer, and the preferred method for these processes is stirring. The stirring speed is preferably 135–145 rpm, more preferably 138–140 rpm; the stirring time is preferably 2–3 min, more preferably 2–2.5 min. The portion of water preferably constitutes 60–80% of the total water mass, more preferably 65–75%, and even more preferably 70%.

[0063] After obtaining the third mixture, the present invention preferably involves a fourth mixture of the third mixture, the remaining water, the water-reducing agent, and the fiber to obtain a fourth mixture. In the present invention, the fourth mixture preferably includes the following steps: mixing the third mixture, the water-reducing agent, and the remaining water, stirring at 135–145 rpm for 1–2 minutes, then increasing the speed to 275–285 rpm and stirring for 0.5–1 minutes to obtain a mixed slurry; maintaining the same speed, adding the fiber and stirring for 1–2 minutes; the fiber is added from the outside of the liquid surface of the mixed slurry towards the center in a clockwise direction.

[0064] The preferred feeding sequence and mixing conditions of this invention can ensure that the cementitious materials and aggregates are fully mixed and evenly distributed, avoiding local agglomeration; adding water in batches can avoid excessive heat of hydration caused by adding water all at once at the beginning of cement hydration; adding the remaining water mixed with the water-reducing agent can significantly improve the fluidity of the slurry, reduce viscosity, and increase the stirring speed can allow the groups in the water-reducing agent to fully exert the air-entraining and isolating "ball-bead" water-reducing effect; and the way the fiber is added can effectively avoid the problems of fiber agglomeration and uneven distribution in the mixture.

[0065] After obtaining the fourth mixture, the present invention preferably involves sequentially injection molding and preforming the fourth mixture to obtain a preformed sheet. In the present invention, the preforming process includes a vibration treatment, the vibration treatment time of which is preferably 25–45 s, more preferably 27–35 s, and even more preferably 30 s; the vibration frequency of the vibration treatment is preferably 2800–2900 times / min, more preferably 2830–2850 times / min; and the vibration amplitude of the vibration treatment is preferably 0.3–0.6 mm, more preferably 0.4–0.5 mm. The preferred vibration treatment conditions of the present invention can remove air bubbles generated by stirring in the fourth mixture, improving the density of the sheet. In the present invention, the preforming method is static setting, the static setting time of which is preferably 1–2 h, more preferably 1–1.5 h. In the present invention, the injection mold includes a structure for forming the hollow inner cavity.

[0066] After obtaining the preformed substrate, the present invention places the concentrated perovskite solar cell on the surface of the preformed substrate, with the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell in contact with the preformed substrate, thus obtaining a preformed composite board. In this invention, the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell preferably undergoes a first roughening treatment, and the surface of the preformed substrate in contact with the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell preferably undergoes a second roughening treatment. The first and second roughening treatments are not sequential in time, and the directions of the first and second roughening treatments are at a certain angle, preferably within the range of 45° to 90°. In this invention, the roughening treatment can increase the contact friction between the concentrated perovskite solar cell and the surface of the preformed substrate, thereby improving the bonding force between them.

[0067] After obtaining the preformed composite plate, the present invention preferably demolds the preformed composite plate. In the present invention, the demolding is preferably carried out 18 to 24 hours after the concentrated perovskite solar cell is placed on the surface of the preformed plate.

[0068] After demolding, the present invention preferably lays insulation material on the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity, fills the hollow cavity with polyurethane, and then cures to obtain the composite board. In the present invention, insulation material is preferably laid on the upper and lower surfaces of the inner wall of the hollow cavity. In the present invention, the core structure of the hollow cavity is a sandwich structure consisting of a layer of insulation material, a polyurethane particle filling layer, and another layer of insulation material, which has significant effects on temperature regulation and sound insulation. In the present invention, the curing is preferably standard curing, the curing temperature is preferably 20±2℃, the relative humidity is preferably >95%, the standard curing is preferably carried out in a standard curing kiln, and the curing time is preferably 15 to 30 days. In the present invention, the curing process also preferably includes sequential grinding, polishing, and finishing, which are preferably carried out in the board area.

[0069] The technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments thereof.

[0070] Example 1

[0071] A light-concentrating perovskite concrete composite panel includes an ultra-high performance concrete panel and a light-concentrating perovskite solar cell disposed on the surface of the concrete panel.

[0072] The raw materials for preparing ultra-high performance concrete slabs consist of the following components in varying amounts:

[0073] The cement used is P·O42.5 cement, and its dosage is 360 kg / m³. 3 ;

[0074] White silica fume, with a single particle size of 50nm and a specific surface area of ​​35m². 2 / g, surface silanol group density is 1.26nm -2 Its dosage is 110 kg / m³ 3 ;

[0075] Type I iron tailings, with a mesh size of 40-70 mesh, and a SiO2 mass fraction of 72%, are used at a dosage of 130 kg / m³. 3 ;

[0076] Type II iron tailings, with a mesh size of 70-140 mesh, contains 75% SiO2 by mass and is used at a rate of 360 kg / m³. 3 ;

[0077] Water consumption is 95 kg / m³ 3 ;

[0078] The water-reducing agent is a polycarboxylate-based water-reducing agent with a solid content of 35% and a water-reducing efficiency of 30%; the dosage is 2.1% of the total mass of cement and silica fume.

[0079] The fiber is PVA fiber with a diameter of 3mm, an aspect ratio of 200, and a volume fraction of 0.8%.

[0080] A concentrated light perovskite solar cell consists of a conductive glass layer, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and an electrode layer stacked sequentially.

[0081] Among them, the conductive glass layer is ITO conductive glass, the thickness of the glass substrate in the ITO conductive glass is 1.1 mm, the resistance is 8 ohms, the thickness of the ITO film (transparent electrode) in the ITO conductive glass is 200 nm, and the light transmittance of the ITO conductive glass is 86%.

[0082] The first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer are both made of nickel oxide, and their thicknesses are 58 nm and 55 nm, respectively. The perovskite light-absorbing layer is composed of a first perovskite crystal layer, a first grain boundary transport channel layer, a barrier layer, a second perovskite crystal layer, and a second grain boundary transport channel layer stacked sequentially. The material of the grain boundary transport channel layer is the same as that of the charge transport layer, and the thicknesses of the first grain boundary transport channel layer and the second grain boundary transport channel layer are 58 nm and 55 nm, respectively.

[0083] The preparation method of the first perovskite crystalline layer is as follows: A mixed solution of precursor material PbI2, conductive particles ZnO, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide is mixed to obtain a mixed solution. The mass ratio of the precursor material, conductive particles, and solvent is 3:5:9. The volume ratio of dimethylformamide to dimethyl sulfoxide is 7:3. After obtaining the mixed solution, it is sprayed into a film to obtain a wet film. The wet film is annealed at 120℃ for 16 minutes to obtain the perovskite crystalline layer. The thickness of the first perovskite crystalline layer is 260 nm, and the thickness of the second perovskite crystalline layer is 220 nm.

[0084] The barrier layer is made of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline and has a thickness of 8 nm.

[0085] The electrode layer is made of gold and is 100nm thick.

[0086] The preparation method of the above composite board is as follows:

[0087] Cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings and PVA fiber are dried at a temperature of 23°C for 24 hours.

[0088] The cement and silica fume are first mixed in a mixer to obtain the first mixture.

[0089] The first type of iron tailings and the second type of iron tailings are mixed with the first mixture to obtain the second mixture;

[0090] The second mixture and 70% of the water mass are then mixed a third time to obtain the third mixture.

[0091] The stirring speeds for the first, second, and third mixtures were 136 rpm, 138 rpm, and 142 rpm, respectively, and the stirring times were 2 min, 2 min, and 2.5 min, respectively.

[0092] The third mixture, the remaining water, the water-reducing agent, and the PVA fiber are mixed in a fourth mixture to obtain the fourth mixture.

[0093] In the fourth mixing, the remaining portion of the third mixture, water-reducing agent, and water are mixed and stirred at 142 rpm for 1 minute. Then, the speed is increased to 280 rpm and stirred for 1 minute to obtain a mixed slurry. While keeping the speed constant, PVA fibers are added and stirred for 1 minute. The PVA fibers are added by adding them from the outside of the liquid surface of the mixed slurry towards the center in a clockwise direction.

[0094] The fourth mixture is subjected to injection molding, vibration treatment and preforming in sequence to obtain a preformed plate. The injection molding mold includes the forming structure of the hollow inner cavity. The vibration treatment time is 30s, the vibration frequency is 2850 times / min, and the vibration amplitude is 0.5mm.

[0095] The preforming process involves a static setting period of 1.5 hours. After this initial setting, a concentrated perovskite solar cell is placed on the surface of the preformed substrate, with the conductive glass layer of the solar cell in contact with the substrate, resulting in a preformed composite board. The conductive glass layer of the solar cell undergoes a roughening process, with the roughening direction along the diagonal of the conductive glass layer. The roughening angle on the surface of the preformed substrate in contact with the conductive glass layer of the solar cell is parallel to the shorter side of the preformed substrate, with an interval of 0.5 μm. The dimensions of the solar cell are the same as the surface dimensions of the preformed board.

[0096] 24 hours after placing the battery, the pre-formed composite plate is demolded.

[0097] After demolding, insulation material is laid on the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity. Rock wool, 20mm thick, is then laid on the upper and lower surfaces of the hollow cavity wall. After laying, polyurethane granules are filled into the hollow cavity. After filling, the filled panels are cured in a standard curing kiln. The curing temperature is controlled between 20 and 22℃, and the relative humidity is >95%. After curing for 18 days, the cured composite panels are transported to the panel area, where they are successively ground, polished, and finished to obtain the final product.

[0098] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the composite panel prepared in Example 1. The actual length of the composite panel is 10m, the width is 600mm, and the height is 100mm. The ultra-high performance concrete panel 1 consists of three hollow cavities, each 10m long, 184mm wide, and 10mm thick. The four corners of the inner surface are chamfered with a chamfer radius of 5mm. Figure 1 As can be seen, concentrated perovskite solar cells 2 are set on the surface formed by the length and width of the ultra-high performance concrete slab 1. The hollow cavity of the ultra-high performance concrete slab 1 is filled with a core, which includes rock wool layers 3 laid on the upper and lower surfaces and polyurethane particles 4 filled in the middle. The polyurethane particles form a polyurethane layer sandwiched between the two rock wool layers, forming a sandwich structure. The actual thickness of the rock wool layer is 20mm, and the actual thickness of the polyurethane layer is 40mm, which has good thermal insulation and noise reduction performance. At the same time, a splicing structure is also set on both sides of the composite slab, with a groove on one side and a boss on the other side, which can ensure that multiple identical composite slabs can be spliced ​​together to form a slab of the required width.

[0099] The composite panels prepared in Example 1 were tested according to the following standards: Q / ZJYJY-0002-2020 "Ultra-high performance concrete premix", Q510107ZJXB003-2020 "High-performance composite wall panels for building interior cladding", Q510107ZJXB006-2020 "High-performance self-insulating composite exterior wall panels", and Q / 510107ZJXB008-2021 "Ultra-high performance concrete self-insulating composite wall panels for non-load-bearing exterior walls". The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0100] Table 1. Test results of the composite panels prepared in Example 1

[0101]

[0102]

[0103] As can be seen from Table 1, the composite panel prepared in Example 1 has good overall integrity and integrates multiple functions such as power generation, heat preservation, fire prevention, sound insulation, and decoration. The concrete part adopts a cavity design, which is lightweight and high-strength, and uses less material, which helps to reduce the preparation cost. The cavity core has a sandwich structure, which has a good effect on temperature control and sound insulation. In addition, since the perovskite thin film battery used is a double-layer perovskite crystal layer, it is beneficial to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. The composite panel has good overall heat preservation / fire prevention performance and good crack resistance / permeability. At the same time, since no additional installation components are used, the construction process of the building exterior wall can be effectively reduced, resulting in high installation efficiency.

[0104] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A light-concentrating perovskite concrete composite panel, comprising an ultra-high performance concrete panel and a light-concentrating perovskite solar cell disposed on the surface of the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the conductive glass layer of the light-concentrating perovskite solar cell is in contact with the ultra-high performance concrete panel; the ultra-high performance concrete panel is provided with a hollow inner cavity; the number of hollow inner cavities is ≥1; the hollow inner cavity has an open structure, the inner wall surface of the hollow inner cavity is covered with a heat insulation layer, and the interior of the hollow inner cavity is filled with polyurethane; The raw materials for preparing the ultra-high performance concrete slab include cement, silica fume, Class I iron tailings, Class II iron tailings, water, water-reducing agent, and fiber. The mass fraction of SiO2 in the first-class and second-class iron tailings is independently ≥70%, the mesh size of the first-class iron tailings is 40~70 mesh, and the mesh size of the second-class iron tailings is 70~140 mesh.

2. The composite sheet material of claim 1, wherein The amount of cement used is 350~400 kg / m³. 3 The amount of silica fume used is 100~120 kg / m³. 3 The dosage of Class I iron tailings is 120~150 kg / m³. 3 The dosage of Class II iron tailings is 350~400 kg / m³. 3 The water consumption is 90~100 kg / m³. 3 The water-reducing agent is used at a rate of 2.0% to 2.4% of the total mass of the cement and silica fume, and the fiber is added at a volumetric rate of 0.5% to 1%.

3. The composite sheet material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The silica fume includes white silica fume, and the fiber includes PVA fiber.

4. The composite sheet material of claim 1 or 2, wherein The cement includes ordinary silicate cement or composite silicate cement.

5. The composite sheet material of claim 1, wherein The insulation layer is made of materials including rock wool, mineral wool, or ASC calcium silicate series.

6. The composite sheet material of claim 1, wherein The concentrated perovskite solar cell includes a conductive glass layer, a first charge transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a second charge transport layer, and an electrode layer stacked sequentially. The perovskite light-absorbing layer includes a first perovskite crystallization layer, a first grain boundary transport channel layer, a barrier layer, a second perovskite crystallization layer, and a second grain boundary transport channel layer stacked sequentially. The first perovskite crystallization layer is in contact with the first charge transport layer, and the second grain boundary transport channel layer is in contact with the second charge transport layer.

7. The composite sheet material of claim 6, wherein The method for preparing the first or second perovskite crystalline layer includes the following steps: The precursor material, conductive particles, and solvent are mixed to obtain a mixture; The mixture is sprayed into a film to obtain a wet film; The wet film is annealed to obtain the first perovskite crystalline layer or the second perovskite crystalline layer. The precursor material includes PbI2 or CsI, the conductive particles include ZnO or Cu2O, the annealing temperature is 120~130℃, and the time is 15~20min; the thickness of the first perovskite crystal layer is 150~300nm, and the thickness of the second perovskite crystal layer is 200~250nm.

8. The composite sheet material of claim 7, wherein, The mass ratio of the precursor material, conductive particles, and solvent is 1~1.8:2~2.6:4~4.8, and the solvent includes a mixed solution of dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.

9. The method of producing the composite sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by, Includes the following steps: The cement and the silica fume are mixed in a first step to obtain a first mixture; The first type of iron tailings and the second type of iron tailings are mixed with the first mixture to obtain the second mixture; The second mixture and a portion of water are mixed a third time to obtain a third mixture; The third mixture, the remaining water, the water-reducing agent, and the fiber are mixed in a fourth mixture to obtain a fourth mixture. The fourth mixture is sequentially injection molded and pre-formed to obtain a pre-formed sheet, wherein the injection mold includes a structure for forming the hollow inner cavity; The concentrated perovskite solar cell is placed on the surface of the preformed plate, and the conductive glass layer of the concentrated perovskite solar cell is in contact with the preformed plate to obtain a preformed composite plate. Demolding of the preformed composite panel; After demolding, thermal insulation material is laid on the inner wall surface of the hollow cavity of the preformed composite board, and polyurethane is used to fill the hollow cavity. Then, the composite board is cured to obtain the composite board.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein, The process before the first mixing includes drying the cement, the silica fume, the first type of iron tailings, the second type of iron tailings, and the fiber.

11. The preparation method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The fourth mixing includes the following steps: The third mixture, the water-reducing agent, and the remaining water are mixed and stirred at 135-145 rpm for 1-2 minutes. Then, the speed is increased to 275-285 rpm and stirred for 0.5-1 minutes to obtain a mixed slurry. While keeping the speed constant, the fiber is added and stirred for 1-2 minutes. The fiber is added from the outside of the liquid surface of the mixed slurry towards the center in a clockwise direction.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein, The first mixing, the second mixing, and the third stirring are all carried out by stirring, and the stirring speed is independently 135~145 rpm, and the time is 2~3 min.

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